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A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin

Bibliography and Sources


Definitions of terms come from various sources, and are commonly cited in the Dictionary. Latin classical definitions are those of Lewis and Short, Glare, Cassell's, and Stearn. Greek classical definitions are those of Liddell, H. G. & R. Scott. Additional important sources include Crum & Anderson, Stephani, Webster’s III, Ainsworth and Bisby, Snell & Dick, and Fernald.

Wikipedia, the Online Encyclopedia, has been a rewarding source for various issues, especially in quickly identifying Latin verb forms (number, tense, voice). Principal parts of Latin verbs derive from Lewis and Short. Although the present dictionary of Botanical Latin is based on use of the book version of Lewis and Short, published by Oxford University Press, attention should be called to the digitally enhanced and annotated resource of that work produced on-line in the Perseus Digital Library, Gregory R. Crane, Editor-in-Chief, through Tufts University.

Original text citations from the primary manuscripts, when an (unsearchable) hard copy is not available, derive from the following digital sources:

Biblioteca Digital. Real JardĂ­n BotĂĄnica. Madrid.

Biodiversity Heritage Library. Smithsonian Institution.

Google Books.

Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.

Wiktionary. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.

Abbreviations used in the text are in bold face type:

Agardh, Carl Adolf (of Sweden) ... et Petrus Abraham Asping, Scanus. 1812. Algarum Decas Prima. Lundae. Die xix decemb. a. MDCCCXII. Litteris Berlingianisi. (Lund (Berling) ) . p. [1]-15 (Taxonomic Literature II).

Agardh, Jacob Georg (son of C. A. Agardh). 1842 (Oct.). Algae Maris Mediterranei et Adriatici, Observationes in diagnosin specierum et dispositionem generum. Paris (Fortin, Masson). (Taxonomic Literature II).

[A & H] Abbott, Isabella A. & George J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California.

Ainsworth, G. C. 1961. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. ed. 5. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey.

Albertini, I. B. de & L. D. de Schweiniz. 1805. Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiae Superioris agro Niskiensi Crescentium, e Methodo Persooniana [sic]. Lipsiae

Bailey, L. H. 1938. Manual of Cultivated Plants. Macmillan Company, New York

Bennett, Reginald R. 1914. ed. 2 Medical and Pharmaceutical Latin, for students of medicine and pharmacy, a guide to the grammatical construction and translation of physicians’ prescriptions, including extensive vocabularies and an appendix upon foreign prescriptions. J. & A. Churchill, London.

[B & H] Bentham G. & J.D. Hooker 1862–1883. Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. 3 vols. London.

Bentley, Robert. 1887. A Manual of Botany, including the structure, classification, properties and uses, and functions of plants. Ed. 5. London. J. & A. Churchill in New Burlinton Street.

Boissier, Edmund. 1838. Elenchus Plantarum Novarum Minusque Cognitarym quas in itinere Hispanico legit Edmundus Boissier. Genevae, 1838.

Braun, Alexander Karl Heinrich. 1855. Algarum Unicellularium Genera Nova et Minus Cognita Praemissis Observationibus De Algis Unicellularibus In Genere. Lipsiae.

Bridel, Samuel-Elisée de. (1797). Muscologia Recentiorum seu Analysis, Historia, et Descriptio Methodica Omnium Muscorum Frondosorum Hucusque Cognitorum ad Normam Hedwigii. Tom. Igothae, apud Carolum Guil. Ejttingerum Parisiis apud Barrois Juniorem MDCCXCVII.

Brown, R. W. Composition of Scientific Words. 1956. Published by the author.

Cash, E. K. 1965. A Mycological English–Latin Glossary. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.

Cassell's Latin Dictionary, see Simpson, D. P.

Choate, Helen Al. 1917. The Earliest Glossary of Botanical Terms; Fuchs 1542. Torreya Vol. 17(11) pp. 186-201.

Crum, Howard. 1991. Liverworts and Hornworts of Southern Michigan. The University of Michigan Herbarium. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

[C&A] Crum, H. A. & L. E. Anderson. 1981. Mosses of Eastern North America. Vols. 1 & 2. Columbia University Press, New York

Candolle, Aug. Pyramo de. 1824. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Pars I. Sive enumeratio contracta ordlnum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars prima. Parisiis, Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et WĂŒrtz, rue de Bourbon, n° 17. Venitque in Eorumdem Bibliopoliis Argentorati et Londini. MDCCCXXIV.

DeCandolle. See Candolle.

Desfontaines, Renatus. [1798-1799?] Flora Atlantica sive Historia Plantarum, quae in Atlante Agro Tunetano et Algeriensi Crescunt.Tomus Primus. Paris. [of Tunesia and Algeria].

DiatUS: [website] Diatoms of the United States:
[‘Fascia’] Cox, E.J. (2012). Ontogeny, homology, and terminology - wall morphogenesis as an aid to character recognition and character state definition for pennate diatom systematics. Journal of Phycology 48: 1–31. 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01081.x accessed on 12 Sept. 2017].
[‘Ringleiste’] Barber, H.G. and Haworth, E.Y. (1981). Guide to the Morphology of the Diatom Frustule. Freshwater Biological Association, 112 pp. [accessed on 9 Dec. 2017.

Dillenius, Johann Jakob. 1741. Historia Muscorum. Oxonii: E Theatro Sheldoniano. Oxford.

Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses. ed. 3. London

Druce, George Claridge. 1907. The Dillenian Herbaria. S.H. Vines, ed. Oxford.

Ehrlich, Eugene. 1985. A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Phrases. Robert Hale, Pub., London.

Engel, John J. and David Glenny. 2008. A Flora of the Liverworts and Hornworts of New Zealand. Vol. 1. Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis.

Everett, Nicholas. 2014 (reprint).The Alphabet of Galen. Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. University of Toronto Press. Canada.

Fernald, M. L. (revised). 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. Ed. 8. American Book Co., New York. "... my constant adviser on such matters [i.e. meanings of Latin generic and specific names], Arthur Stanley Pease, Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature at Harvard University, assures me that no understanding of the simplest Latin words can nowadays be assumed."

Fink, Bruce. 1935. The Lichen Flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Follett Latin Dictionary: see Levine, et al.

Galen: see Everett.

Glare, P. G. W. 2006. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York.

Gleason, H. A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 1. New York Botanical Garden, Hafner Press, Macmillan, New York.

Gooder, E. A. 1978. Latin for Local History: an Introduction. Ed. 2. Longman Group, London and New York.

Goodwin, W. W. 1978. A Greek Grammar. St. Martin's Press, London.

Gray, Samuel Frederick. 1812. Introduction to Botany. A natural arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, DeCandolle, Brown, &c. including those cultivated for use with an introduction to botany in which the terms newly introduced are explained; illustrated by figures. Vols. 2 London: Baldwin Cradock & Joy. Paternoster Row. [glossary in vol. 1].

Harris, J. G. & M. W. Harris. 2001. Plant Identification Terminology, an illustrated glossary. Ed. 2. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Harvey, William Henry. (Part One). 1847. Nereis Australis or Algae of the Southern Ocean: being figures and descriptions of marine plants, collected on the shores of the Cape of Good Hope, the Extra-tropical Australian Colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Regions; deposited in the Herbarium of the Dublin University. London. Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Hedwig, Johannis, M.D. Descriptio Et Adumbratio Microscopico - Analytica Muscorum Frondosorum Necnon Aliorum Vegetantium e Classe Cryptogamica Linnaei Novorum Dubiusque Vexatorum. Tomus Primus. Lipsiae. MDCCLXXXVI I (1787).

Hicks, Marie L. 1992. Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina. Duke University Press. Durham and London.

Howlett, D. R. 1997. “Fascicule V. I-J-K-L.” Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Oxford University Press.

Howlett, D. R. 2002. “Fascicule VII. N.” Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Oxford University Press.

Howlett, D. R. 2005. “Fascicule IX P-Pel.” Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Oxford University Press.

ICBN. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (Europe). [Issued 2006, the Vienna Code, adopted in 2005.] A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, Liechtenstein.

Jackson, Benjamin Daydon. 1928. A Glossary of Botanic Terms. Ed. 4. Hafner Publishing Co., New York. 1960 printing.

Jones, H. W., N. L. Hoerr & A. Osol. 1950. Blakiston's New Gould Medical Dictionary. Ed. 1. Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, Toronto.

Katagiri, Tomoyuki and Hironori Deguchi. 2012. Taxonomic studies of the Trichocoleaceae in Southeast Asia I. The genus Leiomitra Lindb. The Bryologist vol. 115(4) pp. 475-492.

Kiger, R. W. & D. M. Porter. 2001. Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.

Latham, R. E. 2008. Revised Medieval Latin Word-list from British and Irish Sources. Oxford University Press, London.

Lellinger, D. B. 2002. A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology. Pteridologia, a publication of the American Fern Society.

Levine, Edwin B., Goodwin B. Beach, Vittore E. Boccetta, David John Plesic. 1967. Latin Dictionary. Follett World-Wide. Follett Publishing Company. Chicago, New York. A compact dictionary offering new or additional synonyms for Latin words as well as translations of useful Latin phrases.

Lewis, C. T. & C. Short. 1969. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford.

A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1879. (digitized: Gregory R. Crane, ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University).

Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott. 1968. [unabridged] A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Liddell, H. G. & R. Scott: 1997. A Lexicon Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.

Lindley, John. 1849. ed. 6. The Elements of Botany, Structural, Physiological, & Medical: Being a 6th Ed. of the Outline of the First Principles of Botany, with a Sketch of the Artificial Methods of Classification, and a Glossary of Technical Terms.

Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 2 pp. [i], 561-1200, [1-30, index], [i, err.]. Holmiae [Stockholm]: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.

Lloyd, G. N. 1826. Botanical Terminology; or Dictionary Explaining the Terms Most Generally Employed in Systematic Botany. Bell and Bradfute. 228 pp.

Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The Plant-Book, A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Marchant, J. R. V. & J. F. Charles. 1887. Cassell's Latin Dictionary (Latin–English and English–Latin). Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Revised 1928.

Maxwell, Robert L. 1998. Glossary of common Latin terms found in imprints of early printed books. On Line (4 printed pages):
https://rbms.info/lpn/glossary-of-common-latin-terms-found-in-imprints-of-early-printed-books/

(Mich.) Micheli, Pier Antonio (1679-1737) Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita. 1729. Note: the name is sometimes spelled Michelli.

Miller, O. K., Jr. 1972. Mushrooms of North America. Ed. 2 Chanticleer Press, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.

Mitten, William. 1869. Musci Austro-Americani, enumeratio muscorum omnium Austro-Americanorum auctori hucusque cognitorum. London. Reprint Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 7, 1982. Saint Louis.

Mueller, Ferdinandus. 1858-1859. Fragmenta Phytographiae Australae. Vol. 1. Melbourne.

Muldoon, H. C. 1946. Lessons in Pharmaceutical Latin and Prescription Writing and Interpretation. Ed. 4. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London.

Nicolson, D. H. 1994. Gender of generic names, particularly those ending in -ma, in the 'Names in current use' list. Taxon 43: 97–107.

Nylander, William. (1858-1860) Synopsis Methodica Lichenum [...] Tomus primus. Parisiis : Ex typis L. Martinet, via Dicta Mignon, 2 (Paris—Imprimerie de L. Martinet, rue Mignon, 2) 1858-1860.

Paton, Jean A. 1999. The Liverwort Flora of the British Isles. Harley Books, England.

Paxton, Joseph, Sir. (1868 edition). Paxton's Botanical Dictionary, comprising the names, history, and culture of all plants known in britain, with a full explanation of technical terms; New Edition, including all the new plants up to the present year. Revised and corrected by Samuel Hereman, Secretary for nearly forty years to the late Sir Joseph Paxton. London: Bradbury, Evans & Co., Bouverie street, E.C. 1868.

Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J. R. Massey, C. R. Bell, et al. 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper & Row, New York.

Simpson, D. P. 1968. Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Latin–English, English–Latin. Wiley Publishing, Inc., New York.

[S&A] Albertini, I. B. de and L. D. de Schweiniz. 1805. Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiae Superioris agro Niskiensi crescentium, e methodo Persooniana [sic]. Lipsiae.

[S&D] Snell, W. D. & E. A. Dick. 1971. A Glossary of Mycology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Ed. 2. Edward Arnold, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., London.

Stearn, W. T. 1983. Botanical Latin. Ed. 3. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, U.K.

Stearn, W. T. 1993. The gender of the generic name Onosma (Boraginaceae). Taxon 42: 679–681.

Stearn, W. T. 1996. Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Stelten, Leo F. 1995. Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin. Hendrickson Publishers, LLC, Peabody, Mass.

[Steph.] Stephani, F. 1900–1925. Species Hepaticarum. Vols. 1–6. 2005 reprint with forward by S. R. Gradstein. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.

Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18: 339–342.

St. John, H. & D. White. 1920. The genus Galinsoga in North America. Rhodora 22: 97–101.

Sullivant, William S. 1856. The Musci and Hepaticae of the United States East of the Mississippi River, contributed to the second edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany. New York: George P. Putnam & Co.

Swartz, Olavo [Olaf], M.D. [1797 (1798)]. Observations BotĂĄnicae quibus plantae indiae occidentalis aliaeque systematis vegetabilium ed. XIV. IllustrantĂŒr earumque characteres. Erlangae (sumtu Jo. Jacobi Palmii) also Londini apud Benj. White et filium.

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Yatskievych, George. 2006. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri. Vol. 2. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Saint Louis.

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Zabinkova, N. 1965. Generic names ending in -ma and family names derived from them. Taxon 14: 184–187.

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