Articles or books by two or more authors are cited as follows. When there are two authors, citation is alphabetical after the second author's name. When there are three or more authors, references are cited in the body of the text as (e.g.) Chase et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, and are listed following these sometimes alphabetically qualified dates of publication immediately after all the single- or two-authored articles by the first author.

Qi, X. S. [et al. 2012], Chen, C., Comes, H. P., Sakagushi, S., Liu, Y.-H., Tanaka, N., Sakio, H. & Qiu, Y.-X. 2012. Molecular data and ecological niche modelling reveal a highly dynamic evolutionary history of the East Asian Tertiary relict Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae). New Phytol. 196: 617–630.

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Qi, Z. [et al. 2013], Cameron, K. M., Li, P., Zhao, Y., Chen, S., Chen, G., & Fu, C. 2013. Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near cosmopolitan family of monocots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 173: 535-548.

Qian, H., & Ricklefs, R. E. 2004. Taxon richness and climate in angiosperms: Is there a globally consistent relationship that precludes region effects? American Naturalist 163: 773-779 [see Electronic Appendix for plant distributions].

Qiu, H., & Gilbert, M. G. 2003. Loranthaceae. Pp. 220-239, in Wu, Z., Raven, P. H., et al. (eds), Flora of China. 5. Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press, Beijing.

Qin, H.-N. 1998. A taxonomic revision of the Lardizabalaceae. Cathaya 8-9: 1-214.

Qiu, R.-L. [et al. 2012], Tang, Y.-T., Zeng, X.-W., Thangavel, P., Tang, L., Gan, Y.-Y., Ying, R.-R., & Wang, S.-Z. 2012. Mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation and detoxification in heavy metal hyperaccumulators: How plants cope with Cd. Prog. Bot. 73: 127-.

Qiu, Y. L., & Estabrook, G. F. 2008. Inference of phylogenetic relationships among key angiosperm lineages using a compatabilty method on a molecular data set. J. Syst. Evol. 46: 130-141.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1995], Chase, M. W., & Parks, C. R. 1995. A chloroplast DNA phylogenetic study of the eastern Asia - east North America disjunct section Rhytidospermum of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). American J. Bot. 82: 1582-1588.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1998a], Chase, M. W., Hoot, S. B., Conti, E., Crane, P. R., Sytsma, K. J., & Parks, C. R. 1998a. Phylogenetics of the Hamamelidae and their allies: Parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 159: 891-905.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1998b], Cho, Y., Cox, J. C., & Palmer, J. D. 1998b. The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394: 671-674.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1999], Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Zimmer, E. A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V., & Chase, M. W. 1999. The earliest angiosperms: Evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genes. Nature 402: 404-407.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2000], Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Zimmer, E. A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V., & Chase, M. W. 2000. Phylogeny of basal angiosperms: Analyses of five genes from three genomes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S3-S27.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2001], Lee, J., Whitlock, B. A., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., & Dombrovska, O. 2001. Was the ANITA rooting of the angiosperm phylogeny affected by long-branch attraction? Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 1745-1753.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2005], Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Li, L., Whitlock, B. A., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Rest, J. S., Davis, C. C., Borsch, T., Hilu, K. W., Renner, S. S., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Cannone, J. J., Gutell, R. R., Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Chatrou, L. W., & Chase, M. W. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of basal angiosperms based on nine plastid mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 815-842.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2006a], Li, L., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Knoop, V., Groth-Malonek, M., Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Kent, L., Rest, J. S., Estabrook, G. F., Hendry, T. A., Taylor, D. W., Testa, C. M., Ambros, M., Crandall-Stotler, B., Duff, R. J., Stech, M., Frey, W., Quandt, D., & Davis, C. C. 2006a. The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 15511-15516.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2006b], Li, L., Hendry, T, Li, R., Taylor, D. W., Issa, M. J., Ronen, A. J., Vekaria, M. L., & White, A. M. 2006b. Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: Evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes. Taxon 55: 837-856.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2007], Li, L., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Kent, L., Li, R., Jobson, R. J., Hendry, T. A., Taylor, D. W., Testa, C. M., & Ambros, M. 2007. A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 691-708.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2010], Li, L., Wang, B., Xue, J.-Y., Hendry, T. A., Li, R.-Q., Brown, J. W., Liu, Y., Hudson, G. T., & Chen, Z.-D. 2010. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from sequences of four mitochondrial genes. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 391-425.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2012], Taylor, A. B., & McManus, H. A. 2012. Evolution of the life cycle in land plants. J. Syst. Evol. 50: 171-194.

Quandt, D., & Stech, M. 2003. Molecular systematics of bryophytes in context of land plant phylogeny. Pp. 267-295, in Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1, part A. Phanerogams. Scientific Publications, Enfield, NH.

Quandt, D. [et al. 2004], Müller, K., Stech, M., Frahm, J.-P., Frey, W., Hilu, K. W., & Borsch, T. 2004. Molecular evolution of the chloroplast trnL-F region in land plants. Pp. 15-37, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

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Quinn, C. J. [et al. 2003], Crayn, D. M., Heslewood, M. M., Brown, E. A., & Gadek, P. A. 2003. A molecular estimate of the phylogeny of Styphelieae (Ericaceae). Australian Syst. Bot. 16: 581-594.

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Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. F. 1991b. The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 105: 257-269.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. F. 1991c. The floral nectaries of Polygonum s.l. and related genera (Persicarieae and Polygoneae): Position, morphological nature and semophylesis. Flora 185: 165-185.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. F. 1991d. The floral ontogeny of some members of the Phytolaccaceae (subfamily Rivinoideae) with a discussion of the evolution of the androecium in the Rivinoideae. Biol. Jaarb. Dodonaea 59: 77-99.

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Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. F. 1992a. An updated interpretation of the androecium of the Fumariaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 70: 1765-1776.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. F. 1992b. Complex polyandry in the Magnoliatae, definition, distribution and systematic value. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 621-649.

Ronse Decraene, L. P. & Smets, E. F. 1993a. Dédoublement revisited: Towards a renewed interpretation of the androecium of the Magnoliophytina. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 113: 103-124.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1993b. The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character polymery. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 113: 285-350.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1995a. The androecium of monocotyledons. Pp. 143-254, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

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Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1995c. The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character oligomery. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 118: 193-247.

Ronse Decraene, L. P., & Smets, E. 1995d. The floral development of Neurada procumbens L. (Neuradaceae). Acta Bot. Neerlandica 44: 439-451. [Reprinted with better illustrations - Acta Bot. Neerlandica 45: 229-241. 1996.]

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Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1997a. A floral ontogenetic study of some species of Capparis and Boscia, with special emphasis on the androecium. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 119: 231-255.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1997b. Evidence for carpel multiplications in the Capparaceae. Belgian J. Bot. 130: 59-67.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1998a. Notes on the evolution of androecial organisation in the Magnoliophytina (angiosperms). Bot. Acta 111: 77-86.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1998b. The floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya (Caricaceae). Canadian J. Bot. 77: 583-598.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1998c. Meristic changes in gynoecium morphology, exemplified by floral ontogeny and anatomy. Pp. 85-112, in Owens, S. J., & Rudall, P. J. (eds), Reproductive Biology in Systematics, Conservation and Economic Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 1999. Similarities in floral ontogeny and anatomy between the genera Francoa (Francoaceae) and Greyia (Greyiaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 377-393.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 2000. Floral development of Galopina tomentosa with a discussion of sympetaly and placentation in the Rubiaceae. Syst. Geogr. Plants 70: 155-170.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 2001a. Floral developmental evidence for the systematic relationships of Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae). Ann. Bot. 88: 879-892.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Smets, E. 2010b. Staminodes: Their morphological and evolutionary significance. Bot. Review 67: 351-402.

Ronse De Craene, L.-P., & Stuppy, W. 2010. Floral development and anatomy of Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae-Berberidopsidales): An enigmatic tree at the base of core eudicots. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 244-257.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & Wanntorp, L. 2006. Evolution of floral characters in Gunnera (Gunneraceae). Syst. Bot. 31: 671-688.

Ronse De Craene, L.-P., & Wanntorp, L. 2008. Morphology and anatomy of the flower of Meliosma (Sabiaceae): Implications for pollination biology. Plant Syst. Evol. 271: 79-91.

Ronse De Craene, L.-P., & Wanntorp, L. 2009. Floral development and anatomy of Salvadoraceae. Ann. Bot. 104: 913-923.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1993], Clinckemaillie, D., & Smets, E. 1993. Stamen-petal complexes in Magnoliatae. Bull. Jard. Bot. National Belgique 62: 97-112.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1995], Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. 1995. The floral development and floral anatomy of Coris monspeliensis. Canadian J. Bot. 73: 1687-1698.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1996], De Laet, J., & Smets, E. F. 1996. Morphological studies in Zygophyllaceae. II. The floral development and vascular anatomy of Peganum harmala. American J. Bot. 83: 201-215.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1997], Vanvinckenroye, P., & Smets, E. 1997. A study of the floral morphological diversity in Phytolacca (Phytolaccaceae) based on early floral ontogeny. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: 57-72.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1998a], Smets, E. F., & Vanvinckenroye, P. 1998a. Pseudodiplostemony, and its implications for the evolution of the androecium in the Caryophyllaceae. J. Plant Res. 111: 25-43.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1998b], Smets, E. F., & Vanvinckenroye, P. 1998b. Floral development and anatomy of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae): What is the evidence for a Capparalean or Sapindalean affinity? Ann. Bot. 82: 273-284.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 1999], Volgin, S. A., & Smets, E. F. 1999. The floral development of Pleuropetalum darwinii, an anomalous member of Amaranthaceae. Flora 194: 189-199.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2000a], Linder, P. H., & Smets, E. F. 2000a. The questionable relationship of Montinia (Montiniaceae): Evidence from a floral ontogenetic and anatomical study. American J. Bot. 87: 1408-1424.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2000b], Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. 2000b. Floral anatomy and ontogeny in Koelreuteria with special emphasis on monosymmetry and septal cavities. Plant Syst. Evol. 223: 91-107.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2000c], Hong, S.-P., & Smets, E. 2000c. Systematic significance of fruit morphology and anatomy in tribes Persicarieae and Polygoneae (Polygonaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 134: 301-337.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2001a], Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. 2001a. Floral ontogenetic evidence in support of the Willdenowia clade of South African Restionaceae. J. Plant Res. 114: 329-342.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2001b], Linder, H. P., Dlamini, T., & Smets, E. F. 2001b. Evolution and development of floral diversity of Melanthiaceae, an enigmatic southern African family. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 59-82.

Ronse Decraene, L.-P. [et al. 2002a], Yang, T. Y. A., Schols, P. & Smets, E. F. 2002a. Floral anatomy and systematics of Bretschneidera (Bretschneideraceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 139: 29-45.

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Smith, J. F. [et al. 2005], Stevens, A. C., & Davidson, C. 2005. A phylogenetic analysis of Piperaceae focusing on its major geographic centers of diversification and placement of African species. P. 144, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

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