GENERAL LITERATURE

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |Z

Back to Home


Articles or books by two or more authors are cited as follows. When there are two authors, citation is alphabetical after the second author's name. When there are three or more authors, references are cited in the body of the text as (e.g.) Chase et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, and are listed following these sometimes alphabetically qualified dates of publication immediately after all the single- or two-authored articles by the first author.

Earle, C. J. 1997 onwards. Gymnosperm Database.

Eastwood, D. C. [et al. 2011], Floudas, D., Binder, M., Majcherczyk, A., Schneider, P., Aerts, A., Asiegbu, F. O., Baker, S. E., Barry, K., Bendiksby, M., Blumentritt, M., Coutinho, P. M., Cullen, D., de Vries, R. P., Gathman, A., Goodell, B., Henrissat, B., Ihrmark, K., Kauserud, H., Kohler, A., LaButti, K., Lapidus, A., Lavin, J. L., Lee, Y. H., Lindquist, E., Lilly, W., Lucas, S., Morin, E., Murat, C., Oguiza, J. A., Park, J., Pisabarro, A. G., Riley, R., Rosling, A., Salamov, A., Schmidt, O., Schmutz, J., Skrede, I., Stenlid, J., Wiebenga, A., Xie, X., Kües, U., Hibbett, D. S., Hoffmeister, D., Högberg, N., Martin, F., Grigoriev, I. V., & Watkinson, S. C. 2011. The plant cell wall-decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science 333: 762-765.

Eaton, C. J. [et al. 2010], Cox, M. P., Ambrose, B., Becker, M., Hesse, U., Schardl, C. J., & Scott, B. 2010. Disruption of signaling in a fungal-grass symbiosis leads to pathogenesis. Plant Physiol. 153: 1780-1794.

Eaton, D. A. R. [et al. 2012], Fenster, C. B., Hereford, J., Shuang-Quan, H., & Ree, R. H. 2012. Floral diversity and community structure in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae). Ecology 93 [suppl.]: S182-S194.

Eben, A. 1999. Host plant breadth and importance of cucurbitacins for the larvae of diabroticites (Galerucinae: Luperini). Pp. 361-374, in Cox, M. L. (ed.), Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology 1. Backhuys, Leiden.

Eberhard, S. H. [et al. 2009], Hikl, A. L., Boggs, C. L., & Krenn, H. W. 2009. Saliva or regurgitated nectar? What Heliconius butterflies use for pollen feeding. Ann. Entom. Soc. America 102: 1105-1108.

Eberwein, R. [2009], Nickrent, D. L., & Weber, A. 2009. Development and morphology of flowers and infloresences in Balanophora papuana and B. elongata (Balanophoraceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1055-1067.

Ebihara, A. 2011. RbcL phylogeny of Japanese pteridophyte flora and implications on infrafamilial systematics. Bull. National Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 37: 63-74.

Ebihara, A. [et al. 2007], Iwatsuki, K., Ito, M., Hennequin, S., & Dubuisson, J.-Y. 2007. A global molecular phylogeny of the fern genus Trichomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) with special reference to stem anatomy. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 155: 1-27.

Ebihara, A. [et al. 2009], Matsumoto, S., & Ito, M. 2009. Hybridization involving independent gametophytes in the Vandenboschia radicans complex (Hymenophyllaceae): A new perspective on the distribution of fern hybrids. Molec. Ecol. 18: 4904-4911.

Ebihara, A. [et al. 2013], Yamaoka, A., Mizukami, N., Sakoda, A., Nitta, J. H., & Imaichi, R. 2013. A survey of the fern gametophyte flora of Japan: Frequent independent occurrences of noncordiform gametophytes. American J. Bot. 100: 735-743.

Eckardt, T. 1937. Untersuchungen über Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematische Bedeutung des pseudomonomeren Gynoeceums. Nova Acta Leopoldina N.F. 5: 1-112, pl. I-XXIII.

Eckardt, T. 1963. Some observations on the morphology and embryology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42A: 27-34.

Eckenwalder, J. E. 1976. Re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: A proposed merger. Madroño 23: 237-256.

Eckenwalder, J. E. 2009. Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland.

Eckert, A. J., & Hall, B. D. 2006. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and patterns of diversification for Pinus (Pinaceae): Phylogenetic tests of fossil-based hypotheses. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 40: 166-182.

Eckert, G. 1966. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und blütenanatomische Untersuchungen zum Problem der Obdiplostemonie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 523-604.

Eckardt, N. A., & Baum, D. 2010. The podostemad puzzle: The evolution of unusual morphology in the Podostemaceae. Plant Cell.

Eckardt, T. 1937. Untersuchungen über Morphologie, Entwicklungeschichte und systematische Bedeutung des pseudomonomeren Gynoeceums. Nova Aacta Leopoldina N.F. 5(26): 1-122.

Eckardt, T. 1963. Some observations on the morphology and embryology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42A [Maheshwari Commemorative Volume]: 27-34.

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2002], Haberle, R. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2002. The phylogeny of the Campanulaceae inferred from DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene matK. P. 122, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2004], Shulkina, T., Gaskin, J. F., Haberle, R. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2004. The phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. str. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 544-576.

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2010], Cupido, C. N., & Skvarla, J. J. 2010. Pollen and reproductive morphology of Rhigiophyllum and Siphocodon (Campanulaceae): Two unique genera of the fynbos vegetation of South Africa. Bothalia 40: 103-115.

Edeoga, H. O., & Ikem, C. I. 2001. Midrib anatomy and systematics in Dioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae). Pp. 191-195, in Maheshwari, J. K., & Jain, A. P. (eds), Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy and Morphology. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Edgar, J. A. [et al. 1974], Culvenor, C. C. J., & Pliske, T. E. 1974. Coevolution of danaid butterflies with their host plants. Nature 250: 646-648.

Edwards, D. 2003. Xylem in early tracheophytes. Plant Cell. Environ. 26: 57-72.

Edwards, D., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007. Are Cape floral clades the same age? Contemporaneous origins of two lineages in the genistoids s.l. (Fabaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 952-970.

Edwards, D. [et al. 2003], Axe, L., & Duckett, J. G. 2003. Diversity of conducting cells in early land plants and comparisons with extant bryophytes. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 297-347.

Edwards, D. [et al. 2006], Li, C.-S., & Raven, J. A. 2006. Tracheids in an early vascular plant: A tale of two branches. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 150: 115-130.

Edwards, E. J. 2006. Correlated evolution of stem and leaf hydraulic traits in Pereskia (Cactaceae). New Phytol. 172: 479-489.

Edwards, E. J. 2009. C4 the straw man? Evolution of cold tolerance better explains global distribution of C3/C4 grasslands. P. 109, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Edwards, E. J., & Diaz, M. 2006. Ecological physiology of Persekia guamacho, a cactus with leaves. Plant, Cell Environ. 29: 247-256.

Edwards, E. J., & Donoghue, M. J. 2006. Pereskia and the origin of the cactus life form. American Naturalist 167: 777-793.

Edwards, E. J., & Ogburn, R. M. 2012. Angiosperm responses to a low CO2 world: CAM and C4 photosynthesis as parallel evolutionary trajectories. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 724-733.

Edwards, E. J., & Still, C. J. 2007. Phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. P. 183, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Edwards, E. J., & Smith, S. A. 2010. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady hisotory of C4 grasses. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 2532-2537.

Edwards, E. J., & Still, C. J. 2008. Climate, phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. Ecol. Letters 11: 266-276.

Edwards, E. J. [et al. 2005], Nyffeler, R., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005. Basal cactus phylogeny: Implications of Pereskia paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form. American J. Bot. 92: 1177-1188.

Edwards, E. J.[et al. 2007], Still, C. J., & Donoghue, M. J. 2007. The relevance of phylogeny to studies of global change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22: 243-249.

Edwards, E. J. [et al. 2010], Osborne, C. P., Strömberg, C. A. E., Smith, S. A., & C4 Grasses Consortium. 2010. The origins of C4 grasslands: Integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science 328: 587-591.

Edwards, R. D. [et al. 2010], Craven, L. A., Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2010. Melaleuca revisited: cpDNA and morphological data confirm that Melaleuca L. is not monophyletic. Taxon 59: 744-754.

Edwards, J. [et al. 2005], Whitaker, D., Klionsky, S., & Laskowski, M. J. 2005. Botany: A record-breaking pollen catapult. Nature 435: 164.

Efroni, I. [et al. 2010], Eshed, Y., & Lifscitz, E. 2010. Morphogenesis of simple and compound leaves: A critical review. Plant Cell 22: 1019-1032.

Egan, A. N., & Crandall, K. A. 2008. Incorporating gaps as phylogenetic characters across eight DNA regions: Ramifications for North American Psoraleeae (Leguminosae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 532-546.

Eggeling, W. J. 1947. Observations on the ecology of Budongo rain forest, Uganda. J. Ecol. 34: 20-87.

Egger, K. N., & Hibbett, D. S. 2004. The evolutionary implications of exploitation in mycorrhizas. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 1110-1121.

Eggli, U. 1984. Stomatal types of Cactaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 146: 197-214.

Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Vol. VI. Crassulaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Eggli, U., & Nyffeler, R. 2009. Living under temporarily arid conditions - succulence as an adaptive strategy. Bradleya 27: 13-36.

Eguiarte, L. E. 1995. Hutchinson (Agavales) vs. Huber y Dahlgren (Asparagales): análisis moleculares sobre la filogenia y evolucíon de la familia Agavaceae sensu Hutchinson dentro de las monocotiledóneas. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 56: 45-56.

Eguiarte, L. E. [et al. 1994], Duvalll, M. R., Learn, G. H. Jr, & Clegg, M. T. 1994. The systematic status of the Agavaceae and Nolinaceae and related Asparagales in the monocotyledons: An analysis based on the rbcL gene sequence. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 54: 35-56.

Ehleringer, J. R. [et al. 1997], Cerling, T. E., & Helliker, B. R. 1997. C4photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2, and climate. Oecologia 112: 285-299.

Ehleringer, J. R. 2005. The influence of atmospheric CO2, temperature, and water on the abundance of C3/C4 taxa. Pp. 214-231, in Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., & Dearing, M. D. (eds), A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Springer, New York. [Ecological Studies 177.]

Ehlers, B. K., & Bataillon, T. 2007. "Inconstant males" and the maintenance of labile sex expression in subdioecious plants. New Phytol. 174: 194-211.

Ehrendorfer, F., & Lambrou, M. 2000. Chromosomes of Takhtajania, other Winteraceae, and Canellaceae: Phylogenetic implications. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 407-413.

Ehrendorfer, F. [et al. 2009], Ziman, S. N., König, C., Keener, C. S., Dutton, B. E., Tsarenko, O. N., Bulakh, E. V., Boscaiu, M., Médail, F., & Kästner, A. 2009. Taxonomic revision, phylogenetics and transcontinental distribution of Anemone section Anemone (Ranunculaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 312-354.

Ehrhardt, W. 1992. Hemerocallis: Day Lilies. Batsford, London.

Ehrhart, C. 2000. Die Gattung Calceolaria (Scrophulariaceae) in Chile. Biblio. Bot. 153: viii + 1-283.

Ehrlich, P. R., & Raven, P. H. 1964. Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.

Eich, E. 2008. Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites. Springer, Berlin.

Eichler, A. W. 1875-78. Bluthendiagramme Construirirt und Erlautert. 2 vols. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Eichler, A. W. 1880. [No title.] Sitz. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1880: 135-141.

Eiserhardt, W. L. [et al. 2011a], Pintaud, J.-C., Asmussen-Lange, C., Hahn, W. J., Bernal, R., Baslev, H., & Borchsenius, F. 2011a. Phylogeny and divergence times in Bactridiinae (Arecaceae, Palmae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon 60: 485-498.

Eiserhardt, W. L. [et al. 2011b], Svenning, J.-C., Kissling, W. D., & Baslev, H. 2011b. Geographical ecology of the palms (Arecaceae): Determinants of diversity and distributions across spatial scales. Ann. Bot. 108: 1391-1416.

Eisner, T., & Meinwald, J. 1995. The chemistry of sexual selection. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 50-55.

Ejeta, G. 2007. The Striga scourge in Africa: A growing pandemic. Pp. 71-84, in Ejeta, G., & Gressel, J. (eds), Integrating New Technolgies for Striga Control: Towards Ending the Witch-Hunt. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore

Ekambaram, T., & Panje, R. R. 1935. Contributions to our knowledge of Balanophora. II. Life-history of B. dioica. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 1: 522-543.

Eklund, H. 1999. Big Survivors with Small Flowers: Fossil History and Evolution of Laurales and Chloranthaceae. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Eklund, H. [et al. 1997], Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997. Chloranthaceous floral structures from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden. Plant Syst. Evol. 207: 13-42.

Eklund, H. [et al. 2004], Doyle, J. A., & Herendeen, P. S. 2004. Morphological phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil Chloranthaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 107-151.

Ekman, S. [et al. 2008], Andersen, H. L., & Wedin, M. 2008. The limitations of ancestral state reconstruction and the evolution of the ascus in the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota). Syst. Biol. 57: 141-156.

Elbaum, R. [et al. 2007], Zaltzman, L., Burgert, I., & Fratzl, P. 2007. The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit. Science 316: 884-886.

Eldredge, N. 1985. Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Eldrett, J. S. [et al. 2009], Greenwood, D. R., Harding, I. C., & Huber, M. 2009. Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes. Nature 459: 969-973.

Eleftheriou, E. 1990. Monocotyledons. Pp. 139-159, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

El-Gazzar, A. 1979. Ravenelia and its segregates (Uredinales) as indicators of taxonomic affinity in Leguminosae. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 22(4): 182-193.

El Ghazali, G. E. B. [et al. 1998], Tsuji, S., El Ghazaly, G. A., & Nilsson, S. 1998. Combretaceae R. Brown. World Pollen and Spore Flora 21: 1-40.

Elias, M. [et al. 2009], Joron, M., Willmott, K. R., Silva-Brandão, K. L., Kaiser, V., Arias, C. F., Gomez Piñerez, L. M., Uribe, S., Brower, A. V. Z., Freitas, A. V. L., & Jiggins, C. D. 2009. Out of the Andes: Patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies. Mol. Ecol. 18: 1716-1729.

Elias, T. S. 1983. Extrafloral nectaries: Their structure and distribution. Pp. 174-203, in Bentley, B., & Elias, T. S. (eds), The Biology of Nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York.

Eliasson, U. H. 1988. Floral morphology and taxonomic relations among the genera of Amaranthaceae in the New World and Hawaiian islands. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 96: 235-283.

Elisens, W. J., & Tomb, A. S. 1983. Seeed morphology in new World Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae): Systematic and phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 23-47.

Elliott, G. N. [et al. 2007], Chen, W.-M., Chou, J.-H., Wang, H.-C., Sheu, S.-Y., Perin, L., Reis, V. M., Moulin, L., Simon, M. F., Bontemps, C., Sutherland, J. M., Bessi, R., de faria, S. M., Trinick, M. J., Prescott, A. R., Sprent, J. I., & James, E. K. 2007. Burkholderia phymatum is a highly effective nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Mimosa spp. and fixes nitrogen ex planta. New Phytol. 173: 168-180.

Elliott, L. L. [et al. 2006], Mindell, R. A., & Stockey, R. A. 2006. Beardia vancouverensis gen. et spec. nov. (Juglandaceae): Permineralized fruits from the Eocene of British Columbia. American J. Bot. 93: 577-565.

Ellis, A. G., & Weis, A. E. 2006. Coexistence and differentiation of 'flowering stomes': The role of local adaptation to soil microenvironment. J. Ecol. 94: 322-335.

Ellis, B. [et al. 2009], Daly, D. C., Hickey, L. J., Johnson, K. R., Mitchell, J. D., Wilf, P., & Wing, S. L. 2009. Manual of Leaf Architecture. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Ellis, E. G., & Midgley, J. J. 1996. A new plant-animal mutualism involving a plant with sticky leaves and a resident hemipteran insect. Oecologia 106: 478-481.

Ellison, A. M., & Gotelli, N. J. 2009. Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants - Darwin's 'most wonderful plants in the world'. Experim. Bot. 60: 19-42.

Ellison, A. M. [et al. 1999], Farnsworth, E. J., & Merkt, R. E. 1999. Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly. Global Ecol. Biogeog. 8: 95-115.

Ellison, A. M. [et al. 2003], Gotelli, N. J., Brewer, J. S., Cochran-Stafira, D. L., Kneitel, D. M., Miller, T. E., Worley, A. S., & Zamora, R. 2003. The evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. Adv. Ecol. Res. 33: 1-74.

Ellison, N. W. [et al. 2006], Liston, A., Steiner, J. J., Williams, W. M., & Taylor, N. L. 2006. Molecular genetics of the clover genus (Trifolium - Leguminosae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 39: 688-705.

El Mehdawi, A. F. [et al. 2012] Cappa1, J. J., Fakra, S. C., Self, J., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2012.Interactions of selenium hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators during cocultivation on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil – the importance of having good neighbors. New Phytol. 194: 264-277.

El Ottra, J. H. L. [et al. 2011], Pansarin, E. R., & Piramni, J. R. 2011. Union of floral whorls in species of Neotropical Galipeinae (Rutaceae) and its implications for the evolution and pollination of the group. P. 280, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

El Ottra, J. H. L. [et al. 2013], Pirani, J. R., & Endress, P. K. 2013. Fusion within and between whorls of floral organs in Galipeinae (Rutaceae): Structural features and evolutionary implications. Ann. Bot. 111: 821-837.

Elsik, W. C. 1974. Nothofagus in North America. Pollen et Spores 16: 285-299.

Ely, F., & Luque Arias, R. 2006. Estudio morfoanatómico comparado de Eccremis coarctat (Ruiz & Pav.) Baker (Phormiaceae) en diferentes altitudes de la Cordillera de Mérida. Plantula 4: 23-37.

Emadzade, K., & Hörandl, E. 2011. Northern hemisphere origin, transoceanic dispersal, and diversification of Ranunculeae DC. (Ranunculaceae) in the Cenozoic. J. Biogeogr. 38: 517-530.

Emadzade, K. [et al. 2010], Lehnebach, C., Lockhart, P., & Hörandl, E. 2010. A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae). Taxon 59: 809-828.

Emadzade, K. [et al. 2011], Gehrke, B., Linder, H. P., & Hörandl, E. 2011. The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 58: 4-21.

Emshwiller, E. 2002. Biogeography of the Oxalis tuberosa alliance. Bot. Review 68: 128-152.

Emshwiller, E., & Doyle, J. J. 2002. Origins of domestication and polyploidy in oca (Oxalis tuberosa: Oxalidaceae). 2. Chloroplast-expressed glutamine synthase data. American J. Bot. 89: 1042-1056.

Emshwiller, E. [et al. 2009], Gardner, A., Oberlander, K. C., Heibl, C., & Dreyer, L. 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of Oxalis: Preliminary results based on plastid loci. P. 157, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Endara, M.-J., & Coley, P. D. 2011. The resource availability hypothesis revisited: A meta-anaylsis. Funct. Ecol. 25: 389-399.

Endo, Y. 2012a. Anatomical diversity of fruits in Leguminosae. J. Plant Res. 125: 41-53.

Endo, Y. 2012b. Characterization and systematic implications of the diversity in timing of programmed cell death of the suspensors in Leguminosae. American J. Bot. 99: 1399-1407.

Endo, Y., & Ohashi, H. 1998. The features of cotyledon areoles in Leguminosae and their systematic utility. American J. Bot. 85: 753-759.

Endress, M. E. 2004. Apocynaceae: Brown and now. Telopea 10: 525-541.

Endress, M. E., & Bittrich, V. 1993. Molluginaceae. Pp. 419-425, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Endress, M. E., & Bruyns, P. V. 2000. A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s. l. Bot. Review 66: 1-56.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 1996], Sennblad, B., Nilsson, S, Civeyrel, L., Chase, M. W., Huysmans, S., Grafström, E., & Bremer, B. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of Apocynaceae s. str. and some related taxa in Gentianales: A multidisciplinary approach. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 59-102.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 2007a], van der Ham, R. W. J. M., Nilsson, S., Civeyrel, L., Chase, M. W., Sennblad, B., Potgeiter, K., Joseph, J., Powell, M., Lorence, D., Zimmermann, Y.-M., & Albert, V. A. 2007a. A phylogenetic analysis of Alyxieae (Apocynaceae) based on rbcL, matK, trnL intron, L-F spacer sequences, and morphological characteristics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 1-35.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 2007b], Liede-Schumann, S., & Meve, U. 2007b. Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an introduction. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 259-267.

Endress, P. K. 1967. Systematische Studie über die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den Hamamelidaceen und Betulaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 87: 431-525.

Endress, P. K. 1969. Gesichtspunkte zur systematischen Stellung der Eupteleaceen (Magnoliales). Bull. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 79: 229-278.

Endress, P. K. 1970. Die Inflorescenzen der apetalen Hamamelidaceen, ihre grundsätzliche morphologische und systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 90: 1-54.

Endress, P. K. 1971a. Blütenstände und morphologische Interpretation der Blüten bei apetalen Hamamelidaceen. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 84: 183-185.

Endress, P. K. 1971b. Bau der weiblichen Blüten von Hedyosmum mexicanum Cordemoy (Chloranthaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 91: 39-60.

Endress, P. K. 1972. Zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsmorphologie, Embryologie und Systematik bei Laurales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 92: 331-428.

Endress, P. K. 1973. Aril and aril-like structures in woody Ranales. New Phytol. 72: 1159-1171.

Endress, P. K. 1975. Nachbarliche Formbeziehungen mit Hüllfunktion im Infloreszenz- und Blütenbereich. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 96: 1-44.

Endress, P. K. 1976. Die Androeciumanlage bei polyandrischen Hamamelidaceen und ihre systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 97: 436-457.

Endress, P. K. 1977a. Evolutionary trends in the Hamamelidales-Fagales group. Pp. 321-347 in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Flowering plants: Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1.]

Endress, P. K. 1977b. Uber Blütenbau und Verwandschaften der Eupomatiaceae und Himantandraceae (Magnoliales). Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 90: 83-103.

Endress, P. K. 1978. Blütenontogenese, Blütenabgrenzung und systematische Stellung der perianthlosen Hamamelidoideae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 100: 249-317.

Endress, P. K. 1980a. The reproductive structures and systematic position of the Austrobaileyaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 101: 393-433.

Endress, P. K. 1980b. Floral structure and relationships of Hortonia (Monimiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 133: 199-121.

Endress, P. K. 1980c. Ontogeny, function and evolution of extreme floral construction in Monimiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 134: 79-120.

Endress, P. K. 1982. Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in primitive angiosperms. Taxon 31: 48-52.

Endress, P. K. 1983. Dispersal and distribution in some small archaic relic angiosperm families (Austrobaileyaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Idiospermoideae-Calycanthaceae). Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 201-217. [in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Dispersal and Distribution: An International Symposium. Paul Parey, Hamburg.]

Endress, P. K. 1984. The role of inner staminodes in the floral display of some relic Magnoliales. Plant Syst. Evol. 146: 269-282.

Endress, P. K. 1986a. Reproductive structures and phylogenetic significance of extant primitive angiosperms. Plant Syst. Evol. 152: 1-28.

Endress, P. K. 1986b. Floral structure, systematics, and phylogeny in Trochodendrales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 297-324.

Endress, P. K. 1987a. Floral phyllotaxis and floral evolution. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 108: 417-438.

Endress, P. K. 1987b. The Chloranthaceae: Reproductive structures and phylogenetic position. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 109: 153-226.

Endress, P. K. 1989. Chaotic floral phyllotaxis and reduced perianth in Achlys (Berberidaceae). Bot. Acta 102: 159-163.

Endress, P. K. 1990. Patterns of floral construction in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 39: 153-175.

Endress, P. K. 1993. Austrobaileyaceae, pp. 138-140, Betulaceae, 152-156, Calycanthaceae, 197-199, Canellaceae, 200-203, Cannabaceae, 204-205, Cercidiphyllaceae, 250-252, Eupomatiaceae, 296-298, Eupteleaceae, 299-300, Hamamelidaceae, 322-330, Himantandraceae, 338-340, and Trochodendraceae, 599-502, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Endress, P. K. 1994a. Shapes, sizes and evolutionary trends in stamens of Magnoliidae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 115: 429-460.

Endress, P. K. 1994b. Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Endress, P. K. 1994c. Floral structure and evolution of primitive angiosperms: Recent advances. Plant Syst. Evol. 192: 79-97.

Endress, P. K. 1994d. Evolutionary aspects of the floral structure in Ceratophyllum. Pp. 175-183, in Endress, P. K., & Friis, E. M. (eds), Early Evolution of Flowers. Springer, New York. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8.]

Endress, P. K. 1995a. Floral structure and evolution in Ranunculanae. Pp. 47-61, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Endress, P. K. 1995b. Major evolutionary traits of monocot flowers. Pp. 43-79, in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Endress, P. K. 1996. Structure and function of female and bisexual organ complexes in Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157 (6, suppl.): S113-S125.

Endress, P. K. 1997a. Evolutionary biology of flowers: Prospects for the next century. Pp. 99-119, in Iwatsuki, I., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Evolution and Diversification of Land Plants. Springer, Tokyo.

Endress, P. K. 1997b. Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 99-118.

Endress, P. K. 1998. Antirrhinum and the Asteridae - evolutionary changes of floral symmetry. Pp. 133-140, in Greenland, A. J., Meyerowitz, E. M., & Steer, M. (eds), Control of Plant Development: Genes and Signals. The Company of Biologists, Cambridge. [Symp. Soc. Experim. Biol. 51: 133-140.]

Endress, P. K. 1999. Symmetry in flowers: Diversity and evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160 (6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S3-S23.

Endress, P. K. 2001a. The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral flowers. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1111-1140.

Endress, P. K. 2001b. Evolution of floral symmetry. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 86-91.

Endress, P. K. 2002 [= 2003a]. Morphology and angiosperm systematics in the molecular era. Bot. Review 68: 545-570.

Endress, P. K. 2003b. Early floral development and nature of the calyptra in Eupomatiaceae (Magnoliales). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 489-503.

Endress, P. K. 2003c. What should a "complete" morphological phylogenetic analysis entail? Pp. 131-164, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Endress, P. K. 2004a. Structure and relationships of basal relictual angiosperms. Australian Syst. Bot. 17: 343-366.

Endress, P. K. 2004b. Biologie und Evolution der Blüten basaler Blütenpflanzen. Leopoldina 49: 467-486.

Endress, P. K. 2005a. The role of morphology in angiosperm evolutionary studies. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 92: 221-238.

Endress, P. K. 2005b. Carpels in Brasenia (Cabombaceae) are completely ascidiate despite a long stigmatic crest. Ann. Bot. 96: 209-215.

Endress, P. K. 2005c. Links between embryology and evolutionary floral morphology. Curr. Sci. 89: 749-754.

Endress, P. K. 2006. Angiosperm floral evolution: Morphological developmental framework. Adv. Bot. Res. 44: 1-61.

Endress, P. K. 2008a. The immense diversity of floral monosymmetry and asymmetry across angiosperms. Pp. 14-15, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Endress, P. K. 2008b. Perianth biology in the basal grade of extant angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 844-862.

Endress, P. K. 2008c. The whole and the parts: Relationships between floral architecture, floral organ shape, and their repercussions on the interpretation of fragmentary floral fossils. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 101-120.

Endress, P. K. 2010a. Evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 365: 411-421.

Endress, P. K. 2010b. Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology: Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 225-239.

Endress, P. K. 2010c. Flower structure and trends of evolution in eudicots and their major subclades. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 541-583.

Endress, P. K. 2010d. Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony. American J. Bot. 106: 687-685.

Endress, P. K. 2011a. Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 98: 370-396.

Endress, P. K. 2011b. Angiosperm ovules: Diversity, development, evolution. Ann. Bot. 107: 1465-1489.

Endress, P. K. 2011c. Changing views of flower evolution and new questions. Pp. 120-141, in Wanntorp, L., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. (eds), Flowers on the Tree of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 80.]

Endress, P. K. 2012. The immense diversity of floral monosymmetry and asymmetry across angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 78: 345-397.

Endress, P. K., & Armstrong, J. E. 2011. Floral development and floral phyllotaxis in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae). Ann. Bot. 108: 835-845.

Endress, P. K., & Doyle, J. A. 2009. Reconstructing the ancestral angiosperm flower and its initial specializations. American J. Bot. 96: 22-66.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 1997. Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Laurales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 125: 93-168.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 1999. Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the basal eudicots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 130: 305-393.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 2000. Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161 (6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S211-S223.

Endress, P. K., & Lorence, D. H. 2004. Heterodichogamy of a novel type in Hernandia (Hernandiaceae) and its structural basis. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 753-763.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2006a. First steps towards a floral characterization of the major rosid subclades. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 223-251.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2006b. Elaborate petals and staminodes in eudicots: Diversity, function, and evolution. Organisms Divers. Evol. 6: 257-293.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2012. Progress and problems in the assessment of flower morphology in higher-level systematics. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 257-276.

Endress, P. K., & Merino Sutter, D. 2002. Female flowers and cupules of Balanopaceae, an enigmatic Rosid family. P. 10, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Endress, P. K., & Sampson, F. B. 1983. Floral structure and relationships of the Trimeniaceae (Laurales). J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 447-473.

Endress, P. K., & Stumpf, S. 1990. Non-tetrasporangiate stamens in the angiosperms: Structure, systematic distribution and evolutionary aspects. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 112: 193-240.

Endress, P. K., & Stumpf, S. 1991. The diversity of stamen structures in "lower" Rosidae (Rosales, Fabales, Proteales, Sapindales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 107: 217-293.

Endress, P. K., & Voser, P. 1975. Zur Androeciumanlage und Antherenentwicklung bei Caloncoba echinata (Flacourtiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 123: 241-253.

Endress, P. K. [et al. 1983], Jenny, M., & Fallen, M. 1983. Convergent elaboration of apocarpous gynoecia in higher advanced dicotlyedons. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 293-300.

Endress, P. K. [et al. 2000], Igersheim, A., Sampson, F. B., & Schatz, G. E. 2000. Floral structure of Takhtajania and its systematic position in Winteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 347-365.

Endress, P. K. [et al. 2013], Davis, C. C., & Matthews, M. L. 2013. Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants. Ann. Bot. 111: 969-985.

Endriss, W. 1902. Monographie von Pilostyles ingae (Karst.) (Pilostyles ulei Solms-Laub.). Flora 91: 209-236, pl. 20.

Engel, M. S. 2000. A new interpretation of the oldest fossil bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Mus. Novit. 3296: 1-11.

Engell, K. 1995. Embryo morphology of the Ranunculaceae. Pp. 207-216, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Engell, K. 1987. Embryology and taxonomic position of Retzia capensis (Retziaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 117-124.

Engler, H. G. A. 1887. Über die Familie der Lactoridaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 8: 53-56.

Engler, H. G. A. 1888. Liliaceae. Pp. 10-91, in Engler, H. G. A., & Prantl, K. (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil II, Abt. 5. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Engler, H. G. A. 1892. Die systematische Anordnung der monokotyledoneen Angiospermen. Abhand. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1892 (Phys. Math. Cl. Abhand. II): 1-55.

Engler, H. G. A. (ed.). 1900-onwards. Das Pflanzenreich... Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A. 1930a. Saxifragaceae. Pp. 74-226, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18A. Wiklhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A. 1930b. Cunoniaceae. Pp. 229-262, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18A. Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A., & Prantl, K. 1887-1915. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.... 240 Lieferung, + Nachträge 1-4. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig; Ed. 2, 1924-, incomplete.

Englund, M. [et al. 2009], Pornpongrungrueng, P., Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Anderberg, A. A. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships and generic delimitation in Inuleae subtribe Inulinae (Asteraceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. Cladistics 25: 319-352.

Englund, M. [et al. 2011], Carlsbecker, A. Engström, P., & Vergara-Silva, F. 2011. Morphological "primary homology" and expression of the AG-subfamily MADS-box genes in pines, podocarps, and yews. Evol. Devel. 13: 171-181.

Enke, N., & Gemeinholzer, B. 2008. Babcock revisisted: New insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in Crepis L. (Compositae: Cichorieae) from ITS and matK sequence data. Taxon 57: 756-768.

Enquist, B. J., & Niklas, K. J. 2001. Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities. Nature 410: 655-660.

Enquist, B. J. [et al. 2007], Tiffney, B. H., & Niklas, K. J. 2007. Metabolic scaling and the evolutionary dynamics of plant size, form, and diversity: Toward a synthesis of ecology, evolution, and paleontology. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 729-747.

Enright, N. J., & Ogden, J. 1995. The southern conifers - a synthesis. Pp. 271-287, in Enright, N. J., & Hill, R. S. (eds), Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Entwisle, T. J., & Weston, P. H. 2005. Majority rules, when systematists disagree. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 1-6.

Erbar, C. 1983. Zum Karpellbau einiger Magnoliiden. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 104: 3-31.

Erbar, C. 1986. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der spiraligen Blüte von Stewartia pseudocamellia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 112: 417-451.

Erbar, C. 1991. Sympetaly - a systematic character? Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 112: 417-451.

Erbar, C. 1992. Floral development of two species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Stylidiaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 70: 258-271.

Erbar, C. 1993. Studies on the floral development and pollen presentation in Acicarpha tribuloides with a discussion on the systematic placement of the family Calyceraceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 115: 325-350.

Erbar, C. 1994. Contributions to the affinities of Adoxa from the viewpoint of floral development. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 116: 259-282.

Erbar, C. 1995. On the floral development of Sphenoclea zeylanica (Sphenocleaceae, Campanulales) - SEM investigations on herbarium material. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 117: 469-483.

Erbar, C. 1997. Fieberklee und Seekanne - Enzian- oder Aster-verwandt? Zur Blütenentwicklung und systematische Stellung der Menyanthaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 119: 115-135.

Erbar, C. 1998. Coenocarpie ohne und mit Compitum: ein Vergleich der Gynoeceen von Nigella (Ranunculaceae) und Geranium (Geraniaceae). Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 71: 13-39.

Erbar, C., & Gülden, C. 2011. Ontogeny of the flowers in Paulownia tomentosa - a contribution to the recognition of the resurrected monogeneric family Paulowniaceae. Flora 206: 205-218.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1983. Zur Sequenz von Blütenorganen bei einigen Magnoliiden. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 103: 433-449.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1985. Studien zur Organsequenz in Apiaceen-Blüten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 105: 379-400.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1988a. Blütenentwicklungsgeschichtliche Studien an Aralia und Hedera (Araliaceae). Flora 180: 391-406.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1988b. Studien zur Blütenentwicklung und Pollenpräsentation bein Brunonia australis Smith (Brunoniaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 110: 263-282.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1989. On the early floral development and the mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation in Campanula, Jasione and Lobelia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 111: 29-55.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1994. Flowers in the Magnoliidae and the origin of flowers in other subclasses of the angiosperms. I. The relationships between flowers of Magnoliidae and Alismatidae. Pp. 193-208, in Endress, P. K., & Friis, E. M. (eds), Early Evolution of Flowers. Springer, New York. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8.]

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1995a. Portioned pollen release and patterns of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales-Asterales complex. Flora 190: 323-338.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1995b. An analysis of the early floral development of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Aiton and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Pittosporaceae. Feddes Rep. 106: 463-473.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1996a. The formation of corolla tube in Rubiaceae and presumably related families. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 103-112.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1996b. Distribution of the character states "early" and "late sympetaly" within the "Sympetalae tetracyclicae" and presumably related groups. Bot. Acta 109: 427-440.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1997a. Different patterns of floral development in whorled flowers, exemplified by Apiaceae and Brassicaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: S49-S64.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1997a. Studies on the early floral development in Cleomoideae (Capparaceae) with emphasis on the androecial development. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 119-132.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2000. Some interesting features in the capitulum and flower of Arnaldoa macbrideana Ferreya (Asteraceae, Barnadesioideae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 122: 517-537.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004a. Hydrostachyaceae. Pp. 216-220, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004b. Callitrichaceae. Pp. 50-56, in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004c. Sympetaly in Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae). South African J. Bot. 70: 458-467.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2006. Floral ontogeny and systematic position of the Didiereaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 261: 165-185.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2010. Nectaries in Apiales and related groups. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 269-295.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2011. Synopsis of some important, non-DNA character states in asterids with special reference to sympetaly. Plant Divers. Evol. 129: 93-123.

Erbar, C. [et al. 1999], Kusma, S., & Leins, P. 1999. Development and interpretation of nectary organs in Ranunculaceae. Flora 194: 317-332.

Erbar, C. [et al. 2005], Porembski, S., & Leins, P. 2005. Contributions to the systematic position of Hydrolea (Hydroleaceae) based on floral development. Plant Syst. Evol. 252: 71-83.

Erdtman, G., 1943. An Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass.

Erdtman, G. [et al. 1969], Leins, P., Melville, R., & Metcalfe, C. R. 1969. On the relationships of Emblingia. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 62: 169-186.

Erickson, R. 1958. Trigger Plants. Paterson Brokensha, Perth.

Eriksen, B. 1989. Note on the generic and infrageneric delimitation in the Valerianaceae. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 179-187.

Eriksen, B. 1993a. Floral anatomy and morphology in the Polygalaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 186: 17-32.

Eriksen, B. 1993b. Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 186: 33-55.

Eriksen, B., & Persoon, C. 2006. Polygalaceae. Pp. 345-363, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Eriksson, O. 2008. Evolution of seed size and biotic seed dispersal in angiosperms: Paleoecological and neoecological evidence. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 863-870.

Eriksson, O., & Bremer, B. 1991. Fruit characteristics, life forms, and species richness in the plant family Rubiaceae. American Naturalist 138: 751-761.

Eriksson, O., & Bremer, B. 1992. Pollination systems, dispersal modes, life forms, and diversification rates in Angiosperm families. Evolution 46: 258-266.

Eriksson, O., & Kainulainen, K. 2011. The evolutionary ecology of dust seeds. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 13: 73-87.

Eriksson, O. [et al. 2000a], Friis, E. M., & Löfgren, P. 2000. Seed size, fruit size, and dispersal systems in angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous to the Late Tertiary. American Naturalist 156: 47-58.

Eriksson, O. [et al. 2000b], Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000b. Seed size and dispersal systems of Early Cretaceous angiosperms from Famalicão, Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 319-329.

Eriksson, R. 1994. Phylogeny of the Cyclanthaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 31-47.

Eriksson, R. 2007. A synopsis of Basellaceae. Kew Bull. 62: 297-320.

Eriksson, T. [et al. 2003], Hibbs, M. S., Yoder, A. D., Delwiche, C. F., & Donoghue, M. J. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 197-211.

Erixon, P., & Oxelman, B. 2008. Reticulate or tree-like chloroplast DNA evolution in Silene (Caryophyllaceae)? Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 313-325.

Erkens, R. H. J. 2007. From Morphological Nightmare to Molecular Conundrum. Phylogenetic, Evolutionary and Taxonomic Studies on Guatteria. Gildeprint, Enschede.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2007a], Chatrou, L. W., Maas, J. W., van der Niet, T., & Savolainen, V. 2007a. The rapid diversification of rainforest trees (Guatteria; Annonaceae) following dispersal from Central into South America. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44: 399-411.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2007b], Chatrou, L. W., Koek-Noorman, J., Maas, J. W., & Maas, P. J. M. 2007b. Classification of a large and widespread genus of neotropical trees, Guatteria (Annonaceae), and its three segregate genera Guatteriella, Guatteriopsis and Heteropetalum. Taxon 56: 757-774.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2009], Maas, J. W., & Couvreur, T. L. P. 2009. From Africa via Europe to South America: Migrational route of a species-rich genus of Neotropical lowland rain forest trees (Guatteria, Annonaceae). J. Biogeog. 36: 2338-2352.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2012a], Mennega, E. A., & Westra, L. Y. T. 2012a. A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 41-73.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2012b], Chatrou, L. W., & Couvreur, T. L. P. 2012b. Radiations and key innovations in an early branching angiosperm lineage (Annonaceae; Magnoliales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 117-134.

Ernst, A. 1914. Embryobildung bei Balanophora. Flora 106: 129-158.

Ernst, A., & Schmid, E. Über Blüte und Frucht von Rafflesia. Morphologisch-biologische Beobachtungen und entwicklungsgeschichtlich-zytologische Untersuchungen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér 2, 12: 1-58, pl. 1-8.

Ernst, R., & Arditti, J. 1994. Resupination. Pp. 135-188, in Arditti, J. (ed.), Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VI. John Wiley, New York.

Ernst, W. R. 1963. The genera of Capparaceae and Moringaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 81-95.

Ernst, W. R. 1964. The genera of Berberidaceae, Lardizabalaceae, and Menispermaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 1-35.

Ernst, W. R. 1967. Floral morphology and systematics of Platystemon and its allies Hesperomecon and Meconella (Papaveraceae, Platystemonoideae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 25-70.

Ernst-Schwarzenbach, M. 1945. Zur Blütenbiologie einiger Hydrocharitaceen. Ber. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 55: 33-69.

Ertl, P. O. 1932. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Blattnervatur der Araceen. Flora 126: 115-248.

Ervik, F., & Knudsen, J. T. 2003. Water lilies and scarabs: faithful partners for 100 million years? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 80: 539-543.

Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. 2002. The last common bilateralian ancestor. Development 129: 3021-3032.

Erwin, D. M., & Stockey, R. A. 1990. Sapindaceous flowers from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 2025-2034.

Esau, K. 1943. Origin and development of primary vascular tissues in seed plants. Bot. Rev. 9: 125-206.

Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, Ed. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Esau, K. 1969. The Phloem. Borntraeger, Berlin. [Encyclopedia of Plant Anataomy, ed. 2, Zimmermann, W., Ozenda, P., & Wulff, H. D. (eds), Histologie, vol. 5, part 2.

Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants, Ed. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Esau, K., & Kosakai, H. 1975. Leaf arrangement in Nelumbo nucifera: A rexamination of a unique phyllotaxy. Phytomorph. 25: 100-112.

Escalante-Pérez, M. [et al. 2011], Krol, E., Stange, A., Geiger, D., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Hause, B., Neher, E., & Hedrich, R. 2011. A special pair of phytohormones controls excitability, slow closure, and external stomach formation in the Venus flytrap. Proc. National Acad. Sci USA 108: 15492–15497. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112535108.

Escalante-Pérez, M. [et al. 2012], Jaborsky, M., Lautner, S., Müller, J., Dittrich, M., Kunert, M., Boland, W., Hedrich, R., & Ache, P. 2012. Poplar extrafloral nectaries: Two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores. Plant Physiol. 159: 1176-1191.

Escapa, I. H., & Catalano, S. A. 2013. Phylogenetic analysis of Araucariaceae: Integrating molecules, morphology and fossils. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 1153-1170.

Escudero, M., & Luceño, M. 2009. Systematics and evolution of Carex sects. Spirostachyae and Elatae (Cyperaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 279: 163-189.

Escudero, M. [et al. 2012a], Hipp, A. L., Hansen, T. F., Voje, K. L., & Luceño, M. 2012a. Selection and inertia in the evolution of holocentric chromosomes in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). New Phytol.

Escudero, M. [et al. 2012b], Hipp, A. L., Waterway, M. J., & Valente, L. M. 2012b. Diversification rates and chromosome evolution in the most diverse angiosperm genus of the temperate zone (Carex, Cyperaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 650-655.

Espíndola, A. [et al. 2010], Buerki, S., Bedalov, M., Küpfer, P., & Alvarez, N. 2010. New insights into the phylogenetics and biogeography of Arum (Araceae): unravelling its evolutionary history. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 14-32.

Espiñeira, J. M. [et al. 2010], Uzal, E. N., Ros, L. V. G., Carríon, J. S., Merino, F., Barceló, A. R., & Pomar, F. 2010. Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants. Plant Biol. 13: 59-68.

Espinosa-Matís, S. [et al. 2012], Vergara-Silva, F., Vázquez-Santana, S., Mart&nez-Zurita, E., & Márquez-Guzmán, J. 2012. Complex patterns of morphogenesis, embryology, and reproduction in Triuris brevistylis, a species of Triuridaceae (Pandanales) closely related to Lacandonia schismatica. Botany 90: 1133-1151.

Espinoza de Pernía, N., & ter Welle, B. J. H. 1998. Flora of the Guianas. Series A: Phanerogams. Fascicle 21. Wood and Timber. Euphroniaceae [pp. 81-83]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Espírito-Santo, M. M., & Fernandes, G. W. 2007. How many species of gall-forming insects are there on earth, and where are they? Ann. Entom. Soc. America 100(2): 95-99.

Esser, H.-J. 2001. Tribes Hippomaneae, Pachystromateae & Hureae. In Radcliffe-Smith, A., Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Esser, H.-J. 2003. Variation in fruit characters of Euphorbiaceae - is there another subfamily? Palm. Hortus Francofurtensis 7: 149.

Esser, H.-J. [et al. 2009], Berry, P. E., & Riina, R. 2009. EuphORBia: A global inventory of the spurges. Blumea 54: 11-12.

Essi, L. [et al. 2008], Longhi-Wagner, H. M., & Teixeira de Souza-Chies, T. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the Briza complex (Poaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 1018-1029.

Essig, F. B. 2008. A systematic histological study of palm fruits. VIII. Subtribe Dypsidinae (Arecaceae). Brittonia 60: 82-92.

Esteban, L. G., & de Palacios, P. 2009. Comparative wood anatomy in Abietoideae (Pinaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 184-196.

Esteban, L. G. [et al. 2009], de Palacios, P., Fernández, F. G., & Moreno, R. 2009. Wood anatomy of the genus Abies a review. IAWA J. 30: 231-245.

Estes, D., & Small, R. L. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of the monotypic genus Amphianthus (Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioleae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 176-182.

Estrada-Ruiz, E. [et al. 2011], Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Wolfe, J. A., & Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. 2011. Comparative morphology of fossil and extant leaves of Nelumbonaceae, including a new genus from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America. Syst. Bot. 36: 337-351.

Estrada-Ruiz, E. [et al. 2012], Upchurch, G. R., Wheeler, E. A., & Mack, G. H.. 2012. Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the Crevasse Canyon and McRae Formations, south-central New Mexico, USA: Part 1. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 412–428.

Ettingshausen, C. F. von. 1858. Die Blattskelete det Apetalen. Staatsdruckerei, Berlin.

2006. EUCLID. Eucalypts of Australia, Ed. 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.

Eunus, A. M. 1950. Contributions to the embryology of the Liliaceae. I. Development of the embryo sac and endosperm of Albuca transvalensis Moss-Verdoorn. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 29: 68-78.

Eurling, M. C. M., & Gravendeel, B. 2005. TrnL-trnF sequence data imply paraphyly of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and provide new perspectives for agarwood identification. Plant Syst. Evol. 254: 1-12.

Evans, F. J., & Edwards, M. C. 1987. Activity correlations in the phorbol ester series. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 94: 231-246.

Evans, F. J., & Taylor, S. E. 1983. Pro-inflammatory, tumour-promoting and anti-tumour diterpenes of the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. Prog. Chem. Org. Natural Prod. 44: 1-99.

Evans, G. M., & Rees, H. 1971. Mitotic cycles in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Nature 233: 350-251.

Evans, J. A. {et al. 2006], Gasson, P. E., & Lewis, G. P. 2006. Wood Anatomy of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae). IAWA, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden. [IAWA J., suppl. 5.].

Evans, R. C., & Campbell, C. S. 2002. The origin of the apple subfamily (Maloideae; Rosaceae) is clarified by DNA sequence data from duplicated GBSSI genes. American J. Bot. 89: 1478-1484.

Evans, R. C. & Dickinson, T. A. 1999a. Floral ontogeny and morphology in subfamily Amygdaloideae T. & G. (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 955-979.

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 1999b. Floral ontogeny and morphology in subfamily Spiraeoideae Endl. (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 981-1012.

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 2002. How do studies of comparative ontogeny and morphology aid in elucidation of relationships within the Rosaceae? P. 108, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 2005. Floral ontogeny and morphology in Gillenia ('Spiraeoideae') and subfamily Maloideae C. Weber (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 427-447.

Evans, R. C., & Vander Kloet, S. 2010. Comparative analysis of hypocotyl development in epiphytic, lignotuber-forming, and terrestrial Vaccinieae (Ericaceae). Botany 88: 556-564.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 1998], Alice, L. A., Campbell, C. S., Dickinson, T. A., & Kellogg, E. A. 1998. Evidence for an allopolyploid origin of subfamily Maloideae s.l. (Rosaceae) from the nuclear granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) or waxy gene. American J. Bot. 85(6, suppl.): 127.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 2000], Alice, L. A., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., & Dickinson, T. A. 2000. The granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene in Rosaceae: Multiple loci and phylogenetic utility. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 17: 388-400.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 2002], Campbell, C., Potter, D., Morgan, D., Eriksson, T., Alice, L., Oh, S.-H., Bortiri, E., Gao, F., Smedmark, J., & Arsenault, M. 2002a. A Rosaceae phylogeny. P. 108, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Evans, T. M. [et al. 2000], Faden, R. B., Simpson, M. G., & Sytsma, K. J. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: I. A cladistic analysis of morphological data. Syst. Bot. 25: 668-691.

Evans, T. M. [et al. 2003], Sytsma, K. J., Faden, R. B., & Givnish, T. J. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Syst. Bot. 28: 270-292.

Evers, J. B. [et al. 2011], van der Krol, A. R., Vos, J., & Struik, P. C. 2011. Understanding shoot branching by modelling form and function. Trends Plant Sci. 16: 464-467.

Evert, R. F. 1990. Dicotyledons. Pp. 103-137, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

Evert, R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy. Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development, Ed. 3. John Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.

Evert, R. F. [et al. 1973], Eschrich, W., & Eichhorn, S. E. 1973. P-protein distribution in mature sieve elements of Cucurbita maxima. Planta 109: 193-210.

Ewers, F. W. 1982. Secondary growth in needle leaves of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and other conifers: Quantitative data. American J. Bot. 69: 1552-1559.

Eyde, R. H. 1964. Inferior ovary and generic affinities of Garrya. American J. Bot. 51: 1083-1092.

Eyde, R. H. 1966. Systematic anatomy of flowers and fruits of Corokia. American J. Bot. 53: 833-847.

Eyde, R. H. 1968. Flowers, fruit and phylogeny of Alangiaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 167-192.

Eyde, R. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Floral anatomy. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 521-537.

Eyde, R. H. 1982. Evolution and systematics of Onagraceae: Floral anatomy. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69: 735-747.

Eyde, R. H. 1988. Comprehending Cornus: Puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Bot. Review 54: 233-351.

Eyde, R. H. 1997. Fossil records and ecology of Nyssa. Bot. Review 63: 97-123.

Eyde, R. H., & Morgan, J. T. 1973. Floral structure and evolution in Lopezieae (Onagraceae). American J. Bot. 60: 771-787.

Eyde, R. H., & Qiuyun, X. 1990. Fossil mastixioid (Cornaceae) alive in eastern Asia. American J. Bot. 77: 698-692.

Eyde, R. H., & Tseng, C. C. 1971. What is the primitive floral structure of Araliaceae? J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 205-239.

Ezcurra, C. 2002. Phylogeny, morphology, and biogeography of Chuquiraga, an Andean-Patagonian genus of Asteraceae-Barnadesioideae. Bot. Review 68: 153-170.

Faden, R. B. 1998. Commelinaceae. Pp. 109-127, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Faden, R. B. & Hunt, D. R. 1991. The classification of the Commelinaceae. Taxon 40: 19-31.

Faegri, K. 1956. Recent trends in palynology. Bot. Review (Lancaster) 22: 639-664.

Faegri, K., & Iversen, J. 1964. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Ed. 2. Hafner, New York.

Faegri, K., & Iversen, J. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Ed. 4. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Faegri, K., & van der Pijl, L. 1979. The Principles of Pollination Biology. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

Fagerlind, F. 1937. Embryologische, zytologische und bestäubungexperimentelle Studien in der Familie Rubiaceae nebst Bemerkungen über einige Polyploidätsprobleme. Acta Hort. Bergiani 11: 195-470.

Fagerlind, F. 1938a. Bau und entwicklung der floralen Organe von Helosis cayennensis. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 32: 139-159.

Fagerlind, F. 1938b. Embryosac von Plumbagella und Plumbago. Arkiv Bot. 29B(1): 1-8.

Fagerlind, F. 1938c. Wo kommen Tetrasporiche durch dri Teilungsschritte vollentwickelter Embryosäcke unter den Angiospermen vor? Bot. Notis. 1939, 461-498.

Fagerlind, F. 1939a. Die Entwicklung des Embryosackes bei Peperomia pellucida. Arkiv Bot. 29A(17): 1-15, pl. 1-4.

Fagerlinf, F. 1939b. Kritische und revidierende Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen desAdoxa-(Lilium-) Typus. Acta Hort. Bergiani 13: 1-49.

Fagerlind, F. 1939c. Drei Beispiele des Fritillaria-Typs. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 33: 188-204.

Fagerlind, F. 1940a. Stempelbau und Embryosackentwicklung bei einigen Pandanazeen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 49: 55-78 + Taf. 7-13.

Fagerlind, F. 1940b. Zytologie und Gametophytenbildung in der Gattung Wikstroemia. Hereditas 26: 23-50.

Fagerlind, F. 1941a. Der Bau der Samenanlage und des Makrogametophyten bei Quisqualis indica. Bot. Notis. 1941, 217-222.

Fagerlind, F. 1941b. Die Embryosackbildung bei Camassia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 35: 258-260.

Fagerlind, F. 1944a. Die Samenbildung und die Zytologie bei agamospermischen und sexuellen Arten von Elatostema und einiger nahestehenden Gattungen nebst Beleuchtung eingier damit zusammenhängender Probleme. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. Ser. 3, 21(4): 1-130.

Fagerlind, F. 1944b. Die tetrasporische Angiospermen Embryosac und dessen Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Entwicklungsmechanik und Phylogenie des Embryosacks. Arkiv Bot. 31A, 11: 1-71.

Fagerlind, F. 1945a. Bau des Gynöceums, der Samenanlage und des Embryosackes bei einigen Repräsentanten der Familie Icacinaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 346-364.

Fagerlind, F. 1945b. Blüte und Blütenstand der Gattung Balanophora. Bot. Notis. 1945, 330-350.

Fagerlind, F. 1945c. Bildung und Entwicklung des Embryosacks bei sexuelle und agamospermischen Balanophora-Arten. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 65-82.

Fagerlind, F. 1945d. Bau der florale Organe bei der Gattung Langsdorffia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 197-210.

Fagerlind, F. 1947a. Gynöceummorphologische und embryologische Studien in der familie Olacaceae. Bot. Notis. 100: 207-230.

Fagerlind, F. 1947b. Die systematische Stellung der Familie Grubbiaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 315-320.

Fagerlind, F. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gynöceummorphologie und Phylogenie der Santalales-Familien. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 42: 195-229.

Fagerlind, F. 1954. The apical embryo- and shoot-meristem in Gnetum, Ephedra and other gymnosperms. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48: 449-470.

Fagundes, N. F., & Mariath, J. E. de A. 2010. Morphoanatomy and ontogeny of fruit in Bromeliaceae species. Acta Bot. Brasilica 24: 765-779.

Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., & Talalay, P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochem. 56: 5-51.

Fahn, A. 1979. Secretory Tissue in Plants. Academic Press, London.

Fahn, A. 1990. Plant Anatomy, Ed. 4. Pergamon, London.

Fahn, A., & Arzee, T. 1959. Vascularization of articulated Chenopodiaceae and the nature of their fleshy cortex. American J. Bot. 46: 330-338.

Fahn, A., & Zohary, M. 1955. On the pericarpial structure of the legumen, its evolution and relation to dehiscence. Phytomorph. 5: 99-111.

Fallen, M. E. 1985. The gynoecial development and systematic position of Allamanda (Apocynaceae). American J. Bot. 72: 572-579.

Fallen, M. E. 1986. Floral structure in the Apocynaceae: Morphological, functional, and evolutionary aspects. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 106: 245-286.

Fan, C., & Xiang, Q.-Y. 2001. Systematic affinities of two enigmatic African families, Grubbiaceae and Hydrostachyaceae - evidence from nuclear 26S rDNA sequence data. P. 112, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Fan, C., & Xiang, Q.-Y. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American J. Bot. 90: 1357-1372.

Fang, H. [et al. 2013], Oates, M. E., Pethica, R. B., Greenwood, J. M., Sardar, A. J., Rackham, O. J. L., Donoghue, P. C. J., Stamatakis, A., de Lima Morais, D. A., & Gough, J. 2013. A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life as a reference genome research. Nature

Fang, J. [et al. 2011], Wang, Z., & Tang, Z. (eds). 2011. Atlas of Woody Plants in China: Distribution and Climate. Springer, Berlin.

Farjon, A. 1990. Pinaceae, Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera: Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotusga, Larix and Picea. Koelz, Koenigstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 121.]

Farjon, A. 2001. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers, Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2005a. Pinaceae, Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus, Ed. 2. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Farjon, A. 2005b. A Bibliography of Conifers. Selected Literature on Taxonomy and Related Disciplines of the Coniferales, Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2005c. A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2007. In defence of a conifer taxonomy which recognises evolution. Taxon 56: 639-641.

Farjon, A., & Garcia, S. O. 2003. Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution. American J. Bot. 90: 8-16.

Farmer, S. B. 2006. Phylogenetic analyses and biogeography of Trilliaceae. Pp. 579-592, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 579-592.]

Farooq, M. 1965. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae. III. The embryology of Utricularia uliginosa Vahl. Phytomorph. 15: 123-131.

Farooq, M. 1966. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae 4. The embryology of Utricularia striata Sm. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 45: 1-13.

Farooq, M., & Bilquis, S. 1966. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae 8. The life history of Utricularia scandens Benj. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 42: 363-371.

Farooq, M., & Inamuddin, M. 1969. The embryology of Oldenlandia nudicaulis. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 48: 160-173.

Farr, E., & Zijlstra, G. Index Nominum Genericorum. http://rathbun.si.edu/botany/ing/ingForm.cfm.

Farrant, J. M. 2000. Comparison of mechanisms of dessication tolerance among three angiosperm resurrection plants. Plant Ecol. 151: 29-39.

Farrar, D. R. 1967. Gametophytes of four tropical fern genera reproducing independently of their sporophytes in the southern Appalachians. Science 155: 1266-1267.

Farrell, B. D. 1998. "Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles? Science 281: 555-559.

Farrell, B. D., & Mitter, C. 1990. Phylogenesis of insect/plant interactions: Have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel? Evolution 44: 1389-1403.

Farrell, B. D., & Mitter, C. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: Might Tetraopes (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have coevolved? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 63: 553-577.

Farrell, B. D., & Sequiera, A. S. 2004. Evolutionary rates in the adaptive radiation of beetles on plants. Evolution 58: 1984-2001.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 1991], Dussourd, C., & Mitter, C. 1991. Escalation of plant defence: Do latex and resin canals spur plant diversification? American Naturalist 138: 891-900.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 1992], Mitter, C., & Futuyuma, D. J. 1992. Diversification at the insect-plant interface. Bioscience 42: 34-42.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 2001], Sequeira, A. S., O'Meara, B. C., Normark, B. B., Chung, J. H., & Jordal, B. H. 2001. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution 55: 2022-2027.

Farruggia, F. T., & Wojciechowski, M. F. 2009. Evolutionary relationships of Sesbania Scop. (Leguminosae) and patterns of biogeography and morphological character evolution. P. 162, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Farruggia, F. T., & Howard, J. H. 2011. Examination of five nuclear markers for phylogenetic study of Hologalegina (Leguminosae). Brittonia 63: 489-499.

Fassett, N. C. 1953. A monograph of Cabomba. Castanea 18: 116-128.

Fatiouros, N. E. [et al. 2008], Broekgaarden, C., Bukovinszkine'Kiss, G., van Loon, J. J. A., Mumm, R., Huigens, M. E., Dicke, M., & Hilker, M. 2008. Male-derived butterfly anti-aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense. Proc. National. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 10033-10038.

Faure, A. 1924. Étude organographique, anatomique et pharmacologique de la famille des Cornacées (Groupe des Cornéales). Imprim. Centrale du Nord, Lille.

Fauré, S. [et al. 1994], Noyer, J.-L., Carreel, F., Horry, J.-P., Bakry, F., & Lanaud, C. 1994. Maternal inheritance of chloroplast genome and paternal inheritance of mitochondrial genome in bananas (Musa acuminata). Curr. Genet. 25: 265-269.

Favre, A. [et al. 2010], Yuan, Y.-M., Küpfer, P., & Alvarez, N. 2010. Phylogeny of subtribe Gentianinae (Gentianaceae): Biogeographic inferences despite limitations in temporal calibration points. Taxon 59: 1701-1711.

Fawcett, J. A. [et al. 2009], Maere, S., & van de Peer, Y. 2009. Plants with double genomes might have had a better chance to survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Proc. National. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 5737-5742.

Fay, H. A. C. 1996. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between fruit-piercing moths and the Menispermaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 9: 227-233.

Fay, M. F., & Chase, M. W. 1996. Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae. Taxon 45: 441-451.

Fay, M. F., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. Brassicales - an order of plants characterized by shared chemistry. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 27: 165-196.

Fay, M. F., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2012. Ranunculales - buttercups, poppies and their relatives. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 29: 222-234.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1997a], Swensen, S. M., & Chase, M. W. 1997a. Taxonomic affinities of Medusagyne oppositifolia (Medusagynaceae). Kew Bull. 52: 111-120.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1997b], Cameron, K. M., Prance, G. T., Lledo, M. D., & Chase, M. W. 1997b. Familial relationships of Rhabdodendron (Rhabdodendraceae): Plastid rbcL sequences indicate a caryophyllid placement. Kew Bull. 52: 923-932.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1998a], Bayer, C., Alverson, W. S., de Bruijn, A. Y., & Chase, M. W. 1998a. Plastid rbcL sequence data indicate a close affinity between Diegodendron and Bixa. Taxon 47: 43-50.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1998b], Olmstead, R. G., Richardson, J. E., Santiago, E., Prance, G. T., & Chase, M. W. 1998b. Molecular data support the inclusion of Duckeodendron cestroides in Solanaceae. Kew Bull. 53: 203-212.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2000a], Rudall, P. J., Sullivan, S., Stobart, K. L., de Bruijn, A. Y., Reeves, G., Qamaruz-Zaman, F., Hong, W.-P., Joseph, J., Hahn, W. J., Conran, J. G., & Chase, M. W. 2000a. Phylogenetic studies of Asparagales based on four plastid DNA regions. Pp. 360-371, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2000b], Bremer, B., Prance, G. T., van der Bank, M., Bridson, D., & Chase, M. W. 2000b. Plastid rbcL sequence data show Dialypetalanthus to be a member of Rubiaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 853-864.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006a], Leitch, I., Kahanadawala, I., Lysak, M. A., " Chase, M. W. 2006. Genome size in Orchidaceae - variation, evolution, and consequences. P. 355, in Botany 2006. Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006b], Rudall, P. J., & Chase, M. W. 2006a. Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae). Pp. 367-371, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 367-371.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006c], Chase, M. W., Rønsted, N., Devey, D. S., Pillon, Y., Pires, J. C., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., & Davis, J. I. 2006b. Phylogenetics of Liliales: Summarized evidence from combined analyses of five plastid and one mitochondrial loci. Pp. 559-565, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 559-565.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2010], Bennett, J. R., Dixon, K. W., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. Parasites, their relationships and the disintegration of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 26: 286-313.

Feeney, P. P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 10: 1-40.

Fehrenbach, S., & Barthlott, W. 1988. Mikromorphologie der Epicuticular-Wachse der Rosales s.l. und deren systematische Gliederung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 109: 407-428.

Fehrer, J. [ et al. 2007], Gemeinholzer, B., Chrtek, J., Jr., & Bräutigam, S. 2007. Incongruent plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal ancient intergeneric hybridization in Pilosella hawkweeds (Hieracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 42: 347-361.

Feil, J. P. 1992. Reproductive ecology of dioecious Siparuna (Monimiaceae) in Ecuador - a case of gall midge pollination. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 110: 170-203.

Feild, T. S. 2005. Are vessels in seed plants evolutionary innovations to similar ecological contexts? Pp. 501-515, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Feild, T. S., & Arens, N. C. 2005. Form, function and environments of the early angiosperms: Merging extant phylogeny and ecophysiology with fossils. New Phytol. 166: 383-408.

Feild, T. S., & Arens, N. C. 2007. The ecophysiology of early angiosperms. Plant Cell Environ 30: 291-309.

Feild, T. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2005. A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae). Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1316-1325.

Feild, T. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2013. Hydraulic tuning of vein cell microstructure in the evolution of angiosperm venation networks. New Phytol.

Feild, T. S., & Edwards, E. J. 2012. Celebrating giant steps toward a synthetic history of angiosperm evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 559-560.

Feild, T. S., & Holbrook, N. M. 2001. Xylem sap flow and stem hydraulics of the vesselless angiosperm Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) in a Costa Rican elfin forest. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1067-1077.

Feild, T. S., & Wilson, J. P. 2012. Evolutionary voyage of angiosperm vessel structure-function abd its significance for early angiosperm success. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 596-609.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 1998], Zweiniecki, M. A., Holbrook, N. M., & Donoghue, M. J. 1998. Plugged stomata of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) protect leaves from mist not drought. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 14256-14259.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2000a], Zweiniecki, M. A., & Holbrook, N. M. 2000a. Winteraceae evolution: An ecophysiological perspective. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 323-334.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2000b], Zweiniecki, M. A., Brodribb, T., Jaffré, T., Donoghue, M. J., & Holbrook, N. M. 2000b. Structure and function of tracheary elements in Amborella trichopoda. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 705-712.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2002], Brodribb, T., & Holbrook, N. M. 2002. Hardly a relict: Freezing and the evolution of vesselless wood in Winteraceae. Evolution 56: 464-478.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2003], Franks, P. J., & Sage, T. L. 2003. Ecophysiological shade adaptation in the basal angiosperm Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 313-324.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2004], Arens, N. C., Doyle, J. A., Dawson, T. E., & Donoghue, M. J. 2004. Dark and disturbed: A new image of early angiosperm phylogeny. Paleobiology 30: 82-107.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2009a], Chatelet, D. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2009a. Ancestral xerophobia: A hypothesis on the whole plant ecophysiology of early angiosperms. Geobiology 7: 237-264.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2009b], Chatelet, D. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2009b. Giant flowers of southern magnolia are hydrated by the xylem. Plant Physiol. 150: 1587-1597.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011a], Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Chatelet, D. S., Brodribb, T. J., Grubbs, K. C., Samain, M.-S., & Wanke, S. 2011a. Fossil evidence for low gas exchange capacities for early Cretaceous angiosperm leaves. Paleobiol. 37: 195-213.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011b], Brodribb, T. J., Iglesias, A., Chatelet, D. S., Baresch, A., Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Gomez, B., Mohr, B. A. R., Coiffard, C., Kvacek, J., & Jaramillo, C. 2011b. Fossil evidence for Cretaceous escalation in angiosperm leaf vein evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 8363-8366.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011c], Hudson, P. J., Balun, L., Chatelet, D. S., Patino, A. A., Sharma, C. A., & McLaren, K. 2011c. The ecophysiology of xylem hydraulic constraints by "basal" vessels in Canella winterana (Canellaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 879-888.

Field, T. S. [et al. 2012], Chatelet, D. S., Balun, L., Schilling, E., & Evans, R. 2012. The evolution of angiosperm lianescence without vessels – climbing mode and wood structure-function in Tasmannia cordata (Winteraceae). New Phytol. 193: 229-240.

Feist, M. A. E., & Downie, S. R. 2008. A phylogenetic study of Oxypolis and Ptilimnium (Apiaceae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 447-458.

Feist, M. A. E. [et al. 2012], Downie, S. R., Magee,A. R., & Liu, M. 2012. Revised generic delimitations for Oxypolis and Ptilimnium (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae) based on leaf morphology, comparative fruit anatomy, and phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA trnQ/trnK sequence data. Taxon 61: 402-418.

Feitoza, L. L. [et al. 2009], Félix, L. P., Castro, A. A. J. F., & Carvalho, R. 2009. Cytogenetics of Alismatales s.s.: Chromosomal evolution and C-banding. Plant Syst. Evol. 280: 119-131.

Feitoza, L. L. [et al. 2010], Martins, M. I. G., Castro, A. A. J. F., Félix, L. P., & Carvalho, R. 2010. Cytogenetics of Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae: CMA/DAPI banding and 45S rDNA sites. Plant Syst. Evol. 286: 199-208.

Feldberg, K. [et al. 2013], Heinrichs, J., Schmidt, A. R., Vána, J., & Schneider, H. 2013. Exploring the impact of fosil constraints on the divergence time estimates of derived liverworts. Plant Syst. Evol. 299: 585-601.

Feldenkris, E. [et al. 2011], Broe, M., & Freudenstein, J. 2011. A mitochondrial DNA and combined evidence analysis of relationships at the base of the Ericaceae. P. 163, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Feldhaar, H. [et al. 2003a], Fiala, B., bin Hashim, R., & Maschwitz, U. 2003a. Patterns of the Crematogaster-Macaranga association: The ant partner makes the difference. Insectes Soc. 50: 9-19.

Feldhaar, H. [et al. 2003b], Fiala, B., Gadau, J., Mohamed, M., & Maschwitz, U. 2003b. Molecular phylogeny of Crematogaster subgenus Decacrema ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the colonization of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) trees. Mol. Phyl. Evol. v27; 441-452.

Felix, L. P., & Guerra, M. 2010. Variation in chromosome number and the basic chromosome number of subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 234-278.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2009], Manchester, S. R., & Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.) 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of Alangiaceae (Cornales) inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 201-214.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2011], Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.), & Franks, R. G. 2011. Phylogeny-based developmental analyses illuminate evolution of inflorescence architecture in dogwoods (Cornus s.l., Cornaceae). New Phytol. 191: 850-869.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2012], Liu, X., Yu, Y., Xie, D., Franks, R. G., & Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.) 2012. Evolution of bract development and B-class MADS box gene expression in petaloid bracts of Cornus s.l. (Cornaceae). New Phytol. 193:

Feng, M. 2005. Floral Morphogenesis and Molecular Systematics of Family Violaceae. Ph. D. Thesis, Biological Sciences (Arts and Sciences), Ohio University. [Not read.]

Feng, M., & Ballard, H. E. 2005. Molecular systematic, floral developmental and anatomical revelations on generic relationships and evolutionary patterns in the Violaceae. P. 169, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Feng, X. [et al. 2006], Zhao, Z., Tian, Z., Xu, S., Luo, Y., Cai, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Weng, L., Chen, J., Zheng, L., Guo, X., Luo, J., Sato, S., Tabata, S., Ma, W., Cao, X., Hu, X., Sun, C., & Luo, D. 2006. Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 4970-4975.

Feng, Y. [et al. 2005], Oh, S.-H., & Manos, P. S. 2005. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Platanus as inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 30: 786-799.

Fenster, C. B. [et al. 2004], Armbruster, W. S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M. R., & Thomson, J. D. 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35: 375-403.

Feodorova, T. A., [et al. 2010], Voznesenskaya, E. V., Edwards, G. E., & Roalson, E. H. 2010. Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae). Syst. Bot. 35: 811-826.

Ferguson, C. K. [et al. 2008], Fehlberg, S. D., Ford, K. A., & Strakosh, S. C. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Phlox (Polemoniaceae): Comparing and combining data sets from the chloroplast genome. Pp. 153-172, in Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1. Part E. Phanerogams - Angiosperm. Science Publishers, Delhi.

Ferguson, D. K. [et al. 1997], Yusheng, L., & Zetter, R. 1997. The paleoendemic plants of East Asia: Evidence from the fossil record for changing distribution patterns. Pp. 359-371, in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.), The Changing Face of East Asia during the Tertiary and Quaternary. The University of Hong Kong.

Ferguson, D. M. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis and relationships in Hydrophyllaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 29: 253-268.

Ferguson, I. K. 1977. World Pollen and Spore Flora. Angiospermae. 6. Cornaceae Dum. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.

Ferguson, I. K. 1989. A survey of the Liquidambaroideae (Hamamelidaceae) with a view to elucidating its fossil history. Pp. 155-174, in Crane, P. R., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ferguson, I. K., & Tucker, S. C. (eds.) 1994. Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 6. Structural Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Fernandes, G. W., & Price, P. W. 1991. Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: The roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. Pp. 91-115, in Price, P. W., Lewinsohn, T. M., & Fernandes, G. W. (eds), Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. John Wiley, New York.

Fernandes, M. E. B. [et al. 2009], Nascimento, A. A. M., & Carvalho, M. L. 2009. Effects of herbivory by Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae: Lepidoptera) on litter production in the mangrove on the coast of Brazilian Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 25: 337-339.

Fernández, M. [et al. 2013], Blanco-Pastor, J. L., & Vargas, P. 2013. A phylogeny of toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences: Systematic and evolutionary consequences. Internat. j. Plant Sci. 174: 234-249.

Fernandez, P., & Hilker, M. 2007. Host plant location by Chrysomelidae. Basic Appl. Ecol. 8: 97-116.

Fernández, V. A. [et al. 2009], Galetto, L., & Astegiano, J. 2009. Influence of flower functionality and pollination system on the pollen size-pistil length relationship. Organisms Divers. Environ. 9: 75-82.

Fernández-Alonso, J. L. [et al. 2000], Pérez-Zabala, J. A., & Idarraga-Piedrahita, A. 2000. Isidodendron, un nuevo género neotropical de árboles de la familia Trigoniaceae. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 24: 347-357.

Fernando, D. D. [et al. 2005], Lazzaro, M. D., & Owens, J. N. 2005. Growth and development of conifer pollen tubes. Sexual Plant Reprod. 18: 149-162.

Fernando, D. D. [et al. 2009], Quinn, C. R., Brenner, E. D., & Owens, J. N. 2009. male gametophyte development and evolution in extant gymnosperms. Internat. J. Plant Devel. Biol. 4(special issue 1): 47-63.

Fernando, E. S., & Quinn, C. J. 1992. Pericarp anatomy and systematics of the Simaroubaceae sensu lato. Australian J. Bot. 40: 263-289.

Fernando, E. S., & Quinn, C. J. 1995. Picramniaceae, a new family, and a recircumscription of Simaroubaceae. Taxon 44: 177-181.

Fernando, E. S. [et al. 1995], Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1995. Simaroubaceae, an artificial construct: Evidence from rbcL sequence variation. American J. Bot. 82: 92-103.

Ferrer, M. M., & Good, S. V. 2012. Self-sterility in flowering plants: Preventing self-fertilization increases family diversification rates. Ann. Bot. 110: 535-553.

Ferreres, F. [et al. 1996], Andrade, P., Gil, M. I., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. 1996. Floral nectar phenolics as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey. Zeitschr. Lebensmittel. Untersuch. Forsch. A, 202: 40-44.

Ferrero, V. [et al. 2012], Rojas, D., Vale, A., & Navarro, L. 2012. Delving into the loss of heterostyly in Rubiaceae: Is there a similar trend in triopical and non-tropical climate zones? Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14: 161-167.

Ferrucci, M. S. 1989. Chromosomas en Cardiospermum y Diplokeleba (Sapindaceae), significado taxonomico y evolutivo. Bonplandia 6: 151-164.

Fetz, R. 1994. Larval morphologische Beitrage zum phylogenetischen System der ehemaligen Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea). Neue Entomol. Nachr. 33: 1-272. [Not seen.]

Feuer, S. 1987. Combined cryo- and thin sectioning (TEM) in the elucidation of mimosoid tetrad/polyad ultrastructure. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 52: 367-374.

Feuer, S. 1991. Pollen morphology and the systematic relationships of Ticodendron incognitum. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 143-151.

Feuillet, C., & Macdougal, J. M. 2003 [2004]. A new infrageneric classification of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae). Passiflora 13: 34-35, 37-38.

Feuillet, C., & Macdougal, J. M. 2006. Passifloraceae. Pp. 270-281, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Fey, B. S., & Endress, P. K. 1983. Development and morphological interpretation of the cupule in Fagaceae. Flora 173: 451-468.

Fiala, B. [et al. 2011], Meyer, U., Hashim, R., & Maschwitz, U. 2011. Pollination systems in pioneer trees of the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysian rainforests. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 103: 935-953.

Fiaschi, P., & Plunkett, G. M. 2011. Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear markers. Syst. Bot. 36: 806-817.

Fiebig, A. [et al. 2004], kimport, R., & Preuss, D. 2004. Competition of pollen coat genes across Brassicaceae species reveal rapid evolution by repeated expansion and diversification. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 101: 3286-3291.

Fiedler, K. 1991. Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bonner Zool. Monogr. 31: 1-210.

Fiedler, K. 1995. Lycaenid butterflies and plants: Is myrmecophily associated with paricular host plants preferences? Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 7: 107-132.

Fiedler, K. 1996. Host-plant relationships of Lycaenid butterflies: Large-scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants. Entomol. Experim. Applic. 80: 259-267.

Fiedler, K. 1998. Diet breadth and host plant diversity of tropical- vs. temperate-zone herbivores: South-East Asian and West Palaearctic butterflies as a case study. Ecol. Entomol. 23: 285-297.

Figlar, R. B. 2000. Proleptic branch initiation in Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania provides basis for combinations in subfamily Magnolioideae. Pp. 14-25, in Liu, Y.-H., Fan, H.-M., Chen, Z.-Y., Wu, Q.-G. & Zeng, Q.-W. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, May 18-22, 1998, Guangzhou, China. Science Press, Beijing.

Figueirodo, R. da C. [et al. 2013], Vieira, R. C., & de Toni, K. L. G. 2013. Development of the gynoecium in Guettarda pohliana in the context of Rubiaceae evolution. Botany 91: 562-567.

Figueroa, C. [et al. 2008], Salazar, G. A., Zavaleta, H. A., & Engleman, E. M. 2008. Root character evolution and systematics in Cranichidinae, Prescottinae and Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Cranichidae). Ann. Bot. 101: 509-520.

Fijridiyanto, I. A., & Murakami, N. 2009. Phylogeny of Litsea and related genera (Laureae-Lauraceae) based on analysis of rpb2 gene sequences. J. Plant Res. 122: 283-298.

Filipowicz, N., & Renner, S. S. 2010. The worldwide holoparasitic Apodanthaceae confidently placed in the Cucurbitales by nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 10:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-219.

Filipowicz, N., & Renner, S. S. 2012. Brunfelsia (Solanaceae): A genus evenly divided between South America and radiations on Cuba and other Antillean islands. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 64: 1-11.

Filonenko, A. [et al. 2009], Bobrov, A. V. F. C., & Melikian, A. P. 2009. On the systematic position of the genus Nyctanthes L. (Oleaceae/Verbenaceae/Nyctanthaceae). Novit. Syst. Plant. Vasc. 41: 192-208. [In Russian.]

Fincher, G. B. 2009. Revolutionary times in our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in the grasses. Plant Physiol. 149: 27-37.

Fincher, R. M. [et al. 2008], Dyer, L. A., Dodson, C. D., Richards, J. L., Tobler, M. A., Searcy, J., Mather, J. E., Reid, A. J., Rolig J. S., & Pidcock, W. 2008. Inter- and intraspecific comparisons of antiherbivore defenses in three species of rainforest understory shrubs. J. Chem. Ecol 34: 558-574

Finch-Savage, W. E., & Leubner-Metzger, G. 2006. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytol. 171: 501-523.

Findlay, G. P., & Findlay, N. 1989. The structure of the column in Stylidium. Australian J. Bot. 37: 81-101.

Fine, P. V. A. [et al. 2004], Mesones, I., & Coley, P. D. 2004. Herbivores promote habitat specialilization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305: 663-665.

Fine, P. V. A. [et al. 2005], Daly, D. C., Villa Muñoz, G., Mesones, I., & Cameron, K. M. 2005. The contribution of edaphic heterogeneity to the evolution and diversity of Bureseraceae tress in the western Amazon. Evolution 59: 1464-1478.

Fineran, B. A. 1991. Root hemi-parasitism in the Santalales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 113: 277-308.

Fineran, B. A., & Ingerfeld, M. 1982. Graniferous tracheary elements in the haustorium of Atkisona ligustrina, a root hemi-parasite of the Loranthaceae. Protoplasma 113: 150-160.

Fineran, B. A. [et al. 1982], Wild, D. J. C., & Ingerfeld, M. 1982. Initial wall formation in the endosperm of wheat, Triticum sativum: A reevaluation. Canadian J. Bot. 60: 1776-1795.

Finet, C. [et al. 2010], Timme, R. E., Delwiche, C. F., & Mariétaz, F. 2010. Multigene phylogeny of the green lineage reveals the origin and diversification of land plants. Curr. Biol. 20: 2217-2222.

Fink, S. 1983. The occurrence of adventitious and preventitious buds within the bark of some temperate and tropical trees. American J. Bot. 70: 532-542.

Fink, S. 1984. Some cases of delayed or induced development of axillary buds from persisting detached meristems in conifers. American J. Bot. 71: 44-51.

Fink, S. 1991. Comparative microscopical studies on the patterns of calcium oxalate distribution in the needles of various conifer species. Bot. Acta 104: 306-315.

Fior, S., & Karis, P. O. 2007. Phylogeny, evolution and systematics of Moehringia (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from molecular and morpholgical data: A case for homology reassessment. Claidtics 23: 362-372.

Fior, S. [et al. 2006], Karis, P. O., Casazza, G., Minuto, L., & Sala, F. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllales) inferred from chloroplast matK and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. American J. Bot. 93: 399-411.

Fiordi-Cecchi, A. [et al. 1996], Palandri, M. R., di Falco, P., & Tani, G. 1996. Cytological aspects of the hypocotyl correlated to the behavior of the embryo radicle of Tillandsia atmospheric species. Caryologia 49: 113-124.

Fisch, K. J., & Weberling, F. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und zur der Blüten von Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavón und Tovaria diffusa Fawcett & Rendle (Tovariaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 111: 365-387.

Fischer, A. 1883. Das Siebröhren-System von Cucurbita. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 1: 276-279.

Fischer, A. 1884. Untersuchungen uber das Siebröhren-System der Cucurbitaceen. Borntraeger, Berlin.

Fischer, E. 1989. Contributions for the flora of Central Africa II - Crepidorhopalon, a new genus within the relationship of Craterostigma, Torenia and Lindernia (Scrophulariaceae) with two new or noteworthy species from Central and Souch Central Africa (Zaire, Zambia). Feddes Rep. 100: 439-450.

Fischer, E. 1992. Systematik der afrikanischen Lindernieae (Scrophulariaceae). Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 81: 1-365.

Fischer, E. 2004a. Balsaminaceae. Pp. 20-25, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Ceslastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. 2004b. Scrophulariaceae. Pp. 333-432, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2004a], Theisen, I., & Lohmann, L. G. 2004a. Bignoniaceae. Pp. 9-38, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2004b], Barthlott, W., Seine, R., & Theisen, I. 2004b. Lentibulariaceae. Pp. 276-282, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, G. A. [et al. 2007], Gravendeel, B., Sieder, A., Andriantiana, J., Heiselmayer, P., Cribb, P. J., Smidt, E. de C., Samuel, R., & Kiehn, M. 2007. Evolution of resupination in Malagasy species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 358-376.

Fisel, K. J., & Weberling, F. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Blüten von Rovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavón und Tovaria diffusa (Macfad.) Fawcett & Rendle (Tovariaceae). Bot Jahrb. Syst. 111: 365-387.

Fiser Pecnikar, Z. [et al. 2012], Kulju, K. K. J., Sierra, S. E. C., Baas, P., & van Welzen, P. C. 2012. Leaf anatomy of Mallotus and the related genera Blumeodendron and Hancea (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 645-676.

Fishbein, M., & Soltis, D. E. 2004. Further resolution of the rapid radiation of Saxifragales (angiosperms, eudicots) supported by mixed-model Bayesian analysis. Syst. Bot. 29: 883-891.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2000], Hufford, L., & Soltis, D. E. 2000. Reversals to hypogyny in Saxifragales: Comparative ontogeny and ecological correlates. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 25.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2001], Hibsch-Jetter, C., Soltis, D. E., & Hufford, L. 2001. Phylogeny of Saxifragales (Angiosperms, Eudicots): Analysis of a rapid, ancient radiation. Syst. Biol. 50: 817-847.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2011], Chuba, D., Ellison, C., Mason-Gamer, R. J., & Lynch, S. P. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) estimated from non-coding cpDNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 36: 1008-1023.

Fischer, A. B. 1960. Latitudinal variations in organic diversity. Evolution 14: 64-81.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2012], Schäferhoff, B., Müller, K. F. 2012. The new monotypic genus Bardotia (Orobanchaceae) from Madagascar and remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of the African and Madagascan genera Micrargeria, Parastriga, Radamaea, Rhamphicarpa and Sieversandreas. Phytotaxa 46: 19-33.

Fisher, A. [et al. 2009], Triplett, J. K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A. D., Oltrogge, K. A., Schroder, E. S., Kelchner, S. A., & Clark, L. G. 2009. Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Syst. Bot. 34: 673-683.

Fischer, H. M. [et al. 2008], Wheat, C. W., Heckel, D. G., & Vogel, H. 2008. Evolutionary origins of a novel host plant detoxification gene in butterflies. Molec. Biol. Evol. 25: 809-820.

Fisher, D. B. [et al. 1989], Thorsch, J., & Esau, K. 1989. Inclusions in nuclei and plastids of Boraginaceae and their possible taxonomic significance. Canadian J. Bot. 67: 3608-3617.

Fisher, J. B. 1974. Axillary and Dichotomous branching in the palm Chamaedorea. American J. Bot. 61: 1046-1056.

Fisher, J. B. 1976. Development of dichotomous branching and axillary buds in Strelitzia (Monocotyledoneae). Canadian J. Bot. 54: 578-592.

Fisher, J. B. 1978. Leaf-opposed buds in Musa: Their development and a comparison with allied monocotyledons. Ann. Bot. 44: 57-66.

Fisher, J. B., & Dransfield, J. 1979. Development of axillary and leaf-opposed buds in rattan palms. Ann. Bot. 44: 57-66.

Fisher, J. B., & Rutishauser, R. 1990. Leaves and epiphyllous shoots in Chisocheton (Meliaceae): A continuum of woody leaf and stem axes. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 2316-2328.

Fisher, J. B., & Stevenson, J. W. 1981. Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture. Bot. Gaz. 142: 82-95.

Fiasher, J. B. [et al. 1997], Angeles A., G., Ewers, F., & Lopéz-Portillo, J. 1997. Survey of root pressure in tropical vines and woody species. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: 44-50.

Fisher, J. B. [et al. 2002], Tan, H. T. W., & Toh, L. P. L. 2002. Xylem of rattans: Vessel dimensions in climing palms. American J. Bot. 89: 196-202.

Fisher, J. P. [et al. 2013], Phoenix, G. K., Childs, D. Z., Smith, S. W., Press, M. C., Pilkington, M. G., & Cameron, D. D. 2013. Litter input from parasitic plants alters plant community structure and can negate the impacts of parasitism. New Phytol. doi: 10.1111/nph.12144

Fisher, K. M. 2008. Bayesian reconstruction of ancestral expression of the LEA gene families reveal propagule-derived dessication tolerance in resurrection plants. American J. Bot. 95: 506-515.

Fitch, W. 2000. Homology a personal view on some of the problems. Trends Genet. 16: 227-231.

Fiz, O. [et al. 2006], Vargas, P., Alarcón, M. L., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Erodium (Geraniaceae) based on trnL/trnF sequences. Syst. Bot. 31: 739-763.

Fiz, O. [et al. 2008], Vargas, P., Alarcón, M. L., Aedo, M., Garcia, J. L., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2008. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Geraniaceae in relation to climate changes and pollination ecology. Syst. Bot. 33: 326-342.

Fiz-Palacios, O. [et al. 2010], Vargas, P., Vila, R., Papadopulos, A. S. T., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2010. The uneven phylopgeny and biogeography of Erodium (Geraniaceae): Radiations in the Mediterranean and recent recurrent intercontinental colonization. Ann. Bot. 106: 871-884.

Fiz-Palacios, O. [et al. 2011], Schneider, H., Heinrichs, J., & Savolainen, V. 2011. Diversification of land plants: Insights from a family-level phylogenetic analysis. BMC Evol. Biol. 11: 341.

Fleetwood, D. J. [et al. 2007], Scott, B., Lane, G. A., Tanaka, A., & Johnson, R. D. 2007. A complete ergovaline gene cluster in Epichloe endophytes of grasses. Apppl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2571-2579.

Fleischmann, A. 2012. Monograph of the Genus Genlisea. Redfern, Poole, Dorset.

Fleming, T. H. 1986. Opportunism versus specialization: The evolution of feeding strategies in frugivorous bats. Pp. 105-118, in A. Estrada A., & Fleming, T. H. (eds), Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. W. Junk, Netherlands. [Tasks for Vegetation Science 15.]

Fleming, T. H. 2004. Dispersal ecology of neotropical Piper shrubs and treelets. Pp. 58-77, in Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds), Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Fleming, T. H., & Muchhala, N. 2008. Nectar-feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds: Pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems. J. Biogeog. 35: 764-780.

Fleming, T. H. [et al. 2005], Muchhala, N., & Ornelas, J. F. 2005. New world nectar-feeding vertebrates: Community patterns and processes. Pp. 163-186, in Sánchez-Cordero, V., & Medellín, R. A. (eds), Contribuciones Mastozoológicas en Homenaje a Bernardo Villa. Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City.

Fleming, T. H. [et al. 2009], Geiselman, C., & Kress, W. J. 2009. The evolution of bat pollination: A phylogenetic perspective. Ann. Bot. 104: 1017-1043.

Flora, L. L., & Madore, M. A. 1996. Significance of minor-vein anatomy to carbohydrate transport. Planta 198: 171-178.

FloraBase. The West Australian Flora. http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au. (Consulted x.2004 onwards.)

Flora of North America Association. The Flora of North America. http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/.

Flores, E. M., & Moseley, M. F., Jr. 1982. The anatomy of the pistillate inflorescence and flower of Casuarina verticilllata Lamarck (Casuarinaceae). American J. Bot. 69: 1673-1684.

Flores Olvera, H. [et al. 2006], Fuentes-Soriano, S., & Hernández, E. M. 2006. Pollen morphology and systemnatics of Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). Grana 45: 175-194.

Flores Olvera, H. [et al. 2008], Smets, E., & Vrijdaghs, A. 2008. Floral and inflorescence morphology and ontogeny in Beta vulgaris, with special emphasis on the ovary position. Ann. Bot. 102: 643-651.

Flores-Olvera, H. [et al. 2011], Vrijdaghs, A., Ochoterena, H., & Smets, E. 2011. The need to re-investigate the nature of homoplastic characters: An ontogenetic case study of the 'bracteoles' in Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). Ann. Bot. 108: 847-865.

Flores-Rentería, L. [et al. 2011], Vázquez-lobo, A., Whipple, A. V., Piñero, D., Márquez-Guzmán, J., & Domínquez, C. A. 2011. Functional bisoporangiate cones in Pinus johannis (Pinaceae): Implications for the evolution of bisexuality in seed plants. American J. Bot. 98: 130-139.

Florin, R. 1949. On the morphology and relationships of the Taxaceae. Bot. Gaz. 110: 31-39.

Florin, R. 1951. Evolution of Cordaites and conifers. Acta Horti Bergiani 15: 285-388, pl. 1.

Florin, R. 1954. The female reproductive organs of conifers and taxads. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 29: 367-389.

Florin, R. 1958. On Jurassic taxads and conifers from north-western Europe and eastern Greenland. Acta Horti Bergiani 17: 257–402, pl. 1-56.

Florin, R. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 122-312.

Florin, R. 1966. "The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space": Additions and corrections. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 319-326.

Floudas, D. [et al. 2012], Binder, M., Riley, R., Barry, K., Blanchette, R. A., Henrissat, B., Martínez, A. T., Otillar, R., Spatafora, J. W., Yadav, J. S., Aerts, A., Benoit, I., Boyd, A., Carlson, A., Copeland, A., Coutinho, P. M., de Vries, R. P., Ferreira, P., Findley, K., Foster, B., Gaskell, J., Glotzer, D., Górecki, P., Heitman, J., Hesse, C., Hori, C., Igarashi, K., Jurgens, J. A., Kallen, N., Kersten, P., Kohler, A., Kües, U., Kumar, T. K., Kuo, A., LaButti, K., Larrondo, L. F., Lindquist, E., Ling, A., Lombard, V., Lucas, S., Lundell, T., Martin, R., McLaughlin, D. J., Morgenstern, I., Morin, E., Murat, C., Nagy, L. G., Nolan, M., Ohm, R. A., Patyshakuliyeva, A., Rokas, A., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., Sabat, G., Salamov, A., Samejima, M., Schmutz, J., Slot, J. C., St John, F., Stenlid, J., Sun, H., Sun, S., Syed, K., Tsang, A., Wiebenga, A., Young, D., Pisabarro, A., Eastwood, D. C., Martin, F., Cullen, D., Grigoriev, I. V., & Hibbett, D. S. 2012. The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. Science 336: 1715-1719.

Flowers, T. J., & Colmer, T. D. 20-08. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol. 179: 945-963.

Flowers, T. J. [et al. 2012], Galal, H. K., & Bromham, L. 2010. Evolution of halophytes: Multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. Funct. Plant Biol. 37: 604-612.

Floyd, S. K., & Bowman, J. L. 2007. The ancestral developmental tool kit of land plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1-35.

Floyd, S. K., & Bowman, J. L. 2010. Gene expression patterns in seed plant shoot meristems and leaves: Homoplasy or homology? J. Plant Res. 123: 43-55.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2000a. Endosperm development in Amborella trichopoda: implications for the origin and early evolution of angiosperm reproductive biology. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 26.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2000b. Evolution of endosperm developmental patterns among basal flowering plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6, suppl.): S57-S81.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2001. Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: Evidence from Amborella (Amborellaceae), Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), and Illicium (Illiciaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 228: 153-169.

Floyd, S. K. [et al. 1999], Lerner, V. T., & Friedman, W. E. 1999. A developmental and evolutionary analysis of embryology in Platanus (Platanaceae), a basal eudicot. American J. Bot. 86: 1523-1537.

Focke, W. O. 1888. Rosaceae. Pp. 1-61, in Engler, A., & Prantl, K. A. (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, T. 3, Abt. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Fokuhl, G. 2008. Ants and plants: Mutualistic benefits, dispersal patterns, and ecological applications. Dissert. Bot. 408: 1-118.

Fontaine, C. 2013. Abundant equals nested. Nature 500: 411-412.

Forbes, W. T. M. 1958. Caterpillars as botanists. Pp. 313-317, in Becker, E. C. (ed.), Tenth International Congress of Entomology, vol. 1. Montreal.

Forbis, T. A., Floyd, S. K., & de Queiroz, A. 2002. The evolution of seed size in angiosperms and other seed plants: Implications for the evolution of seed dormancy. Evolution 56: 2112-2125.

Ford, B. A., Iranpour, M., Naczi, R. F. C., Starr, J. R., & Jerome, C. A. 2006. Phylogeny of Carex subg. Vignea (Cyperaceae) based on non-coding nrDNA sequence data. Syst. Bot. 31: 70-82.

Ford, H. A. [et al. 1979], Paton, D. C., & Forde, N. 1979. Bird as pollinators of Australian plants. New Zealand J. Bot. 17: 509-519.

Ford, V. S, & Gottlieb, L. D. 2007. Tribal relationships within Onagraceae inferred from PgiC sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 348-356.

Fordyce, J. A. 2010. Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 277: 3735-3743.

Foreman, D. B., & Sampson, F. B. 1987. Pollen of Palmeria scandens and Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae). Grana 26: 127-133.

Forero, E. 1983. Flora neotropica. Monograph Number 36. Connaraceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Forest, F. 2006. Geissolomataceae. Pp. 155-156 in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Forest, F. [et al. 2002], Bruneau, A., Hawkins, J., Kajita, T., Doyle, J. J., & Crane, P. R. 2002. The sister of the Leguminosae revealed: Phylogenetic relationships in the Fabales determined using trnL and rbcL sequences. P. 124, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Forest, F. [et al. 2005], Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Lupia, R., Bruneau, A., & Crane, P. R. 2005. Teasing apart molecular- versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: A case study in the birch family (Betulaceae). Syst. Bot. 30: 118-133.

Forest, F. [et al. 2007a], Nänni, I., Chase, M. W., Crane, P. R., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007a. Diversification of a large genus in a continental biodiversity hotspot: Temporal and spatial origin of Muraltia (Polygalaceae) in the Cape of South Africa. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 43: 60-74.

Forest, F. [et al. 2007b], Chase, M. W., Persson, C., Crane, P. R., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007. The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). Evolution 61: 1675-1694.

Forman, L. L. 1965. A new genus of Ixonanthaceae with notes on the family. Kew Bull. 19: 517-526.

Forman, L. L. 1966. The reinstatement of Galearia Zoll. & Mor. and Microdesmis Hook. f. in the Pandaceae. Kew Bull. 20: 309-321.

Forman, L. L. [et al. 1989], Brandham, P. E., Harley, M. M., & Lawrence, T. J. 1989. Beiselia mexicana (Burseraceae) and its affinities. Kew Bull. 44: 1-31.

Forrest, L. L., & Crandall-Stotler, B. J. 2004. A phylogeny of the simple thalloid liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, Metgeriidae) as inferred from five chloorplast genes. Pp. 119-140, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Forrest, L. L., & Crandall-Stotler, B. J. 2005. Progress towards a robust phylogeny for the liverworts, with particular focus on the simple thalloids. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 97: 127-159.

Forrest, L. L., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2003. A recircumscription of Begonia based on nuclear ribosomal sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 241: 193-211.

Forrest, L. L. [et al. 2005], Hughes, M., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2005. A phylogeny of Begonia using nuclear ribosomal sequence data and morphological characters. Syst. Bot. 30: 671-682.

Forrest, L. L. [et al. 2006], Davis, E. C., Long, D. G., Crandall-Stotler, B. J., Clark, A., & Hollingsworth, M. L. 2006. Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): Multiple taxa, genomes, and analyses. The Bryologist 109: 303-334.

Förster, P. 1997. Die Keimpflanzen der tribus Ranunculeae DC. und der Tribus Adonideae Kunth (Ranunculaceae). Flora 192: 133-142.

Forterre, Y. [et al. 2005], Skotheim, J. M., Dumais, J., & Mahadevan, L. 2005. How the Venus flytrap snaps. Nature 433: 421-425.

Förther, H. 1998. Die infragenerische Gliederung der Gattung Heliotropium L. und ihre Stellung innerhalb der subfam. Heliotropioideae (Schrad.) Arn. (Boraginaceae). Sendtnera 5: 35-241.

Fortune-Hopkins, H. C., & Hoogland, R. D. 2002. Cunoniaceae. Pp. 53-165, in Nooteboom, H. P. (ed.), Flora malesiana, vol. 16. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Foster, A. S. 1952. Foliar venation in angiosperms from an ontogenetic standpoint. American J. Bot. 39: 752-766.

Foster, M. S., & Delay, L. S. 1998. Dispersal of mimetic seeds of three species of Ormosia (Leguminiosae). J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 389-411.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2003], Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in resin-producing Detarieae inferred from molecular data and preliminary results for a biogeographic hypothesis. Pp. 161-180, in Klitgaard, B. B., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legumes Systematics, Part III. Higher-Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2007], Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2007. Relationships among resin-producing Detarieae s.l. (Leguminosae) as inferred by molecular data. Syst. Bot. 32: 748-761.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2010], Herendeen, P. S., Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2010. Morphological evolution in the variable resin-producing Detarieae (Fabaceae): Do morphological characters retain a phylogenetic signal? Ann. Bot. 105: 311-325.

Fourqurean, J. W. [et al. 2012], Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, H., Marba, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M. A., Apostolaki, E. T., Kendrick, G. A., Krause-Jensen, D., McGlathery, K. J., & Serrano, O. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1477

Fourquin, C. [et al. 2007], Vinauger-Douard, M., Chambrier, P., Berne-Dedieu, A., & Schutt, C. P. 2007. Functional conservation between CRABS CLAW orthologues from widely diverged angiosperms. Ann. Bot. 100: 651-657.

Fowden, L., & Steward, F. C. 1957. Nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen metabolism in the Liliaceae. I. The occurence of soluble nitrogenous compunds. Ann. Bot. 21 N.S.: 53-67.

Fowden, L. [et al. 1979], Lea, P. J., & Bell, E. A. 1979. The non-protein amino acids of plants. Adv. Enzymol. 50: 117-175.

Fox, D. L., & Koch, P. L. 2004. Carbon and oxygen isotopic variability in Neogene paleosol carbonates: Constraints on the evolution of C4-grasslands of the Great Plains, U.S.A.. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 207: 305-329.

Fraenkel, G. 1959. The raison d'être of secondary plant substances. Science 129: 1466-1470.

Frago, E. [et al. 2012], Dicke, M., & Godfray, H. C. 2012. Insect symbionts as hidden players in insect-plant relationships. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27: 705-711.

Frajman, B., & Schönswetter, P. 2011. Giants and dwarfs: Molecular phylogenies reveal multiple origins of annual spurges qwithin Euphorbia subg. Esula. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 61: 413-424.

Frajman, B. [et al. 2009], Heidari, N., & Oxelman, B. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Atocion and Viscaria (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) inferred from chloroplast, nuclear ribosomal, and low-copy gene DNA sequences. Taxon 58: 811-824.

Frame, D. 1990. A Revision of Schoenocaulon (Liliaceae: Melanthieae). Ph. D. thesis, Department of Biology, City University of New York.

Frame, D. 2003. Generalist flowers, biodiversity and florivory: Implications for angiosperm evolution. Taxon 52: 681-685.

Frame, D., & Durou, S. 2001. Morphology and biology of Napoleonaea vogelii (Lecythidaceae) flowers in relation to the natural history of insect visitors. Biotropica 33: 458-471.

Franceschi, G. de. 1993. Phylogénie des Ebénales. Institut Français de Pondichery, Publications du Département de Écologie 33.

Franceschi, V. R., & Horner, H. T., Jr. 1980. Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Bot. Review 46: 361-427.

Franceschi, V. R., & Nakata, P. A. 2005. Calcium oxalate in plants: Formation and function. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 56: 41-71.

Franceschi, V. R. [et al. 2005], Krokene, P., Christiansen, E., & Krekling, T. 2005. Anatomical and chemical defences of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytol. 167: 353-376.

Franche, C. [et al. 1998], Laplaze, L., Emile Duhoux, E., & Bogusz, D. 1998. Actinorhizal symbioses: Recent advances in plant molecular and genetic transformation studies. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 17: 1-28.

Franchi, G. G. [et al. 1996], Bellani, L., Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. 1996. Types of carbohydrate reserves in pollen: Localization, systematic distribution and ecophysiological significance. Flora 191: 143-159.

Francis, A. P., & Currie, D. J. 2003. A globally consistent richness-climate relationship for angiosperms. American Naturalist 161: 523-536.

Frank, B. 1887. Ueber neue Mycorhiza-Formen. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. 5: 395-409, pl. 19.

Frank, J. H. & O'Meara, G. F. 1984. The bromeliad Catopsis berteroniana traps terrestrial arthropods but harbors Wyeomyia larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Florida Entomol. 67: 418-424.

Francke, H.-L. 1935. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mycorrhiza von Monotropa hypopitys L. Analyse und Synthese der Symbiose. Flora 129: 1-52.

Franke, T. 2002. The myco-heterotrophic Voyria flavescens (Gentianaceae) and its associated fungus. Mycol. Prog. 1: 367-376.

Franke, T. 2007. Miscellaneous Contributions to the Taxonomy and Mycorrhiza of AMF-Exploiting Myco-Heterotrophic Plants. Ph. D. thesis, Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München.

Franke, T. [et al. 2006], Beenken, L., Döring, M., Kocyan, A., & Agerer, R. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus-group A lineage (Glomerales, Glomeromycota) detected in myco-heterotrophic plants from tropical Africa. Mycol. Prog. 5: 24-31.

Frankenberg, P., & Klaus, D. Atlas der Pflanzenwelt des Nordafrikanischen Trockenraumes. Geographischen Instituten der Universität Bonn, Bonn.

Franklin, J. F., & Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service General Techical Report PNW-8, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Portland, OR.

Franklin-Tong, V. E. (ed.). 2008. Self Incompatability in Flowering Plants: Evolution, Diversity, and Mechanisms. Springer, Berlin.

Franklin-Tong, V. E., & Franklin, F. C. H. 2003. The different mechanisms of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 358: 1025-1032.

Franks, P. J., & Beerling, D. J. 2009. Maximum leaf conductance driven by CO2 effects on stomatal size and density over geologic time. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 106: 10343-10347

Franks, P. J., & Farquhar, G. D. 2007 [2006]. The mechanical diversity of stomata and its significance in gas exchange control. Plant Physiol. 143: 78-87.

Franks, P. J. [et al. 2012], Freckleton, R. P., Beaulieu, J. M., Leitch, I. J., & Beerling, D. L. 2012. Megacycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration correlate with fossil plant genome size. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 367: 556-564.

Franks, P. J. [et al. 2013], Adams, M. A., Amthor, J. S., Barbour, M. M., Berry, J. A., Ellsworth, D. S., Farquhar, G. D., Ghannoum, O., Lloyd, J., McDowell, N., Norby, R. J., Tissue, D. T., & von Caemmerer, S. 2012. Sensitivity of plants to changing atmospheric CO2 concentration: From the geological past to the next century. New Phytol. 197: 1077-1094.

Franz, N. M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil-Carludovica association (Colepotera:Curculionideae; Cyclanthaceae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 81: 483-517.

Franzke, A. [et al. 2009], German, D., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2009. Arabidopsis family ties: Molecular phylogeny and age estimates in Brassicaceae. Taxon 58: 425-437.

Franzke, A. [et al. 2011], Lysak, M. A., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Koch, M. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2011. Cabbage family affairs: The evolutionary history of Brassicaceae. Trends Plant Sci. 16: 108-116.

Franzyk, H. [et al. 2001], Jensen, S. R., & Olsen, C. E. 2001. Iridoid glucosides from Myxopyrum smilacifolium. J. Natural Prod. 64: 632-633.

Fraser, W. T. [et al. 2012], Scott, A. C., Forbes, A. E. S., Glasspool, I. J., Plotnick, R. E., Kenig, F., & Lomax, B. H. 2012. Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin biochemistry revealed by unaltered Pennsylvanian spores. New Phytol 196: 397-401.

Freckleton, R. P. 2009. The seven deadly sins of comparative analysis. J. Evol. Biol. 22: 1367-1375.

Frederiksen, L. B. [et al. 1999], Damtoft, S., & Jensen, S. R. 1999. Biosynthesis of iridoids lacking C-10 and the chemotaxonomic implications of their distribution. Phytochem. 52: 1409-1420.

Frederickson, M. [et al. 2005], Greene, M., & Gordon, D. 2005. 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. An ant species uses herbicidal weaponry to secure its own niche in the Amazonian rainforest. Nature 437: 495-496.

Freeling, M. [et al. 2008], Lyons, E., Pedersen, M., Alam, M., Ming, R., & Lisch, D. 2008. Many or most genes in Arabdidopsis transposed after the origin of the order Brassicales. Genome Res. 18: 1924-1937.

Freeman, C. E., & Scogin, R. 1999. Potential utility of chloroplast trnL (UAA) gene intron sequences for inferring phylogeny in Scrophulariaceae. Aliso 18: 141-159.

Freeman, J. L. [et al. 2009], Quinn, C. F., Lindblom, S. D., Klamper, E. M., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2009. Selenium protects the hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata against black-tailed prairie dog herbivory in native seleniferous habitats. American J. Bot. 96: 1075-1085.

Freeman, P. W. 2000. Macroevolution in the Microchiroptera: Recoupling morphology and ecology with phylogeny. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2: 317-335.

Fregonezi, J. [et al. 2012], Turchetto, C., Bonatto, S., & Freitas, L. 2012. Biogeographic history and diversification of Petunia and Callibrachoa (Solanaceae) in the neotropical pampas grassland. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 171: 140-153.

Frei, E. 1955. Die innervierung der floralen Nektarien dikotyler Pflanzenfamilien. Ber. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 65: 60-114.

Freire-Fierro, A. 2001 onwards. Polygalaceae Hoffmans. & Link. Version 21 February 2002. http://www.joethejuggler.com/Polygalaceae/.

Frello, S. [et al. 2004], Ørgaard, M., Jacobsen, N., & Heslop-Harrison, J. S. 2004. The genomic organization and evolutionary distribution of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence in the genus Crocus (Iridaceae). Hereditas 141: 81-88.

French, J. C. 1986. Patterns of endothecial wall thickenings in Araceae: Subfamilies Colocasioideae, Aroideae and Pistioideae. Bot. Gaz. 147: 166-179.

French, J. C. 1987. Structure of ovular and placental trichomes of Araceae. Bot. Gaz. 148: 198-208.

French, J. C. 1997. Vegetative anatomy. Pp. 9-24 in Mayo, S. J., Bogner, J., & Boyce, P. C., The Genera of Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

French, J. C. [et al. 1995], Chung, M., & Hur, Y. 1995. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny of Ariflorae. Pp. 255-275, in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

French-Italian Public Consortium for Grapevine Genome Characterization. 2007. The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature 449: 463-467. [See also Jaillon, Aury et al. 2007.]

Freson, R. 1967. Note sur la distribution africaine du genre Ancistrocladus Wall. (Ancistrocladaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. National Belgique 37: 73-76.

Freudenstein, J. V. 1999. Relationships and character transformations in Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) based on ITS sequences, morphology and development. Syst. Bot. 24: 398-408.

Freudenstein, J. 2012. A supermatrix analysis of the large orchid subfamily Epidendroideae. P. 46, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Barrett, C. F. 2010. Mycoheterotrophy and diversity in Orchidaceae. Pp. 25-37, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Chase, M. W. 2001. Analysis of mitochondrial nad1b-c intron sequences in Orchidaceae: Utility and coding of length-change characters. Syst. Bot. 26: 643-657.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1996. Polinium development and number in the Orchidaceae. American J. Bot. 83: 813-824.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1997. Sectile pollen and relationships in Orchidaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 205: 125-146.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1999. What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships? - A cladistic analysis. American J. Bot. 86: 225-248.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2002], Harris, E. M., & Rasmussen, F. N. 2002. The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: Incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the vandoid complex. American J. Bot. 89: 1747-1755.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2004], van den Berg, C., Goldman, D. H., Kores, P. J., Molvray, M., & Chase, M. W. 2004. An expanded plastid DNA phylogeny of Orchidaceae and analysis of jacknife branch support strategy. American J. Bot. 91: 149-157.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2010], Broe, M. B., & Feldenkris, E. R. 2010. Resolving relationships at the base of Ericaceae: How do the leafless members fit in? Pp. 110-111, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Frey, M. [et al. 1997], Chomet, P., Glawischnig, E., Stettner, C., Grühn, S., Winklmair, A., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Meeley, R. B., Briggs, S. P., Simcox, K., & Gierl, A. 1997. Analysis of a chemical plant defense mechanism in grasses. Science 277: 696-699.

Frey, M. [et al. 2009], Schullehner, K., Dick, R., Fiesselmann, A., & Gierl, A. 2009. Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, a model for the evolution of secondary metabolic pathways in plants. Phytochem. 70: 1645-1651.

Frey, W., & Stech, M. 2005. A morpho-molecular classification of the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Nova Hedwigia 80: 541-545.

Frey-Klett, P. [et al. 2007], Garbye, J., & Tarkka, M. 2007. The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited. New Phytol. 176: 22-36.

Friberg, M. [et al. 2013], Schwind, C., Raguso, R. A., & Thompson, J. N. 2013. Extreme divergence in floral scent among woodland star species (Lithophragma spp.) pollinated by floral parasites. Ann. Bot. 111: 539-550.

Friedl, T., & Rybalka, N. 2012. Systematics of green algae: A brief introduction to the current status. Prog. Bot. 73: 259-27

Friedman, J., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2008. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of wind pollination in the angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 49-58.

Friedman, J., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2011. The evolution of ovule number and flower size in wind-pollinated plants. American Naturalist 177: 246-277.

Friedman, W. E. 1987. Growth and development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba within the ovule (in vivo). American J. Bot. 74: 1797-1815.

Friedman, W. E. 1992. Double fertilization in nonflowering seed plants and its relevance to the origin of flowering plants. Internat. Rev. Cytol. 140: 319-355.

Friedman, W. E. 1993. The evolutionary history of the seed plant male gametophyte. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 15-20.

Friedman, W. E. 2001a. Comparative embryology of basal angiosperms. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 14-20.

Friedman, W. E. 2001b. Developmental and evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of double fertilization and endosperm. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sci. Vie 324: 559-567.

Friedman, W. E. 2006. Embyological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441: 337-340.

Friedman, W. E. 2008. Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies. Nature 453: 94-97.

Friedman, W. E., & Bachelier, J. B. 2013. Seed development in Trimenia (Trimeniaceae) and its bearing on the evolution of embryo-nourishing strategies in early flowering plants. American J. Bot. 100: 906-915.

Friedman, W. E., & Carmichael, J. S. 1996. Double fertilisation in Gnetales: Implications for understanding reproductive diversification among seed plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S77-S94.

Friedman, W. E., & Cook, M. E. 2000. The origin and early evolution of tracheids in vascular plants: Integration of palaeobotanical and neobotanical data. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 355: 857-868.

Friedman, W. E., & Floyd, S. K. 2001. Perspective: The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology - a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55: 217-231.

Friedman, W. E., & Gifford, E. M. 1997. Development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba: A window into the reproductive biology of early seed plants. Pp. 29-49, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Friedman, W. E., & Ryerson, K. C. 2009. Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants. American J. Bot. 96: 129-143.

Friedman, W. E., & Williams, J. H. 2003. Modularity of the angiosperm female gametophyte and its bearing on the early evolution of endosperm in flowering plants. Evolution 57: 216-230.

Friedman, W. E., & Williams, J. H. 2004. Developmental evolution of the sexual process in ancient flowering plant lineages. Plant Cell 16: S119-S132.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2003a], Gallup, W. N., & Williams, J. H. 2003a. Female gametophyte development in Kadsura: Implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. Pp. 23-24 in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2003b], Gallup, W. N., & Williams, J. H. 2003b. Female gametophyte development in Kadsura: Implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 Suppl.): S293-S305.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2004], Moore, R. C., & Purugganan, M. D. 2004. The evolution of plant development. American J. Bot. 91: 1726-1741.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2008], Madrid, E. N., & Williams, J. H. 2008. Origin of the fittest and survival of the fittest: relating female gametophyte development to endosperm genetics. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 79-92.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2012], Bachelier, J. B., & Hormaza, J. I. 2012. Embryology in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae) and relationships between embryo, endosperm, and perisperm in early-diverging flowering plants. American J. Bot. 99: 1083-1095.

Friedrich, H.-C. 1956. Studien uber die natürliche Verwandtschaft der Plumbaginales und Centrospermae. Phyton 6: 221-263.

Friend, S. A. [et al. 2010], Quandt, D., Tallury, S. P., Stalker, H. T., & Hilu, K. W. 2010. Species, genomes, and section relationships in the genus Arachis (Fabaceae): A molecular phylogeny. Plant Syst. Evol. 290: 185-199.

Friesen, M. L. [et al. 2011], Porter, S. S., Stark, S. C., von Wettberg, E. J., Sachs, J. L., & Martinez-Romero, E. 2011. Microbially mediated plant functional traits. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 42: 23-46.

Friesen, N. [et al. 2006], Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2006. Phylogeny and new infrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. Pp. 372-395, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 372-395.]

Friesendahl, A. 1927. Über die Entwicklung chasmo- und kleistogamer Blüten bei der Gattung Elatine. Medd. Göteborgs Bot. Trädgård - Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 3: 99-142.

Friis, E. M. 1985. Actinocalyx gen. nov., sympetalous angiosperm flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Sweden. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 45: 171-183.

Friis, E. M. 1990. Silvianthemum suecicum gen et sp. nov., a new saxifragalean flower from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden. Biol. Skr. 36: 1-35.

Friis, E. M., & Crane, P. R. 2007. New home for tiny aquatics. Nature 446: 269-270.

Friis, E. M., & Crepet, W. L. 1987. Time of appearance of floral features. Pp. 145-179, in Friis, E. M., Chaloner W. G., & Crane P. R. (eds), The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Friis, E. M., & Endress, P. K. 1990. Origin and evolution of angiosperm flowers. Adv. Bot. Res. 17: 99-162.

Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 2011. Canrightia resinifera gen. et sp. nov., a new extinct angiosperm with Retimonocolpites-type pollem from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Missing link in the eumagnoliid tree? Grana 50: 3-29.

Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 2012. Bertilanthus scanicus, a new asterid flower from the late Cretaceous (late Santonian - early Campanian) of Scania, Sweden. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 318-330.

Friis, E. M., & Skarby, A. 1982. Scandianthus gen nov., angiosperm flowers of saxifragalean affinity from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. Ann. Bot. N.S. 50: 569-583.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1988], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1988. Reproductive structures of Cretaceous Platanaceae. Biol. Skr. 31: 1-55.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1992], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1992. Esgueiria gen. nov., fossil flowers with combretaceous features from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal. Biolog. Skr. 41: 1-45.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1994], Eklund, H., Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1994. Virginianthus calycanthoides gen. et spec. nov. - A calycanthaceous flower from the Potomac group (Early Cretaceous) of North America. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 155: 772-785.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1995], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1995. Appomattoxia ancistrophora gen. et sp. nov., a new Early Cretaceous plant with similarities to Circaeaster and extant Magnoliidae. American J. Bot. 82: 933-943.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1997a], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997a. Fossil history of magnoliid angiosperms. Pp. 121-156 in Iwatsuki, K., & Raven, P. R. (eds), Evolution and Diversification of Land Plants. Springer, Tokyo.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1997b], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997b. Anacostia, a new basal angiosperm from the Early Cretaceous of North America and Portugal with trichotomocolpate/monocolpate pollen. Grana 36: 225-244.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1999], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1999. Early angiosperm diversification: The diversity of pollen associated with angiosperm reproductive structures in Early Cretaceous floras from Portugal. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 259-296.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2000a], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000a. Reproductive structure and organization of basal angiosperms from early Cretaceous (Barremian or Aptian) of western Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6, suppl.): S169-S182.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2000b], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000b. Fossil floral structures of a basal angiosperm with monocolpate, reticulate-acolumellate pollen from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Grana 39: 226± 239.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2001], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2001. Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous. Nature 410: 357-360.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2003a], Pedersen, K. R., & Schönenberger, J. 2003a. Endressianthus, a new Normapolles-producing plant genus of fagalean affinity from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S201-S223.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2003b], Doyle, J. A., Endress, P. K., & Leng, Q. 2003b. Archaefructus - angiosperm precursor or specialised early angiosperm? Trends Plant Sci. 8: 369-373.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2004], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2004. Araceae from the early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 16565-1570.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2005], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2005. When Earth started blooming: Insights from the fossil record. Curr. Opinion Plant Biol. 8: 5-12.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2006a], Pedersen, K. R., & Schönenberger, J. 2006a. Normapolles plants: A prominent component of the Cretaceous rosid diversification. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 107-140.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2006b], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2006b. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: Innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 232: 251-293.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2007], Crane, P. R., Pedersen, K. R., Bengtson, S., Donoghue, P. C. J., Grimm, G. W., & Stampanoni, M. 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seeds with Gnetales and Bennettitales. Nature 450: 549-552.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2009a], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2009a. Early Cretaceous mesofossils from Portugal and eastern North America related to the Bennettitales-Erdmanithecales-Gnetales group. American J. Bot. 96: 252-283.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2009b], Pedersen, K. R., von Balthazar, M., Grimm, G. W., & Crane, P. R. 2009b. Monetianthus mirus gen. et sp. nov., a nymphaealean flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1986-1101.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2010], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2010. Diversity in obscurity: Fossil flowers and the early history of angiosperms. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 365: 369-382.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2011], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 2011. Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2013a], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2013a. New diversity among chlamydospermous seeds from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal and North America. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 530-558.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2013b], Pedersen, K. R., & Endress, P. K. 2013b. Floral structure of extant Quintinia (Paracryphiales, Campanulids) compared with the Late Cretaceous Silvianthemum and Bertilanthus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 647-664.

Friis, I. 1993. Barbeyaceae, pp. 141-142, and Urticaceae, 612-629, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Friis, R. E. 1911. Ein unbeachtet gebliebenes Monokotyledonenmerkmal bei einigen Polycarpicae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. 29: 292-301.

Friis, R. E. 1919. Studien über die Blütenstandsverhältnisse bei der Familie Anonaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani 6(6): 3-48.

Fritsch, P. W. 1999. Phylogeny of Styrax based on morphological characters, with implications for biogeography and infrageneric classification. Syst. Bot. 24: 356-378.

Fritsch, P. W. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the flowering plant genus Styrax (Styracaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction sites and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 19: 387-408.

Fritsch, P. W. 2004. Styracaceae. Pp. 434-442, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2001], Morton, C. M., Chen, T., & Meldrum, C. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Styracaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162(6, suppl.): S95-S116.

Fritsch, P. W., & Cruz, B. C. 2012. Phylogeny of Cercis based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and four plastid regions: Implications for transatlantic historical biogeography. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 62: 816-825.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2004], Almeda, F., Renner, S. S., Martins, A. B., & Cruz, B. C. 2004. Phylogeny and cicrucmscription of the near-endemic Brazilian tribe Microlicieae (Melastomataceae). American J. Bot. 91: 1105-1114.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2006], Cruz, B. C., Almeida, F., Wang, Y., & Shi, S. 2006. Phylogeny of Symplocos based on DNA sequences of the chloroplast trnC-trnD intergenic region. Syst. Bot. 31: 181-192.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2007], Almeda, F., Martins, A. B., Cruz, B. C., & Estes, D. 2007. Rediscovery and phylogenetic placement of Philcoxia minensis (Plantaginaceae), with a test of carnivory. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 58: 447-467.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2008], Kelly, L. M., Wang, Y., Almeda, F., & Kriebel, R. 2008. Revised infrafamilial classification of Symplocaceae based on phylogenetic data from DNA sequences and morphology. Taxon 57: 823-852.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2011], Bush, C. M., Cruz, B. C., Kron, K. A., & Li, D.-Z. 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of the wintergreen-group (Ericaceae) based on six genic regions. Syst. Bot. 36: 990-1003.

Fritsch, R. M., & Friesen, N. 2002. Evolution, domestication, and taxonomy. Pp. 5-30, in Rabinowitch, H. D., & Currah, L. (eds), Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

Fritsch, R. M., & Keusgen, M. 2006. Occurence and taxonomic significance of cysteine sulphoxides in the genus Allium L. (Alliaceae). Phytochem. 67: 1127-1135.

Frodin, D. G., & Govaerts, R. 1996. World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Frodin, D. G., & Govaerts, R. 2003. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Frodin, D. G.. [et al. 2010], Lowry, P. P. II, & Plunkett, G. M. 2010. Schefflera (Araliaceae): Taxonomic history, overview and progress. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 561-595.

Froebe, H. A. 1964. Die Blütenstande der Saniculoideeen (Umbelliferae). Ein vergleichend-morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 40: 325-388.

Froebe, H. A. 1971. Wuchsform und Infloreszenzgestaltung in den Gattungen Sanicula, Hacquetia und Astrantia (Umbelliferae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 91: 1-38.

Froebe, H. A. 1979. Die Inflorescenzen der Hydrocotyloideen (Apiaceae). Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 29: 1-181.

Froebe, H. A., & Baur, N. 1988. Die Morphogenese der Kannenblätter von Cephalotus follicularis Labill. Akad. Wiss. Lit. Mainz, Abh. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Jahrg. 1988, 3: 1-19.

Froebe, H. A., & Ulbrich, G. 1978. Pseudanthien bei Umbelliferen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 54: 175-206.

Froelich, D. R. [et al. 2012], Mullendore, D. L., Jensen, K. H., Ross-Elliott, T. J., Anstead, J. A., Thompson, G. A., Pélissier, H. C., & Knoblauch, M. 2012. Phloem ultrastructure and pressure flow: Sieve-element-occlusion-related agglomerations do not affect translocation. Plant Cell 23: 4428-4445.

Frohlich, J., & Hyde, K. D. 1999. Biodiversity of palm fungi in the tropics: Are global fungal diversity estimates realistic? Biodivers. Conserv. 8: 977-1004.

Frohlich, M. W. 2002. The Mostly Male theory of flower origins: Summary and update regarding the Jurassic pteridosperm Pteroma. Pp. 85-108, in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Frohlich, M. W. 2006. Recent developments regarding the evolutionary origin of flowers. Adv. Bot. Res. 44: 63-127.

Frohlich, M. W., & Chase, M. W. 2007. After a dozen years of progress the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery. Nature 450: 1184-1189.

Frohlich, M. W., & Parker, D. S. 2000. The Mostly Male theory of flower evolutionary origins: From genes to fossils. Syst. Bot. 25: 155-170.

Frohlich, M. [et al. 2007], Brockington, S. F., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Differing patterns of MADS-box gene expression associated with shifts in petaloidy within Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales). P. 191, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Frohne, D., & Jensen, U. 1992. Systematik des Pflanzenreichs. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Fry, S. C. [et al. 2008], Nesselrode, B. H. W. A., Miller, J. G., & Mewburn, B. R. 2008. Mixed-linkage (1->3,1->4)-ß-d-glucan is a major hemicellulose of Equisetum (horsetail) cell walls. New Phytol. 179: 104-115.

Fryns-Claessens, E., & van Cotthem, W. 1973. A new classification of the ontogenetic types of stomata. Bot. Rev. 39: 71-138.

Fu, D.-Z., Yang, Y., & Zhu, G. H. 2004. A new scheme of classification of living gymnosperms at family level. Kew Bull. 59: 111-116.

Fu, L. [Lin] [et al. 2012], Xu, F.-X., & Zeng, Q.-W. 2012. Embryology of the dioecious Woonyoungia septentrionalis (Magnoliaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 30: 215-225.

Fu, L.-K. 1992. China Plant Red Data Book - Rare and Endangered Plants, vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.

Fu, L.-K., & Tao, H. (eds). 2000. Higher Plants of China, vol. 3. Qingdao Publishing House, Qindao.

Fu P.-L. [et al. 2012], Jiang Y.-J., Wang A.-Y., Brodribb T. J., Zhang J.-L., Zhu S.-D., & Cao K.-F. 2012. Stem hydraulic traits and leaf water-stress tolerance are co-ordinated with the leaf phenology of angiosperm trees in an Asian tropical dry karst forest. Ann. Bot. 110: 189-199.

Fu, Q. [et al. 2011], Cheng, L., Guo, Y., & Turgeon, R. 2011. Phloem loading strategies and water relations in trees and herbaceous plants. Plant Physiol. 157: 1518-1527.

Fuentes-Bazan, S. [et al. 2012a], Mansion, G., & Borsch, T. 2012a. Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 62: 359-374.

Fuentes-Bazan, S. [et al. 2012b], Uotila, P., & Borsch, T. 2012b. A novel phylogeny-based classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangemnent of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42: 4-24.

Fuentes-Soriano, S., & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships of mustards with multiaperturate pollen (Physarieae, Brassicaceae) based on the plastid ndhF gene: Implications for morphological diversification. Syst. Bot. 38: 178-191.

Fujinami, R. [et al. 2011], Yoshihama, I., & Imaichi, R. 2011. Dimorphic chloroplasts in the epiderms of Podostemoideae, a subfamily of the unique aquatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae. J. Plant Res. 124: 601-605.

Fujinami, R. [et al. 2013], Ghogue, J. P., & Imaichi, R. 2013. Developmental morphology of the controversial ramulus organ of Tristicha trifaria (subbfamily Tristichoideae, Podostemaceae): Implications for evolution of a unique body plan in Podostemaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 609-618..

Fujita, T. [et al. 2008], Sakaguchi, H., Hiwatashi, Y., Wagstaff, S. J., Ito, M., Diguchi, H., Sato, T., & Hasebe, M. 2008. Convergent evolution of shoots in land plants: Lack of auxin polar transport in moss shoots. Evol. Devel. 10: 176-186.

Fukai, S. 2004. Floral initiation and development of the sex-changing plant Arisaema sikokianum (Araceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 739-744.

Fukuda, T. [et al. 2003], Yokoyama, J., & Maki, M. 2003. Molecular evolution of cycloidea-like genes in Fabaceae. J. Mol. Evol. 57: 588-597.

Fukuda, T. [et al. 2005], Ashizawa, H., Suzuki, R., Ochiai, T., Nakamuru, T., Kanno, A., Kameya, T., & Yokoyama, J. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus inferred from plastid petB intron and petD-rpoA intergenic spacer sequences. Plant Species Biol. 20: 121-132.

Fukuhara, T. 1999. Seed and funicle morphology of Fumariaceae-Fumarioideae: Systematic implications and evolutionary patterns. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 151-180.

Fukuhara, T., & Lidén, M. 1995. Seed-coat anatomy in Fumariaceae-Fumarioideae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 119: 323-365.

Fukuhara, T., & Shinwari, Z. K. 1984. Seed coat anatomy in Uvulariaceae (Liliales) of the northern hemisphere: Systematic implications. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 45: 1-14.

Fukuhara, T. [et al. 2003], Yokoyama, J., & Tsukaya, H. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among species in the genera Chisocheton and Guarea that have unique indeterminate leaves as inferred from sequences of chloroplast data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 13-24.

Fuller, D. Q. 2007. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: Recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Ann. Bot. 100: 903-924.

Fuller, D. Q. 2009. A comparative view of the evolution of grasses under domestication. New Phytol. 183: 273-290.

Fuller, D. Q., & Hickey, L. J. 2005. Systematics and leaf architecture of the Gunneraceae. Bot. Review 71: 295-353.

Fulton, T. M. [et al. 2002], van der Hoeven, R., Eannetta, N. T., & Tanksley, S. D. 2002. Identification, analysis and utilization of conserved ortholog set markers for comparative genomics in higher plants. Plant Cell 14: 1457-1467.

Funk, D. J., & Omland, K. E. 2003. Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes and conserquences, with insights from animal mitochondial DNA. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34: 397-423.

Funk, D. J. [et al. 1995], Futuyma, D. J., Orti, G., & Meyer, A. 1995. A history of host associations and evolutionary diversification for Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): New evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 49: 1008-1017.

Funk, V. A. 2009. The Compositae metatree: The next generation. P. 159, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Funk, V. A., & Chan, R. 2008. Phylogeny of the spiny African daisies (Compositae, tribe Arctotidae, subtribe Gorteriinae) based on trnL-F, ndhF, and ITS sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 47-60.

Funk, V. A., & Roque, N. 2011. The monotypic Andean genus Fucaldea (Compositae, Barnadesioideae) gains a new species from northeastern Brazil. Taxon 60: 1095-1103.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2005], Bayer, R. J., Keeley, S., Chan, R., Watson, L., Gemeinholzer, B., Schilling, E., Panero, J. L., Baldwin, B. G., Garcia-Jacas, N. T., Susanna, A., & Jansen, R. K. 2005. Everywhere but Antarctica: Using a supertree to understand the diversity and distribution of the Compositae. Biol. Skr. 55: 343-374. [Pp. 343-374, in Friis, I., & Balslev, H. (eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns - Local, Regional and Global Dimensions. Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.]

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009a], Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F., & Bayer, R. J. (eds). 2009. Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T., Vienna.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009b], Susanna, A, Stuessy, T., & Robinson, H. 2009b. Classification of Compositae. Pp. 171-189, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T., Vienna.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009c], Anderberg, A. A., Baldwin, B. G., Bayer, R. J., Bonifacino, J. M., Breitwieser, I., Brouillet, L., Carbajal, R., Chan, R., Coutinho, A. X. P., Crawford, D. J., Crisci, J. V., Dillon, M. O., Freire, S. E., Galbany-Casals, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Gemeinholzer, B., Gruenstaeudl, M., Hansen, H. V., Himmelreich, S., Kadereit, J. W., Källersjö, M., Karaman-Castro, V., Karis, P. O., Katinas, L., Keeley, S. C., Kilian, N., Kimball, R. T., Lowrey, T. K., Lundberg, J., McKenzie, R. J., Tadesse, M., Mort, M. E., Nordenstam, B., Oberprieler, C., Ortiz, S., Pelser, P. B., Randle, C. P., Robinson, H., Roque, N., Sancho, G., Semple, J. C., Serrano, M., Stuessy, T. F., Susanna, A., Unwin, M., Urbatsch, L., Urtubey, E., Vallès, J., Vogt, R., Wagstaff, S., Ward, J. & Watson, L. E. 2009c. Compositae metatrees: the next generation. Pp. 747-777, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2012], Kelloff, C., & Chan, R. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the tribe Liabeae (Compositae subfamily Cichorioideae). Taxon 61: 437-455.

Furness, C. A. 2007. Why does some pollen lack apertures? A review of inaperturate pollen in eudicots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 155: 29-48.

Furness, C. A. 2008a. A review of the distribution of plasmodial and invasive tapeta in eudicots. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 207-223.

Furness, C. A. 2008b. Successive microsporogenesis in eudicots, with particular reference to Berberidaceae (Ranunculales). Plant Syst. Evol. 273: 211-223.

Furness, C. A. 2009. Pollen evolution and development in Ericaceae, with particular reference to pseudomonads and variable pollen sterility in Styphelioideae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 476-495.

Furness, C. A. 2011. Comparative structure and development of pollen and tapetum in Malpighiales, with a focus on the parietal clade. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 980-1011.

Furness, C. A. 2012. Pollen evolution in the Clusioid clade (Malpighiales). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 1055-1082.

Furness, C. A. 2013a. Diversification of pollen and tapetum in early angiosperms. Pp. 82-98, in Wilkin, P., & Mayo, S. J. (eds), Early Events in Monocot Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 83.]

Furness, C. A. 2013b. Evolution of pollen and tapetum characters in Ochnaceae (Malpighiales). Internat J. Plant Sci. 174: 1134-1152.

Furness, C. A., & Banks, H. 2010. Pollen evolution in the early-divergent monocot order Alismatales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 713-739.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 1998. The tapetum and systematics in monocotyledons. Bot. Review 64: 201-239.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2000a. The systematic significance of simultaneous cytokinesis during microsporogenesis in monocotyledons. Pp. 189-193, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2000b. Aperture absence in pollen of monocotyledons. Pp. 249-257, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2001a. The tapetum in basal angiosperms: Early diversity. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 375-392.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2001b. Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics. Grana 40: 17-25.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2003. Apertures with lids: Distribution and significance of operculate pollen in monocotyledons. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 835-854.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2004. Pollen aperture evolution - a crucial factor for eudicot success? Trends Plant Sci. 9: 154-158.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2006a. Comparative structure and development of pollen and tapetum in Pandanales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 167: 331-348.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2006b. The operculum in pollen of monocotyledons. Pp. 191-196, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 191-196.]

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2011. Selective microspore abortion correlated with aneuploidy: An indication of meiotic drive. Sex. Plant Reprod. 24: 1-8.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2002a], Rudall, P. J. & Eastman, A. 2002a. Contribution of pollen and tapetal characters to the systematics of Triuridaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 235: 209-218.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2002b], Rudall, P. J. & Sampson, F. B. 2002b. Evolution of microsporogenesis in angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 235-260.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2007], Magallón, S., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Evolution of endoapertures in early-diverging eudicots, with particular reference to pollen morphology in Sabiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 263: 77-92.

Fuse, S., & Tamura, M. N. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the plastid matK gene with emphasis on Melanthiaceae sensu lato. Plant. Biol. 2: 415-427.

Fuse, S. [et al. 2012], Lee, N. S., & Tamura, M. N. 2012. Biosystematic studies on the family Nartheciaceae (Dioscoreales) I. Phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and taxonomic re-examination. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 1575-1584.

Futuyma, D. J. 1983. Selection factors in the evolution of host choice by phytophagous insects. Pp. 227-244, in Ahmad, S. (ed.), Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York.

Futuyma, D. J., & Mitter, C. 1996. Insect-plant interactions: The evolution of component communities. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 351: 1361-1366.

Futuyma, D. J., & Agrawal, A. A. 2009. Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18054-18061.

Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1985. Biflavones of the subfamily Cupressoideae, Cupressaceae. Phytochem. 24: 267-272.

Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1992. Pericarp anatomy and systematics of the Surianaceae sensu lato. Australian J. Bot. 40: 263-289.

Gadek, P. A. [et al. 1996], Fernando, E. S., Quinn, C. J., Hoot, S. B., Terrazas, T., Sheahan, M. C., & Chase, M. W. 1996. Sapindales: Molecular delimitation and infraordinal groups. American J. Bot. 83: 802-811.

Gadek, P. A. [et al. 2000], Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. Relationships within the Cupressaceae sensu lato: A combined morphological and molecular approach. American J. Bot. 87: 1044-1057.

Gagné, R. J. 1989. The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Gajewski, W. 1957. A cytogenetic study on the genus Geum. Monogr. Bot. 4: 1-416.

Galasso, G. [et al. 2009], Banfi, E., de Mattia, F., Grassi, F., Sgorbati, S., & Labra, M. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Polygonum L. s.l. (Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae), focusing on European taxa: Preliminary results and systematic considerations based on rbcL plastidial sequence data. Atti Soc. Italiano Sci. Nat. Mus. Civico Stori Natur. Milano 15: 113-148.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2004], Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A., Sáez, L., & Benedí, C. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in the Mediterranean Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), endemic to the Mediterranean islands Corsica and Sardinia based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 17: 241-253.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2009], Garcia-Jacas, N, Sáez, L., Benedí, C., & Susanna, A. 2009. Phylogeny, biogeography, and character evolution in Mediterranean, Asiatic and Macaronesian Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) inferred from nuclear phylogenetic analyses. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 365-380.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2010], Andrés-Sánchez, S., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A., Rico, E., & Martínez-Ortega, M. M. 2010. How many Cassini anagrams should there be? Molecular systematics and phylogenetic relationships in the Filago group (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), with special focus on the genus Filago. Taxon 59: 1671-1689.

Galeas, M. L. [et al. 2007], Klamper, E. M., Bennett, L. E., Freeman, J. L., Kondratieff, B. C., Quinn, C. F., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2007. Selenium hyperaccumulation reduces plant arthropod loads in the field. New Phytol. 177: 715-724.

Gallaud, I. 1906. Études sur les mycorrhizes endotrophes. Rev. Gén. Bot. 17: 5-48, 66-85, 123-136, 223-239, 313-325, 423-433, 479-500, pl. 1-4.

Galle, F. C. Hollies: The Genus Ilex. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

Galle, P. 1977. Untersuchungen zur Blütenentwicklung der Polygonaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98: 449-489.

Galley, C., & Linder, H. P. 2007. The phylogeny of the Pentaschistis calde (Danthonioideae, Poaceae) based on chloroplast DNA, and the evolution and loss of complex characters. Evolution 61: 864-884.

Gallet, F. 1913. Développement et structure anatomique du tégument séminal des Rutacées. Thèse, l'Université de Paris, Lucien Decluse, Lons-le-Saunier.

Galloway, G. L. [et al. 1998], Malmberg, R. L., & Price, R. A. 1998. Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear gene arginine decarboxylase: An example from Brassicaceae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 1312-1320.

Galtier, J. 1999. Contrasting diversity of branching patterns in early ferns and early seed plants. Pp. 51-64, in Kurmann, M. H., & Hemsley, A. R. (eds), The Evolution of Plant Architecture. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Galtier, J. 2010. The origin and early evolution of the megaphyllous leaf. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 641-661.

Gama-Arachchige, N. S. [et al. 2010], Baskin, J. M., Geneve, R. L., & Baskin, C. C. 2010. Identification and characterization of the water gap in physically dormant seeds of Geraniaceae, with special reference to Geranium carolinianum. Ann. Bot. 105: 977-990.

Gamalei, Y. V. 1991. Phloem loading and its development related to plant evolution from trees to herbs. Trees 5: 50-64.

Gamalei, Y. V. [et al. 2008], Batashev, D. R., & Pakhomova, M. V. 2008. Terminal phloem structure of Rubiaceae family in the context of its phylogeny. Bot. Zhurn. 93: 1846-1862. [In Russian.]

Gamerro, J. C. 1968. Obervaciones sobre la biología floral y morfología de la Potomagetonácea Ruppia cirrhosa (Petag.) Grande (= R spiralis L. ex Dum.). Darwiniana 14: 575-608.

Gamerro, J. C., & Barreda, V. 2008. New fossil record of Lactoridaceae in southern South America: A palaeobiogeographical approach. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 158: 41-50.

Gándara, E., & Sosa, V. 2013. Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 171: 508-518.

Ganders, F. R. [et al. 2000], Berbee, M., & Pirseyedi, M. 2000. ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Syst. Bot. 25: 122-133.

Gandía-Herrero, F., & García-Carmona, F. 2013. Biosynthesis of betalains: Yellow and violet plant pigments. Trends Plant Sci. 18: 334-343.

Gandolfo, M. A., & Cuneo, R. N. 2004. Fossil Nelumbonaceae from the La Colonia formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 133: 169-178.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998a], Nixon, K. C., Crepet, W. L., Stevenson, D. W., & Friis, E. M. 1998a. Oldest known fossils of monocotyledons. Nature 394: 532-533.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998b], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 1998b. Tylerianthus crossmanensis gen et ap. nov. (aff. Hydrangeaceae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. American J. Bot. 85: 376-386.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998c], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 1998b. A new fossil flower from the Turonian of New Jersey: Dressiantha bicarpellata gen. et sp. nov. (Capparales). American J. Bot. 85: 964-974.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2000], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2000. Monocotyledons: A review of their Early Cretaceous record. Pp. 44-52, in Wilson, K., & Morrison, D. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2002], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2002. Triuridaceae fossil flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. American J. Bot. 89: 1940-1957.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2004], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2004. Cretaceous flowers of Nymphaeaceae and implications for complex insect entrapment pollination mechanisms in early angiosperms. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 8056-8060.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2008], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2008. Selection of fossils for molecular calibration. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 34-42.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2011], Hermsen, E. J., Zamaloa, M. C., Nixon, K. C., González, C. C., Wilf, P., Cúneo, N. R., & Johnson, K. R. 2011. Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021084

Gao, B.-C., see Kao, P. C.

Gao, B. C. 2012. Systematics of Acanthochlamydaceae - A New Family of Monocots. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu.

Gao, L. [et al. 2009], Yi, X., Yang, Y.-X., Su, Y.-J., & Wang, T. 2009. Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa: Insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes. BMC Evol Biol. 9:130.

Gao, L.-M., Li, D.-Z., Zhang, C.-Q., & Yang, J.-B. 2002. Infrageneric and sectional relationships in the genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae) inferred from ITS sequence data. Acta Bot. Sinica 44: 1351-1356.

Gao, Q., & Yang, Z. L. 2010. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of Kobresia in an alpine meadow in the eastern Himalaya. Mycorrhiza 20: 281-287.

Gao, Y.-D. [et al. 2012], Zhou, S.-D., He, X.-J., & Wan, J. 2012. Chromosome diversity and evolution in the tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) with emphasis on the Chinese species. J. Plant Res. 125: 55-69.

Gao, Y.-D. [et al. 2013], Harris, A. J., Zhou, S.-D., & He, X.-J. 2013. Evolutionary events in Lilium (including Nomocharis, Liliaceae) are temporally correlated with orogenies of the Q-T plateau and the Hengduan Mountains. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 68: 443-460.

Garay-Arroyo, P. [et al. 2012], Piñeyro-Nelson, A., García-Ponce, B., Sánchez, M. de la P., & Álvarez-Buylla, E. R. 2012. When ABC becomes ACB. J. Experiment. Bot. 63: 2377-2395.

Garcês, H. M. P. [et al. 2007], Champagne, C. E. M., Townsley, B. T., Park, S., Malhó, R., Pedroso, M. C., Harada, J. J., & Sinha, N. R. 2007. Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoë. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 15578-15583.

García, C. C. 2002. An approach to the diversity of endothecial thickenings in Solanaceae. Flora 197: 214-223.

García, C. C. [et al. 2008], Matesevach, M., & Barboza, G. 2008. Features related to anther opening in Solanum species (Solanaceae). Botanical J. Linnean Soc. 158: 344-354.

García, M. A., & Martín, M. P. 2007. Phylogeny of Cuscuta subgenus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 899-916.

García, P. E. [et al. 2009], Schönswetter, P., Aguilar, J. F., Feliner, G. N., & Schneeweiss, G. M. 2009. Five molecular markers reveal extensive morphological homoplasy and reticulate evolution in the Malva alliance (Malvaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 50: 226-239.

Garcia, S. [et al. 2010], Garnatje, T., Hidalgo, O., Mas de Xaxars, G., Pellicer, J., Sámchez-Jimenénez, I., Vitales, D., & Vallès, J. 2010. First genome size estimations for some eudicot families and genera. Collect. Bot. 29: 7-16.

Garcia, S. [et al. 2010], McArthur, E. D., Pellicer, J., Sanderson, S. C., Vallès, J., & Garnatje, T. 2011. A molecular phylogenetic approach to western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): Untangling the sagebrushes. American J. Bot. 98: 638-653.

Garcia-Jacas, N. [et al. 2001], Susanna, A., Garnatje, T., & Vilatersana, R. 2001. Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Ann. Bot. 87: 503-515.

Garcia-Jacas, N. [et al. 2002], Garnatje, T., Susanna, A., & Vilatersana, R. 2002. Tribal and subtribal delimitation and phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 22: 51-64.

García-Maroto, F. [et al. 2009], Mañas-Fernández, A., Garrido-Cárdenas, J. A., Alonso, D. L., Guil-Guerrero, J. L., Guzmán, B., & Vargas, P. 2009. Delta6-desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adaptive radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 52: 563-574.

García Massini, J. L. [et al. 2012], Falaschi, P., & Zamuner, A. B. 2012. Fungal-arthropod interactions from the Jurassic petrified forest monumento Natural Bisques Petrificados, Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 329: 37-46.

García-Mendoza, A., & Galván V., R. 1995. Riqueza de las familias Agavaceae y Nolinaceae en México. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 56: 7-24.

Garcíá-Robledo, C., & Staines, C. L. 2008. Herbivory in gingers from latest Cretaceous to present: Is the ichnogenus Cephaloleichnites (Hispinae, Coleoptera) a rolled-leaf beetle? J. Paleontol. 82: 1035–1037.

Garcíá-Robledo, C. [et al. 2013], Kuprewicz, E. K., Staines, C. L., Kress, W. J., & Erwin, T. L. 2013. Using a comprehensive DNA barcode library to detect novel egg and larval host plant associations in a Cephaloleia rolled-leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 110: 189-198.

Gardes, M., & Dahlberg, A. 1996. Mycorrhizal diversity in arctic and alpine tundra: An open question. New Phytol. 133: 147-157.

Gardner, A. G. [et al. 2012], Vaio, M., Guerra, M., & Emswhiller, E. 2012. Diversification of the American bulb-bearing Oxalis (Oxalidaceae): Dispersal to North America and modification of the tristylous breeding system. American J. Bot. 99: 152-164.

Gardner, R. O., & de Lange, P. J. 2002. Revision of Pennantia (Icacinaceae), a small isolated genus of southern hemisphere treees. J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 32: 669-695.

Garnatje, T. [et al. 2005], Susanna, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R., & Vallès, J. 2005. A first approach to the molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinops (Asteraceae): Sectional delimitation and relationships with the genus Acantholepis Less. Folia Geobot. 40: 407-419/

Garralla, S., & Cuadrado, G. A. 2007. Pollen morphology of Austrocylindropuntia Backeb., Maihuenopsis Speg., Opuntia Mill. and Tephrocactus Lem. (Cactaceae, Opuntioideae) of Argentina. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 146: 1-17.

Garrett, T. Y. [et al. 2010], Huynh, C.-V., & North, G. B. 2010. Root contraction helps protect the "living rock" cactus Ariocarpus fissuratus from lethal high temperatures when growing in rocky soil. American J. Bot. 97: 1951-1960.

Garrouste, R. [et al. 2012], Clement, G., Nel, P., Engel, M. S., Grandcolas, P., D'Haese, C., Lagebro, L., Denayer, J., Gueriau, P., Lafaite, P., Olive, S., Prestianni, C., & Nel, A. 2012. A complete insect from the Late Devonian period. Nature 488: 82-85.

Garwood, N. C. 2010. Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics - illustrations by M. Tebbs. Comstock Publishing, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Gaskett, A. C. 2011. Orchid pollination by sexual deception: Pollinator perspectives. Biol. Rev. 86: 33-75.

Gaskin, J. F. 2002. Tamaricaceae. Pp. 363-368, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Gaskin, J. F. [et al. 2004], Ghahremani-nejad, F., Zhang, D.-Y., & Londo, J. P. 2004. A systematic overview of Frankeniaceae and Tamaricaceae from nuclear rDNA and plastid sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 401-409.

Gasson, P. 2000. Does wood anatomy support tribal and generic classification in papilionoid Leguminosae? Pp. 201-215, in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gasson, P. 1996. Wood anatomy of the Elaeocarpaceae. Pp. 44-71, in Donaldson, L. A. et al. (eds), Recent advances in wood anatomy. New Zealand Forestry Research Institute.

Gasson, P., & Dobbins, D. R. 1991. Wood anatomy of the Bignoniaceae, with a comparison of trees and lianas. IAWA Bull. 12: 389-417.

Gasson, P. [et al. 2003], Trafford, C., & Matthews, B. 2003. Wood anatomy of Caesalpinioideae. Pp. 63-93, in Klitgaard, B. B., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10. Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gasson, P. [et al. 2009], Warner, K., & Lewis, G. 2009. Wood anatomy of Caesalpinia s.s., Coulteria, Erythrostemon, Guilandina, Libidibia, Mezoneuron, Poincianella, Pomaria, and Tara (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Caesalpinieae). IAWA J. 30: 247-276.

Gaston, K. J. 2010. Valuing common species. Science 327: 154-155.

Gaston, K. J. 2011. Common ecology. Bioscience 61: 354-362.

Gastreich, K. R., & Gentry, G. L. 2004. Faunal studies in model Piper spp. systems, with a focus on spider-induced indirect mutualisms and novel insect-Piper mutualisms. Pp. 97-116, in Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds), Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Gatin, C.-L. 1921. Première contribution a l'étude de l'embryon et de la germination des Aracées. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 10, 3: 145-180.

Gatin, V. C. 1920. Recherches anatomiques sur le pédoncule et la fleur des Liliacées. Rev. Gén. Bot. 32: 369-437, 460-528, 561-591.

Gaudel, M. [et al. 2012], Rouhan, G., Gardner, M. F., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2012. AFLP markers provde insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 68-81.

Gaümann, E. 1919. Studien über die Entwicklungsgeschichte einiger Saxifragales. Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerlandais 16: 284-322.

Gaume, L., & Forterre, Y. 2007. A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001185

Gaunt, M. W., & Miles, M. A. 2002. An insect molecular clock dates the origin of insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks. Mol. Phyl. Evol.19: 748-768.

Gaupels, F., & Ghirardo, A. 2013. The extrafascicular phloem is made for fighting. Front. Plant Sci. 4: 187. doi: 103389/fpls.2013.00187

Gaupels, F. [et al. 2012], Sarioglu, H., Beckmann, M., Hause, B., Spannagl, M., Draper, J., Lindermayr, C., & Durner, J. 2012. Deciphering systemic wound responses of the pumpkin extrafascicular Phloem by metabolomics and stable isotope-coded protein labeling. Plant Physiol. 160: 2285-2299.

Gaut, B. S., & Doebley, J. F. 1997. DNA sequence evidence for the allotetraploid origin of maize. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 94: 6809-6814.

Gaut, B. S. [et al. 1992], Muse, S. V., Clark, W. D., & Clegg, M. T. 1992. Relative rates of nucleotide substitution at the rbcL locus of monocotyledonous plants. J. Mol. Evol. 35: 292-303.

Gaut, B. S. [et al. 1996], Morton, B. R., McCaig, B. C., & Clegg, M. T. 1996. Substitution rate comparisons between grasses and palms: Synonymous rate differences at the nuclear gene Adh parallel rate differences at the plastid gene RbcL. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 10274-10279.

Gaut, B. [et al. 2011], Yang, L., Takuno, S., & Eguiarte, L. E. 2011. The patterns and causes of variation in plant nucleotide substitution rates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 42: 245-266.

Gauthier, M.-P. L. [et al. 2008], Barabé, D., & Bruneau, A. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Philodendron (Araceae): Delimitation and infrageneric classification. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 13-27.

Gauthier, R. 1959. L'anatomie vasculaire et l'interprétation de la fleur pistilée de l'Hillebrandia sandwicensis Oliv. Phytomorph. 9: 72-87.

Gauthier, R. 1959. L'anatomie de la fleur staminée l'Hillebrandia sandwicensis Oliver et las vascularisation de l'étamine. Phytomorph. 13: 115-127.

Gavrilova, O. A. 1998. Palynomorphology of the family Kiggelariaceae. Bot. Zhurn. 83(5): 20-27. [In Russian.]

Gaydou, E. M., & Ramanoelina, A. R. P. 1983. A survey of the Sarcolaenaceae for cyclopropene fatty acids. Phytochem. 22: 1725-1728.

Gazis, R. [et al. 2012], Miadlikowska, J., Lutzoni, F., Arnold, A. E., & Chaverri, P. 2012. Culture-based study of endophytes associated with rubber trees in Peru reveals a new class of Pezizomycotina: Xylonomycetes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 294-304.

Ge, L.-P. [et al. 2002], Lu, A.-M., & Pan, K.-Y. 2002. Floral ontogeny in Itea yunnanensis (Iteaceae). Acta Bot. Sinica 44: 1261-1267.

Ge, L.-P. [et al. 2007], Lu, A.-M., & Gong, C.-R. 2007. Ontogeny of the fertile flower in Platycrater arguta (Hydrangeaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 835-844.

Gee, C. T., & Tidwell, W. D. 2010. A mosaic of characters in a new whole-plant Araucaria, A. delevoryasii, from the Late Jurassic Morrison formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. Pp. 66-94, in Gee, C. T. (ed), Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Geeraerts, A. [et al. 2009], Raeymaekers, J. A. M., Vinckier, S., Pletsers, A., Smets, E., & Huysmans, S. 2009. Systematic palynology in Ebenaceae with focus on Ebenoideae: Morphological diversity and character evolution. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 153: 336-353.

Geesink, R. 1969. An account of the genus Portulaca in Indo-Australia and the Pacific (Portulacaceae). Blumea 17: 274-301.

Geesink, R. [et al. 1981], Leeuwenberg, A. J. M., Ridsdale, C. E., & Veldkamp, J. F. 1981. Thonner's Analytical Key to the Families of Flowering Plants. Leiden University Press, the Hague.

Gegear, R. J., & Burns, J. G. 2007. The birds, the bees, and the virtual flowers: Can pollinator behavior drive ecological speciation in flowering plants? American Naturalist 170: 551-566.

Gehrig, H. [et al. 2001], Gaußmann, O., Marx, H., Schwarzott, D., & Kluge, M. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Plant. Sci. 160: 827-835.

Gehrig, H. H. [et al. 2003], Aranda, J., Cushman, M. A., Virgo, A., Cushman, J. C., Hammel, B. E., & Winter, K. 2003. Cladogram of Panamanian Clusia based on nuclear DNA: Implications for the origins of crassulacean acid metabolism. Plant Biol. 5: 59-70.

Gehring, W., & Ikeo, K. 1999. Pax 6 mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends Genetics 15: 371-377.

Gehringer, M. M. [et al. 2010], Pengelly, J. J. L., Cuddy, W. S., Fleker, C., Forster, P. I., & Neilan, B. A. 2010. Host selection of symbiotic cyanobacteria in 31 species of the Australian cycad genus Macrozamia (Zamiaceae). Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 23: 811-822.

Gehrke, B., & Linder, H. P. 2009. The scramble for Africa: Pan-temperate elements on the African High mountains. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 276: 2657-2665.

Gehrke, B. [et al. 2008], Bräuchler, C., Romoleroux, K., Lundberg, M., Heubl, G., & Eriksson, T. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Alchemilla, Aphanes and Lachemilla (Rosaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear intron and spacer DNA sequences, with comments on generic classification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 1030-1044.

Gehrke, B. [et al. 2010], Martín-Bravo, S., Muasya, M., & Luceño, M. 2010. Monophyly, phylogenetic position and the role of hybridization in Schoenoxiphium Nees (Cariceae, Cyperaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 380-392.

Geiger, H., & Quinn, C. 1975. Biflavonoids. Pp. 692-742, in Harborne, J. B., Mabry, T. J., & Mabry, H. (eds), The Flavonoids. Chapman and Hall, London.

Gelius, L. 1967. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte an Blüten der Saxifragales sensu lato mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Androeceums. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 87: 253-303.

Geltman, D. [et al. 2011], Peirson, J., & Riina, R. 2011. Euphorbia subgenus Esula: The main temperate radiation of the genus in Eurasia with disjunctions in the New World and Africa. Pp. 222-223, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Gemeinholzer, B., & Wink, M. 2001. Solanaceae: Occurrence of secondary compounds versus molecular phylogeny. Pp. 165-178, in van den Berg, R. G., Barendse, G. W. M., van der Weerden, G. M., & Mariani, C. (eds), Solanaceae V: Advances in Taxonomy and Utilisation. Nijmegen University Press, Nijmegen.

Gemmeke, V. 1982. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Mimosaceen-Blüten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 103: 185-210.

Gemmill, C. E. C. [et al. 2002], Allan, G. J., Wagner, W. L., & Zimmer, E. A. 2002. Evolution of insular Pacific Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae): Origin of the Hawaiian radiation. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 22: 31-42.

Gengler-Novak, K. 2002. Reconstruction of the biogeographical history of Malesherbiaceae. Bot. Review 68: 171-188.

Gengler-Novak, K. 2003. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Malesherbiaceae. Syst. Bot. 28: 333-344.

Gensel, P. G., & Berry, C. M. 2001. Early lycophyte evolution. American Fern J. 91(3): 74-98.

Gensel, P. G., & Kenrick, P. 2007. Fossils and the origins of leaves. Pp. 175-176, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Gensel, P. G. [et al. 2001], Kotyk, M. E., & Basinger, J. F. 2001. Morphology of above and below-ground structures in Early Devonian (Prangian-Emsian) plants. Pp. 83-102, in Gensel, P. G., & Edwards, D. (eds), Plants Invade the Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives. Columbia University Press, New York.

Gentile, A. [et al. 2005], Rossi, M. S., Cabral, D., Craven, K. D., & Schardl, C. L. 2005. Origin, divergence and phylogeny of Epichloë endophytes of native Argentine grasses. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 35: 196-208.

Gentry, A. H. 1974a. Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignoniaceae. Biotropica 6: 64-68.

Gentry, A. H. 1974b. Coevolutionary patterns in Central American Bignoniaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 728-759.

Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora neotropica Monograph Number 25. Bignoniaceae-Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Gentry, A. H. 1983. Dispersal and distribution in Bignoniaceae. Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 187-199.

Gentry, A. H. 1988. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1-34.

Gentry, A. H. 1990. Evolutionary patterns in neotropical Bignoniaceae. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 55: 118-129.

Gentry, A. H. 1991. The distribution and evolution of climbing plants. Pp. 3-49, in Putz, F. E., & Mooney, H. A. (eds), The Biology of Vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Gentry, A. H. 1993. A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America. Washington, DC, Conservation International.

Gentry, A. H., & Dodson, C. H. 1987. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 205-233.

Gentry, A. H., & Tomb, A. S. 1979. Taxonomic implications of Bignoniaceae palynology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66: 756-777.

George, A. S. 2002. Gyrostemonaceae, pp. 213-217, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Georgiev, M. I. [et al. 2011], Ali, K., Alipieva, K., Verpoorte, R., & Choi, Y. H. 2011. Metabolic differentiations and classification of Verbascum species by NMR-based metabolomics. Phytochem. 72: 2045-2051.

Georgiev, M. I. [et al. 2013], Ivanovska, N., Alipieva, K., Dimitrova, P., & Verpoorte, R. 2013. Harpagoside: From Kalahari Desert to pharmacy shelf. Phytochem. 92: 8-15.

Gerbaulet, M. 1992a. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) I. Untersuchungen zur Systematik. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 113: 477-564.

Gerbaulet, M. 1992b. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) II. Untersuchungen zur Biogeographie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 113: 565-576.

Gerbaulet, M. 1993. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) III. Untersuchungen zur Standort-Ökologie der Afrikanischen Arten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 114: 1-28.

Gerenday, A., & French, J. C. 1988. Endothecial thickenings in anthers of porate monocotyledons. American J. Bot. 75: 22-25.

Gerhart, L. M., & Ward, J. K. 2010. Plant response to low [CO2] of the past. New Phytol. 188: 674-695.

Gerlach, G. 2013. La pesadilla de Lindley - la biología sexual de Catasetum y Cynoches. Lankasteriana 13: 39-46.

Germain, E. 1994. The reproduction of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.): A review. Acta Horticult. 351: 195-209. [Proceedings of the III International Congress on Hazelnut.]

German, D. A., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2008. Five additional tribes (Aphragmeae, Biscutelleae, Calepineae, Conringieae, and Erysimeae) in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Harvard Papers Bot. 13: 165-170.

German, D. A. [et al. 2009], Friesen, N., Neuffer, B., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Hurka, H. 2009. Contribution to ITS phylogeny of the Brassicaceae, with special reference to some Asian taxa. Plant Syst. Evol. 283: 33-56.

German, D. A. [et al. 2011], Grant, J. R., Lysack, M. A., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the tribe Chorispermeae. Plant Syst. Evol. 294: 65-86.

Germishuizen, G. [et al. 2007], van Jaarsveld, E. J., & Condy, G. 2007. Viscum crassulae Viscaceae. Flowering Pl. Africa 60: 58-62.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2005], López, G. G., Garćia, S. O., & Liston, A. 2005. Phylogeny and classification of Pinus. Taxon 54: 29-42.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2008], Magallón, S., López, G. G., Flores, O. Z., Willyard, A., & Liston, A. 2008. Use of simultaneous analyses to guide fossil-based calibrations of Pinaceae phylogeny. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1986-1099.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2011], León-Gómez, C., Hernández-León, S., & Olson, M. 2011. Pinus nelsonii and a cladistic analysis of Pinaceae ovulate cone characters. Syst. Bot. 36: 583-594.

Gerrath, J. M., & Posluszny, U. 1989. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. V. Vegetative and floral development in Ampelopsis brevipedunculata. Canadian J. Bot. 67: 2371-2386

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 1990], Lacroix, C. R., & Posluszny, U. 1990. The developmental morphology of Leea guineensis. II. Floral development. Bot. Gaz. 151: 210-220.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 1998], Lacroix, C. R., & Posluszny, U. 1998. Phyllotaxis in the Vitaceae. Pp. 89-107, in Jean, R.V. & Barabé, D. (eds), Symmetry in Plants. World Scientific, Singapore.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 2002], Covington, L., Doubt, J., & Larson, D. W. 2002. Occurrence of phi thickenings is correlated with gymnosperm systematics. Canadian J. Bot. 80: 852-860.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 2008], Guthrie, T. B., Zitnak, T. A., & Posluszny, U. 2008. Development of the axillary bud complex in Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae): Interpreting the cucurbitaceous tendril. American J. Bot. 95: 773-781.

Gerrienne, P., & Gonez, P. 2011. Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity. J. Syst. Evol. 49: 1-16.

Gerrienne, P. [et al. 2004], Meyer-Berthaud, B., Fairon-Denaret, N., Streel, M., & Steemans, P. 2004. Runcaria, a middle Devonian seed plant. Science 306: 856-858.

Gerrienne, P. [et al. 2011], Gensel, P. G., Strullu-Derrien, C., Lardeux, H., Steemans, P., & Prestianni, C. 2011. A simple type of wood in two Early Devonian plants. Science 333: 837.

Geu-Flores, F. [et al. 2009], Olsen, C. E., & Halkier, B. A. 2009. Towards engineering glucosinolates into non-cruciferous plants. Planta 229: 261-270.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2004], Smets, E., Schols, P., Yuan, Y.-M., Janssens, S., Küpfer, P., & Pyck, N. 2004. Conflicting phylogenies of balsaminoid families and the polytomy in Ericales: Combining data in a Bayesian framework. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 711-729.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2006], Becker, A., Kaufmann, K., Caris, P., Janssens, S., Viaene, T., Theißen, G., & Smets, E. 2006. Petaloidy and petal identity MADS-box genes in the balsaminoid genera Impatiens and Marcgravia. Plant J. 47: 501-518.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2007], Massingham, T., Darius, P., Smets, E., & Goldman, N. 2007. Experimental design criteria in phylogenetics: Where to add taxa. Syst. Biol. 56: 609-622.

Geyler, H. T. 1867. Ueber den Gefässbündelverlauf in der Laubblattregionen der Coniferen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 6: 55-208, pl. 4-9.

Ghalambor, C. K. [et al. 2006], Huey, R. B., Martin, P. R., & Wang, G. 2006. Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen's hypothesis revisited. Integ. Compar. Biol. 46: 5-17.

Ghebrehiwet, M., Bremer, B., & Thulin, M. 2003. Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) based on morphological and ndhF sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 220: 223-239.

Ghebretsinae, A. G. [et al. 2007], Thulin, M., & Barber, J. C. 2007. Relationships of cucumbers and melons unraveled: Molecular phylogenetics of Cucumis and related genera (Benincaseae, Cucurbitaceae). American J. Bot. 94: 1256-1266.

Gherbi, H. [et al. 2008], Markmann, K., Svistoonoff, S., Estevan, J., Autran, D., Giczey, G., Auguy, F., Péret, B., Laplaze, L., Franche, C., Parniske, M., & Bogusz, D. 2008. SymRK defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and Frankia bacteria. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 4928-4932.

Ghimire, B., & Heo, K. 2012. Embryology of Jeffersonia dubia Baker et S. Moore (Berberidaceae) and comparison with allied genera. Korean J. Plant Tax. 42: 260-266.

Ghimire, B. [et al. 2010], Shin, D.-Y., & Heo, K. 2010. Embryology of Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (Berberidaceae). Korean J. Plant Taxon. 40: 226-233.

Ghisalberti, E. L. 1994. The phytochemistry of the Myoporaceae. Phytochem. 35: 7-33.

Ghogue, J.-P. [et al. 2009], Ameka, G. K., Grobm V., Huber, K. A., Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R. 2009. Enigmatic morphology of Djinga felicis (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae), a badly known endemic from northwestern Cameroon. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 64-81.

Giannasi, D. E. 1978. Generic relationships in the Ulmaceae based on flavonoid chemistry. Taxon 27: 331-344.

Giannasi, D. E. 1986. Phytochemical aspects of phylogeny in Hamamelidae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 417-437.

Giannasi, D. E. 1988. Flavonoids and evolution in the dicotyledons. Pp. 479-504, in Harborne, J. B. (ed.), The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980. Chapman and Hall, London.

Gianoli, E. 2004. Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 271: 2011-2015.

Gibbons, K. L. [et al. 2012], Henwood, M. J., & Conn, B. J. 2012. Phylogenetic relations in Loganieae (Loganiaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 25: 331-340.

Gibbs, R. D. 1954. Comparative chemistry and phylogeny of the flowering plants. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada ser. 3, sect. 5, 48: 14-47.

Gibbs, R. D. 1957. The Mäule reaction, lignin, and the relationships between woody plants. Pp. 269-312, in Thimann, K. V. (ed.), The Physiology of Forest Trees. Ronald, New York.

Gibernau, M. 2003. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences. Aroideana 26: 66-83.

Gibernau, M. 2011. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences: An addendum. Aroideana 34: 70-83.

Gibernau, M. [et al. 2005], Barabé, D., Moisson, M., & Trombe, A. 2005. Physical constraints on temperature difference in some thermogenic aroid inflorescences. Ann. Bot. 96: 117-125.

Gibernau, M. [et al. 2010], Chartier, M., & Barabé, D. 2010. Recent advances towards an evolutionary comprehension of Araceae pollination. Pp. 101-114, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Gibson, A. C. 1977. Vegetative anatomy of Maihuenia (Cactaceae) with some theoretical discussions of ontogenetic changes in xylem cell types. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 35-48.

Gibson, A. C. 1979. Anatomy of Koeberlinia and Canotia revisited. Madroño 26: 1-12.

Gibson, A. C. 1994. Vascular tissues. Pp. 45-74, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Gibson, A. C. & Nobel, P. S. 1986. The Cactus Primer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Gibson, D. J. 2009. Grasses and Grassland Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Gibson, T. C., & Waller, D. M. 2009. Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: Ecological steps to a snap-trap. New Phytol. 183: 575-587.

Giesen, P., & Berry, C. M. 2013. Reconstruction and growth of the early tree Calamophyton (Pseudosporochnales, Cladoxylopsida) based on exceptionally complete specimens from Lindlar, Germany (Mid-Devonian): Organic connection of Calamophyton branches and Duisbergia trunks. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 665-686.

Gifford, E. M. 1954. The shoot apex in angiosperms. Bot. Review 20: 477-529.

Gifford, E. M., & Corson, G. E. Jr. 1971. The shoot apex in seed plants. Bot. Review 37: 143-229.

Gifford, E. M., & Foster, A. S. 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, Ed. 3. W. H. Freeman, New York.

Gilbert, C. [et al. 2005], Dempcy, J., Ganong, C., Patterson, R., & Spicer, G. S. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. Syst. Bot. 29: 627-634.

Gilbert, L. E. 1972. Pollen feeding and reproduction of Heliconius butterflies. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69: 1403-1407.

Gilbert, L. E. 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants. Pp. 210-240, in Gilbert, L. E., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Gilbert, M. G. 1993. A review of Gisekia (Gisekiaceae). Kew Bull. 48: 343-356.

Gilbert, M. G., & Phillips, S. M. 2000. A review of the opposite-leaved species of Portulaca in Africa and Arabia. Kew Bull. 55: 769-802.

Gilg, E. 1914. Zur Frage der Verwandtschaft der Salicaceae mit den Flacourtiaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 50(suppl): 424-434.

Gill, A. M., & Tomlinson, P. B. 1975. Aerial roots. An array of form and functions. Pp. 237-260, in Torrey, J. G., & Clarkson, D. T. (eds), The Development and Function of Roots. Academic Press, London.

Gillespie, E., & Kron, K. 2010. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and a revised classification of the subfamily Ericoideae (Ericaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 343-354.

Gillespie J. J. [et al. 2008], Tallamy, D. W., Riley, E. G., & Cognato, A. I. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of rootworms and related galerucine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Zool. Scripta 37: 195-222.

Gillespie, L. J., & Soreng, R. J. 2005. A phylogenetic analysis of the bluegrass genus Poa based on cpDNA restriction site data. Syst. Bot. 30: 84-105.

Gillespie, L. J., & Soreng, R. J. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and changing circumscriptions in the large PPAM clade (Poaceae: Poeae: subtribes Alopecurinae, Miliinae, Phleinae, Poinae, and Puccinelliinae). P. 269, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2008], Soreng, R. J., Bull, R. D., Jacobs, S. W. L., & Refulio-Rodruiguez, N. F. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe Poinae (Poaceae, Poeae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnT-trnL-trnF sequences. Botany 86: 938-967.

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2009], Soreng, R. J., & Jacobs, S. W. L. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Australian Poa (Poaceae: Poinae), including molecular evidence for two new genera, Saxipoa and Sylvipoa. Australian Syst. Bot. 22: 413-436.

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2010], Soreng, R. J., Paradis, M., & Bull, R. D. 2010. Phylogeny and reticulation in subtribe Poinae and related subtribes (Poaceae) based on nrITS, ETS, and trnTLF data. Pp. 589-617, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Gillespie, J. J. [et al. 2003], Kjer, K. M., Duckett, C. N., & Tallamy, D. W. 2003. Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 161-175.

Gillespie, R. G. [et al. 2012], Baldwin, B. G., Waters, J. M., Fraser, C. I., Nikula, R., & Roderick, G. K. 2012. Long-distance dispersal: A framework for hypothesis testing. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27: 47-56.

Gillett, J. M. 1963. The Gentians of Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Research Branch, Canadian Dept of Agriculture, Ottowa.

Gillies, A. C. M. [et al. 2002], Cubas, P., Coen, E. S., & Abbott. R. J. 2002. Making rays in the Asteraceae: Genetics and evolution of variation for radiate versus discoid flower heads. Pp. 233-246 in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor & Francis, London.

Gillman, L. N., & Wright, S. D. 2006. The influence of productivity on the species richness of plants: A critical assessment. Ecology 87: 1234-1243.

Gilmore, S., & Hill, K. D. 1997. Relationships of the Wollemi pine Wollemia nobilis and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae. Telopea 7: 275-291.

Giovannetti, M. [et al. 2004], Sbrana, C., Avio, L., & Strani, P. 2004. Patterns of below-ground plant interconnections established by means of arbuscular myccorhizal fungi. New Phytol. 164: 175-181.

Giraud, E. [et al. 2007], Moulin, L., Vallenet, D., Barbe, V., Cytryn, E., Avarre, J.-C., Jaubert, M., Simon, D., Cartieaux, F., Prin, Y., Bena, G., Hannibal, L., Fardious, J., Kojadinovic, M., Vuillet, L., Lajus, A., Cruveiller, S., Rouy, Z., Mangenot, S., Segurens, B., Dossat, C., franck, W. L., Chang, W.-S., Sauders, E., Bruce, D., Richardson, P., Normand, P., Dreyfus, B., Pignol, D., Stacey, G., Emerich, D., Verméglio, A., Médigue, C., & Sadowsky, M. 2007. Legume symbioses: Absence of Nod genes in photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Science 316: 1307-1312.

Giraud, B. [et al. 1992], Bussert, R., & Scrank, E. 1992. A new theacean wood from the Cretaceous of northern Sudan. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 75: 289–299.

Gitaí, J. [et al. 2005], Horres, R., & Benko-Iseppon, A. M. 2005. Chromosomal features and evolution of Bromeliaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 253: 65-80.

Giulietti, A. M., & Hensold, N. 1990. Padrões de distribuição geográfica dos gêneros de Eriocaulaceae. Acta Bot. Brasilica 4: 133-158.

Giulietti, A. M. [et al. 1984], Monteiro, W. R., Mayo, S. J., & Stephens, J. 1984. A preliminary survey of testa structure in Eriocaulaceae. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 62: 189-209.

Giussani, L. M. [et al. 2001], Cota-Sánchez, J. H., Zuloaga, F. O., & Kellogg, E. A. 2001. A molecular phylogeny of the grass subfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae) shows multiple origins of C4 photosynthesis. American J. Bot. 88: 1993-2012.

Givnish, T. J. 2003. How a better understanding of adaptations can yield better use of morphology in plant systematics: Toward Eco-Evo-Devo. Pp. 273-296, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1984], Burkhardt, E. L., Happel, R., & Weintraub, J. 1984. Carnivory in the bromeliad Brocchinia reducta, with a cost/benefit model for the general restriction of carnivorous plants to sunny, moist, nutrient-poor habitats. American Naturalist 124: 479-497.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1997], Sytsma, K. J., Smith, J. F., Hahn, W. J., Benzing, D. H., & Burkhardt, E. M. 1997. Molecular evidence and adaptive radiation in Brocchinia (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnioideae) atop tepuis of the Guayana Shield. Pp. 259-311, in Givnish, T. J., & Sytsma, K. J. (eds), Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1999], Evans, T. M., Pires, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 1999. Polyphyly and convergent morphological evolution in Commelinales and Commelinidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 12: 360-385.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2000], Evans, T. M., Zjhra, M. L., Patterson, T. B., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma, K. J. 2000 Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic diversification in the amphiatlantic family Rapateaceae: Evidence from ndhF sequences and morphology. Evolution 54: 1915-1937

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2004a], Millam, K. C., Evans, T. M., Hall, J. C., Pires, J. C., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004a. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.): S35-S54.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2004b], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Patterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, H. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. C., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Kress, W. J., Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004b. Phylogeny of the monocotyledons based on ndhF sequence variation: Evidence for widespread concerted convergence. P. 118, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2005], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Patterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, H. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. C., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Hall, J. C., Kress, W. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 2005. Repeated evolution of net venation and fleshy fruits among monocots in shaded habitats confirms a priori predictions: evidence from an ndhF phylogeny. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 272: 1481-1490.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2006a], Millam, K. J., Mast, A., Patterson, T. B., Theim, T. J., Hipp, A., Henss, J. M., Smith, J. F., Woods, K., & Sytsma, K. J. 2006a. Origin, adaptive radiation, and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Campanulaceae). Pp. 313-314, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2006b], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Paterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, W. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. W., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Hall, J. C., Kress, W. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 2006b. Phylogeny of the monocots based on the highly informative plastid gene ndhF : Evidence for widespread concerted convergence. Pp. 28-51, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 28-51.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2008a], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., & Patterson, T. B. 2008a. Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological evolution in Bromeliaceae: Insights from ndhF sequences. Pp. 3-26, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 3-26.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2008b], Millam, K. J., Mast, A. R., Paterson, T. B., Theim, T. J., Hipp, A. L., Henss, J. M., Smith, J. F., Woods, K. R., & Sytsma, K. J. 2008b. Origin, adaptive radiation, and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae). Proc. Roy. Soc. B,

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2009], van Ee, B., Barfuss, M., Ricarda, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D., Smith, A., Winter, K., Brown, G. K., Evans, T. M., Holst, B. K., Luther, H. E., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma, K. J. 2009. Classification, adaptive radiation, and geographic diversification in Bromeliaceae: Insights from a new multi-locus phylogeny. P. 157, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2010a], Ames, M. S., McKain, M. R., Steele, P. R., dePamphilis, C. W., Graham, S. W., Pires, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Zomlefer, W. B., Briggs, B. G., Duvall, M. R., Moore, M. J., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Thiele, K., & Leebens-Mack, J. 2010a. Plastome sequence phylogeny of commelinid monocots implies five origins of wind pollination in Poales. P. 96, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2010b], Ames, M. S., McNeal, J. R., McKain, M. R., Steele, P. R., dePamphilis, C. W., Graham, S. W., Pires, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Zomlefer, W. B., Briggs, B. G., Duvall, M. R., Moore, M. J., Heaney, J. M., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Thiele, K., & Leebens-Mack, J. H. 2010b. Assembling the tree of the monocotyledons: Plastome sequence phylogeny and evolution of Poales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 584-616.

Givnish T. J. [et al. 2011a], Barfuss, M. H., Ee, B. V., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D. M., Smith, J. A., Winter, K., Brown, G. K., Evans, T. M., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma K. J. 2011a. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. American J. Bot. 98: 872-895.

Givnish T. J. [et al. 2011b], Barfuss, M. H., Ee, B. V., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D. M., Smith, J. A., Winter, K., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., Arbor, A., & Sytsma K. J. 2011b. Origin, phylogeny, adaptive radiation and geographic diversification of Bromeliaceae. Pp. 186-187, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Glasby, J. S. 1975-1983. Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids, vols 1-4. Plenum Press, New York.

Gleissberg, S., & Kadereit, J. W. 1999. Evolution of leaf morphogenesis: Evidence from developmental and phylogenetic data in Papaveraceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 787-794.

Glémin, S., & Bataillon, T. 2009. A comparative review of the evolution of grasses under domestication. New Phytol. 183: 273-290.

Glen, M. [et al. 2002], Tommerup, I. C., Bougher, N. L., & O'Brien, P. A. 2002. Are Sebacinaceae common and widespread ectomycorrhizal associates of Eucalyptus species in Australian forest? Mycorrhiza 12: 243-247.

Glenny, D. 2009. A revision of the genus Forstera (Stylidiaceae). New Zealand J. Bot. 47: 285-315.

Glück, H. 1919. Blatt- und blütenmorphologische Studien. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Godfray, H. C. J., & Knapp, S. 2004. [Taxonomy for the twenty-first century:] Introduction. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 359: 559-569.

Godofredo, V. R., & Melo-de-Pinna, G. F. 2008. Occurence of wide-band tracheids in Cactaceae: Wood variation during Pilosocereus aurisetus development. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 135: 94-102.

Godschalk, S. K. B. 1983. Mistletoe dispersal by birds in South Africa. Pp. 117-128, in Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds), The Biology of Misteltoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Goebel, K. E. 1887. Outlines of classification and special morphology of plants (trans. H. E. F. Garnsey). Oxford University Press, London.

Goebel, K. E. 1891. Morphologische und biologische Studien, V. Utricularia. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 9: 41-119, pl. 6-15.

Goebel, K. E. 1931. Blütenbildung und Sprossgestaltung. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Goebel, K. E. 1932. Organographie der Pflanzen, Ed. 3, pt 3. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Goetghebeur, P. 1986. Genera Cyperacearum. Een bijdrage tot de kennis van de morfologie, systematiek en fylogenese van de Cyperaceae-genera. Ph. D. thesis, Rijksuniversitiet Gent.

Goetghebeur, P. 1998. Cyperaceae. Pp. 141-189, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Goetsch, L. [et al. 2005], Eckert, A. J., & Hall, B. D. 2005. The molecular systematics of Rhododendron (Ericaceae): A phylogeny based on RPB2 gene sequences. Syst. Bot. 30: 616-626.

Goetsch, L. [et al. 2011], Raven, L. A., & Hall, B. D. 2011. Major speciation accompanied the dispersal of vireya rhododendrons (Ericaceae, Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe) through the Malayan [sic] archipelago: Evidence from nuclear gene sequences. Taxon 60: 1015-1028.

Goff, S. A. [et al. 2002], Ricke, D., Lan, T. H., Presting, G., Wang, R., Dunn, M., Glazebrook, J., Sessions, A., Oeller, P., Varma, H., Hadley, D., Hutchison, D., Martin, C., Katagiri, F., Lange, B. M., Moughamer, T., Xia, Y., Budworth, P., Zhong, J., Miguel, T., Paszkowski, U., Zhang, S., Colbert, M., Sun, W. L., Chen, L., Cooper, B., Park, S., Wood, T. C., Mao, L., Quail, P., Wing, R., Dean, R., Yu, Y., Zharkikh, A., Shen, R., Sahasrabudhe, S., Thomas, A., Cannings, R., Gutin, A., Pruss, D., Reid, J., Tavtigian, S., Mitchell, J., Eldredge, G., Scholl, T., Miller, R. M., Bhatnagar, S., Adey, N., Rubano, T., Tusneem, N., Robinson, R., Feldhaus, J., Macalma, T., Oliphant, A., & Briggs, S. 2002. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296: 92-100.

Goffinet, B. 2000. Origin and phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes. Pp. 124-149, in Shaw, A. J., & Goffinet, B. (eds), Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Goffinet, B., & Buck, W. R. 2004. Systematics of the Bryophyta (mosses): From molecules to a revised classification. Pp. 205-239, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Goffinet, B., & Buck, W. R. 2013. The evolution of body form in bryophytes. Ann. Plant Rev. 45: 52-90.

Goffinet, B., & Shaw, A. J. (eds). 2009. Bryophyte Biology, Ed. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Goffinet, B. [et al. 2004], Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds). 2004. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Goffinet, B. [et al. 2007], Wickett, N. Werner, O., Ros, R. M., Shaw, A. J., & Cox, C. J. 2007. Distribution and phylogenetic significance of a 71-kb inversion in the chloroplast genome of the Funariidae (Bryophyta). Ann. Bot. 99: 747-753.

Goffman, F. D. [et al. 1999], Thies, W., & Velasco, L. 1999. Chemotaxonomic value of tocopherols in Brassicaceae. Phytochem. 50: 793-798.

Goggin, F. L. [et al. 2001], Medville, R., & Turgeon, R. 2001. Phloem loading in the tulip tree. Mechanisms and evolutionary implications. Plant Physiol. 124: 891-899.

Goh, W. L. [et al. 2010], Chandran, S., Lin, R.-S., Xia, N.-H., & Wong, K. M. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 38: 764-773.

Goh, W. L. [et al. 2013], Chandran, S., Franklin, D. C., Isagi, Y., Koshy, K. C., Sungkaew, S., Yang, H. Q., Xia, N. H., & Wong, K. M. 2012). Multi-gene region phylogenetic analyses suggest reticulate evolution and a clade of Australian origin among paleotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Plant. Syst. Evol. 299: 239-257. doi 10.1007/s00606-012-0718-1

Goldberg, A. 1986. Classification, evolution and phylogeny of the families of dicotyledons. Contrib. Smithsonian Inst. 58: 1-314.

Goldberg, A. 2003. Character variation in angiosperm families. Contrib. United States National Herb. 47: 1-185.

Goldberg, A., & Alden, H. A. 2005. Taxonomy of Haptanthus Goldberg & C. Nelson. Syst. Bot. 30: 773-778.

Goldberg, A., & Nelson S., C. 1989. Haptanthus, a new dicotyledonous genus from Honduras. Syst. Bot. 14: 16-19.

Goldberg, E. E., & Igic, B. 2012. Tempo and mode in plant breeding system evolution. Evolution 66: 3701-3709.

Goldblatt, P. 1976. New or noteworthy chromosome records in the angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 889-895.

Goldblatt, P. 1990. Phylogeny and classification of Iridaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 607-627.

Goldblatt, P. 1993. The Woody Iridaceae. Nivenia, Klattia & Witsenia. Systematics, Biology and Evolution. Timber Press, Portland.

Goldblatt, P. 1995. The status of R. Dahlgren's orders Liliales and Melanthiales. Pp. 181-200, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Goldblatt, P. 2001. Phylogeny and classification of the Iridaceae and the relationhips of Iris. Annali Bot. n.s. 1: 13-28.

Goldblatt, P., & le Thomas, A. 1997. Palynology, phylogenetic reconstruction and the classification of the Afro-Madagascan genus Aristea Aiton (Iridaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 263-284.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 1998. Gladiolus in Southern Africa. Fernwood Press.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2006. Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Ann. Bot. 97: 317-344.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2007. Floral biology of Babiana (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): Adaptive floral radiation and pollination. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 709-733.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2008. The Iris Family. Natural history and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Ore.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2011. A review of chromosome cytology in Hyachinthaceae subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Albuca, Dipcadi, Ornithogalum and Pseudogaltonia in sub-Saharan Africa. South African J. Bot. 77: 581-591.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1976], Nowicke, J. W., Mabry, T. J., & Behnke, H.-D. 1976. Gyrostemonaceae: Status and affinity. Bot. Notis. 129: 201-206.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1984], Henrich, J. E., & Rudall, P. 1984. Occurence of crystals in Iridaceae and allied families and their phylogenetic significance. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 1013-1020.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1985], Tobe, H., Carlquist, S., & Patel, V. C. 1985. Familial position of the Cape genus Empleuridium. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 167-183.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1998], Manning, J. C., & Rudall, P. 1998. Iridaceae. Pp. 295-333, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2002], Savolainen, V., Porteous, O., Sostaric, I., Powell, M., Reeves, G., Manning, J. C., Barraclough, T. G., & Chase, M. W. 2002. Radiation in the Cape flora and the phylogeny of the peacock irises Moraea (Iridaceae) based on four plastid DNA regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 25: 341-360.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2004], Manning, J. C., Davies, J., Savolainen, V., & Rezai, S. 2004. Cyanixia, a new genus for the Socotran endemic Babiana socotrana (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 60: 517-532.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2006], Davies, T. J., Manning, J. C., van der Bank, M., & Savolainen, V. 2006. Phylogeny of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae based on a combined multigene plastid DNA analysis. Pp. 399-411, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 399-411.]

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2008], Rodriguez, A., Powell, M. P., Davies, T. J., Manning, J. C., van der Bank, M., & Savolainen, V. 2008. Iridaceae 'out of Australia'? Phylogeny, biogeography and divergence times based on plastid DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 495-508.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2012], Manning, J., & Forest, F. 2012. A review of chromosome cytology in Hyacinthaceae subfamilies Urgineoideae and Hyacinthoideae (tribes Hyacintheae, Massonieae, Pseudoprospereae) in sub-Saharan Africa. South African J. Bot. 83: 134-144.

Goldenberg, R. [et al. 2008], Penneys, D. S., Almeda, F., Judd, W. S., & Michelangeli, F. A. 2008. Phylogeny of Miconia (Melastomataceae): Patterns of stamen diversification in a megadiverse Neotropical genus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 26: 963-978.

Goldfluss, M. 1898. Sur la structure et les fonctions de l'assise épithéliale et des antipodes chez les Composées. Ann. Bot. 12: 374-384.

Goldfluss, M. 1898. Sur la structure et les fonctions de l'assise épithéliale et des antipodes chez les Composées [cont.]. Ann. Bot. 13: 9-17, 49-59, 87-96, pl. 1-6.

Golding, J., & Wasshausen, D. C. 2002. Begoniaceae, Edition 2. Part 1: Annotated species lists. Part II: illustrated key, abridgement and supplement. Contrib. U. S. National Herb. 43: 1-289.

Goloboff, P. A. [et al. 2009], Catalano, S. A., Mirande, J. M., Szumik, C. A., Arias, J. S., Källersjö, M., & Farris, J. S. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups. Cladistics 25: 211-230.

Gomes, S. M. A., & Lombardi, J. A. 2013. Anatomy of the floral nectaries of some neotropical Salacioideae (Celastraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 299: 515-528.

Gomes de Andrade, M. J. [et al. 2010], Giuletti, A. M., Rapini, A., de Queiroz, L. P., Concição de Souza, A., Macahado de Almeida, P. R., & van den Berg, C. 2010. A comprehenesive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: Evidence from nuclear (ITS) and plastid psbA-trnH and trnL-F) DNA sequences. Taxon 59: 379-388.

Gomez, B. [et al. 2009], Coiffard, C., Sender, L. M., Martín-Closas, C., Villanueva-Amadoz, U., & Ferrer, J. 2009. Klitzschophyllites, aquatic basal eudicots (Ranunculales?) from the Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of Northeastern Spain. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1075-1085.

Gómez, J. M., & Perfectti, F. 2010. Evolution of complex traits: The case of Erysimum corolla shape. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 987-998.

Gómez-Martínez, R., & Culham, A. 2000. Phylogeny of the subfamily Panicoideae with emphasis on the tribe Paniceae: Evidence from the trnL-F cpDNA region. Pp. 136-140, in Jacobs, S. W. L., & Everett, J. (eds), Grasses: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Gómez-Navarro, C. [et al. 2009], Jaramillo, C., Herrera, F., Wing, S. L., & Callejas, R. 2009. Palms (Arecaceae) from a Palaeocene rainforest of northern Columbia. American J. Bot. 96: 1300-1312.

Gómez-Ros, L. V. [et al. 2007], Gabaldón, C., Pomar, F., Merino, F., Pedreño, M. A., & Barceló, A. R. 2007. Structural motifs of syringyl peroxidases predate not only the gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence but also the radiation of tracheophytes. New Phytol. 173: 63-78.

Gómez-Zurita, J. [et al. 2007], Hunt, T., Kopliku, F., & Vogler, A. P. 2007. Recalibrated tree of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores. PLoS One 2(4): e360.

Gonçalves, E. G. [et al. 2004], Pavia, E. A. S., & Nadruz Coelho, M. A. 2004. A preliminary survey of petiolar collenchyma in the Araceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 473-484.

Gonçalves, E. G. [et al. 2007], Mayo, S. J., van Sluys, M.-A., & Salatino, A. 2007. Combined genotypic-phenotypic phylogeny of the tribe Spathicarpeae (Araceae) with reference to independent events of invasion to Andean regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 43: 1023-1039.

Goncharov, N. P. 2011. The genus Triticum L. taxonomy: The present and the future. Plant Syst. Evol. 295: 1-11.

Gong, W., Chen, C., Dobes, C., Fu, C.-X., & Koch, M. A. 2008. Phylogeography of a living fossil: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 1094-11105.

Gonsiska, P. A., & Givnish, T. J. 2009. A tale of two Catopsis: Trichomes in two epiphytic bromeliads of contrasting light environment and trophic ecology. P. 212, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

González, A. M. 1997. Anatomía y ontogenia de semillas de Helicteres lhotzkyana (Sterculiaceae). Bonplandia 9: 287-294.

González, A. M. 2011. Domacios y nectarios extraflorales en Bignoniáceas: componentes vegetales de una interacción mutualística. Bol. Soc. Argentinas Bot. 46: 271-281.

González, A. M., & Arbo, M. M. 2005. Anatomiá de algunas especies de Turneráceas. Acta Bot. Venezuelica 28: 369-394.

González, A. M., & Mauseth, J. D. 2010. Morphogenesis is highly aberrant in the vegetative body of the holoparasite Lophophytum leandri (Balanophoraceae): All typical vegetative organs are absent and many tissues are highly modified. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 499-508.

González, A. M., & Tarragó, J. R. 2009. Anatomical structure and secretion compounds in nine Ilex species from southern South America. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 197-210.

Gonzàlez, A. M., & Vesprini, J. L. 2010. Anatomy and fruit development in Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 67: 103-112.

Gonzàlez, A. M. [et al. 2012], Salgado, C. R., Fernández, A., & Arbo, M. M. 2012. Anatomy, pollen and chromosomes of Adenoa (Turneraceae), a monotypic genus endemic to Cuba. Brittonia 64: 208-225.

González, F. 1999. Inflorescence morphology and the systematics of Aristolochiaceae. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 159-172.

González, F., & Bello, M. A. 2009. Intra-individual variation of flowers in Gunnera subgenus Panka (Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 262-283.

Gonzalez, F., & Pabon Mora, N. 2009. Tackling the structural homology of trifid spines in the holy thorn (Berberis sp.). P. 94, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2001. The questionable affinities of Lactoris: Evidence from branching pattern, inflorescence morphology, and stipule development. American J. Bot. 88: 2143-2150.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2003. Structure and development of the ovule and seed in Aristolochiaceae, with particular reference to Saruma. Plant Syst. Evol. 241: 223-244.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Floral morphology of the neotropical family Metteniusaceae, an isolated member of the lamiids. P. 192, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2010. Flower and fruit characters in the early-divergent lamiid family Metteniusaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of pseudo monomery. American J. Bot. 97: 191-206.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000a. Perianth development and systematics of Aristolochia. Flora 195: 370-391.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000b. Gynostemium development in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 122: 249-291.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae). Revist. Acad. Colombiana Cienc. Exact. Físic. Nat. 26: 25-58.

González, F. [et al. 2007], Betancur, J., Maurin, O., Freudenstein, J. V., & Chase, M. W. 2007. Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade. Taxon 56: 795-800.

González, F. [et al. 2001], Rudall, P. J., & Furness, C. A. 2001. Microsporogenesis and systematics of Aristolochiaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 137: 221-242.

Good, R. 1952. An atlas of the Asclepiadaceae. New Phytol. 51: 198-209.

Good, R. 1974. The Geography of the Flowering Plants, Ed. 4. Longman, London.

Goodall-Copestake, W. P. [et al. 2009], Harris, D. J., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2009. The origin of a megadiverse genus: Dating Begonia (Begoniaceae) using alternative datasets, calibrations and relaxed clock models. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 363-380.

Goodall-Copestake, W. P. [et al. 2010], Pérez-Espona, S., Harris, D. J., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2010. The early evolution of the mega-diverse genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) inferred from organelle DNA phylogenies. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 101: 243-250.

Good-Avila, S. V., Souza, V., Gaut, B. S., & Eguiarte, L. 2006. Timing and rate of speciation in Agave (Agavaceae). Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 9124-9129.

Goodrich, K. R. 2012. Floral scent in Annonaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 262-279.

Goodspeed, T. H. 19654. The genus Nicotiana. Chron. Bot. 16: 1-536.

Gopal, B. 1987. Water Hyacinth. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Gorelick, R. 2001. Did insect pollination cause increased seed plant diversity? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 74: 407-427.

Gorelick, R. 2004. Resolving the phylogenetic placement of Blossfeldia liliputana (Cactaceae): Reticulate evolution, chloroplast inheritance, and graft-chimeras. Bradleya 22: 9-14.

Gorelick, R., & Olson, K. 2011. Is lack of cycad (Cycadales) diversity a result of a lack of polyploidy? Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 165: 156-167.

Goremykin, V. V., & Hellwig, F. H. 2005. Evidence for the most basal split in land plants dividing bryophyte and tracheophyte lineages. Plant Syst. Evol. 254: 93-103.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 1996], Bobrova, V., Pahnke, J., Troitsky, A., Antonov, A., & Martin, W. 1996. Noncoding sequences from the slowly evolving chloroplast inverted repeat in addition to rbcL data do not support the gnetalean affinities of angiosperms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 383-396.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 1997], Hansman, S., Samigullin, T., Antonov, A., & Martin, W. 1997. Evolutionary analysis of 58 proteins encoded in six completely sequenced chloroplast genomes: Revised molecular estimates of two seed plant divergence times. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 337-351.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2003a], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2003a. Analysis of Amborella trichopoda chloroplast genome sequences suggests that Amborella is not a basal angiosperm. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 1499-1505.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2003b], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2003b. The chloroplast genome of the "basal" angiosperm Calycanthus fertilis - structural and phylogenetic analysis. Plant Syst. Evol. 242: 119-135.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2004], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2004. The chloroplast genome of Nymphaea alba: Whole-genome analyses and the problem of identifying the most basal angiosperm. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 1445-1454.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2005], Holland, B., Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., & Hellwig, F. H. 2005. Analysis of Acorus calamus genome and its phylogenetic implications. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 1813-1222.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2009a], Salamini, F., Velasco, R., & Viola, R. 2009a. Mitochondrial DNA of Vitis vinifera and the issue of rampant horizontal gene transfer. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 99-110.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2009b], Viola, R., & Hellwig, F. H. 2009b. Removal of noisy characters from chloroplast genome-scale data suggests revision of phylogenetic placement of Amborella and Ceratophyllum. J. Molec. Evol. 68: 197-204.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2012], Nikiforova, S. V., Biggs, P. J., Zhong, B., Delange, P., Martin, W., Woetzel, S., Atherton, R. A., McLenachan, P. A., & Lockhart, P. J. 2013 [= 2012]. The evolutionary root of flowering plants. Syst. Biol. 62: 50-61.

Gornall, R. J. 1987. Foliar crystals in Saxifraga and segregate genera (Saxifragaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 233-238.

Gornall, R. J. 1989. Anatomical evidence and the taxonomic position of Darmera (Saxifragaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 100: 173-182.

Gornall, R. J. 1998. Saxifragaceae. Pp. 192-201, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gornall, R. J., & Al-Shammary, K. I. A. 2000. Vahliaceae, pp. 232-236, Eremosynaceae, pp. 236-238, Francoaceae, pp. 243-245, and Parnassiaceae, pp. 245-248, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gornall, R. J. [et al. 1998], Al-Shammary, K. I. A., & Gregory, M. 1998. Escalloniaceae. Pp. 41-87, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Górniak, M. [et al. 2006], Mytnik-Ejsmont, J., Rutkowski, P., Tukallo, P., Minasiewicz, J., & Szlachetko, D. L. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Spiranthinae s.l. (Orchidaceae) inferred from the nuclear ITS region. Biodivers. Res. Conserv. 1-2: 18-24.

Górniak, M. [et al. 2010], Paun, O., & Chase, M. W. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships with Orchidaceae based on a low-copy nuclear-coding gene, Xdh: Congruence with organellar and nuclear ribosomal DNA results. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 784-795.

Gosling, P. [et al. 2013], Mead, A., Proctor, M., Hammond, J. P., & Bending, G. D. 2013. Contrasting arbuscular mycorrhizal communities colonizing different host plants show a similar response to a soil phosophorus concentration gradiaent. New Phytol. 198: 546-556.

Gostel, M. R. [et al. 2009], Plunkett, G. M., & Lowry, P. P. II. 2009 Evolutionary relationships in African-Malagasy Schefflera: Exploring phylogenetic and biogeographic connections. P. 175, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Gosline, G., & Malécot, V. 2012. A monogarph of Octoknema (Octoknemaceae - Olacaceae s.l.). Kew Bull. 66: 367-404.

Gotelli, M. M. [et al. 2012], Galati, B. G., & Medan, D. 2012. Structure of the stigma and style in Colletia and Discaria (Rhamnaceae: Colletieae). Plant Syst. Evol. 198: 1635-1641.

Gottlieb, O. R. [et al. 1989], Kaplan, M. A. C., Kubitzki, K., & Toledo Barros, J. R. 1989. Chemical dichotomies in the Magnolialean complex. Nordic J. Bot. 8: 437-444.

Gottlieb, O. R. [et al. 1993], Kaplan, M. A. C., & Kubitzki, K. 1993. A suggested role of galloyl esters in the evolution of dicotyledons. Taxon 42: 539-552.

Gottsberger, G. 1977. Somes aspects of beetle pollination in the evolution of flowering plants. Plant Syst. Evol., Suppl. 1: 211-226.

Gottsberger, G. 1999. Pollination and evolution in neotropical Annonaceae. Plant Species Biol. 14: 143-152.

Gottsberger, G. 2012. How diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination? Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 245-261.

Gottsberger, G. [et al. 2012], Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Seymour, R. S., & Dötterl, S. 2012 Pollination ecology of Magnolia ovata may explain the overall large flower size of the genus. Flora 207: 107-118.

Gottschlich, G. 2009. Die Gattung Hieracium L. (Compositae) in der Region Abruzzen (Italien). Stapfia 89: 1-328.

Gottschling, M. 2004. Floral ontogeny in Bourreria (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Flora 199: 409-423.

Gottschling, M., & Hilger, H. H. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis and character evolution of Ehretia and Bourreria (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) and their allies based on ITS1 sequences. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 123: 249-268.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2001], Hilger, H. H., Wolf, M., & Diane, N. 2001. Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. Plant Biol. 3: 629-636.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2003], Weigend, M., Miller, J. S., & Hilger, H. H. 2003. Phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data. P. 113 in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2004], Diane, N., Hilger, H. H., & Weigend, M. 2004. Testing hypotheses on disjunctions present in the primarily woody Boraginales: Ehretiaceae, Cordiaceae, and Heliotropaceae, inferred from ITS1 sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.): S123-S135.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2005], Miller, J. S., Weigend, M., & Hilger, H. H. 2005. Congruence of a phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data with morphology, ecoloogy, and biogeography. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 425-437.

Gottwald, H. 1982. First description of the wood anatomy of Antrophora, Lepidocordia and Pteleocarpa (Boraginaceae). IAWA Bull. N.S. 3: 161-165.

Gottwald, H., & Parameswaran, N. 1966. Das secundäre Xylem der Familie Dipterocarpaceae, anatomische Untersuchungen zur Taxonomie und Phylogenie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 85: 410-508.

Gottwald, H., & Parameswaran, N. 1968. Das secundäre Xylem und die systematische Stellung der Ancistrocladaceae und Dioncophylleaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 88: 49-69, pl. 6-7.

Goulson, D. 2010. Bumblebees: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Goulson, D., & Darvill, B. 2004. Niche overlap and diet breadth in bumblebees; are rare species more specialized in their choice of flowers? Apidologie 35: 55-63.

Gouvêa, C. F. [et al. 2008a], Dornelas, M. C., & Rodriguez, A. P. M. 2008a. Floral development in the tribe Cedreleae (Meliacaeae, sub-family Swietenioideae): Cedrela and Toona. Ann. Bot. 101: 39-48.

Gouvêa, C. F. [et al. 2008b], Dornelas, M. C., & Martinelli, A. P. 2008b. Characterization of unisexual flower development in the endangered mahogany tree Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 529-535.

Goyder, D. [et al. 2007], Nicholas, A., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe Asclepiadinae (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 423-434.

Govaerts, R. 2001. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 50: 1085-1090.

Govaerts, R., & Dransfield, J. 2005. World Checklist of Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Frodin, D. G. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Frodin, D. G. 2002. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Simpson, D. A. 2007. World Checklist of Cyperaceae Sedges. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2000], Frodin, D. G., & Radcliffe-Smith, A. 2000. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae. 4 vols. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2001], Frodin, D. G., & Pennington, T. D. 2001. World Checklist and Bibliography of Sapotaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2003], Cribb, P., & Wood, J. 2003. Monocot Checklist - Provisional Checklist of Orchidaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2008], Sobral, M., Ashton, P., Barrie, F., Holst, B. K., Landrum, L. L., Matsumoto, K., Mazine, F. F., Nic Lughadha, E., Proença, C., Soarea-Silva, L. H., Wilson, P. G., & Lucas, E. 2008. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govil, C. M. 1971. Morphological studies in the family Convolvulaceae I Development and structure of the seed coat. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 50: 32-38.

Govil, C. M. 1973. Seedling and nodal anatomy of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 52: 113-118.

Govindappa, D. A. 1955. Embryological studies in Xyris pauciflora Willd. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 42: 47-57.

Govindappa, D. A., & Boriah, G. 1956. The development of female gametophyte in Biophytum sensitivum. Curr. Sci. 25L 403-404.

Govindappa, D. A., & Naidu, T. R. B. 1956. The embryo sac and endosperm of Blyxa oryzetorum Hook. f. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: 417-422..

Govindarajulu, M. [et al. 2005], Pfeffer, P. E., Jin, H., Abubaker, J., Douds, D. D., Allen, J. W., Bücking, H., Lammers, P. J., & Shachar-Hil, Y. 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435: 819-823.

Gowik, U. [et al. 2006], Engelmann, S., Bläsing, O. E., Raghavendra, A. S., & Westhoff, P. 2006. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the genus Alternanthera: Gene families and the enzymatic characteristics of the C4 isozyme and its orthologues in C3 and C3/C4 alternanthera. Planta 359-368.

Gowik, U. [et al. 2011], Bräutigam, A., Weber, K. L., Weber, A. P. M., & Westhoff, P. 2011. Evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria: How many and which genes does it take to make C4? Plant Cell 23: 2087-2105.

Gowland, K. M. [et al. 2013], van der Merwe, M. M., Linde, C. C., Clements, M. A., & Nicotra, A. B. 2013. The host bias of three epiphytic Aeridinae orchid species is reflected, but not explained, by mycorrhizal fungal associations. American J. Bot. 100: 764-777.

Goyder, D. J. 2006. An overview of asclepiad biogeography. Pp. 205-214, in Ghazanfar, S. A., & Beentje, H. (eds), Taxonomy and Ecology of African Plants, Their Conservation and Sustainable Use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Goyder, D. J. 2009. A synopsis of Asclepias (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 64: 369-399.

Grace, O. M. [et al. 2010], Simmonds, M. S. J., Smith, G. F., & van Wyk, A. 2010. Chemosystematic evaluation of Aloe section Pictae (Asphodelaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38: 57-62.

Gradstein, S. R. [et al. 2003], Reiner-Drehwald, M. E., & Schneider, H. 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Lejeunaceae (Hepaticae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 143: 391-410.

Graham, A. 1977. New records of Pelliceria (Theaceae/Pelliceriaceae) in the Tertiary of the Caribbean. Biotropica 9: 48-52.

Graham, A. 2006. Paleobotanical evidence and molecular data in reconstructing the historical phytogeography of Rhizophoraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 325-334.

Graham, A. 2009. Fossil record of Rubiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 90-108.

Graham, A. 2010. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of Latin American Vegetation and Terrestrial Environments. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Graham, A. [et al. 1990], Graham, S. A., Nowicke, J. W., Patel, V., & Lee, S. 1990. Palynology and systematics of the Lythraceae III. Genera Physocalymma through Woodfordia, addenda and conclusions. American J. Bot. 77: 159-177.

Graham, C. H. [et al. 2012], Parra, J. L., Tinoco, B. A., Stiles, F. G., & McGuire, J. A. 2012. Untangling the influence of ecological and evolutionary factors on trait variation across hummingbird assemblages. Ecology 93[Suppl.]: S99-S111.

Graham, L. K. E. 1993. Origin of Land Plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Graham, L. K. E., & Wilcox, L. W. 2000. The origin of alternation of generations in land plants: A focus on matrotrophy and hexose transport. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 355: 757-767.

Graham, L. K. E. [et al. 2000], Cook, M. E., & Busse, J. S. 2000. The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 4535-4540

Graham, L. K. E. [et al. 2010], Cook, M. E., Hanson, D. T., Pigg, K. B., & Graham, J. M. 2010. Structural, physiological, and stable carbon isotopic evidence that the enigmatic Paleozoic fossil Prototaxites formed from rolled liverwort mats. American J. Bot. 97: 268-275.

Graham, L. [et al. 2011], Graham, J., Hanson, D., Cook, M., & Cardona-Correa, C. 2011. Marchantia as a model incorporating the earliest land plants. Pp. 106-107, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Graham, S. A. 1964. The genera of the Lythraceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 235-250.

Graham, S. A. 1984 [= 1985.] Alzateaceae, a new family of Myrtales in the American tropics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 757-779.

Graham, S. A. 2006. Alzateaceae, pp. 26-28, and Lythraceae, pp. 226-246, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Graham, S. A. 2013. Fossil records in the Lythraceae. Bot. Rev. 79: 48-145.

Graham, S. A., & Cavalcanti, T. B. 2001. New chromosome counts in the Lythraceae and a review of chromosome numbers in the family. Syst. Bot. 26: 445-458.

Graham, S. A., & Wood, C. E. Jr. 1975. The genera of the Podostemaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 56: 456-465.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 1993], Oginuma, K., Raven, P. H., & Tobe, H. 1993. Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their significance. Taxon 42: 35-41.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2005], Hall, J., Sytsma, K., & Shi, S.-H. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 995-1017.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2006], Freudenstein, J. V., & Luker, M. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Cuphea (Lythraceae) based on morphology and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 31: 764-778.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2010], Diazgranados, M., & Barber, J. C. 2010. Relationships among the confounding genera Ammannia, Hionanthera, Nesaea, and Rotala (Lythraceae). P. 125, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2011], Diazgranados, M., & Barber, J. C. 2011. Relationships among the confounding genera Ammannia, Hionanthera, Nesaea, and Rotala (Lythraceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 166: 1-19.

Graham, S. W., & Barrett, S. C. H. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiales: Implications for breeding-system evolution. Pp. 415-441, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Graham, S. W., & Iles, W. J. D. 2009. Different gymnosperm outgroups have (mostly) congruent signal regarding the root of flowering plant phlogeny. American J. Bot. 96: 216-227.

Graham, S. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000a. Evolutionary significance of an unusual chloroplast DNA inversion found in two basal angiosperm lineages. Curr. Genet. 37: 183-188.

Graham, S. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000b. Utility of 17 chloroplast genes for inferring the phylogeny of the basal angiosperms. American J. Bot. 87: 1712-1730.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 1998], Kohn, J. R., Morton, B. R., Eckenwalder, J. E., & Barrett, S. C. H. 1998. Phylogenetic congruence and discordance among one morphological and three molecular data sets from Pontederiaceae. Syst. Biol. 47: 545-567.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2000], Reeves, P. A., Burns, A. C. E., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000. Microstructural changes in noncoding chloroplast DNA: Interpretation, evolution, and utility of indels and inversions in basal angiosperm phylogenetic inference. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S83-S96.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2002], Olmstead, R. G., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2002. Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: A case study from the commelinoid monocots. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1769-1781.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2006], Zgurski, J. M., McPherson, M. A., Cherniawsky, D. M., Saarela, J. M., Horne, E. F. C., Smith, S. Y., Wong, W. A., O'Brien, H. E., Biron, V. L., Pires, J. C., Olmstead, R. G., Chase, M. W., & Rai, H. S. 2006. Robust inference of monocot deep phylogeny using an expanded multigene plastid data set. Pp. 3-21, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 3-21.]

Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 99-389.

Grant, J. R., & Weaver, R. E. 2003. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis IV: Eleven new species of Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Central and South America, and the first report of stipules in the family. Harvard Papers Bot. 8: 83-109.

Grant, K. A., & Grant, V. 1969. Humming Birds and their Flowers. Columbia University Press, New York.

Grant, V. 1994. Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 91 (22): 10407–10411.

Grant, V. 1998. Primary classification and phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with comments on molecular cladistics. American J. Bot. 85: 741-752.

Grant, V. 2003. Incongruence between cladistic and taxonomic systems. American J. Bot. 90: 1263-1270.

Grant, V., & Grant, K. A. 1965. Flower Pollination in the Phlox Family. Columbia University Press, New York.

Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 373-457.

Grass Phylogeny Working Group II. 2012 [= 2011]. New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins. New Phytol. 193; 304-312.

Grau, J. 1983. Life form, reproductive biology and distribution in the Californian/Chilean genus Cryptantha. Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 231-240.

Graur, D., & Martin, W. 2003. Reading the entrails of chickens: Molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision. Trends Genet. 20: 80-86.

Grauvogel-Stamm, L., & Lugardon, B. 2001. The Triassic Lycopods Pleuromeia and Annalepis: Relationships, evolution, and origin. American Fern J. 91(3): 115-149.

Grauvogel-Stamm, L., & Lugardon, B. 2009. Phylogeny and evolution of the horsetails: Evidence from spore wall ultrastructure. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 156: 116-129.

Graven, P. [et al. 1996], de Koster, C. G., Boon, J. J., & Bouman, F. 1996. Structure and macromolecular composition of the seed coat of the Musaceae. Ann. Bot. 77: 105-122.

Graven, P. [et al. 1998], Wittich, P. E., Bouman, F., Nachtegal, G., & Kentgens, A.P. M. 1998. Characterization of phytomelan in the seed coat of Gasteria verrucosa (Mill.) H. Duval. Pp. 121-147, in Wittich. P. E. (ed.), Seed Development and Carbohydrates. Landbouniversiteit Wageningen, Wageningen.

Gravendeel, B. [et al. 2004], Smithson, A., Slik, F. J. W., & Schuiteman, A. 2004. Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: Drivers for orchid diversity? Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 359: 1523-1536.

Gravendeel, B. [et al. 2005], Schuiteman, A., & de Vogel, E. F. 2005. Molecular dating and vicariance anaylsis of Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae). Pp. 131-148, in Bakker, F. T., Chatrou, L. W., Gravendeel, B., & Pelser, P. B. (eds), Plant Species-Level Systematics: New Perspectives on Pattern and Process. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggel, Liechtenstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 143.]

Gray, J. 1993. Major Paleozoic land plant evolutionary bio-events. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoeoecol. 104: 153-169.

Gray, R. G. 1937. Cork formation in Veronica lyallii. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 32: 362-367.

Grayer, R. J. [et al. 1999], Chase, M. W., & Simmonds, M. S. J. 1999. A comparison between chemical and molecular characters for the determination of phylogenetic relationships among plant families: An appreciation of Hegnauer's "Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen." Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 369-393.

Grayer, R. J. [et al. 2003], Eckert, M. R., Veitch, N. C., Kite, G. C., Marin, P. D., Kokubun, T., Simmonds, M. S. J., & Paton, A. J. 2003. The chemotaxonomic significance of two bioactive caffeic acid esters, nepetoidins A and B, in the Lamiaceae. Phytochem. 64: 519-528.

Grayum, M. 1986. Correlations between pollination biology and pollen morphology in the Araceae, with some implications for angiosperm evolution. Pp. 313-327, in Ferguson, I. K., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Form and Function.. Elsevier, London.

Grayum, M. 1987. A summary of evidence and arguments supporting the removal of Acorus from Araceae. Taxon 36: 723-729.

Grayum, M. 1991. Systematic embryology of the Araceae. Bot. Review 57: 167-203.

Grayum, M. 1992. Comparative External Pollen Ultrastructure of the Araceae and Putatively Related Taxa. Monogr. Syst. Bot. 43, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Grebenstein, B. [et al. 1998], Röser, M., Sauer, W., & Hemleben, V. 1998. Molecular phylogenetic relationships in Aveneae (Poaceae) species and other grasses as inferred from ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 213: 233-250.

Green, E. P., & Short, F. T. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Green, J. W. 1980. A revised terminology for the spore-containing parts of anthers. New Phytol. 84: 401-406.

Green, P. S. 2004. Oleaceae. Pp. 296-306, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Green, S. [et al. 1979], Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1979. Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 78: 99-116.

Greenberg, A. K., & Donoghue, M. J. 2011. Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae. Taxon 60: 1637-1652.

Greeney, H. F. 2001. The insects of plant-held waters: A review and bibliography. J. Trop. Ecol. 17: 241-260.

Greenham, J. [et al. 2001], Vassiliades, D. D., Harborne, J. B., Williams, C. A., Eagles, J., Grayer, R. J., & Veitch, N. C. 2001. A distinctive flavonoid chemistry for the anomalous genus Biebersteinia. Phytochem. 56: 87-91.

Greenway, C. A., & Harder, L. D. 2007. Variation in ovule and seed size and associated size-number trade-offs in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 94: 840-846.

Greenwood, D. R., & Wing, S. L. 1995. Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients. Geology 23: 1044-1048. [Comment: Jordan, G. J. 1996. Geology 24: 1054; Reply: Wing, S. L., & Greenwood, D. R. 1996. Geology 24: 1054-1055.]

Greeenwood, D. R. [et al. 2013], Hill, C. R., & Conran, J. G. 2013. Prumnopitys anglica sp. nov. (Podocarpaceae) from the Eocene of England. Taxon 62: 565-580.

Grega, L. [et al. 2013], Anderson, S., Chetham, M., Clemente, M., Colletti, A., Moy, W., Talarico, D., Thatcher, S. L., & Osborn, J. M. 2013. Aerodynamic characteristics of saccate pollen grains. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 174: 499-510.

Gregor, H. J. 1989. Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the famnily Rutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae). Plant Syst. Evol. 162: 251-265.

Gregory, M. 1994. Bibliography of Systematic Wood Anatomy of Dicotyledons. IAWA, Leiden.

Gregory, M. 1998. Brunelliaceae, pp. 7-10, Cunoniaceae, pp. 10-26, Eucryphiaceae, pp. 35-41, Hydrangeaceae, p. 87-102, Montiniaceae, pp. 110-117, Columelliaceae, pp. 117-121, Bruniaceae, pp. 159-174, Alseuosmiaceae, pp. 174-183, Crassulaceae, pp. 201-221, Cephalotaceae, pp. 226-232, Greyiaceae, pp. 238-243, and Droseraceae, pp. 248-260, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gregory, M., & Baas, P. 1989. A survey of mucilage cells in vegetative organs of the dicotyledons. Israel J. Bot. 38: 125-174.

Gregory, M. [et al. 1998], Fritsch, R. M., Friesen, N. W., Khassanov, F. O., & McNeal, D. W. 1998. Nomenclator Alliorum: Allium Names and Synonyms - A World Guide.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gregory, T. R. 2008. Understanding evolutionary trees. Evol. Educ. Outreach 1: 121-137.

Greilhuber, J. 1974. Uncommon caryological features in the anther tapetum of some Pedicularieae (Scrophulariaceae). Caryologia 24: 169-182.

Greilhuber, J. [et al. 2006], Borsch, T., Müller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., & Bartlott, W. 2006. Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size. Plant Biol. 8: 770-777.

Greissl, R. 2006. Ontogeny of the Calliandra-massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201: 570-587.

Grelet, C.-A.. [et al. 2010], Johnson, D., Vrålstad, T., Alexander, I. J., & Anderson, I. A. 2010. New insights into the mycorrhizal Rhizoscyphus ericae aggregate: Spatial structure and co-colonization of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid roots. New Phytol. 188: 210-222.

Greller, A. M. [et al. 1987], Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N., Jayasuriya, A. H. M., Gunatilleke, C. V. S., Balasubramaniam, S., & Dassanayake, M. D. 1987. Stemonoporus (Dipterocarpaceae)-dominated montane forests in the Adam's Peak Wilderness, Sri Lanka. J. Trop. Ecol. 3: 243-253.

Grennan, A. K. 2009. Identification of genes involved in metal transport in plants. Plant. Physiol. 149: 1623-1624.

Greuter, W. [et al. 2000], McNeill, J., Barrie, F., Burdet, H. M., Demoulin, V., Filgueiras, T. S., Nicolson, D. H., Silva, P. C., Skog, J. E., Trehane, P., Turland, N. J., & Hawksworth, D. L. (eds). 2000. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (St Louis Code). Regnum Veg. 138, Koeltz, Königstein. http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm.

Grewe, F. [et al. 2013], Guo, W., Gubbels, E. A., Hansen, A. K., & Mower, J. P. 2013. Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes. BMC Evol. Biol. 2013, 13:8.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980a. Hydrocera triflora, its floral anatomy and relationship with Impatiens. Studies in Balsaminaceae: V. Kew Bull. 35: 213-219.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980b. Some observations on the floral vascular anatomy of Impatiens. Studies in Balsaminaceae: VI. Kew Bull. 35: 221-227.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980c. Impatiens of Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Griffith, M. P. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) based on nrITS sequences. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Griffith, M. P. 2004. What did the first cactus look like? An attempt to reconcile the morphological and molecular evidence. Taxon 53: 493-499.

Griffith, M. P. 2008. Pereskia, Portulacaceae, photosynthesis and phylogenies: Implications for early Cactaceae. Haseltonia 14: 37-45.

Griffith, M. P. 2009. Evolution of leaf and habit characters in Opuntioideae (Cactaceae): Reconstruction of ancestral form. Bradleya 27: 49-58.

Griffith, M. P., & Porter, J. M. 2009. Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 107-116.

Griffith, M. P. [et al. 2012], Calonje, M. A., Stevenson, D. W., Husby, C. E., & Little, D. P. 2012. Time, place, and relationships: Cycad phenology in a phylogenetic and biogeographic context. Pp. 59-81, in Stevenson, D. W., Osborne, R., & Blake, A. S. T. (eds), Proceedings of Cycad 2008. The 8th International Conference on Cycad Biology. New York Botanical Garden, New York. [Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 106: 59-81.]

Griffiths, H. [et al. 2012], Weller, G., Toy, L. F. M., & Dennis, R. J. 2013 [= 2012]. You're so vein: Bundle sheath physiology, phylogen, and evolution in C3 and C4 plants. Plant Cell Environ. 36: 249-261.

Griffiths, K. E. [et al. 2011], Trueman, J. W. H., Brown, G. R., & Peakall, R. 2011. Molecular genetic analysis and ecological evidence reveals multiple cryptic species among thynnine wasp pollinators of sexually deceptive orchids. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 59: 195-205.

Grimaldi, D. 1999. The co-radiations of pollinating insects and angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 373-406.

Grimaldi, D., & Agosti, D. 2000. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 13678-13683.

Grimaldi, D., & Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Grimm, G. W., & Denk, T. 2008. ITS evolution in Platanus (Platanaceae): Homoeologues, pseudogenes and ancient hybridization. Ann. Bot. 101: 403-419.

Grimm, G., & Renner, S. S. 2013. Harvesting Betulaceae sequences from GenBank to generate a new chronogram for the family. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 172: 465-477.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2008], Denk, T., & Zetter, R. 2008. Pollen, fruits and leaves of Tetracentron (Trochodendraceae) from the Cainozoic of Iceland and western North America and their palaeobiogeographic implications. Grana 47: 1-14.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2011a], Zetter, R., & Hofmann, C.-C. 2011a. Lythrum and Peplis from the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic of North America and Eurasia: New evidence suggesting early diversification within the Lythraceae. American J. Bot. 98: 1801-1815.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2011b], Zetter, R., & Leng, Q. 2011b. Diverse fossil Onagraceae pollen from a Miocene palynoflora of north-east China: Early steps in resolving the phytogeographic history of the family. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 671-687.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2012], Ferguson, D. K., & Zetter, R. 2012. Morphological trends in the fossil pollen of Decodon and the paleobiogeographic history of the genus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 297-317.

Grob, V. [et al. 2006], Moline, P., Pfeifer, E., Novelo, A. R., & Rutsihauser, R. 2006. Developmental morphology of branching flowers in Nymphaea prolifera. J. Plant Res. 119: 561-570.

Groeger, D., & Floss, H. G. 1998. Biochemistry of ergot alkaloids - achievements and challenges. Pp. 171-218, in Cordell, G. A. (ed.), The Alkaloids - Chemistry and Biology, vol. 50. Academic Press, New York.

Groenendijk, J. P. [et al. 1996], Bouman, F., & Cleef, A. M. 1996. An exploratory study on the seed morphology of Miconia Ruiz and Pavon (Melastomataceae), with taxonomic and ecological implications. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 45: 323-344.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2009a], de Block, P., Rakotonasolo, F., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2009a. Rediscovery of Malagasy Lathraeocarpa allows determination of its taxonomic position within Rubiaceae. Taxon 58: 209-226.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2009b], Dessein, S., Ochoterena, H., Persson, C., Motley, T. J., Kårehed, J., Bremer, B., Huysmans, S., & Smets, E. 2009b. Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 109-132.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2010a], de Block, P., Robbrecht, E., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2010a. Amphistemon and Thamnoldenlandia, two new genera of Rubiaceae (Spermacoceae) endemic to Madagascar. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 447-472.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2010b], Ochoterena, H., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2010b. Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma. Taxon 59: 1457-1471.

Groff, P. A., & Kaplan, D. R. 1988. The relation of root systems to shoot systems in vascular plants. Bot. Rev. 54: 387-422.

Groot, E. P. [et al. 2004], Doyle, J. A., Nichol, S. A., & Rost, T. L. 2004. Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of root apical meristem organization in dicotyledonous angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 97-105.

Grootjen, C. J. 1983. Development of ovule and seed in Marantaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 32: 69-86.

Grootjen, C. J., & Bouman, F. 1981. Development of the ovule and seed in Costus cuspidatus (N. E. Br.) Maas (Zingiberaceae), with special reference to the formation of the operculum. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 83: 27-39.

Grootjen, C. J., & Bouman, F. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae: Taxonomic and ecological implications. Ann. Bot. 61: 363-371.

Groover, A. T. 2005. What genes make a tree as tree? Trends Plant Sci. 10: 210-214.

Groppo, M. [et al. 2008], Pirani, J. R., Salatino, M. L. F., Blanco, S. R., & Kallunki, J. A. 2008. Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on two non-coding regions from cpDNA. American J. Bot. 95: 985-1005.

Groppo, M. [et al. 2010], Fiaschi, P., Salatino, M. L. F., Cecchantini, G. C. T., de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos, F., Verola, C. F., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo in Lindackerieae (Achariaceae, Malpighiales) confirmed by analyses of rbcL sequences, with notes on pollen morphology and wood anatomy. Plant Syst. Evol. 286: 27-37.

Groppo, M. [et al. 2012], Kallunki, J. A., Pirani, J. R., & Antonelli, A. 2012. Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: Evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family. PhytoKeys 19: 9-29.

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2002. Patterns of evolution in Bignoniaceae: The Tabebuia/Crescentia conundrum. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2007a. Evolution of a charismatic neotropical clade: Molecular phylogeny of Tabebuia s.l., Crescentieae, and allied genera (Bignoniaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 650-659.

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2007b. Taxonomic revisions in the polyphyletic genus Tabebuia s.l. (Bignoniaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 660-670.

Gross, E. 1988a. Bromelienstudien IV. Zur morphologie der Bromeliaceen-Samen unter Berücksichtigung systematisch-taxonomischer Aspekte. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 64: 1-215.

Gross, E. 1988b. Über die Keimung der Bromeliaceen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 63: 101-113.

Grote, P. J., & Dilcher, D. L. 1989. Investigations of angiosperms from the Eocene of North America: A new genus of Theaceae based on fruit and seed remains. Bot. Gaz. 150: 190-206.

Groth, E. [et al. 2011], Tandre, K., Engström, P., & Vergara-Silva, F. 2011. AGAMOUS subfamily MADS-box genes and the evolution of seed cone morphology in Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae. Evol. Devel. 13: 159-170.

Groth-Malonek, M. [et al. 2004], Pruchner, D., Grewe, F., & Knoop, V. 2004. Ancestors of trans-splicing mitochondrial introns support serial sister group relationships of hornworts and mosses with vascular plants. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 22: 117-125.

Grubb, C. D., & Abel, S. 2006. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 89-100.

Grubb, P. J. [et al. 2008], Jackson, R. V., Barberis, I. M., Bee, J. N., Coomes, D. A., Dominy, N. J., de la Fuente, M. A., Lucas, P. W., Metcalfe, D. J., Svenning, J.-C., Turner, I. M., & Vargas, O. 2008. Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: Correlations with toughness and leaf presentation.Ann. Bot. 101: 1379-1389.

Gruber, C. W. [et al. 2008], Elliott, A. G., Ireland, D. C., Delprete, P. G., Dessein, S., Göransson, U., Trabi, M., Wang, C. K., Kinghorn, A. B., Robbrecht, E., & Craik, D. J. 2008. Distribution and evolution of circular miniproteins in flowering plants. Plant Cell 20: 2471-2783.

Grubert, M. W. 1970. Untersuchungen über die Verankerung der Samen von Podostemaceen. Internat. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 55: 83-114.

Grubert, M. W. 1974. Studies on the distribution of myxospermy among seeds and fruits of Angiospermae and its ecological significance. Acta Biol. Venezuelica 8: 315-551.

Grubert, M. W. 1976. Podostemaceen-Studien. Teil II. Untersuchungen über die Keimung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 95: 455-477.

Grubert, M. W. 1981. Mucilage or Gum in Seeds and Fruits of Angiosperms: A Review. Minerva, Munich.

Grundell, R. 1933. Zur Anatomie der Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 1(2): 1-17.

Gruner, A. [et al. 2010], Hoverter, N., Smith, T., & Knight, C. A. 2010. Genome size is a strong predictor of meristem growth rate. J. Bot. 2010.

Grudzinskaya, I. A. 1967. The Ulmaceae and reasons for distinguishing the Celtidoideae as a separate family Celtidaceae Link. Bot. Zhurn. 52: 1723-1429. [In Russian.]

Gschwend, A. R. [et al. 2012], Yu, Q., Tong, E. J., Zeng, F., Han, J., VanBuren, R., Aryal, R., Charlesworth, D., Moore, P. H., Paterson, A. H., & Ming, R. 2012. Rapid divergence and expansion of the X chromosome in papaya. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109: 13716-13721. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121096109

Gruenstaeudl, M. [et al. 2009], Urtubey, E., Jansen, R. K., Samuel, R., Barfuss, M. H. J., & Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Phylogeny of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae) inferred from DNA sequence data and morphology. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 572-587.

Grütter, W. 1893. Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Samenschalen einiger Lythrarieen. Bot. Zeit. 5, Abt. 1: 1-26, pl. 1.

Guaglianone, E. R., & Arroyo-Leuenberger, S. 2002. The South American genus Oziroë (Hyacinthaceae-Oziroëoideae). Darwiniana 40: 61-76.

Gualtieri, G., & Bisseling, T. 2000. The evolution of nodulation. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 181-194.

Guarise, N. J. [et al. 2012], Vegetti, A. C., & Pozner, R. 2012. Multiple origins of congested inflorescences in Cyperus s.s. (Cyperaceae): Developmental and structural evidence. American J. Bot. 99: 1276-1288.

Guédès, M. 1971. Carpel peltation and syncarpy in Coriaria ruscifolia L. New Phytol. 70: 213-227.

Guédès, M., & Sastre, C. 1981. Morphology of the gynoecium and the systematic position of the Ochnaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 82: 121-138.

Guéguen, F. 1901. Anatomie compareé du tissu conducteur du style et du stigmate des Phanérogames 1. Monocotylédones, Apétales et Gamopétales. Mersch, Paris.

Guéguen, P. 1901-1902. Ibid. J. Bot. (Morot) 15: 273-300, 16: 15-30, 48-65, 138-144, 167-180, 280-286, 300-313.

Guérin, P. 1899. Recherches sur le développement du tégument séminal et du péricarpe des Graminées. Ann. Sci. Natur. Bot. Sér. 8, 9: 1-59.

Guérin, P. 1901. Développement de la graine et en particulier du tégument séminal de quelques Sapindacées. J. Bot. (Morot) 15: 336-348, 349-362.

Guérin, P. 1904. Recherches sur le développement et la structure anatomique du tégument séminal des Gentianacées. J. Bot. (Morot) 18: 33-52, 83-88.

Guérin, P. 1916. Recherches sur la structure anatomique de l'ovule et de la graine des Thymeleacées. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 2, 14: 3-35, pl. 1-5.

Gugerli, F. [et al. 2001], Sperisen, C., Büchler, U., Brunner, I., Brodbeck, S., Palmer, J. D., & Qui, Y.-L. 2001. The evolutionary split of Pinaceae from other conifers: Evidence from an intron loss and a multigene phylogeny. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 21: 167-175.

Guignard, L. 1881. Recherches d'embryogénee végétale comparée. 1er mémoire: Legumineuses. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 6, 12: 5-166, pl. 1-8.

Guignard, L. 1882. Recherches sur le sac embryonnaire des phanérogames angiospermes. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 6, 13: 136-199, pl. 3-7.

Guignard, L. 1893. Recherches sur le développment de la graine et en particulier du tégument séminal. J. Bot., Paris 7: 1-14 [Brassicaceae], 21-34 [Brassicaceae], 57-66 [Cleomaceae, Resedaceae, Hypericaceae], 97-106 [Balsaminaceae, Linaceae], 141-153 [Malvaceae], 205-214 [Boraginaceae s.l.], 241-250 [Lamiaceae], 282-296 [Asteraceae], 303-311 [Valerianaceae; general].

Guignard, L. 1903. La formation et le développment de l'embryon chez l'Hypecoum. J. Bot., Morot 17: 33-44.

Guillet-Claude, C. [et al. 2004], Isabel, N., Pelgas, B., & Bousquet, J. 2004. The evolutionary implations of knoxI gene duplication in conifers: Correlated evidence from phylogeny, gene mapping, and analysis of functional divergence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 2232-2245.

Guilliams, C. M., & Baldwin, B. G. 2011. Memoirs of a frequent flier - molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple long-distance dispersals of popcorn flowers (Plagiobothrys, Boraginaceae) between North America and South America. P. 166, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Guimaraes, P. J. F. [et al. 2010], Penneys, D. F., & Michelangeli, F. A. 2010. A phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical Melastomeae (Melastomataceae), with an emphasis on Tibouchina. P. 119, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Guimarães, P. R. Jr. [et al. 2011], Jordano, P., & Thompson, J. N. 2011. Evolution and coevolution in mutualistic networks. Ecol. Letters 18: 877-885.

Guisinger, M. M. [et al. 2008], Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2008. Genome-wide analyses of Geraniaceae plastid DNA reveal unprecedented patterns of increased nucleotide substitutions. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 18424-18429.

Guisinger, M. M. [et al. 2010], Chumley, T. W., Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2010. Implications of the plastid genome sequence of Typha (Typhaceae, Poales) for understanding genome evolution in Poaceae. J. Molec. Evol. 70: 149-166.

Guisinger, M. M. [et al. 2013], Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2012. Extreme reconfiguration of plastid genomes in the angiosperm family Geraniaceae: Rearrangements, repeats, and codon usage. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28: 583-600.

Gullan, P. J. [et al. 2005], Miller, D. R., & Cook, L. G. 2005. Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Pp. 159-229, in Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H.

Gunatilaka, A. A. L. 1996. Triterpenoid quinonemethiodes and related compounds (celastroloids). Prog. Chem. Natural Compounds 67: 1-114.

Gunatilaka, A. A. L. 2006. Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms: Distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implications of their occurence. J. Natural Prod. 69: 509-526.

Gunawardena, A. H. L. A. N., & Dengler, N. G. 2006. Alternative modes of leaf dissection in monocotyledons. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 150: 25-44.

Gunawardena, A. H. L. A. N. [et al. 2004], Greenwood, J. S., & Dengler, N. G. 2004. Programmed cell death remodels lace plant leaf shape during development. Plant Cell 16: 60-73.

Gundel, P. E. [et al. 2006], Maseda, P. H., Vila-Aiub, M. M., Chersa, G. M., & Benech-Arnold, R. 2006. Effects of Neotyphodium fungi on Lolium multiflorum seed germination in relation to water availablity. Ann. Bot. 97: 571-577.

Gundel, P. E. [et al. 2013], Pérez, L. I., Helander, M., & Saikkonen, K. 2013. Symbiotically modified organisms: Nontoxic fungal endophytes in grasses. Trends Plant Sci. 18: 420-427.

Gunn, B. F. 2004. The phylogeny of the Cocoeae (Arecaceae) with emphasis on Cocos nucifera. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 505-522.

Gunn, B. F. [et al. 2011], Baudouin, L., & Olsen, K. M. 2011. Independent origins of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World tropics. PLOS One: 6(6): e21143.

Gunn, C. R. 1981. Seeds of Leguminosae. Pp. 913-923, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gunn, C. R. 1991. Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin Number 1755.

Gunn, C. R. [et al. 1992], Wiersema, J. H., Ritchie, C. A., & Kirkbride, J. H., Jr. 1992. Families and Genera of Spermatophytes Recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin Number 1796.

Gunning, B. E. S. [et al. 1970], Pate, J. S., & Green, L. W. 1970. Transfer cells in the vascular system of stems: Taxonomy, association with nodes, and structure. Protoplasma 71: 147-171.

Gunstone, F. D. 1992. Gamma linolenic acid - occurrence and physical and chemical properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 31: 145-161.

Gunter, L. E. [et al. 1994], Kochert, G., & Giannasi, D. E. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the Juglandaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 192: 11-29.

Guo, D. M. [et al. 2010], Ran, J.-H., & Wang, X.-Q. 2010. Evolution of the cinnamyl/sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD/SAD) gene family: The emergence of real lignin is associated with the origin of bona fide CAD. J. Molec. Evol. 71: 202-218.

Guo, S.-Q. [et al. 2011], Xiong, M., Ji, C.-F., Zhang, Z.-R., Li, D.-Z., & Zhang, Z.-Y. 2011. Molecular phylgenetic reconstruction of Osmanthus Lour. (Oleaceae) and related genera based on three chloroplast intergenic spacers. Plant Syst. Evol. 294: 57-64.

Guo, S. X. 2000. Evolution, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of Eucommiaceae. Palaeobotanist 49: 65-83.

Guo, X. [et al. 2013], Wang, R.-J., Simmons, M. P., But, P. P.-H., & Yu, J. 2013. Phylogeny of the Asian Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae): Evidence for high levels of polyphyly and parallel evolution of diplophragmous capsules. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 67: 110-122.

Guo, X.-M. [et al. 2013], Xiao, X., Wang, G.-X., & Gao, R.-F. 2013. Vascular anatomy of kiwi fruit and its implications for the origin of carpels. Front. Plant Evol. Develop.

Guo, Y.-L., & Ge, S. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Oryzeae (Poaceae) based on DNA sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes. American J. Bot. 92: 1548-1558.

Gupta, S., & Agarwal, M. 2008. Wood anatomy of Anacardiaceae from India with special reference to the systematic position of Rhus. IAWA Bull. 29: 79-106.

Gupta, S. C. 1970. Umbelliferae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 233-238.

Guralnick, L. J., & Jackson, M. D. 2001. The occurence and phylogenetics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in the Portulacaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 257-262.

Gürke, M. 1891. Boraginaceae. Pp. 71-131, in Engler, A., & Prantl (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 1, 4a. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Gurushidze, M. [et al. 2008}, Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum infers cryptic species and demands a new sectional classification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 49: 997-1007.

Gurushidze, M. [et al. 2010}, Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2010. Species-level phylogeny of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication. Taxon 59: 829-840.

Gussarova, G. [et al. 2008], Popp, M., Vitek, E., & Brochmann, C. 2008. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the bipolar Euphrasia (Orobanchaceae): Recent radiations in an old genus. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 444-460.

Gustafsson, A. L. S. [et al. 2010], Verola, C. F., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Reassessing the temporal evolution of orchids with new fossils and a Bayesian relaxed clock, with implications for the diversification of the rare South American genus Hoffmannseggella (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae). BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 177. doi:10.1185/1471-2148-10-177.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1995. Petal venation in the Asterales and related orders. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 118: 1-18.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1996a. Phylogenetic Studies in the Asterales sensu lato. Acta Univ. Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1996b. Phylogenetic hypotheses for Asteraceae relationships. Pp. 9-19, in Hind, D. J. N., & Beentje, H. (eds), Compositae Systematics: Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 2000. Floral morphology and relationships of Clusia gundlachii with a discussion of floral organ identity and diversity in the genus Clusia. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 43-53.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Albert, V. A. 1999. Inferior ovaries and angiosperm diversification. Pp. 403-431, in Hollingsworth, P. M., Bateman, R. M., & Gornall, R. J. 9eds), Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 2007 [2006]. Carpodetaceae. Pp. 57-60, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bittrich, V. 2002. Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia (Clusiaceae): Insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic J. Bot. 22: 183-202.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bremer, K. 1995. Morphology and phylogenetic interrelationships of the Asteraceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae and related families (Asterales). American J. Bot. 82: 250-265.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bremer, K. 1997. The circumscription and systematic position of Carpodetaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 10: 855-872.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 1996], Backlund, A., & Bremer, B. 1996. Phylogeny of the Asterales sensu lato based on rbcL sequences with particular reference to the Goodeniaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 199: 217-242.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 1997], Grafström, E., & Nilsson, G. 1997. Pollen morphology of the Goodeniaceae and comparisons with related families. Grana 36: 185-207.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2001], Pepper, A. S. R., Albert, V. A., & Källersjö, M. 2001. molecular phylogeny of the Barnadesioideae. Nordic J. Bot. 21: 149-160.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2002], Bittrich, V., & Stevens, P. F. 2002. Phylogeny of Clusiaceae based on rbcL sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 1045-1054.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2007], Winter, K., & Bittrich, V. 2007. Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. Pp. 95-1006, in Lüttge, U. (ed.), Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity. Springer, Berlin. [Ecol. Studies: 194.]

Gut, B. J. 1966. Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gynoeceums und der Blütenachse einiger Rutaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 85: 151-247.

Gutierrez, R. 2008. Preliminary chloroplast DNA studies on the flowering plant family Martyniaceae (order Lamiales). J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 40: 105-110.

Gutzwiller, M. A. 1961. Die phylogenetische Stellung von Suriana maritima L. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 81: 1-49.

Guyette, R. P. (et al. 2008), Dey, D. C., & Stambaugh, M. C. 2008. The temporal distribution and carbon storage of large oak wood in streams and floodplain deposits. Ecosystems 11: 643-653.

Guyot, M. 1971. Phylogenetic and systematic value of stomata of the Umbelliferae. Pp. 199-211, in Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The Biology and Chemistry of Umbelliferae. Academic Press, London. [Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 64, Suppl. 1.]

Guzmán, B., & Vargas, P. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Divers. Evol. 9: 83-99.

Guzmán, B. [et al. 2013], Lachance, M.-A., & Herrera, C. M. 2013. Phylogenetic analysis of the angiosperm - floricous insect - yeast association: Have yeast and angiosperm lineages co-diversified? Mol. Phyl. Evol. 68: 161-175.

Guzowska, I. 1964. Reinvestigation of embryo sac development, fertilization and early embryogeny in Cytinus hypocistus L. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 33: 157-166.

Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. 1897. On some points on the morphology and anatomy of the Nymphaeaceae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London, ser. 2, Botany 5: 287-299, pl. 22, 23.

Haas, R. 1976. Morphologische, anatomische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Blüten und Früchten hochsukkulenter Mesembryanthemaceen-Gattungen. Diss. Bot. 33: 1-256.

Haberle, R. C. 1998. Phylogenetic Systematics of Pseudonemacladus and the North American Cyphioids (Campanulaceae, sensu lato). M. S. Thesis, Northern Arizona University.

Haberle, R. C. [et al. 2008a], Fourcade, H. M., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2008. Extensive rearrangements in the chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum are associated with repeats and tRNA genes. J. Mol. Evol. 66: 350-361.

Haberle, R. [et al. 2008b], Dang, A., Lee, T., Peñaflor, C., Cortes-Burns, H., Oestreich, A., Raubeson, L. A., Cellinese, N., Kim, S.-T., Edwards, E., Eddie, W. M. M., & Jansen, R. K. 2008b. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a three gene phylogeny of the Campanulaceae sensu stricto. P. 121, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Haberle, R. [et al. 2009], Dang, A., Lee, T., Peñaflor, C., Cortes-Burns, H., Oestreich, A., Raubeson, L., Cellinese, N., Edwards, E. J., Kim, S.-T., Eddie, W. M. M., & Jansen, R. K. 2009. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes. Taxon 58: 715-734.

Haccius, B. 1952a. Über die Blattstellung einiger Hydrocharitaceen - Embryonen. Planta 40: 333-345.

Haccius, B. 1952b. Verbreitung und Ausbildung der Einkeimblättrigkeit bei den Umbelliferen. Österreichische Bot. Zeit. 99: 483-505.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2004], Sperry, J. S., & Pittermann, J. 2004. Analysis of circular bordered pit function II. Gymnosperm tracheids with torus-margo pit membranes. American J. Bot. 91: 386-400.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2005], Sperry, J. S., & Pittermann, J. 2005. Efficiency versus safety tradeoffs for water conduction in angiosperm vessels versus gymnosperm tracheids. Pp. 333-353, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2007], Sperry, J. S., Feild, T. S., Sano, Y., Sikkema, E. H., & Pittermann, J. 2007. Water transport in vesselless angiosperms: Conducting efficiency and cavitation safety. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1113-1126.

Hadiah, J. T. [et al. 2008], Conn, B. J., & Quinn, C. J. 2008. Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 21: 375-385.

Hadiah, J. T. [et al. 2003], Quinn, C. J., & Conn, B. J. 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10: 235-246.

Haegens, R. 2000. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Baccaurea, Distichirhops, and Nothobaccaurea (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea, suppl. 12: 1-216.

Hagbery, J., & Nieh, J. C. 2012. Individual lifetime pollen and nectar foraging preferences in bumble bees. Naturwiss. 99: 821-832.

Hagel, J. M. [et al. 2008], Yeung, E. C., & Facchini, P. J. 2008. Got milk? The secret life of laticifers. Trends Plant Sci. 13: 631-639.

Hagemann, W. 1967. Die Gestaltung als determinierendes Prinzip bei der Entwicklung des Pflanzenkörpers. Mathem. Naturwiss. Unter. 20: 289-297.

Hagemann, W. 1970. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Angiospermenblätter. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 90: 297-413.

Hahn, H. [et al. 2007], McManus, M. T., Warnstorff, K., Monahan, B. J., Young, C. A., Davies, E., Tapper, B. A., & Scott, B. (2007). Neotyphodium fungal endophytes confer physiological protection to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) subjected to a water deficit. Environ. Experim. Bot. 63: 183–199.

Hahn, W. J. 2002a. A molecular phylogenetic study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) based on atpB, rbcL and 18s nrDNA sequences. Syst. Biol. 51: 92-112.

Hahn, W. J. 2002b. A phylogenetic analysis of the arecoid line of palms based on plastid DNA sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 23: 189-204.

Hahn, W. J. [et al. 1995], Givnish, T. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 1995. Evolution of the monocot inverted repeat: I. Evolution and phylogenetic implications of the ORF 2280 deletion. Pp. 579-587, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Haig, D. 1990. New perspectives on the angiosperm female gametophyte. Bot. Review 56: 236-274.

Haig, D. 2008. Homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations and the origin of sporophytes. Bot. Review 74: 395-418.

Haig, D. 2010. What do we know about Charophyta (Streptophyta) life cycles? J. Phycol. 46: 860-867.

Haig, D. 2013. Filial mistletoes: The functional morphology of moss sporophytes. Ann. Bot. 111: 337-345.

Haig, D., & Westoby, M. 1989. Selective forces in the emergence of the seed habit. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 38: 215-238.

Haig, D., & Westoby, M. 1991. Seed size, pollination costs and angiosperm success. Evol. Ecol. 5: 231-247.

Haines, R. W., & Lye, K. A. 1979. Monocotylar seedlings: A review of evidence supporting an origin by fusion. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 78: 123-140.

Hajibabaei, M. 2003. Molecular Evolution of the RNA Polymerase Genes and the Phylogeny of Seed Plants. Ph. D. Thesis, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa.

Hajibabaei, M. [et al. 2006], Xia, J., & Drouin, G. 2006. Seed plant phylogeny: Gnetophytes are derived conifers and sister group to Pinaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 40: 208-217.

Hakki, M. I. 1972. Blütenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen an Chenopodium capitatum und Chenopodium foliosum sowie weiteren Chenopodiaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 178-330.

Hakki, M. I. 1973. Blütenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen an Chenopodiaceae: Monolepis trifida Schrad. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 93: 481-497.

Hakki, M. I. 1985. Studies on West Indian plants 3. On floral morphology, anatomy and relationship of Picrodendron baccatum (L.) Krug & Urban (Euphorbiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 379-394.

Hakki, M. I. 1997. Embryological and morphological studies on plants from South Africa. 2. On floral morphology and embryology of Orphium frutescens (L.) E. Meyer (Gentianaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 118: 337-383.

Hakki, M. I. 1998. On the floral morphology and embryology of Usteria guineensis Willd. (Loganiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 120: 275-293.

Hakoyama, T. [et al. 2009], Niimi, K., Watanabe, H., Tabata, R., Matsubara, J., Sato, S., Nakamura, Y., Tabata, S., Jichun, L., Matsumoto, T., Tatsumi, K., Nomura, M., Tajima, S., Ishizaka, M., Yano, K., Imaizumi-Anraku, H., Kawaguchi, M., Kouchi, H., & Suganuma N. 2009. Host plant genome overcomes the lack of a bacterial gene for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nature 462: 514-517.

Halbritter, H., & Hesse, M. 2004. Principle modes of infoldings in tricolp(or)ate angiosperm pollen. Grana 43: 1-14.

Halbritter, H. [et al. 2010], Weber, M., & Hesse, M. 2010. Unique aperture stratification in Carex (Cyperaceae) pollen. Grana 49: 1-11.

Halbritter, H. [et al. 2012], Hesse, M., & Weber, W. 2012. The unique design of pollen tetrads in Dionaea and Drosera. Grana 51: 148-157.

Halda, J. J. 2001. The Genus Daphne. Sen, Dobré.

Halkier, B. A., & Gershenzon, J. 2006. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 303-333.

Hall, A. V. 1987. Evidence of a Cretaceous alliance for the Bruniaceae. South African J. Sci. 83: 58-59.

Hall, A. V. 1988. Systematic palynology of the Bruniaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 96: 285-296.

Hall, D. O. [et al. 2000], Scurlock, J. M. O., Ojima, D. S., & Parton, W. J. 2000. Grasslands and the global carbon cycle: Modeling the effects of climate change. Pp. 102-114, in Wigley, T. M. L., & Schimel, D. S. (eds), The Carbon Cycle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hall, J. C. 2008. Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: An evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data. Botany 86: 682-696.

Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2000. Solving the riddle of Californian cuisine: Phylogenetic relationships of capers and mustards. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 132.

Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2002. A new placement of members of tribe Stixeae (Capparaceae) based on DNA sequences. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2002], Sytsma, K. J., & Iltis, H. H. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. American J. Bot. 89: 1826-1842.

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2004], Iltis, H. H., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004. Molecular phlyogenetics of core Brassicales, placement of orphan genera Emblingia, Forchammeria, Tirania, and character evolution. Syst. Bot. 29: 654-669.

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2011], Tisdale, T. E., Donohue, K., Wheeler, A., Al-Yahya, M. A., & Kramer, E. M. 2011. Convergent evolution of a complex fruit structure in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae). American J. Bot. 98: 1989-2003.

Hall, J. P. W. 2003. Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Syst. Entomol. 28: 23-38.

Hallé, F. 2004. Architecture des Plantes. JPC Édition, Palavas.

Hallé, F. [et al. 1978], Oldeman, R. A. A., & Tomlinson, P. B. 1978. Tropical Trees and Forests. Springer, Berlin.

Hallier, H. 1912. L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposées à l'aide de leur arbre généalogique. Arch Neêrlandaise, 2nd ser., B. (Sci. nat.), 1: 146-234.

Hallier, H. 1923. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Linaceae (DC. 1819) Dumort. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 39: 1-178.

Hallock, F. A. 1930. The development of the flowers and seeds of Garrya and its bearing on the phylogenetic position of the genus. Ann. Bot. 44: 771-812, pl. 36.

Hamann, U. 1961. Merkmalsbestand und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Farinosae. Ein Beitrag zum System der Monokotyledonen. Willdenowia 12: 639-738.

Hamann, U. 1962a. Beitrag zur Embryologie der Centrolepidaceae mit Bemerkungen über den Bau der Blüten und Blütenstände und die systematische Stellung der Familie. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 75: 153-171, 219.

Hamann, U. 1962b. Über Bau und Entwicklung des Endosperms der Philydraceae und über die Begriffe "mehliges Nährgewebe" und "Farinosae". Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 81: 397-407.

Hamann, U. 1966. Embryologische, morphologisch-anatomische und systematische Untersuchungen an Philydraceen. Willdenowia 4: 1-178, pl. 1-8.

Hamann, U. 1975. Neue Untersuchungen zur Embryologie und Systematik der Centrolepidaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 96: 154-191.

Hamann, U. 1998. Hydatellaceae, pp. 321-233, and Philydraceae, 389-394, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Hamann, U. [et al. 1979], Kaplan, K., & Rübsamen, T. 1979. Über die Samenschalenstruktur der Hydatellaceae (Monocotyledoneae) und die systematische Stellung von Hydatella filamentosa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 100: 555-563.

Hamberger, B., [et al. 2011], Ohnishi, T., Hamberger, B., Séguin, A., & Bohlmann, J. 2011. Evolution of diterpene metabolism: Sitka Spruce CYP720B4 catalyzes multiple oxidations in resin acid biosynthesis of conifer defense against insects. Plant Physiol. 157: 1677-1695.

Hamidi, A. 1952. Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen am Gynoeceum der Unterfamilien Melanthioideae und Asphodeloideae der Liliaceae. Arb. Inst. Allg. Bot. Univ. Zürich, Ser. A, 4: 1-50.

Hammel, B. E., & Burger, W. G. 1991. Neither oak nor alder, but nearly: The history of Ticodendraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 89-95.

Hammel, B. E., & Zamora, N. 1993. Ruptiliocarpon (Lepidobotryaceae): A new arborescent genus and tropical American link to Africa, with a reconsideration of the family. Novon 3: 408-417.

Hammer, S. A. 1991. The Genus Conophytum: A Conograph. Succulent Plant Publications, Pretoria.

Handa, K. [et al. 2001], Tsuji, S., & Tamura, M. N. 2001. Pollen morphology of Japanese Asparagales and Liliales (Lilianae). Japanese J. Hist. Bot. 9: 85-125.

Hanelt, P. 1990. Taxonomy, evolution and history. Pp. 1-26, in Rabinowitch, H., & Brewster, J. L. (eds), Onions and Allied Crops, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FLA.

Hanelt, P. [et al. 1992], Schultze-Motel, J., Fritsch, R., Kruse, J., Maaß, H. I., Ohle, H., & Pistrick, K. 1992. Infrageneric grouping of Allium - the Gatersleben approach. Pp. 107-123, in Hanelt, P., Hammer, K., & Knüpffer, H. (eds), Genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources. Inst. für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben.

Hanf, M. 1935. Vergleichende und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen über Morphologie und Anatomie der Griffel und Griffeläste. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. A, 99-141.

Hanley, M. E. [et al. 2009], Lamont, B. B., & Armbruster, W. S. 2009. Pollination and plant defence traits co-vary in Western Australian Hakeas. New Phytol. 182: 251-260.

Hannon, D. P. 2002. Crossomataceae: A family primer. Crossosoma 27: 29-34.

Hans, A. S. 1973. Chromosomal conspectus of the Euphorbiaceae. Taxon 22: 591-636.

Hansen, A. K., Gilbert, L. E., Simpson, B. B., Downie, S. R., Cervi, A. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and chromosome number evolution in Passiflora. Syst. Bot. 31: 138-150.

Hansen, B. 1972. The genus Balanophora J. R. & G. Forster. A taxonomic monograph. Dansk Bot. Ark. 28: 1-188, pl. 1-8.

Hansen, B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph number 23. Balanophoraceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Hansen, B. 1986. The Balanophoraceae of continental Africa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 106: 359-377.

Hansen, B. F. 1977. A Monograph of Forchhammeria (Capparidaceae). Master of Science Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Hansen, D. R. [et al. 2007], Dastidar, S. G., Cau, Z., Penaflor, C., Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2007. Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of complete chloroplast genome sequences of four early-diverging angiosperms: Buxus (Buxaceae), Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae), Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), and Illicium (Schisandraceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 547-563.

Hansen, D. R. [et al. 2009], Spicer, G. S., & Patterson, R. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships between and within Phacelia sections Whitlavia and Gymnobythus (Boraginaceae). Syst. Bot. 34: 737-746.

Hansen, D. M., & Müller, C. B. 2009. Reproductive ecology of the endangered enigmatic Mauritian endemic Roussea simplex (Rousseaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 42-52.

Hansen, H. V. 1991. Phylogenetic studies in Compositae tribe Mutisieae. Op. Bot. 109: 1-50.

Hansen, H. V. 1992. Studies in the Calyceraceae with a discussion of its relationship to Compositae. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 63-75.

Hanson, A. D. [et al. 1994], Rathinasabapathi, B., Rivoal, J., Burnet, M., Dillon, M. O., & Gage, D. A. 1994. Osmoprotective compounds in the Plumbaginaceae: A natural experiment in metabolic engineering of stress tolerance. Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 91: 306-310.

Hanson, L. [et al. 2005], Boyd, A., Johnson, M. A. T., & Bennett, M. D. 2005. First nuclear DNA C-values for 18 eudicot families. Ann. Bot. 96: 1315-1320.

Hao, D. C. [et al. 2008], Xiao, P. G. Huang, B. L., Ge, G. B., & Yang, L. 2008. Interspecific relationships and origins of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae revealed by partitioned Bayesian analyses of chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 276: 89-104.

Hao, D. C. [et al. 2010], Mu, J., & Xiao, P. G. 2010. Molecular eviolution and positive Darwinian selection of the gymnnosperm photosynthetic Rubisco enzyme. Bot. Stud. 51: 491-510.

Hao, G. [et al. 2000], Saunders, R. M. K., & Chye, M.-L. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the Illiciaceae based on sequences on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Syst. Evol. 223: 81-90.

Hao, G. [et al. 2001], Chye, M.-L., & Saunders, R. M. K. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of the Schisandraceae based on morphology and nuclear ribosomal (ITS) sequences. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 135: 401-411.

Hao, G. [et al. 2004], Yuan, Y.-M., Hu, C.-M., Ge, X.-J., & Zhao, N.-X. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) based on chloroplast trnL-F and nucclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 323-339.

Hao, W. [et al. 2010], Richardson, A. O., Zheng, Y., & Palmer, J. D. 2010. Gorgeous mosaic of mitochondrial genes created by horizontal transfer and gene conversion. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 21576-21581.

Hara, H. 1972. Corresponding taxa in North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Pp. 61-72, in Valentine, D. H. (ed.), Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Academic Press, London.

Hara, H. 1983. A revision of Caprifoliaceae of Japan with reference to allied plants in other districts and the Adoxaceae. Ginkgoana 5: 1-336, pl. 1-55.

Hara, H., & Kanai, H. 1964. The discovery of Tetracentron in west Nepal. J. Japanese Bot. 39: 193-195.

Hara, H., & Kurosawa, S. 1975. A revision of the genus Helwingia. Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 8: 393-413.

Harada, I. 1956. Cytological studies in Helobiae, 1. Chromosome idiograms and a list of chromosome numbers in seven families. Cytologia 21: 306-328.

Haraldson, K. 1978. Anatomy and taxonomy in Polygonaceae subfamily Polygonoideae Meisn. emend. Jaretzky. Symb. Bot. Uppsalienses 22(2): 1-95.

Haran J. [et al. 2013], Timmermans, M. J., & Vogler, A. P. 2013. Mitogenome sequences stabilize the phylogenetics of weevils (Curculionoidea) and establish the monophyly of larval ectophagy. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 67: 156-166.

Harbaugh, D. T., & Baldwin, B. G. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): Repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific. American J. Bot. 94: 1028-1040.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2009a], Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R. K., Zimmer, E. A., & Wagner, W. L. 2009a. Classification of the Caryophyllaceae and colonization of a divergent Hawaiian lineage. P. 170, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2009b], Wagner, W. L., Allan, G., & Zimmer, E. A. 2009b. The Hawaiian archipelago is a stepping-stone for dispersal in the Pacific: An example from the plant genus Melicope (Rutaceae). J. Biogeog. 36: 230-241.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2010], Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R. K., Mc Neill, J., Zimmer, E. A., & Wagner, W. L. 2010. A new lineage-based tribal classification of the family Caryophyllaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 185-198.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2012], Wagner, W., Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R., McNeill, J., & Zimmer, E. 2012. Extensive polyphyly in the Caryophyllaceae leads to a new classification. P. 21, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Harborne, J. B. 1986. Systematic significance of variation in defence chemistry in the Solanaceae. Pp. 328-344, in D'Arcy, W. G. (ed.), Solanaceae: Biology and Systematics. Columbia University Press, New York.

Harborne, J. B. 1999. The comparative biochemistry of phytoalexin induction in plants. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 335-367.

Harborne, J. B., & Baxter, H. J. 1995. The Handbook of Natural Flavonoids. John Wiley & Son, Chichester.

Harborne, J. B., & Turner, B. L. 1984. Plant Chemosystematics. Academic Press, Orlando.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 1971. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochem. 10: 367-373.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 1973. A chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids and simple phenols in leaves of the Ericaaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 66: 37-54.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 2001. The phytochemical richness of the Iridaceae and its systematic significance. Annali Bot. n.s. 1: 43-50.

Harborne, J. B. [et. al. 1999], Baxter, H. J., & Moss, H. 1999. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Ed. 2. Taylor & Francis, New York.

Harborne, J. B. [et al. 2000], Williams, C. A., Briggs, B. G., & Johnson, L. A. S. 2000. Flavonoid patterns and the phylogeny of the Restionaceae. Pp. 672-675, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harcourt-Brown, K. C. 2002. Tree balance, time slices, and evolutionary turnover in Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera. Syst. Biol. 51: 908-916.

Hardoim, P. F. [et al. 2008], van Overbeek, L. S., & van Elsas, J. D. 2008. Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth. Trends Microbiol. 16: 463-471.

Harder, L. D., & Johnson, S. D. 2008. Function and evolution of aggregated pollen in angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 59-78.

Hardway, T. M. [et al. 2004], Spalik, K., Watson, M. F., Katz-Downie, D. S., & Downie, S. R. 2004. Circumscription of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae. South African J. Bot. 70: 393-406.

Hardy, C. R. 2006. Reconstructing ancestral ecologies: Challenges and possible solutions. Diversity Distrib. 12: 7-19.

Hardy, C. R., & Ryndock, J. 2012. Floral morphology and organogenesis in Tinantia pringlei, along with a review of floral developmental variation in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. Bot. Rev. 78: 416-427.

Hardy, C. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000a. Development of gametophytes, flower and floral vasculature of Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 134: 131-157.

Hardy, C. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000b. Floral organogenesis in some species of Tradescantia and Callisia (Commelinaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 551-562.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2000], Stevenson, D. W., & Kiss, H. G. 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Dichorisandra thyrsiflora (Commelinaceae). American J. Bot. 97: 1228-1239.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2004], Davis, J. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2004. Floral organogenesis in Plowmanianthus (Commelinaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 511-519.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2004], Linder, H. P., & Moline, P. M. 2004. On the origin and rates of cladogenesis in the African Restionaceae (Cape floristic region, Southern Africa). P. 120, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2008], Moline, P., & Linder, H. P. 2008. A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 377-390.

Hardy, N. B., & Cook, L. G. 2012. Testing for ecological limitation of diversification: A case study using parasitic plants. American Naturalist 180: 438-449.

Hargreaves, A. L. [et al. 2008], Harder, L. D., & Johnson, S. D. 2008. Aloe inconspicua: The first record of an exclusively insect-pollinated aloe. South African J. Bot. 74: 606-612.

Hargrove, L., & Simpson, M. G. 2003. Ultrastructure of heterocolpate pollen in Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 137-151.

Harley, M. M. 1985. Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the tribe Fibraureae (Menispermaceae). Kew Bull. 40: 553-565.

Harley, M. M. 1999a. The fossil record and palm pollen apertures. P. 282, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Harley, M. M. 1999b. Palm pollen: Overview and examples of taxonomic value at species level. Pp. 95-120, in Henderson, A., & Borschenius, F. (eds), Evolution, Variation, and Clasification of Palms. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

Harley, M. M. 2004. Triaperturate pollen in the monocotyledons: Configurations and conjections. Plant Syst. Evol. 247: 75-122.

Harley, M. M. 2006. A summary of fossil records for Arecaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 39-67.

Harley, M. M., & Baker, W. J. 2001. Pollen aperture morphology in Arecaceae: Application within phylogenetic analyses, and a summary of the fossil record of palm-like pollen. Grana 40: 45-77.

Harley, M. M., & Daly, D. C. 1995. Burseraceae Kunth, Protieae March. em. Engl. World Pollen and Spore Flora 20: 1-44.

Harley, M. M., & Dransfield, J. 2003. Triporate pollen in the Arecaceae. Grana 42: 3-19.

Harley, M. M., & Zavada, M. S. 2000. Pollen of the monocotyledons: Selecting characters for cladistic analysis. Pp. 194-213, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harley, M. M. [et al. 2005], Song, U., & Banks, H. I. 2005. Pollen morphology and systematics of Burseraceae. Grana 44: 282-299.

Harley, P. C. [et al. 200], Monson, R. K., & Lerdau, M. T. 2008. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of isoprene emission from plants. Oecologia 118: 109-123.

Harley, R. M. 2004. Nesogenaceae. Pp. 293-295, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harley, R. M., & Pastore, J. F. B. 2012. A generic revison and new combinations in the Hyptidinae (Lamiaceae), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytotaxa 58: 1-55.

Harley, R. M. [et al. 2004], Atkins, S., Budantsev, A. L., Cantino, P. D., Conn, B. J., Grayer, M., Harley, M. M., De Kok, R., Krestovskaya, T., Moralaes, R., Paton, A. J., Ryding, O., & Upson, T. 2004. Labiatae. Pp. 167-275, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harling, G. 1946. Studien über den Blütenbau und die Embryologie der Familie Cyclanthaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 40: 257-272.

Harling, G. 1949. Die Embryologie der Gattung Hedychium Koenig. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 43: 357-364.

Harling, G. 1958. Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Hort. Bergiani 18: 1-428, pl. 1-110.

Harling, G. [et al. 1998], Wilder, G. J., & Eriksson, R. 1998. Cyclanthaceae. Pp. 202-215, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harms, H. 1893. Uber die Verwertung des anatomischen Baues für die Umgrenzung und Einteilung der Passifloraceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 15: 548-633, tab. 21.

Harms, H. 1935a. Rafflesiaceae. Pp. 242-281, in Harms, H. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 16b. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Harms, H. 1935b. Balanophoraceae. Pp. 296-339, in Harms, H. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 16b. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Harmon, L. J. [et al. 2009], Matthews, B., des Roches, S., Chase, J. M., Shurin, J. B., & Schluter, D. 2009. Evolutionary diversification in stickleback affects ecosystem functioning. Nature 458: 1167-1170.

Harper, C. J. [et al. 2013], Taylor, T. N., Krings, M., & Taylor, E. L. 2013. Mycorrhizal symbiosis in the Paleozoic seed fern Glossopteris from Antarctica. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 192: 22-31. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.002

Harpka, D. [et al. 2013], Meng, S., Rutten, T., Kerndorff, H., & Blattner, F. R. 2013. Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 66: 617-627.

Harrington, G. J., & Jaramillo, C. A. 2007. Paratropical floral extinction in the Lae Palaeocene-Early Eocene. J. Geol. Soc. 164: 323-332.

Harrington, G. J. [et al. 2011], Eberle, J., Le-Page, B. A., Dawson, M., & Hutchison, J. H. 2012 [= 2011]. Arctic plant diversity in the Early Eocene greenhouse. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 279: 1515-1521.

Harrington, M. G., & Gadek, P. A. 2009. A species well travelled - the Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) complex based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETSf sequence. J. Biogeog. 36: 2313-2323.

Harrington, M. G., & Gadek, P. A. 2010. Phylogenetics of hopbushes and pepperflowers (Dodonaea, Diplopeltis - Sapindaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial ETS sequences incorporating secondary-structure models. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 431-442.

Harrington, M. G. [et al. 2005], Edwards, K. J., Johnson, S. A., Chase, M. W., & Gadek, P. A. 2005. Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 30: 366-382.

Harrington, M. G. [et al. 2009], Biffin, E., & Gadek, P. A. 2009. Comparative study of the evolution of nuclear ribosomal specers incorporating secondary structure analyzes within Dodonaeoideae, Hippocastanoideae and Xanthoceroideae (Sapindaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 50: 364-375.

Harris, E. M. 1994. Developmental evidence for the derivation of syncephalia in Lagascea (Heliantheae; Asteraceae). American J. Bot. 81: 1139-1148.

Harris, E. M. 1999. Capitula in the Asteridae: A widespread and varied phenomenon. Bot. Rev. 65: 348-369.

Harris, E. M. 1995. Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Asteraceae: A synthesis of historical and current concepts. Bot. Review 61: 93-278.

Harris, E. M. [et al. 2012], Horn, J. W., & Wagner, W. L. 2012. Floral development of the divergent endemic Hawaiian genus Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), with special emphasis on the floral nectaries. Taxon 61: 576-591.

Harris, B. J. 1996. A revision of the Irvingiaceae of Africa. Bull. Jard. Bot. National Belgique 65: 143-196.

Harris P. J., & Hartley, R. D. 1980. Phenolic constituents of the cell wall of monocotyledons. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8: 153-160.

Harris, J. G., & Harris, M. W. 1994. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Harris, P. J. 2000. Compositions of monocotyledon cell walls: Implications for biosystematics. Pp. 114-126, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harris, P. J. 2005. Diversity in plant cell walls. Pp. 201-227, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CAB International, Wallingford.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 1999], Möller, M., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 1999. Evolution and development of floral diversity in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia. Ann. Bot. 84: 49-60.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 2005a], Möller, M., Langdale, J. A., Cronk, Q. C. B., & Hudson, A. 2005a. the role of KNOX genes in the evolution of morphological novelty in Streptocarpus. Plant Cell 17: 430-443.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 2005b], Corley, S. B., Moylan, E. C., Alexander, D. L., Scotland, R. W., & Langdale, J. A. 2005b. Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution. Nature 434: 509-514.

Harrison, J. E., & Beveridge, T. 2002. Fruit structure of Hippophae rhamnoides cv. Indian Summer (sea buckthorn). Canadian J. Bot. 80: 399-409.

Harrison, R. D. 2005. Figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. BioScience 55: 1053-1064.

Harrison, R. D., & Shanahan, M. 2005. Seventy-seven ways to be a fig: Overview of a diverse plant assemblage. Pp. 111-127, in Roubik, D. W., Sakai, S., & Hamid Karim, A. A. (eds), Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest. Sarawak Studies. Springer.

Harry, M. [et al. 1996], Solignac, M., & Lachaise, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation in the Afrotropical region of the Paleotropical genus Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) on the pantropical genus Ficus (Moraceae). J. Biogeog. 23: 543-552.

Harry, M. [et al. 1998], Solignac, M., & Lachaise, D. 1998. Molecular evidence for parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9: 542-551.

Hart, J. A. 1987. A cladistic analysis of conifers: Preliminary results. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 269-307.

Hart, J. A., & Price, R. A. 1990. The genera of Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 71: 275-322.

Hart, T. B. 1990. Monospecific dominance in tropical rain forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5: 6-11.

Hart, T. B. [et al. 1989], Hart, J. A., & Murphy, P. G. 1989. Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid tropics: Causes for their co-occurence. American Naturalist 133: 613-633.

Harte, C. 1993. Oenothera: Contributions of a Plant to Biology. Springer, London. [Monogr. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 20]

Harter, B. [et al. 2002], Leistikow, C., Wilms, W., Truylio, B., & Engels, W. 2002. Bees collecting pollen from flowers with poricidal anthers in a south Brazilian Araucaria forest: A community study. J. Apicult. Res. 40: 9-16.

Hartl, D. 1956. Morphologische Studien am Pistill der Scrophulariaceen. Österreichische Bot. Zeitschr. 103: 184-242.

Hartl, D. 1957. Struktur und Herkunft des Endokarps der Rutaceen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 34: 35-49.

Hartl, D. 1958. Die Übereinstimmungen des Endokarps der Simaruoubaceen, Rutaceen und leguminosen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 34: 453-455.

Hartl, D. 1959. Das alveolierte Endosperm bei Scrophulariaceen, seine Entstehung, Anatomie und taxonomische Bedeutung. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 35: 95-110.

Hartl, D. 1962. Die morphologische Natur und Verbreitung des Apicalseptums. Analyse einer bisher unbekannten Gestaltungsmöglichkeit des Gynoeciums. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 37: 241-330.

Hartl, D. 1964. Das Placentoid der Pollensäcke: Ein Merkmal der Tubifloren. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 76: (70)-(72).

Hartl, D. 1965–1974. In G. Hegi [ed.], Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, 4 Teil, Lief. 1-8 (Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Globulariaceae, Plantaginaceae), ed. 2. Parey, Berlin. [Or: 1 Teil, 4 Teil, Lief 1-8.]

Hartl, D. 1966. Uber einige Sprossleisten verschiedener Organzugehörigkeit. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 42: 145-149.

Hartl, D., & Severin, I. 1981. Verwachsungen in Umfeld des Griffels bei Allium, Cyanastrum und Heliconia und den Monocotylen allgemein. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 55: 235-260.

Hartl, W. P. [et al. 2007], Klapper, H., Barbier, B., Ensikat, H. J., Dronskowski, R., Müller, P., Ostendorp, G., Tye, A., Bauer, R., & Barthlott, W. 2007. Diversity of calcium oxalate crystals in Cactaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 85: 501-517.

Hartley, R. D., & Harris, P. J. 1981. Phenolic consituents of the cell walls of dicotyledons. Biochem. Syst. Evol. 9: 189-203.

Hartley, T. G. 1981. A revision of the genus Tetradium (Rutaceae). Gard. Bull. Singapore 34: 91-131.

Hartley, T. G. 2001a. On the taxonomy and biogeography of Euodia and Melicope (Rutaceae). Allertonia 8: 1-319.

Hartley, T. G. 2001b. Morphology and biogeography in Australasian-Malesian Rutaceae. Malaysian Nature J. 55: 197-219.

Hartley, T. G. 2003. Neoschmidia, a new genus of Rutaceae from New Caledonia. Adansonia ser. III, 25: 7-12.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 1988. Fruit types in Mesembryanthema. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 63: 313-349.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 1993. Aizoaceae. Pp. 37-69, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. (ed.). 2001a. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Aizoaceae A-E. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. (ed.) 2001b. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Aizoaceae F-Z. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2004. Adaptations and phytogeography in the ice-plant family Aizoaceae - the interaction of the genetic equipment and ecological parameters. I. One leaf-pair is the plant. Bradleya 22: 21-36.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2006. Adaptations and phytogeography in the ice-plant family Aizoaceae - the interaction of the genetic equipment and ecological parameters. II. Hide-and-seek: Plants sunk in the ground. Bradleya 24: 1-38.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2007. Studies in Aizoaceae: Eight new subgenera in Drosanthemum Schwantes. Bradleya 25: 145-176.

Hartmann, H. E. K., & Niesler, I. M. 2009. On the evolution of nectaries in Aizoaceae. Bradleya 27: 69-120.

Hartmann, H. E. K. [et al. 2011], Meve, U., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2011. Towards a revision of Trianthema, the Cinderella of Aizoaceae. Plant Ecol. Evol. 144: 177-213.

Hartmann, T., & Ober, D. 2000. Biosynthesis and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plants and specialized insect herbivores. Pp. 207-244, in Leeper, F. J., & Vederas, J. C. (eds)., Topics in Current Chemistry: Biosynthesis - Aromatic Polyketides, Isoprenoids, Alkaloids. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, T., & Ober, D. 2008. Defense by pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Developed by plants and recruited by insects. Pp. 213-231 in Schaller, A. (ed.), Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, T., & Witte, L. 1995. Chemistry, biology and chemoecology of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pp. 155-233, in Pelletier, S. W. (ed.), Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, vol. 9. Pergamon, Oxford.

Hartmann, T. [et al. 2003], Theuring, C., Witte, L., Schulz, S., & Pasteels, J. M. 2003. Biochemical processing of plant acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids by the neotropical leaf-beetle Platyphora boucardii. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33: 515-523.

Hartmeyer, I., & Hartmeyer, S. R. H. 2010. Sanp-tentacles and runway lights: Summary of comparative examination of Drosera tentacles. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 39: 101-113.

Hartmeyer, S. 1997. Carnivory in Byblis revisited - A simple method for enzyme testing on carnivorous plants. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 26: 39-35.

Hartmeyer, S. 1998. Carnivory in Byblis revisited II: The phenomenon of symbiosis on insect trapping plants. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 27: 110-113.

Hartmeyer, S. R. H. [et al. 2013], Hartmeyer, I., Masselter, T., Seidel, R., Speck, T., & Poppinga, S. 2013. Catapults into a deadly trap: The unique prey capture mechanism of Drosera glanduligera. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 42: 4-14.

Hartwich, S. J. [et al. 2010], Conran, J. G., Bannister, J. M., Lindqvist, J. K. & Lee, D. E. 2010. Calamoid fossil palm leaves and fruits (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from Late Eocene Southland, New Zealand. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 131-140.

Hasebe, M. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of Ginkgo biloba: Close relationships between Ginkgo biloba and cycads. Pp. 173-181, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Hasebe, M. 1999. Evolution of reproductive organs in land plants. J. Plant Res. 112: 463-474.

Hasebe, M. [et al. 1994], Omori, T., Nakazawa, M., Sano, T., Kato, M., & Iwatsuki, K. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 5730-5734.

Hasebe, M. [et al.1995], Wolf. P. G., Pryer, K. M., Ueda, K., Ito, M., Sano, R., Gastony, G. J., Yokoyama, J., Manhart, J. R., Murakami, M., Crane, E. H., Haufler, C. H., & Hauk, W. D. 1995. Fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern J. 85: 134-181.

Hasenstab-Lehman, K. E., & Simpson, M. G. 2012. Cat's eyes and popcorn flowers: Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cryptantha s.l. (Boraginaceae). Syst. Bot. 37: 738-757.

Hashimoto, Y. [et al. 2012], Fukukawa, S., Kunishi, A., Suga, H., Richard, F., Sauve, M., & Selosse, M. A. 2012. Mycoheterotrophic germination of Pyrola asarifolia dust seeds reveals convergences with germination in orchids. New Phytol. 195: 620-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04174.x

Haskins, M. L., & Hayden, W. J. 1987. Anatomy and affinities of Penthorum. American J. Bot. 74: 164-177.

Hassan, N. M. S. [et al. 2005a], Meve, U., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2005a. Seed coat morphology of Aizoaceae-Sesuvioideae, Gisekiaceae and Molluginaceae and its systematic significance. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 148: 189-206.

Hassan, N. M. S. [et al. 2005b], Thiede, J., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2005b. Phylogenetic analysis of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) inferred from nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and morphological data. Plant Syst. Evol. 255: 121-143.

Hasselberg, G. B. E. 1937. Zur Morphologie des vegetativen Sprosses der Loganiaceen. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 2(3): 1-170.

Haston, E., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. 2007. Inflorescence and floral development in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae) with particular reference to the impact of bracteole suppression. Plant Syst. Evol. 265: 13-25.

Haston, E. [et al. 2007], Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., & Harris, D. J. 2007. A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families. Taxon 56: 7-12.

Haston, E. [et al. 2009], Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., & Harris, D. J. 2009. The linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: A linear sequence of the families in APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 128-131.

Hastorf, C. A. 2009. Rio Balsas most likely region for maize domestication. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 4957-4958.

Hata, J.-I. [et al. 2000], Hua, O., Yang, C., Shimizu, K., & Taya, M. 2000. Characterization of energy conversion based on metabolic flux analysis in mixotrophic liverwort cells, Marchantia polymorpha. Biochem. Engin. J. 6: 65-74.

Hatada, A. [et al. 2001], Ishiguro, S., Itioka, T., & Kawano, S. 2007. Myrmecosymbiosis in the Bornean Macaranga species with special reference to food bodies (Beccarian bodies) and extrafloral nectaries. Plant Species Biol. 16: 241-246.

Hatfield, R. D. [et al. 2009], Marita, J. M., Frost, K., Grabber, J., Ralph, J., Lu, F., & Kim, H. 2009. Grass lignin acylation:p-coumaroyl transferase activity and cell wall characteristics of C3 and C4 grasses. Planta 229: 1253-1267.

Haug, I. [et al. 2004], Lempe, J., Homeier, J., Weiß, M., Setaro, S.., Oberwinkler, F., & Kottke, I. 2004. Graffenrieda emarginata (Melastomataceae) forms mycorrhizas with Glomeromycota and a member of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate in the organic soil of a neotropical mountain rain forest. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 340-356.

Haug, I. [et al. 2005], Weiß, M., Homeier, J., Oberwinkler, F., & Kottke, I. 2005. Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae form ectomycorrhizas with members of Nyctaginaceae (Caryophyllales) in the tropical mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. New Phytol. 165: 923-936.

Hauk, W. D. [et al. 2003], Parks, C. R., & Chase, M. W. 2003. Phylogenetic studies of Ophioglossaceae: Evidence from rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences and morphology. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 28: 131-151.

Havey, M. J. [et al. 1998], McCreight, J. D., Rhodes, B., & Taurik, G. 1998. Differential transmission of the Cucumis organellar genomes. Theoret. Applied Genet. 97: 122-128.

Havill, N. P., & Footit, R. G. 2007. Biology and evolution of Adelgidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 52: 325-349.

Havill, N. P. [et al. 2007], Footit, R. G., & von Dohlen, C. D. 2007. Evolution of host specialization in the Adelgidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) inferred from molecular phylogenetics. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44: 357-370.

Hawkins, B. A., & Porter, E. E. 2003 [= 2002]. Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? The case of California butterflies. American Naturalist 161: 40-49.

Hawksworth, F. G., & Wiens,, D. 1972. Biology and Classification of Dwarf Miseltoes (Arceuthobium) (Agriculture Handbook 401). Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington.

Haworth, M. [et al. 2011], Elliott-Kingston, C., & McElwain, J. C. 2011. Stomatal control as a driver of plant evolution. J. Experim. Bot. 62: 2419-2423.

Haworth, M. [et al. 2013], Elliott-Kingston, C., & McElwain, J. C. 2013. Co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to elevated [CO2] in vascular plants. Oecologia 171: 71-82.

Hawthorne, W. D., & Hughes, C. E. 2008. Optimising liear taxon sequences derived from phylogenetic trees - a reply to Haston & al. Taxon 57: 698-704.

Hay, A., & Mabberley, D. J. 1991. 'Transference of Function' and the origin of aroids: Their significance in early angiosperm evolution. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 113: 339-428.

Hayashi, K., & Kawano, S. 2000. Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): Phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on the rbcL and matK gene sequence data. Plant Species Biol. 15: 73-93.

Hayashi, K. [et al. 1998], Yoshida, S., Kato, H., Utech, F. H., Wigham, D., & Kawano, S. 1998. Molecular systematics of the genus Uvularia and selected Liliales based on matK and rbcL gene sequence data. Plant Species Biol. 13: 120-146.

Hayden, W. J. 1977. Comparative anatomy and systematics of Picrodendron, genus incertae sedis. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 257-279.

Hayden, W. J. 1988. Ontogeny of the cotyledonary region of Chamaesyce maculata (Euphorbiaceae). American J. Bot. 75: 1701-1713.

Hayden, W. J. 1994. Systematic anatomy of Euphorbiaceae subfamily Oldfieldioideae. I. Overview. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 180-202.

Hayden, W. J., & Brandt, D. S. 1984. Wood anatomy and relationships of Neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae). Syst. Bot. 9: 458-466.

Hayden, W. J., & Hayden, S. M. 2000. Wood anatomy of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae). IAWA J. 21: 213-235.

Hayes, V., Schneider, E. L., & Carlquist, S. 2000. Floral development of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S183-S191.

Haynes, R. R. 1978. The Potomagetonaceae in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 59: 170-191.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph 56. The Limnocharitaceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph 64. The Alismataceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 2001. The genera of Hydrocharitaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Papers Bot. 5: 201-275.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 2003. Flora Neotropica Monograph 85. Potamogetonaceae. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Haynes, R. R. [et al. 1998a], Holm-Nielsen, L. B., & Les, D. H. 1998a. Najadaceae, pp. 301-305, and Ruppiaceae, pp. 445-448, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Haynes, R. R. [et al. 1998b], Les, D. H., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1998b. Alismataceae, pp. 11-18, Juncaginaceae, pp. 260-263, Limnocharitaceae, pp. 271-274, Potamogetonaceae, pp. 408-414, Scheuchzeriaceae, pp. 449-450, and Zannichelliaceae, pp. 470-473, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

He, C., & Saedler, H. 2007. Molecular evolution of a morphological novelty in Solanaceae: The Inflated-Calyx-Syndrome (ICS) in Physalis. Pp. 171-181, in Spooner, D. M., Bohs, L., Giovannoni, J., Olmstead, R. G., & Shibata, D. (eds), Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. ISHA Section Root and Tuber Crops. [Acta Hortic. 745.]

He, J.-B. [et al. 1991], Sun, X.-Z., Zhong, Y., & Huang, D. 1991. Cladistic studies on the genus Ottelia (Hydrochartitaceae). J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 9: 121-129. [In Chinese.]

He, L.-J., & Zhang, X.-C. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 757-764.

He, T. [et al. 2011], Lamont, B. B., & Downes, K. S. 2011. Banksia born to burn. New Phytol. 191: 184-196.

He, T. [et al. 2012], Pausas, J. G., Belcher, C. M., Schwilk, D. W., & Lamont, B. B. 2012. Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous. New Phytol. 195: 751-759.

He, Z.-C. [et al. 2004], Li, J.-Q., & Wang, H. C. 2004. Karyomorphology of Davidia involucrata and Camptotheca acuminata, with special reference to their systematic positions. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 144: 193-198.

Heads, M. 2008. Panbiogeography of New Caledonia, south-west Pacific: Basal angiosperms on basement terranes, ultramafic endemics inherited from volcanic island arcs and old taxa endemic to young islands. J. Biogeog. 25: 2153-2175.

Heads, M. 2012. South Pacific biogeography, tectonic calibration, and pre-drift tectonics: Cladogenesis in Abrotanella (Asteraceae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 107: 938-952.

Heard, T. A. 1999. The role of stingless bees in crop pollination. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 44: 183-206.

Hearn, D. J. 2006. Adenia (Passifloraceae) and its adaptive radiation: Phylogeny and growth form diversification. Syst. Bot. 31: 805-821.

Hearn, D. J. 2009a. Descriptive anatomy and evolutionary patterns of anatomical diversification in Adenia (Passifloraceae). Aliso 27: 13-38.

Hearn, D. J. 2009b. Developmental patterns in anatomy are shared among separate evolutionary origins of stem succulent and storage root-bearing growth habits in Adenia (Passifloraceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1941-1956.

Hearn, D. J. 2013. Dissection of evolutionary networks to assess their role in the evolution of robustness, function, and diversification. Evolution 67: 2273-2283.

Hebeler, F. 2000. Structural and Ecophysiological Shoot Features on the Leafless Cucurbit Acanthosicyos horridus, a Keystone Endemic of the Namib Desert. Diplomarbeit, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität-Giessen.

Heckard, L. R. 1963. The Hydrophyllaceae. Quart. Review Biol. 38: 117-123.

Heckmann, D. [et al. 2013], Schulze, S., Denton, A., Gowik, U., Westhoff, P., Weber, A. P., & Lercher, M. J. 2013. Predicting C4 photosynthesis evolution: Modular, individually adaptive steps on a Mount Fuji fitness lanscape. Cell 153: 1579-1588.

Hedge, I. C. [et al. 1980], Kjaer, A., & Malver, O. 1980. Dipterygium - Cruciferae or Capparaceae? Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38: 247-250.

Hedges, S. B. [et al. 2004], Blair, J. E., Venturi, M. L., & Shoe, J. L. 2004. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BioMedCentral Evol. Biol. 4: 2.

Hedrén, M. [et al. 1995], Chase, M. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 1995. Relationships in the Acanthaceae and related families as suggested by cladistic analysis of rbcL nucleotide sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 194: 93-109.

Hedtke, S. M. [et al. 2006], Townsend, T. M., & Hillis, D. M. 2006. Resolution of phylogenetic conflict in large data stes by increased taxon sampling. Syst. Biol. 55: 522-529.

Heenan, P. B. [et al. 2012], Goeke, D. F., Houliston, G. J., & Lysak, M. A. 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and rbcL DNA sequences for sixteen genera of Australian and New Zealand Brassicaceae result in the expansion of the tribe Microlepidieae. Taxon 61: 970-979.

Hegi, G. 1965. Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa, Band III, Teil 3, Lief. 1. Carl Hanser, Munich.

Heglmeier, A., & Zidorn, C. 2010. Secondary metabolites of Posidonia oceanica (Posidoniaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38: 964-970.

Hegnauer, R. 1962-onwards. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 1, 1962; vol. 2, 1963; vol. 3, 1964; vol. 5, 1969a; vol. 6, 1973; vol. 7, 1986; vol. 8, 1989; vol. 9, 1990; vol. 10, 1992 [index]; vol. 11a, 1994; vol. 11b-1, 1996. Birkhäuser, Basel.

Hegnauer, R. 1969b. Chemical evidence for the classification of some plant taxa. Pp. 121-138, in Harborne, J. B., & Swain, T. (eds), Perspectives in Phytochemistry. Academic Press, London.

Hegnauer, R. 1971. Chemical patterns and relationships of Umbelliferae. Pp. 267-277, in Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae. Academic Press, London.

Hegnauer, R. 1977. Cyanogenic compounds as systematic markers in Tracheophyta. Pp. 191-209, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Flowering Plants: Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1.]

Hegnauer, R. 1986. Comparative phytochemistry and plant taxonomy. Giorn. Bot. Italiano 120: 15-26.

Hegnauer, R. 1988. Biochemistry, distribution and taxonomic relevance of higher plant alkaloids. Phytochem. 27: 2423-2427.

Hegnauer, R., & Grayer-Barkmeijer, R. J. 1993. Relevance of seed polysaccharides and flavonoids for the classification of the Leguminosae: A chemotaxonomic approach. Phytochem. 34: 3-16.

Hegnauer, R., & Hegnauer, M. 2001. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 11b-2. Birkhäuser, Basel.

Hegnauer, R., & Kooiman, P. 1978. Die systematische Bedeutung von iridoiden Inhaltstoffen in Rahmen von Wettsteins's Tubiflorae. Planta Medica 33: 1-33.

Heibl, C., & Renner, S. S. 2012. Distribution models and a dated phylogeny for Chilean Oxalis species reveal occupation of new habitats by different lineages, not rapid adaptive radiation. Syst. Biol. 61: 823-834.

Heide-Jørgensen, H. S. 2008. Parasitic Flowering Plants. Brill, Leiden.

Heikkilä, M. [et al. 2011], Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C., & Wahlberg, N. 2012 [= 2011]. Cretaceous origin and repeated Tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 279: 1093-1099.

Heil, M. [et al. 2009], González-Teuber, M., Clement, L. W., Kautz, S., Verhaagh, M., & Bueno, J. C. S. 2009. Divergent investment strategies of Acacia myrmecophytes and coexistence of mutualists and exploiters. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18091-19096.

Heilborn, O. 1931. Studies on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and embryology of the genus Siparuna Aubl. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 202-228.

Heilbuth, J. C. 2000. Species richness in dioecious clades. American Naturalist 156: 221-241.

Heilmeier, H., & Hartung, W. 2011. Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter: An aquatic poikilohydric angiosperm that is perfectly adapted to its complex and extreme anvironmental conditions. Pp. 233-251, in Lüttge, U., Beck, E., & Bertels, D. (eds), Plant Dessication Tolerance. Springer, Berlin. [Ecological Studies vol. 215.]

Heimhofer, U. [et al. 2005], Hochuli, P. A., Burla, S., Dinis, J., & Weissert, H. 2005. Timing of Early Cretaceous angiosperm diversification and possible links to major paleoenvironmental change. Geology 33: 141-144.

Heimhofer, U. [et al. 2007], Hochuli, P. A., Burla, S., & Weissert, H. 2007. New records of Early Cretaceous pollen from Portugese coastal deposits: Implications for the timing of the early angiosperm radiation. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 144: 39-76.

Heimsch, C., & Seago, J. L., Jr. 2008. Organization of the root apical meristem in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 95: 1-21.

Heinig, K. H. 1951. Studies in the floral morphology of the Thymelaeaceae. American J. Bot. 38: 113-132.

Heinrichs, J. [et al. 2006], Hentschel, J., Wilson, R., Feldberg, K., & Schneider, H. 2006. Evolution of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniidae, Marchantiophyta): Estimating divergence times from chloroplast DNA sequences using penalized likelihood with integrated fosil evidence. Taxon 56: 31-44.

Heintzelman, C. E. Jr., & Howard, R. A. 1948. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. V. The pubescence and the crystals. American J. Bot. 35: 42-52.

Heiss, A. G. [et al. 2011], Kropf, M., Sontag, S., & Weber, A. 2011. Seed morphology of Nigella s.l. (Ranunculaceae): Identification, diagnostic traits, and their potential phylogenetic relevance. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 267-284.

Hekking, W. H. A. 1984. Studies on neotropical Violaceae: The genus Fusispermum. Proc. Kon. Nederlands Akad. Wetensch. Bot. C 87: 121-130, figs 1-2.

Hekking, W. H. A. 1988. Flora Neotropica. Monograph 46. Violaceae Part I - Rinorea and Rinoreocarpus. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Heklau, H. [et al. 2012], Gasson, P., Schweingruber, F., & Baas, P. 2012. Wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s.l.). IAWA J. 33: 205-232.

Helber, N. [et al. 2011], Wippel, K., Sauer, N., Schaarschmidt, S., Hause, B., & Requena, N. 2011. A versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. is crucial for the symbiotic relationships with plants. Plant Cell. 23: 3812-3823.

Heller, J. 1935. Über die männlichen Kätzchen windblütiger Holzgewächse. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 1, 53: 51-94.

Hellwig, F. H. 2004. Centaureinae (Asteraceae) in the Mediterranean - history and ecogeograophical radiation. PLant Syst. Evol. 246: 137-162.

Hellwig, F. H. 2006. Calyceraceae. Pp. 19-25, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Hembry, D. H. [et al. 2013], Kawakita, A., Gurr, N. E., Schmaedick, M. A., Baldwin, B. G., & Gillespie, R. G. 2013. Non-congruent colonizations and diversification in a coevolving pollination mutualism on oceanic islands. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 280: 21030361.

Hemingway, C. A. [et al. 2011], Christensen, A. R., & Malcomber, S. T. 2011. B- and C-class gene expression during corona development of the blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea, Passifloraceae). American J. Bot. 98: 923-934.

Hemminga, M. A., & Duarte, C. M. 2000. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hempel, A. L. [et al. 1995], Reeves, P. A., Olmstead, R. G., & Jansen, R. K. 1995. Implications of rbcL sequence data for higher order relationships of the Loasaceae and the anomalous aquatic plant Hydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 194: 25-37.

Hemsley, A. R., & Poole, I. (eds). 2004. The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hemsley, W. B. 1903. On the genus Corynocarpus, Forst., with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Bot. 17: 743-760, pl. 36.

Henderson, A. 1986. A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Bot. Review 52: 221-259.

Henderson, A. 2002. Evolution and Ecology of Palms. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, N.Y.

Henderson, F. M. 2006. Morphology and anatomy of palm seedlings. Bot. Review 72: 273-329.

Henderson, F. M., & Stevenson, D. W. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Arecaceae based on seedling morphological and anatomical data. Pp. 251-264, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 251-264.]

Hendry, G. A. F. 1993. Evolutionary origins and natural functions of fructans - a climatological, biogeographic and mechanistic appraisal. New Phytol. 123: 3-14.

Hendry, G. A. F., & Wallace, R. K. 1993. The origin, distribution and evolutionary significance of fructans. Pp. 119-139, in Suzuki, M., & Chatterton, J. N. (eds), Science and Technology of Fructans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA.

Henkel, T. W. 2003. Monodominance in the ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) from Guyana. J. Trop. Ecol. 19: 417-437.

Henkel, T. W. [et al. 2002], Terborgh, J., & Vilgalys, R. J. 2002. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their leguminous hosts in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Mycol. Res. 106: 515-531.

Henkel, T. W. [et al. 2012], Aime, M. C., Chin, M. M. L., Miller, S. L., Vilgalys, R., & Smith, M. E. 2012. Ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp diversity and discovery of new taxa in Dicymbe monodominant forests of the Guiana Shield. Biodiover. Conserv. 21: 2195-2220.

Hennequin, S. [et al. 2008], Schuettpelz, E., Pryer, K. M., Ebihara, A., & Dubuisson, J.-Y. 2008. Divergence times and the evolution of epiphytism in filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) revisited. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1278-1287.

Hennequin, S. [et al. 2010], Ebihara, A., Dubuisson, J.-Y., & Schneider, H. 2010. Chromosome number evolution in Hymenophyllum (Hymenophyllaceae), with special reference to the subgenus Hymenophyllum. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 55: 47-59.

Hennig, S. [et al. 1994], Barthlott, W., Meusel, I., & Theisen, I. 1994. Mikromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae und Hamamelididae. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 90: 1-60.

Henrickson, J. 1969. Anatomy of periderm and cortex of Fouquieriaceae. Aliso 7: 97-126.

Henrickson, J., & Flyr, L. D. 1985. Systematics of Leucophyllum and Eremogeton (Scrophulariaceae). Sida 11: 107-172.

Henry, A. 1846. Knospenbilder, ein Beitrag zur der Verzweigungsart der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akad. Naturf. 22: 171–342.

Henslow, G. 1893. A theoretical origin of the endogens from exogens through self-adaptation to an aquatic habitat. J. Linnean Soc. Bot. 29: 485-528.

Hentrich, H. 2008. The Reproductive Biolofy of Euglossine-Pollinated Bees in the Natural Reserve Nouragues, French Guiana. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat., Facultät fur Naturwissenschaften, Universität Ulm.

Hentrich, H. [et al. 2010a], Kaiser, R., & Gottsberger, G. 2010a. The reproductive biology of Voyria (Gentianaceae) species in French Guiana. Taxon 59: 867-880.

Hentrich, H. [et al. 2010b], Kaiser, R., & Gottsberger, G. 2010b. Floral biology and reproductive isolation by floral scent in three sympatric aroid species in French Guiana. Plant Biol. 12: 587-96.

Henwood, M. J., & Hart, J. M. 2001. Towards an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Australian Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 269-289.

Henwood, M. J. [et al. 2010], Lu-Irving, P., & Perkins, A. J. 2010. Can molecular systematics provide insights into aspects of the reproductive biology of Trachymene Rudge (Araliaceae)? Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 85-110.

He-Nygrén, X. [et al. 2004], Ahonen, I., Juslén, A., Glenny, D., & Piippo, S. 2004. Phylogeny of liverworts - beyond a leaf and a thallus. Pp. 87-118, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

He-Nygrén, X. [et al. 2006], Juslén, A., Ahonen, I., Glenny, D., & Piippo, S. 2006. Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) - towards a natural classification. Cladistics 22: 1-31.

Heo, H. 199-? Pericarp anatomy in Lauraceae (Laurales): Its systematic and evolutionary implications. Missouri Bot. Gard. Library.

Heo, K., & Tobe, H. 1994. Embryology and relationships of Suriana maritima L. (Surianaceae). J. Plant Res. 107: 29–37.

Heo, K., & Tobe, H. 1995. Embryology and relationships of Gyrocarpus and Hernandia (Hernandiaceae). J. Plant Res. 108: 327-341.

Heo, K. [et al. 1998], van der Werff, H., & Tobe, H. 1998. Embryology and relationships of Lauraceae (Laurales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 126: 295-322.

Heo, K. [et al. 2004], Kinoto, Y., Riveros, M., & Tobe, H. 2004. Embryology of Gomortegaceae (Laurales): Characteristics and character evolution. J. Plant Res. 117: 221-228.

Heraty, J. M. [et al. 2013], Burks, R. A., Cruaud, A., Gibson, G. A. P., Liljeblad, J., Munro, J., Rasplus, J.-Y., Delvare, G., Janšta, P., Gumovsky, A., Huber, J., Woolley, J. B., Krogmann, L., Heydon, S., Polaszek, A., Schmidt, S., Darling, D. C., Gates, M. W., Mottern, J., Murray, E., Dal Molin, A., Triapitsyn, S., Baur, H., Pinto, J. D., van Noort, S., George, J., & Yoder, M. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542. doi: 10.1111/cla.12006

Herber, B. E. 2002a. Pollen morphology of Thymelaeaceae in relation to its taxonomy. Plant Syst. Evol. 232: 107-121.

Herber, B. E. 2002b. Thymelaeaceae. Pp. 373-396, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Herbert, J. [et al. 2006], Chase, M. W., Möller, M., & Abbott, R. J. 2006. Nuclear and plastid DNA sequences confirm the placement of the enigmatic Canacomyrica monticola in Myricaceae. Taxon 55: 349-357.

Herendeen, P. S. 2000. Structural evolution in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). Pp. 45-64, in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Herendeen, P. S., & Miller, R. B. 2000. Utility of wood anatomical characters in cladistic studies. IAWA J. 21: 247-276.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1995], Crane, P. R., & Drinnan, A. N. 1995. Fagaceous flowers, fruits and cupules from the Campanian (late Cretaceous) of central Georgia, U.S.A.. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 156: 93-116.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1999a], Magallon-Puebla, S., Lupia, R., Crane, P. R., & Kobylinska, J. 1999a. A preliminary conspectus of the Allon flora from the Late Cretaceous (Late Santonian) of central Georgia, U.S.A. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 407-471.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1999b], Wheeler, E. A., & Baas, P. 1999b. Angiosperm wood evolution and the potential contribution of paleontological data. Bot. Review 65: 278-300.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 2003a], Lewis, G. P., & Bruneau, A. 2003a. Floral morphology in Caesalpinioid legumes: Testing the monophyly of the "Umtiza clade". Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S393-S407.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 2003b], Bruneau, A., & Lewis, G. P. 2003b. Phylogenetic relationships in Caesalpinioid legumes: A preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data. Pp. 37-62, in Kligaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 10. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Herhey, D. R. 2004. The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque or calvaria tree absoultely required the dodo bird for its seeds to germinate. Plant Sci. Bull. 50: 105-108.

Hermann, P. M., & Palser, B. F. 2000. Stamen development in the Ericaceae. I. Anther wall, microsporogenesis, inversion, and appendages. American J. Bot. 87: 934-957.

Hermsen, E. J. 2013. A review of the fossil record of the genus Itea (Iteaceae, Saxifragales) with comments on its historical biogeography. Bot. Rev. 79: 1-47.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2003], Gandolfo, M. A., Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2003. Divisestylus gen. nov. (aff. Iteaceae), a fossil saxifrage from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, U.S.A.. American J. Bot. 90: 1373-1388.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2006a], Taylor, T. N., Taylor, E. L., & Stevenson D. W. 2006a. Cataphylls of the Middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution. American J. Bot. 93: 724-738.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2006b], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2006b. The impact of extinct taxa on understanding the early evolution of angiosperm clades: An example incorporating fossil reproductive structures of Saxifragales. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 141-169.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2012], Gandolfo, M. A., & Zamaloa, M. del C. 2012. The fossil record of Eucalyptus in Patagonia. American J. Bot. 99: 1356-1374.

Hernandez S., L. 1995. Taxonomic study of the Mexican genus Hemiphylacus (Hyacintheaceae). Syst. Bot. 20: 546-554.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R., & Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. 1999. Reproductive and vegetative organs with affinities to Haloragaceae from the upper Cretaceous Huepac Chert locality of Sonora, Mexico. American J. Bot. 86: 1717-1734.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R. [et al. 2001], Rothwell, G. W., & Mapes, G. 2001. Thucydiaceae fam. nov., with a review and reevaluation of Paleozoic walchian conifers. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1155-1185.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R. [et al. 2009], Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W., & Mapes, G. 2009. Reconstructing Emporia lockardii (Voltziales: Emporiaceae) and initial thoughts on Paleozoic conifer ecology. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1056-1074.

Hernández-Hernández, T. [et al. 2011], Hernández, H. M., De-Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L. E., & Magallón, S. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). American J. Bot. 98: 44-61.

Hernández-Hernández, V. [et al. 2012], Terrazas, T., Mehltreter, K., & Angeles, G. 2012. Studies of petiolar anatomy in ferns: Structural diversity and systematic significance of the circumendodermal band. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 596-610.

Hernández-Ledesma, P. [et al. 2011], Terrazas, T., & Flores-Olvera, H. 2011. Comparative stem anatomy of Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 292: 117-132.

Herppich, W. B. 2004. Ist der CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) eine Anpassung an Trockenstress? Schumannia 4 [= Biodivers. Ecol. 2]: 207-215.

Herr, J. M. Jr. 1961. Endosperm development and associated ovule modifications in the genus Ilex. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 77: 26-32.

Herr, J. M. Jr., & Dowd, M. L. 1968. Development of the ovule and megagametophyte in Oxalis corniculata L. Phyomorphology 18: 43-55.

Herre, E. A. 1996. An overview of studies on a community of Panamanian figs. J. Biogeog. 23: 593-607.

Herre, E. A. [et akl. 2005], van Bael, S. A., Maynard, Z., Robbins, N., Bischoff, J., Arnold, A. E., Rojas, E., Mejia, L. C., Cordera, R. A., Woodward, C., & Kyllo, D. A. 2005. Tropical plants as chimera: Some implications of foliar endophytic fungi for the study of host-plant defence, physiology and genetics. Pp. 226-237, in Burslem, D. F. R. P., Pinard, M. A., & Hartley, S. E. (eds). Biotic Interactions in the Trpics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Herre, E. A. [et al. 2008], Jandér, K. C., & Machado, C. A. 2008. Evolutionary ecology of figs and their associates: Recent progress and outstanding puzzles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 39: 439-458.

Herrera, F. A. [et al. 2008], Jaramillo, C. A., Dilcher, D. L., Wing, S. L., & Gómez-N. 2008. Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American J. Bot. 95: 1569-1583.

Herrera, F. [et al. 2011], Manchester, S. R., Hoot, S. B., Wefferling, K. M., Carvalho, M. R., & Jaramillo, C. 2011. Phytogeographic implications of fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the Paleocene of Colombia. American J. Bot. 98: 2004-2017.

Herrera, F. [et al. 2012], Manchester, S. R., & Jaramillo, C. 2012. Permineralized fruits from the late Eocene of Panama give clues of the composition of forests established early in the uplift of Central America. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 175: 10-24.

Herrera, J. [et al. 2009], Khidir, H., & Porras-Alfaro, A. 2009. Fungal endophytes as coprophiles? P. 40, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Herrera, J. [et al. 2010], Manchester, S. R., Jaramillo, C., McFadden, B., & de Silva-Caminha, S. A. 2010. Phytogeographic history and phylogeny of the Humiriaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 392-408.

Herrera, M. 1989. Seed dispersal by animals: A role in angiosperm diversification? American Naturalist 133: 309-322.

Herrera, M., & Arbeloa, A. 1989. Influence of the pistil on pollen tube kinetics in peach (Prunus persica). American J. Bot. 76: 1441-1447.

Herrmann, S. 1951. Heteroplastische Transplantationem bei Holzpflanzen. Naturwissenschaften 38: 101.

Hershkovitz, M. A. 1993. Revised circumscriptions and subgeneric taxonomies of Calandrinia and Montiopsis (Portulacaceae) with notes on phylogeny of the portulacaceous alliance. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 333-365.

Hershkovitz, M. A. 2006. Ribosomal and chloroplast DNA evidence for diversification of western American Portulacaceae in the Andean region. Gayana Bot. 63: 13-74.

Hershkovitz, M. A., & Zimmer, E. A. 1997. On the evolutionary origins of the cacti. Taxon 46: 217-232.

Hershkovitz, M. A., & Zimmer, E. A. 2000. Ribosomal DNA evidence and disjunctions of western American Portulacaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 15: 419-439.

Hertel, R. J. C. 1959. Contribuições para a fi tologia teórica II. Algumas concepções na carpologia. Humanitas 4: 1-43.

Herzog, T. 1936. Sapindaceae. Pp. 35-42, maps 31-37b, in Diels, L., & Samuelsson, G. (eds.), Die Pflanzenareale, vol. 4(4). Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Heslop-Harrison, J. S., & Schwarzacher, T. 2007. Domestication, genomics and the future for banana. Ann. Bot. 100: 1073-1084.

Heslop-Harrison, J. [et al. 1975], Heslop-Harrison, Y., & Barber, J. 1975. The stigma surface in incompatibility responses. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 188: 287-297.

Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1981. Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy. Nordic J. Bot. 1: 401-420.

Heslop-Harrison, Y., & Shivanna, K. R. 1977. The receptive surface of the angiosperm stigma. Ann. Bot. N.S. 41: 1233-1258, + 4 pl.

Hess, R. W. 1950. Classification of the wood parenchyma in dicotyledons. Trop. Woods 96: 1-20.

Hess, W. J., & Henrickson, J. 1987. A taxonomic revision of Vauquelinia (Rosaceae). Sida 12: 101-163.

Hesse, M. 1986. Nature, form and function of pollen-connecting threads in angiosperms. Pp. 109-118, in Blackmore, S., & Ferguson, I. K. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Form and Function. Academic Press, London.

Hesse, M. 2001. Pollen characters of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae): A reinvestigation. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 201-208.

Hesse, M. 2002. The uniquely designed pollen aperture in Lasioideae (Araceae). Aroideana 25: 51-59.

Hesse, M. 2006a. Pollen wall ultrastructure in Araceae and Lemnaceae in relation to molecular classifications. Pp. 204-208, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 204-208.]

Hesse, M. 2006b. Reasons and consequences of the lack of sporopollenin ektexine in Aroideae (Araceae). Flora 201: 421-428.

Hesse, M., & Kubitzki, K. 1983. The sporoderm ultrastructure in Persea, Nectandra, Gomortega and some other Lauralean genera. Plant Syst. Evol. 141: 299-311.

Hesse, M., & Zetter, R. 2005. Ultrastructure and diversity of recent and fossil zona-aperturate pollen grains. Plant Syst. Evol. 255: 145-176.

Hesse, M., & Zetter, R. 2007. The fossil pollen record of Araceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 263: 93-115.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2001], Bogner, J., Halbritter, H., & Weber, M. 2001. Palynology of the perigonate Aroideae: Zamioculcas, Gonatopus and Stylochaeton (Araceae). Grana 40: 26-34.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2009a], Halbritter, H., & Weber, M. 2009a. Beschorneria yuccoides and Asimina triloba (L.) Dun.: Examples for proximal polar germinating pollen in angiosperms. Grana 48: 151-159.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2009b], Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A., & Ulrich, S. 2009b. Pollen Terminology. An Illustrated Handbook. Springer, Wein.

Hetherington, A. M., & Woodward, F. I. 2003. The riole of stomta in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 424: 901-908.

Heubl, G. R., & Wistuba, A. 1997. A cytological study of the genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae). Sendtnera 4: 169-174.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 1990], Gaviria, J. C., & Wanner, G. 1990. A contribution to the taxonomy and evolution of Cordia (Boraginaceae) and allied genera. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 112: 129-165.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 2006], Bringmann, G., & Meimberg, H. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales - revisited. Plant Biol. 8: 821-830.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 2010], Turini, F., Mudogo, V., Kajahn, I., & Bringmann, G. 2010. Ancistrocladus iliboensis (D.R. Congo), a new liana with unque alkaloids. Plant Ecol. Evol. 143: 63-69.

Hewson, H. J. 1986. Hanguanaceae. Pp. 172-173, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 46. Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Hewson, H. J. 1988. Plant Indumentum. A Handbook of Terminology. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Heywood, V. H. 1973. General discussion. Pp. 310-315, in Bendz, G., & Santesson, J. (eds), Chemistry in Botanical Classification. Academic Press, New York. [Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Nobel Symposium.]

Heywood, V. H. (ed.). 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Heywood, V. H. 2007. Biebersteiniaceae, p. 62, Iteaceae, pp. 174-175, Lepidobotryaceae, p. 191, Myristicaceae, pp. 223-224, Neuradaceae, pp. 228-229, Nymphaeaceae, pp. 231-232, Peridiscaceae, p. 249, Quintiniaceae, p. 272, Solanaceae, pp. 305-307, Turneraceae, pp. 325-326, and Zingiberaceae, pp. 408-409, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Heywood, V. H. [et al.], Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hibberd, J. M., & Jeschke, W. D. 2001. Solute flux into parasitic plants. J. Experim. Bot. 52: 2043-2049.

Hibbett, D. S. 2004. Trends in morpholgical evolution in homobasidiomycetes inferred using maximum likelihood: A comparison of binary and multistate approaches. Syst. Biol. 53: 889-903.

Hibbett, D. S., & Matheny, P. B. 2009. The relative ages of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and their plant hosts estimated using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses. BMC Biol. 7:13.

Hibbett, D. S. [et al. 2000], Gilbert, L. B., & Donoghue. M. J. 2000. Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes. Nature 407: 506-508.

Hibbett, D. S. [et al. 2007], Binder, M., Bischoff, J. F., Blackwell, M., Cannon, P. F., Eriksson, O. E., Huhndorf, S., James, T., Kirk, P. M., Lücking, R., Lumbsch, H. T., Lutzoni, F., Matheny, P. B., McLaughlin, D. J., Powell, M. J., Redhead, S., Schoch, C. L., Spatafora, J. W. Stalpers, J. A., Vilgalys, R., Aime, M. C., Aptroot, A., Bauer, R., Begerow, D., Benny, G. L., Castlebury, L. A., Crous, P. W., Dai, Y.-C., Gams, W., Geiser, D. M., Griffith, G. W., Gueidan, C., Hawksworth, D. L., Hestmark, G., Hosaka, K., Humber, R. A., Hyde, K. D., Ironside, J. E., Kõljalg, U., Kurtzman, C. P., Larsson, K.-H., Lichtwardt, R., Longcore, J., Miadlikowska, J., Miller, A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Mozley-Standridge, S., Oberwinkler, F., Parmasto, E., Reeb, V., Rogers, J. D., Roux, C., Ryvarden L., Sampaio, J. P., Schüßler, A., Sugiyama, J., Thorn, R. G., Tibell, L., Untereiner, W. A., Walker, C., Wang, Z., Weir, A., Weiss, M., White, M. M., Winka, K., Yao, Y.-J., & Zhang, N. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycol. Res. 111: 509-547.

Hibsch-Jetter, C. [et al. 1997], Soltis, D. E., & McFarlane, T. D. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of Eremosyne pectinata (Saxifragaceae s.l.) based on rbcL sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 204: 225-232.

Hickey, L. J. 1979. A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. Pp. 25-39, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hickey, L. J., & Doyle, J. A. 1977. Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Bot. Rev. 43: 1-104.

Hickey, L. J., & Wolfe, J. A. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Vegetative morphology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 538-589.

Hickey, L. J., & Taylor, D. W. 1991. The leaf architecture of Ticodendron and the application of foliar characters in the discovery of its relatives. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 105-130.

Hickey, L. J., & Taylor, D. W. 1995. Origin of the angiosperm flower. Pp. 176-230, in Taylor, D. W. & Hickey, L. J. (eds), Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Hickey, M., & King, C. 2000. The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hidalgo, O. [et al. 2004], Garnatje, T., Susanna, A., & Mathez, J. 2004. Phylogeny of Valerianaceae based on matK and ITS markers, with reference to matK individual polymorphism. Ann. Bot. 93: 283-294.

Hidayat, T. [et al. 2005], Yukawa, T., & Ito, M. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of subtribe Aeridinae (Orchidaceae): Insights from plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. J. Plant Res. 118: 271-284.

Hideux, M. J., & Ferguson, I. K. 1976. The stereostructure of the exine and its evolutionary significance in Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Pp. 327-377, in Ferguson, I. K., & Muller, J. (eds), The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine. Academic Press, London.

Hiepko, P. 1964. Das zentrifugale Androeceum der Paeoniaceae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 77: 427-435.

Hiepko, P. 1965. Vergleichend-morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen über das Perianth bei den Polycarpicae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 84: 359-426, taf. 20, 21 (part I), 427-508, taf. 22-24 (part II).

Hiepko, P. 1966. Zur Morphologie, Anatomie und Funktion des Diskus der Paeoniaceae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 79: 233-245, pl. 3.

Hiepko, P. 1984. Opiliaceae. Pp. 31-52, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. van (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 10. Nijhoff, The Hague.

Hiepko, P. 2000. Flora Neotropica Monograph 82. Opiliaceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Hiern, W. P. 1898. A new genus of Ericaceae from Angola. J. Bot. 36: 329-330, pl.

Higashiyama, T. [et al. 2006], Inatsugi, R., Sakamoto, S., Sasaki, N., Mori, T., Kuroiwa, H., Nakada, T., Nozaki, H., Kuroiwa, T., & Nakano, A. 2006. Species preferentiality of the pollen tube attractant derived from the synergid cell of Torenia fournieri. Plant Physiol. 142: 481-491.

Higgins, K. L. [et al. 2007], Arnold, A. E., Miadlikowska, J., Sarvate, S. D., & Lutzoni, F. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships, host affinity, and geographic structure of boreal and arctic endophytes from three major plant lineages. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 42: 543-555.

Higgins, S. I. [et al. 2003], Nathan, R., & Cain, M. L. 2003. Are long-distance dispersal events in plants usually caused by nonstandard means of dispersal? Ecology 84: 1945-1956.

Hileman, L. C. [et al. 2001], Vasey, M. C., & Parker, V. T. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. Syst. Bot. 26: 131-143.

Hilger, H. H. 1978a. Der multilakunäre Knoten einiger Melianthus- und Greyia-Arten in Vergleich mit anderen Knotentypen. Flora 167: 165-176.

Hilger, H. H. 1978b. Leitbündelverbindungen in den Rhachisknoten der Fiederblätter von Melianthus comosus, M. minor, M. major und Bersama abyssinica (Melianthaceae, Sapindales). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 100: 221-236.

Hilger, H. H. 1985. Ontogenie, Morphologie und systematische Bedeutung geflügelter und glochidientragender Cynoglosseae- und Eritricheae-Früchte (Boraginaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 105: 323-378.

Hilger, H. H., & Diane, N. 2003. A systematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on trnL and ITS1 sequence data. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 125: 19-51.

Hilger, H. H. [et al. 2010], Cole, T. C. H., & Wink, M. 2010. Neue Namen für altbekannte Arznei- und Giftpflanzen. Deutsche Apoth. Zeit. 150: 3114-3123 [no. 28: 48-50, 53-59.]

Hill, K. D. 2005. Diversity and evolution of gymnosperms. Pp. 25-44, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CABI International, Wallingford.

Hill, K. D., & Stevenson, D. W. 1998-. The Cycad Pages. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/.

Hill, K. D. [et al. 2003], Chase, M. W., Stevenson, D. W., Hills, H. G., & Schutzman, B. 2003. The families and genera of cycads: A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cycadophyta based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 944-948.

Hill, R. S. 1986. Lauraceous leaves from the Eocene of Nerriga, New South Wales. Alcheringia 10: 327-351.

Hill, R. S. 1998. Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 391-400.

Hill, R. S. 2001. Biogeography, evolution and palaeoecology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae): The contribution of the fossil record. Australian J. Bot. 49: 321–332.

Hill, R. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 1999. Southern conifers in time and space. Australian J. Bot. 47: 639-696.

Hill, R. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2006. The evolution of Australia's living biota. Pp. 19-40, in Attiwill, P., & Wilson, B. (eds), Ecology: An Australian Perspective. Oxford Universuty Press, Melbourne.

Hill, R. S., & Jordan, G. J. 1993. The evolutionary history of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). Australian Syst. Bot. 6: 111-126.

Hill, R. S. [et al. 1995], Scriven, L. J., & Jordan, G. J. 1995. The fossil record of Australian Proteaceae. Pp. 21-30, in McCarthy, P. M. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 16. Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. A.B.R.S./C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne.

Hilliard, O. M. 1994. The Manuleeae, a Tribe of Scrophulariaceae. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Hilliard, O. M. The Tribe Selagineae (Scrophulariaceae). Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

Hilliard, O. M., & Burtt, B. L. 1971. Streptocarpus, an African Plant Study. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Hilliard, O. M., & Burtt, B. L. 1977. Notes on some plants of Southern Africa chiefly from Natal: VI. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 155-177.

Hils, M. H. 1985. Comparative Anatomy and Systematics of Twelve Woody Australasian Genera of the Saxifragaceae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Hils, M. H. [et al. 1988], Dickison, W. C., Lucansky, T. W., & Stern, W. L. 1988. Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Tetracarpaea. American J. Bot. 75: 1687-1700.

Hilton, J., & Bateman, R. M. 2006. Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133: 119-168.

Hilu, K. 2004. Phylogenetics and chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae (grasses). Australian J. Bot. 52: 13-22.

Hilu, K. 2007. Skewed distribution of species number in grass genera: Is it a taxonomic artefact? Pp. 165-176, in Hodkinson, T. R., & Parnell. J. A. N. (eds), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA. [Systematics Association Special Volume Series 72.]

Hilu, K., & Alice, L. A. 1999. Evolutionary implications of matK indels in Poaceae. American J. Bot. 86: 1735-1741.

Hilu, K. [et al. 2001], Borsch, T., Savolainen, V., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., Chase, M. W., Muller, K., Slotta, T. A. B., Powell, M. P., Chatrou, L. W., Rohwer, J. G., Sauquet, H., Cuénoud, P., Neinhuis, C., & Alice, L. A. 2001. Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence data. P. 118, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Hilu, K. [et al. 2003], Borsch, T., Muller, K., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Powell, M. P., Alice, L. A., Evans, R., Sauquet, H., Neinhuis, C., Slotta, T. A. B., Rohwer, J. G., Campbell, C. S., & Chatrou, L. W. 2003. Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence information. American J. Bot. 90: 1758-1766.

Hilu, K. [et al. 2008], Black, C., Diouf, D., & Burleigh, J. G. 2008. Phylogenetic signal in matK vs. trnK: A case study in early diverging eudicots (angiosperms). Molec. Phyl. Evol. 48: 1120-1130.

Himmelreich, S. [et al. 2008], Källersjö, M., Eldenäs, P., & Oberprieler, C. 2008. Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae-Anthemideae based on nrDNA UTS and cpDNA ndhF sequence information. Plant Syst. Evol. 272: 131-153.

Himmelreich, S. [et al. 2012], Breitwieser, I., & Oberprieler, C. 2012. Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of sex expression in the southern hemisphere genus Leptinella (Compositae, Anthemidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 464-481.

Hinchcliff, C. E. [et al. 2010], Lliully, A., Carey, T., & Roalson, E. H. 2010. The origins of Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) and the status of Websteria, Egleria, and Chillania. Taxon 59: 709-719.

Hinchcliff, C. E., & Roalson, E. H. 2013. Using supermatrices for phylogenetic enquiry: An example using the sedges. Syst. Biol. 62: 205-219.

Hind, D. J. N., Jeffrey, C., & Pope, G. V. (eds). 1995. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hinds, T. E. [et al. 1963], Hawksworth, F. G., & McGinnies, W. J. 1963. Seed discharge in Arceuthobium: A photographic study. Science 140: 1236-1238.

Hines, H. M. 2008. Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Syst. Biol. 57: 58-75.

Hinsley, S. R. The Malvaceae Pages. 2002. http://www.malvaceae.info.

Hipp, A. L. 2007. Nonuniform processes of chromosome evolution in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae). Evolution 61: 2175-2194.

Hipp, A. L. [et al. 2009], Rothrock, P. E., & Roalson, E. H. 2009. The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae). Bot. Rev. 75: 96-109.

Hipp, A. L. [et al. 2011], Roalson, E. H., Chung, K.-S., & Escudero, M. 2011. Chromosome evolution and its effects on diversification in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae). Pp. 231-232, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Hirai, N. [et al. 2000], Sakashita, S.-i., Sano, T., Inoue, T., Ohigashi, H., Premasthira, C.-u., Asakawa,Y., Harada, J., & Fujii, Y. 2000. Allelochemicals of the tropical weed Sphenoclea zeylanica. Phytochemistry 55: 131-140.

Hirao, T. [et al. 2008], Watanabe, A., Kurita, M., & Kondo, T. 2008. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Cryptomeria japonica D. Don chloroplast genome and comparative chloroplast genomics: Diversified genomic structure of coniferous species. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 70.

Hiratsuka, J. [ et al. 1989], Shimada, H., Whittier, R., Ishibashi, T., Sakamoto, M., Mori, M., Kondo, C., Honji, Y., Sun, C.-R., Meng, B.-Y., Li, Y.-Q., Kanno, A., Nishizawa, Y., Hirai, A., Shinozaki, K., & Sugiura, M. 1989. The complete sequence of the rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplast genome: Intermolecular recombination between distinct tRNA genes accounts for a major plastid inversion during the evolution of the cereals. Mol. General Genetics 217: 185-194.

Hirmer, M. 1917. Beiträge zur Morphologie der polyandrische Blüten. Flora 110: 140-192.

Hirmer, M. 1920. Beiträge zur Organographie der Orchideenblüte. Flora 113: 213-310, pl. 10-12.

Hirner, A. [et al. 2006], Ladwig, F., Stransky, H., Okumoto, S., Keinath, M., Harms, A., Frommer, W. B., & Koch, W. 2006. Arabidopsis LHT1 is a high-affinity transporter for cellular amino acid uptake in both root epidermis and leaf mesophyll. Plant Cell 18: 1931-1946.

Hirsch, A. M. 2010. How rhizobia survive in the absence of a legume host, a stressful world indeed. Pp. 377-391, in Seckbach, J., & Grube, M. (eds), Symbioses and Stress: Joint Ventures in Biology. Springer Berlin. [Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology 17: 375-391.]

Hirsch, A. M., & LaRue, T. A. 1997. Is the legume nodule a modified root or stem or an organ sui generis? Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 16: 361-392.

Hirschegger, P. [et al. 2010], Jakse, J., Trontelj, P., & Bohanec, B. 2010. Origins of Allium ampeloprasum horticultural groups and a molecular phylogeny of the section Allium (Allium: Alliaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 54: 488-497.

Hisamoto, Y. [et al. 2008], Kashiwagi, H., & Kobayashi, M. 2008. Use of flowering gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs in the phylogenetic analysis of bambusoid and early diverging grasses. J. Plant Res. 121: 451-461.

Hiscock, S. J., & Tabah, D. A. 2003. The different mechanisms of sporophytic self-incompatibility. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 358: 1037-1045.

Hizume, M. 1997. Chromosomes of Ginkgo biloba. Pp. 109-118, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Hjelmqvist, H. 1953. The embryo sac development of Quercus robur L. Phytomorph. 3: 377-382.

Hjertson, M. L. 1995. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Lindenbergia (Scrophulariaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 119: 265-321.

Hjertson, M. L. 1997. Systematics of Lindenbergia and Campylanthus (Scrophulariaceae). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Ho, G. W. C. [et al. 2009], Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. K. 2009. Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: First record of the genus and tribe from continental China. J. Syst. Evol. 47: 605-607.

Ho, T.-N., & Liu, S.-W. 2001. A World-Wide Monograph of Gentiana. Science Press, Beijing.

Hoch, P. C., & Wagner, W. L. 2006. Toward a new classification for Onagraceae. P. 226, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.].

Hoch, P. C. [et al. 1993], Crisci, J. V., Tobe, H., & Berry, P. E. 1993. A cladistic analysis of the plant family Onagraceae. Syst. Bot. 18: 31-47.

Hocher, V. [et al. 2011], Alloisio, N., Auguy, F., Fournier, P., Doumas, P., Pujic, P., Gherbi, H., Queiroux, C., Da Silva, C., Wincker, P., Normand, P., & Bogusz, D. 2011. Transcriptomics of actinorhizal symbioses reveals homologs of the whole common symbiotic signaling cascade. Plant Physiol. 156: 70-711.

Hochuli, P. A., & Feist-Burkhardt, S. 2013. Angiosperm-like pollen and Afropollis from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Germanic Basin (Northern Switzerland). Front. Plant Sci. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00344

Hochuli, P. A. [et al. 2006], Heimhofer, U., & Weissert, H. 2006. Timing of early angiosperm radiation: Recalibrating the classical succession. J. Geol. Soc. 163: 587-594.

Hocking, B. 1975. Ant-plant mutualism: Evolution and energy. Pp. 78-90, in Gilbert, L. E., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Hocking, G. M. 1997. A Dictionary of Natural Products: Terms in the Field of Pharmacognosy Relating to Natural Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Materials and the Plants, Animals, and Minerals from which they are derived. Plexus, Medford, NJ.

Hodges, M. E. [et al. 2012], Wickstead, B., Gull, K., & Langdale, J. A. 2012. The evolution of land plant cilia. New Phytol. 195: 526-540.

Hodges, S. A. 1997. Floral nectar spurs and diversification. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158(6): S81-S88.

Hodges, S. A., & Arnold, M. L. 1995. Spurring plant diversification: Are floral nectar spurs a key innovation? Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 262: 343-348.

Hodgkinson, A. 1977. Oxalic Acid in Biology and Medecine. Academic Press, New York.

Hodgkinson, R. [et al. 2003], Balding, S. T., & Kunz, T. H. 2003. Fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as seed dispersers and pollinators in lowland Malaysian rain forewst. Biotropica 35: 491-502.

Hodkinson, T. R. [et al. 2007], Savolainen, V., Jacobs, S. W. L., Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Kinney, M. S., & Salamin, N. 2007. Supersizing: Progress in documenting and understanding grass species richness. Pp. 275-295, in Hodkinson, T. R., & Parnell. J. A. N. (eds), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA. [Systematics Association Special Volume Series 72.].

Hodkinson, T. R. [et al. 2008], Salamin, N., Chase, M.W., Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Renvoize, S. A., & Savolainen, V. 2007 [2008]. Large trees, supertreess, and diversification of the grass family. Pp. 248-258, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 248-258.]

Hodson, M. J. [et al. 2005], White, P. J., Mead, A., & Broadley, M. R. 2005. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon concentration of plants. Ann. Bot. 96: 1027-1046.

Hoekert, F. A. 1983. Physiological evolution in angiosperm pollen: Possible role of pollen vigour. Pp. 35-41, in Mulcahy, D. L., & Ottaviano, E. (eds), Pollen: Biology and Implications for Plant Breeding. Elsevier, New York.

Hofer, J. [et al. 1997], Turner, L., Hellens, R., Ambrose, M., Matthews, P., Michael, A., & Ellis, N. 1997. UNIFOLIATA regulates leaf and flower morphogenesis in pea. Curr. Biol. 7: 581-587.

Hoffman, L., & Tomescu, A. 2011. An early origin of secondary growth in the Early Devonian of Gaspé. P. 119, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Hoffman, L. A., & Tomescu, A. M. F. 2013. An early origin of secondary growth: Franhueberia gerriennei gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Gaspé (Quebec, Canada). American J. Bot. 100: 754-763.

Hoffman, M. 1999. Flower and fruit development in the genus Phacelia (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae): Characters of systematic value. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 203-212.

Hoffmann, M. H. [et al. 2010], von Hagen, K. B., Hörandl, E., Röser, M., & Tkach, N. V. 2010. Sources of the Arctic flora: Origins of Arctic species in Ranunculus and related genera. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 90-106.

Hoffmann, M. T., & Arnold, A. E. 2009. Fungal endophytes harbor diverse, horizontally transmitted bacterial endosymbionts that can alter the fungal phenotype in vitro P. 250, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Hoffmann, M. T., & Arnold, A. E. 2010. Diverse bacteria inhabit living hyphae of phylogenetically diverse fungal endophytes. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 76: 4063-4075.

Hoffmann, P. [et al. 2006], Kathriarachchi, H., & Wurdack, K. J. 2006. A phylogenetic classification of Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). Kew Bull. 61: 37-53.

Hofmann, C.-C., & Zetter, R. 2010. Upper Cretaceous sulcate pollen from the Timerdyakh formation, Vilui Basin (Siberia). Grana 10: 170-193.

Hofmann, C. C. [et al. 2011], Spicer, R. A., Ahlberg, A., & Herman, A. B. 2011. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of monads and tetrads of basal core eudicots from the Upper Cretaceous Vilui Basin, Siberia: Evidence for reticulate evolution. Pev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 167: 196-211.

Hofmann, U. 1973. Centrospermen-Sudien 6. Morphologische Untersuchungen zur Umgrenzung und Gliederung der Aizoaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 93: 247-324.

Hofmann, U. 1977. Die Stellung von Stegnosperma innerhalb der Centrospermen. Centrospermenstudien 9. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 90: 39-52.

Hofmann, U. 1994. Flower morphology and ontogeny. Pp. 123-166, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Hofmann, U., & Göttmann, J. 1990. Morina Wall. und Triplostegia Wall. ex DC. im Vergleich mit Valerianaceae und Dipsacaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 111: 499-553.

Hofmeister, W. 1851. Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Keimung, Entfaltung und Fruchtbildung höherer Kryptogamen (Moose, Farne, Equisetaceen, Rhizokarpeen und Lykopodiaceen) und der Samenbildung der Coniferen.

Hofreiter, A. 2006. Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herb. a nearly forgotten pre-Columbian cultivated plant and its closest relatives (Alstroemeriaceae). Feddes Repert. 117: 85-95.

Hofreiter, A. 2007. Biogeography and ecology of the Alstroemeriaceae-Luzuriagaceae clade in the high-mountain regions of Central and South America. Harvard Papers Bot. 12: 259-284.

Hofreiter, A., & Tillich, H.-J. 2002. Root anatomy of the Commelinaceae (Monocotyledoneae). Feddes Repert. 113: 231-255.

Högberg, P. 1989. . Pp. , in Proctor, J. (ed.), Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savanna Ecosystems. Oxford, Blackwell. [British Ecological Society, Spec. Publ. 9.]

Högberg, P. 1990. 15N natural abundance as a possible marker of the ectomycorrhizal habit of trees in mixed African woodlands. New Phytol 115: 483-486.

Högberg, M. N. [et al. 2010], Briones, M. J. I, Keel, S. G., Metcalfe, D. B., Campbell, C., Midwood, A. J., Thornton, B., Hurry, V., Linder, S., Nasholm, T., & Högberg, P. 2010. Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below-ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest. New Phytol. 187: 485-493.

Hohmann, S. [et al. 2006], Kadereit, J. W., & Kadereit, G. 2006. Understanding Mediterranean-Californian disjunctions: Evidence for Chenopodiaceae-Betoideae. Taxon 55: 67-78.

Hollander, J. L., & Vander Wall, S. B. 2009. Dispersal syndromes in North American Ephedra. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 323-330.

Holloway, S. J., & Friedman, W. E. 2008. Embryological features of Tofieldia glutinosa and their bearing on the early diversification of monocotyledonous plants. Ann. Bot. 102: 167-182.

Holloway-Phillips, M.-M., & Brodribb, T. J. 2011 [= 2010]. Minimum hydraulic safety leads to maximum water-use efficiency in a forage grass. Plant Cell Environ. 34: 302-313.

Holm, L. 1979. Some problems in angiosperm taxonomy in the light of rust data. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 22(4): 177-181.

Holm, L. 1982. Host specificity of parasitizing fungi. Uredinales. Pp. 275-278, in Dahgren, R. M. T., & Clifford, H. T. (eds), The Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study. Academic Press, London.

Holm, R. W. 1950. The American species of Sarcostemma R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 477-560.

Holman, G., [et al. 2010], Cronn, R. C., Gernandt, D. S., Graham, S. W., Kelch, D., Liston, A., Mathews, S., Parks, M., Rai, H., Raubeson, L. A., Rothwell, G. W., Stevenson, D. W., Stockey, R. A., & Campbell, C. S. 2010. Rooting Pinaceae. P. 20, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Holmes, W. C. [et al. 2008], Yip, K. L., & Rushing, A. E. 2008. Taxonomy of Koeberlinia (Koeberliniaceae). Brittonia 60: 171-184.

Holmgren, N. H., & Holmgren, P. K. 1989. A taxonomic study of Jamesia (Hydrangeaceae). Brittonia 41: 335-350.

Holmgren, P. K., & Holmgren, N. H. Index Herbariorum, Ed. 8. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html.

Holst, I. [et al. 2007], Moreno, J. E., & Piperno, D. R. 2007. Identification of teosinte, maize, and Tripsacum in Mesoamerica by using pollen, starch grains and phytoliths. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 17608-17613.

Holttum, R. E. 1955. Growth-habits in monocotyledons - variations on a theme. Phytomorph. 5: 399-413.

Holtum, J. A. M. [et al. 2004], Aranda, J., Virgo, A., Gehrig, H. H., & Winter, K. 2004. delta13C values and crassulacean acid metabolism in Clusia species from Panama. Trees Struct. Funct. 18: 658-668.

Holzapfel, S. 2001. Studies of the New Zealand root-parasite Dactylanthus taylorii (Balanophoraceae). Englera 22: 1-176.

Hong, D.-Y. 1983. The distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the holarctic with special reference to the floristic relationships between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 701-712.

Hong, D.-Y. 1993. Eastern Asia-North American disjunctions and their biological significance. Cathaya 5: 1-39.

Hong, D.-Y. 2012. Peonies of the World: Polymorphism and Diversity. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.

Hong, D.-Y., & Pan, K.-Y. 2012. Pollen morphology of the platycodonoid group (Campanulaceae s. str.) and its systematic implications. J. Integ. Plant Biol. 54: 773–789. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01164.x

Hong, Y.-P. [et al. 2001], Chen, Z.-D., & Lu, A.-M. 2001. Phylogeny of the tribe Menispermeae (Menispermaceae) reconstructed by ITS sequence data. Acta Phytotax. Sinica 32: 97-104. [In Chinese.]

Hong-Wa, C., & Besnard, G. 2013. Intricate patterns of phylogenetic relationships in the olive family as inferred from multi-locus plastid and nuclear DNA sequence analyses: A close- up on Chionanthus and Noronhia (Oleaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 67: 367-378.

Hood, M. E. [et al. 2010], Mena-Ali, J. I., Gibson, A. K., Oxelman, B., Giraud, T., Yockteng, R., Arroyo, M. T. K., Conti, F., Petersen, A. B., Gladieux, P., & Antonovics, J. 2010. Distribution of the anther-smut pathogen Microbotryum on species of the Caryophyllaceae. New Phytol. 187: 217-229.

Hoogland, R. D. 1953a. A review of the genus Erycibe Roxb. Blumea 7:342-361.

Hoogland, R. D. 1953b. Convolvulaceae. Pp. 404-431, in van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 4. P. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Hoogland, R. D. 1972. Plant distribution patterns across the Torres Strait. Pp. 131-152, in Walker, D. (ed.), Bridge and Barrier: The Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait. Australian National University, Canberra.

Hoogland, R. D., & Reveal, J. L. 2005. Index nominum familiarum plantarum vascularium. Bot. Review 71: 1-291.

Hooker, J. D. 1856. On the structure and affinities of Balanophoreae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London 22: 1-68, pl. 1-16.

Hooker, J. D. 1882. Stachyurus praecox. Bot. Mag., ser. 3, 38: tab. 6631.

Hooper, S. S., & Symoens, J. J. 1982. Observations on the family Limnocharitaceae Takhtajan ex Hooper & Symoens. Pp. 55-60, in Symoens, J. J., Hooper, S. S., & Compère, P. (eds), Studies on Aquatic Vascular Plants. Royal Botanic Society of Belgium, Brussels.

Hoorn, C. [et al. 2010], Wesselingh, F. P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J. P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330: 927-931.

Hoot, S. B. 1991. Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on epidermal characters and micromorphology. Syst. Bot. 16: 741-755.

Hoot, S. B. 1995. Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on preliminary atpB, rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequence data. Pp. 241-251, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B., & Crane, P. R. 1995. Inter-familial relationships in the Ranunculiidae based on molecular systematics. Pp. 119-131, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B., & Douglas, A. W. 1998. Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer regions. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 301-320.

Hoot, S. B., & Palmer, J. D. 1994. Structural rearrangements, including parallel inversions, within the chloroplast genome of Anemone and related genera. J. Mol. Evol. 38: 274-281.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1994], Reznicek, A. A., & Palmer, J. D. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) based on morphology and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 19: 169-200.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1995a], Culham, A., & Crane, P. R. 1995a. The utility of atpB gene sequences in resolving phylogenetic relationships: Comparison with rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences in the Lardizabalaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 194-207.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1995b], Culham, A., & Crane, P. R. 1995b. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae: Chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Pp. 195-199, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1998], Kadereit, J. W., Blattner, F. R., Jork, K. B., Schwarzbach, A. E., & Crane, P. R. 1997 [= 1998.] Data congruence and phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.l. based on four data sets: atpB and rbcL sequences, trnK restriction sites, and morphological characters. Syst. Bot. 22: 575-590.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1999], Magallón-Puebla, S., & Crane, P. R. 1999. Phylogeny of basal eudicots based on three molecular data sets: atpB, rbcL and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 119-131.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 2008], Kramer, J., & Arroyo, M. T. K. 2008. Phylogenetic position of the South American dioecious genus Hamadryas and related Ranunculeae (Ranuinculaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 433-443.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 2009], Zautke, H., Harris, D. J., Crane, P. R., & Neves, S. S. 2009. Phylogenetic patterns in Menispermaceae based on multiple chloroplast sequence data. Syst. Bot. 34: 44-56.

Hoppe, J. R. 1985. Die Morphogenese der Cyathiendrüsen und inrer Anhänge, ihre blattypologische Deutung und Dedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 105: 497-581.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 1999], Fay, M. F., Rossetto, M., & Chase, M. F. 1999. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the bloodroot and kangaroo paw family, Haemodoraceae: Taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 131: 285-299.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 2009], Smith, R. J., Fay, M. F., Manning, J. C., & Chase, M. F. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Haemodoraceae in the Greater Cape and Soutwest Australian floristic regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 19-30.

Hopkins, C. Y. 1990. Fatty acid of Cucurbitaceae seed oils in relation to taxonomy. Pp. 38-50, in Bates, D. M., Robinson, W. R., & Jeffrey, C. (eds), Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Hopkins, R. J. [et al. 2009], van Dam, R. J., & van Loon, J. J. A. 2009. Role of glucosinolates in insect-plant relationships and multitrophic interactions. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 54: 57-83.

Hopper, S. D. 2009. Taxonomic turmoil down-under: Recent developments in Australian orchid systematics. Ann. Bot. 104: 447-455.

Hopper, S. D. 2010. 660. Nuytsia floribunda Loranthaceae. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 26: 333-368.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 2006], Chase, M. W., & Fay, M. F. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic study of generic and subgeneric relationships in the southwest Australian endemics Conostylis and Blancoa (Haemodoraceae). Pp. 527-538, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 527-538.]

Horak, K. E. 1981. Anomalous secondary thickening in Stegnosperma (Phytolaccaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 189-197.

Hörandl, E. 2006. Paraphyletic versus monophyletic taxa - evolutionary versus cladistic classifications. Taxon 55: 564-570.

Hörandl, E., & Emadzade, K. 2011. The evolution and biogeopgraphy of alpine species in Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae): A global comparison. Taxon 60: 415-426.

Hörandl, E., & Emadzade, K. 2012. Evolutionary classificationL A case study on the diverse plant genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae). Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14: 310-324.

Hörandl, E., & Stuessy, T. F. 2010. Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification. Taxon 59: 1641-1653.

Hörandl, E. [et al. 2005], Paun, O., Johansson, J. T., Lehnebach, C., Armstrong, T., Chen, L., & Lockhart, P. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 36: 305-327.

Hori, T. [et al. 1997], Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds). 1997. Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Horn, J. W. 2002. Phylogenetics of the Dilleniaceae. P. 128, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Horn, J. W. 2004. The morphology and relationships of Sphaerosepalaceae (Malvales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 144: 1-40.

Horn, J. W. 2006. Dilleniaceae. Pp. 132-154, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Horn, J. W. 2009. Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae using sequence data from four plastid loci (rbcL, infA, rps4, rpl16 intron). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 794-813.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2008], Fisher, J. B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2008. The construction and evolution of plam leaves from an anatomical perspective (Arecaceae). P. 102, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2009a], van Ee, B. W., Morawetz, J. J., Riina, R., Berry, P. E., Steinmann, V. W., & Wurdack, K. J. 2009a. Phylogeny and evolution of growth forms in the giant genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). P. 186, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2009b], Fisher, J. B., Tomlinson, P. B., Lewis, C. E., & Laubengayer, K. 2009. Evolution of lamina anatomy in the palm family (Arecaceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1462-1486.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2010a], Fisher, J. B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2010a. Anatomy, systematics, and evolution of the fan palms and relatives (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). P. 16, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2010b], van Ee, B. W., Riina, R., Morawetz, J. J., Berry, P. E., Steinmann, V. W., & Wurdack, K. J. 2010b. Are growth forms and photosynthetic pathways correlates of diversification of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)? P. 91, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2012], van Ee, B. W., Morawetz, J. J., Riina, R., Steinmann, V. W., Berry, P. E., & Wurdack, K. J. 2012. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 305-326.

Horne, A. S. 1909. The structure and affinities of Davidia involucrata Baill. Trans. Linnean Soc. London II, 7: 303-326, pl. 31-33.

Horne, A. S. 1914. A contribution to the study of the evolution of the flower with special reference to the Hamamelidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Cornaceae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London II, 8: 239-309, pl. 28-30.

Horner, H. T. 2012. Peperomia leaf cell wall interface between the multiple hypodermis and crystal-containing photosynthetic layer displays unusual pit fields. Ann. Bot. 109: 1307-1315.

Horner, H. T., & Wagner, B. L. 1995. Calcium oxalate formation in higher plants. Pp. 53-72, in Khan, S. R. (ed), Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems. CRC press, Boca Raton, FLA.

Horner, H. T. [et al. 2009], Wanke, S., & Samain, M.-S. 2009. Evolution and systematic value of leaf crystal macropatterns in the genus Peperomia (Piperaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 343-354.

Horner, H. T. [et al. 2012], Wanke, S., & Samain, M.-S. 2012. A comparison of leaf crystal macropatterns in the two sister genera Piper and Peperomia(Piperaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 983-997.

Hornung-Leoni, C. T., & Sosa, V. 2008. Morphological phylogenetics of Puya subgenus Puya (Bromeliaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 93-110.

Horres, R. [et al. 2000], Zizka, G., Kahl, G., & Weising, K. 2000. Molecular systematics of Bromeliaceae: Evidence from trnL (UAA) intron sequences of the chloroplast genome. Plant Biol. 2: 306-315.

Horres, R. [et al. 2008], Schulte, K., Weising, K., & Zizka, G. 2007 [2008]. Systematics of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) - evidence from molecular and anatomical studies. Pp. 27-43, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 27-43.]

Horridge, A. 2009. What does the Honey Bee See? And How do we Know? Australian National University, Canberra.

Horton, T. R., & Bruns, T. D. 2001. The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: Peeking into the black-box. Mol. Ecol. 10: 1855-1871.

Hoshi, Y., & Kondo, K. 1998. A chromosome phylogeny of the Droseraceae by using CMA-DAPI fluorescent banding. Cytologia 63: 329-339.

Höster, H.-R., & Liese, W. 1966. Über das Vorkommen von Reaktionsgewebe in Wurzeln und Ästen der Dikotyledonen. Holzforschung 20: 80-90.

Hosts: The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/hostplants/. [Consulted iii.2005 onwards.]

Hotton, C. L., Leffingwell, H. A., & Skvarla, J. J. 1994. Pollen ultrastructure of Pandanaceae and the fossil genus Pandaniidites. Pp. 173-191, in Kurmann, M. H., & Doyle, J. A. (eds), Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and Pollen. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hotton, S. [et al. 2006], Johnson, V., Wilberger, J., Zwieniecki, K., Atela, P., Golé, C., Dumais, J. 2006. The possible and actual in phyllotaxis: Bridging the gap between empirical observations and iterative models. J. Plant Growth Regul. 25: 313-323.

Hou, Ding, see Ding Hou.

Hou, M.-F. [et al. 2009], Liu, Y., Kono, Y., & Peng, C.-I. 2009. Aspidistra daxinensis (Ruscaceae) a new species from limestone areas in Guangxi, China. Bot,. Studies 50: 371-378.

Houghton, P. J. [et al. 2003], Mensah, A. Y., Iessa, N., & Hong, L. Y. 2003. Terpenoids in Buddleja: Relevance to chemosystematics, chemical ecology and biological activity. Phytochem. 64: 385-393.

Howard, J. H., & Wojciechowski, M. F. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of nuclear nfr5/sym10 Nod factor regulatory gene sequences from the IR-lacking clade of papilionoid legumes (Fabaceae). P. 280, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Howard, R. A. 1942. Studies of the Icacinaceae, IV. Considerations of the New World genera. Contrib. Gray Herbar. 142: 3-59.

Howard, R. A. 1970. Some observations on the nodes of woody plants with special reference to the problem of the "split laterals" versus the "common gap". Pp. 195-214, in Robson, N. K. B., Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), New Research in Plant Anatomy. Academic Press, London. [Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 63: suppl. 1.]

Howard, R. A. 1974. The stem-node-leaf continuum of the Dicotyledoneae. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 125-181.

Howard, R. A. 1979a. The stem-node-leaf continuum of the Dicotyledoneae. Pp. 76-87, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Howard, R. A. 1979b. The petiole. Pp. 88-97, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2004. Sequences from Dipsacales suggest deep eudicot duplications in floral symmetry. P. 120, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005. Duplications in CYC-like genes from Dipsacales correlate with floral form. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 357-370.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the "ECE" (CYC/TB1) clade reveals duplications predating core eudicots. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 9101-9106.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2008. Phylogeny and expression of DIV-like and RAD-like genes (MYB transcription factors) and their role in floral symmetry shifts in Dipsacales and core eudicots. P. 147, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2009. Duplications and expression of DIVARICATA-like genes in Dipsacales. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 1245-1258.

Howarth, D. G. [et al. 2011], Martins, T., Chimney, L., & Donoghue, M. J. 2011. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA expression in the evolution of bilateral flower symmetry in Caprifoliaceae and Lonicera (Dipsacales). Ann. Bot. 107: 1521-1532.

Howe, H. F., & Smallwood, J. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 201-228.

Howell, G. J. [et al. 1993], Slater, A. T., & Knox, R. B. 1993. Secondary pollen presentation in angiosperms and its biological significance. Australian J. Bot. 41: 417-438.

Hsiao, T. H. 1986. Specificity of certain chrysomelid beetles for Solanaceae. Pp. 345-363, in D'Arcy, W. G. (ed.), Solanaceae: Biology and Systematics. Columbia University Press, New York.

Hsieh, Y. S. Y., & Harris, P. J. 2012. Structure of xyloglucans in primary cell walls of gymnosperms, monilophytes (ferns sensu lato) and lycophytes. Phytochem. 79: 87-101.

Hu, G.-W. [et al. 2009], Lei, L.-G., Liu, K.-M., & Long, C.-L. 2009. Floral development in Nymphaea tetragona (Nymphaeaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 211-221.

Hu, J.-M. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Millettieae and allies - the current status. Pp. 299-310, in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hu, J.-M. [et al. 2000], Lavin, M., Wojciechowski, M. F., & Sanderson, M. J. 2000. Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. American J. Bot. 87: 418-430.

Hu, J.-Y., & Saedler, H. 2007. Evolution of the inflated calyx syndrome in Solanaceae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: 2443-2453.

Hu, S. [et al. 2008], Dilcher, D. L., Jarzen, D. M., & Taylow, D. W. 2008. Early steps of angiosperm-pollinator coevolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 240-245.

Hu, S. [et al. 2008], Dilcher, D. L., & Taylow, D. W. 2012. Pollen evidence for the pollination biology of early flowering plants. Pp. 165-236, in Patiny, S. (ed.), Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hu, S.-Y. 1955. A monograph of the genus Philadelphus. J. Arnold Arbor. 36: 52-109

Hu, S.-Y. 1958. A monograph of the genus Paulownia. Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 12: 1-54.

Hu, Y.-L. [et al. 2013], Li, Q.-Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, C.-H., Zhang, N., Cui, Z.-H., & Li, M.-H. 2013. Flavonols from Parnassia palustris Linn. (Saxifragaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 48: 70-72.

Hu, Y. S., & Yao, B. J. 1981. Transfusion tissue in gymnosperm leaves. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 83: 263-272.

Hu, Y. S., Napp-Zinn, K., & Winne, D. 1989. Comparative anatomy of seed scale of female cones of Pinaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 111: 63-85.

Hu, Z.-H. [et al. 1990], Yang, J., Jing, R.-Q., & Dong, Z.-M. 1990. Morphological studies on Circeaster agrestis. II. Morphology and anatomy of flower, fruit and seed. Cathaya 2: 77-88.

Huang, B. Q., & Russel, S. D. 1992. Female germ unit: Organisation, isolation and function. Internat. Rev. Cytol. 140: 233-293.

Huang, B. R [et al. 1993], North, G. B., & Nobel, P. S. 1993. Soil sheaths, photosynthate distribution to roots, and rhizosphere water relations for Opuntia ficus-indica. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 154: 425-431.

Huang, C. Y. [et al. 2013], Chen, P.-Y., Huang, M.-D., Tsou, C.-H., Jane, W.-N., & Huang, A. H. C. 2013. Tandem oleosin genes in a cluster acquired in Brassicaceae created tapetosomes and conferred additive benefit of pollen vigor. Peoc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110: 14480-14485.

Huang, H.-Y. [et al. 2010], Long, H., & Li, L. 2010. Genesis of microspore, megaspore and the development of male gametophyte, female gametophyte in Diphylleia sinensis. Guihaia 30: 36-44. [In Chinese.]

Huang, J.-F. [et al. 2013], Zhang, M.-L., & Cohen, J. I. 2013. Phylogenetic analysis of Lappula Moench (Boraginaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Plant Syst. Evol. 299: 913-926.

Huang, J. L., & Price, R. A. 2003. Estimation of the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbcL sequence data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 435-440.

Huang, J. L. [et al. 2010], Sun, L.-G., & Zhang, D.-M. 2010. Molecular evolution and phylogeny of the angiosperm ycf2 gene. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 240-248.

Huang, S.-Q., & Fenster, C. B. 2007. Absence of long-proboscid pollinators for long-corolla-tubed Himalayan Pedicularis species: Implications for the evolution of corolla length. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 325-331.

Huang, S.-Q., & Shi, X.-Q. 2013. Floral isolation in Pedicularis: How do congeners with shared pollinators minmize reproductive interference? New Phytol. 199: 720-726.

Huang, T. [et al. 2011], Jander, G., & de Vos, M. 2011. Non-protein amino acids in plant defense against insect herbivores: Representative cases and opportunities for further functional analysis. Phytochem. 72: 1489-1494.

Huang, T.-C. 1965. Monograph of Daphniphyllum. Taiwania 11: 57-98.

Huang, T.-C. 1997. Daphniphyllaceae. Pp. 145-168, in Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Huang, Y.-L., & Shi, S.-H. 2002. Phylogenetics of Lythraceae sensu lato: A preliminary analysis based on chloroplast rbcL gene, psaA-ycf3 spacer, and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 215-225.

Huang, Y.-L. [et al. 2011], Tsujita, T., Tanaka, T., Matsuo, Y., Kouno, I., Li, D.-P., & Nonaka, G.-i. 2011. Triterpene hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters and a quinic acid purpurogallin carbonyl ester from the leaves of Castanopsis fissa. Phytochem. 72: 2006-2014.

Huang, Y.-Y. [et al. 2008], Mori, S. A., & Prance, G. T. 2008. A phylogeny of Cariniana (Lecythidaceae) based on morphological and anatomical data. Brittonia 60: 69-81.

Huang, Y.-Y. [et al. 2011], Mori, S. A., & Kelly, L. M. 2011. A morphological cladistic analysis of Lecythidoideae with emphasis on Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera, and Lecythis. Brittonia 63: 396-417.

Huard, J. 1965. Anatomie des Rhopalocarpacées. Adansonia N.S. 5: 103-123.

Huber, H. 1963. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Rosifloren. Mitt. Bot. Staats. München 5: 1-48.

Huber, H. 1969. Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren. Mitt. Bot. Staats. München 8: 219-538.

Huber, H. 1985. Samenmerkmale und Gliederung der Aristolochiaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 107: 277-320.

Huber, H. 1991. Angiospermen. Leitfaden durch die Ordnungen und Familien der Bedektsamer. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Huber, H. 1993a. Neurada, eine Gattung der Malvales. Sendtnera 1: 7-10.

Huber, H. 1993b. Aristolochiaceae. Pp. 129-137, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Huber, H. 1998. Dioscoreaceae, pp. 216-235, and Trichopodaceae, 441-443, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Huber, K. A. 1980. Morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Blüten und Blütenständen von Solanaceen und von Nolana paradoxa Lindl. (Nolanaceae). Cramer, Vaduz. [Dissertationes Botanicae 55.]

Hudgins, J. W., & Franceschi, V. R. 2004. Methyl jasmonate-induced ethylene production is responsible for conifer phloem defense responses and reprogramming of stem cambial zone for traumatic resin duct formation. Plant Physiol. 135: 2134-2149.

Hudgins, J. W. [et al. 2003], Krekling, T., & Franceschi, V. R. 2003. Distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in the secondary phloem of conifers: A constitutive defence mechanism? New Phytol. 159: 677-690.

Hudgins, J. W. [et al. 2004], Christiansen, K., & Franceschi, V. R. 2004. Induction of anatomically based defense responses in stems of diverse conifers by methyl jasmonate: A phylogenetic perspective. Tree Physiol. 24: 251-264.

Hudson, P. J. [et al. 2010], Razanatsoa, J., & Feild, T. S. 2010. Early vessel evolution and the diversification of wood function: Insight from Malagasy Canellales. American J. Bot. 97: 80-93.

Hufford, L. 1988. Roles of early ontogenetic modification in the evolution of floral form of Eucnide (Loasaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 109: 289-333.

Hufford, L. 1989. The structure and potential loasaceous affinities of Schismocarpus. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 217-227.

Hufford, L. 1990. Androecial development and the problem of monophyly of Loasaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 402-419.

Hufford, L. 1992a. Rosidae and their relationships to other nonmagnoliid dicotyledons: A phylogenetic analysis using morphological and chemical data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 218-248.

Hufford, L. 1992b. Floral structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 153: 217-229.

Hufford, L. 1995. Seed morphology of Hydrangeaceae and its phylogenetic implications. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 156: 555-580.

Hufford, L.1996. Developmental morphology of pistillate flowers of Gyrostemon and Tersonia and floral evolution among Gyrostemonaceae. American J. Bot. 83: 1471-1487.

Hufford, L. 1997a. The morphology and evolution of male reproductive structures of Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S95-S112.

Hufford, L. 1997b. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on morphological data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: 652-672.

Hufford, L. 1998. Early development of androecia in polystemonous Hydrangeaceae. American J. Bot. 85: 1057-1067.

Hufford, L. 2001a. Ontogeny and morphology of the fertile flowers of Hydrangea and allied genera of tribe Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 137: 139-187.

Hufford, L. 2001b. Ontogenetic sequences: Homology, evolution, and the patterning of clade diversity. Pp. 27-57, in Zelditch, M. (ed.), Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development. Wiley-Liss, New York.

Hufford, L. 2003. Homology and developmental transformation: Models for the origins of the staminodes of Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 Suppl): S409-S439.

Hufford, L. 2004. Hydrangeaceae. Pp. 202-215, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Hufford, L., & Dickison, W. C. 1992. A phylogenetic analysis of Cunoniaceae. Syst. Bot. 17: 181-200.

Hufford, L., & Endress, P. K. 1989. The diversity of anther structures and dehiscence patterns among Hamamelididae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 99: 301-346.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2001], Moody, M. L., & Soltis, D. E. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene matK and their combination with rbcL and morphological data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 835-846.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2003], McMahon, M. M., Sherwood, A. M., Reeves, G., & Chase, M. W. 2003. The major clades of Loasaceae: Phylogenetic analysis using the plastid matK and trnL-trnF regions. American J. Bot. 90: 1215-1228.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2005], McMahon, M. M., O'Quinn, R., & Poston, M. E. 2005. A phylogenetic analysis of Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae based on plastid DNA sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 289-300.

Huggett, B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2010. Aspects of vessel dimensions in the aerial roots of epiphytic Araceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 362-369.

Hughes, C. E., & Eastwood, R. 2006. Island radiation on a continental scale: Exceptional rates of diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 10334-10339.

Hughes, C. E. [et al. 2012], Pennington, R. T., & Antonelli, A. 2012. Neotropical plant evolution: Assembling the big picture. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 171: 1-18.

Hughes, L., & Westoby, M. 1992. Capitula on stick insect eggs and elaiosomes on seeds: Convergent adaptations for burial by ants. Funct. Ecol. 6: 642-648.

Hughes, L. [et al. 1994], Westoby, M., & Jurado, E. 1994. Convergence of elaiosomes and insect prey: Evidence from ant foraging behaviour and fatty acid composition. Funct. Ecol. 8: 358-365.

Hughes, M., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2008. Population genetic divergence corresponds with species-level biodiversity patterns in the large genus Begonia. Mol. Ecol. 17: 2643-2651.

Hughes, N. F. 1994. Tjhe Enigma of Angiosperm Origins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hultén, E. 1958. The amphi-Atlantic plants and their phytogeographical connections. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 7(1): 1-340.

Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaskka and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Hultén, E. 1962. The circumpolar plants. I. Vascular cryptogams. conifers, monocotyledons. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 8(5): 1-275.

Hultén, E. 1971. The circumpolar plants. II. Dicotyledons. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 13(1): 1-463.

Hultén, E., & Fries, M. 1986. Atlas of North European Vascular Plants North of the Tropic of Cancer, 2 vols. Koeltz, Könistein.

Hultgård, U.-M. 1987. Parnassia palustris L. in Scandinavia. Acta Univ. Upsal. Symbol. Bot. Upsal. 28: 1-128.

Humphrey, J. E. 1896. The development of the seed in the Scitamineae. Ann Bot. 10: 1-40.

Humphreys, A. M., & Linder, H. P. 2009. Concept versus data in delimitation of plant genera. Taxon 58: 1054-1074.

Humphreys, A. M., & Linder, H. P. 2013. Evidence for recent evolution of cold tolerance in grasses suggests current distribution is not limited by (low) temperature. New Phytol.

Humphreys, A. M. [et al. 2010a], Pirie, M. D., & Linder, H. P. 2010. A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of Rytidosperma Steud. s.l. (Poaceae). Molec. Phyl. Evol. 55: 911-928.

Humphreys, A. M. [et al. 2010b], Antonelli, A., Pirie, M. D., & Linder, H. P. 2010b. Ecology and evolution of the diaspore "burial syndrome". Evolution 65: 1163-1180.

Humphries, C. J. [et al. 1986], Cox, J. M., & Nielsen, E. S. 1986. Nothofagus and its parasites: A cladistic approach to co-evolution. Pp. 53-86, in Stone, A. R., & Hawksworth, D. L. (eds), Coevolution and Systematics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hunt, D. R. 1999. The opuntioids: All sections or all genera? Cactaceae Consens. Initiat. 8: 3-6.

Hunt, D. R. 2002. That's Opuntia, that was! Succul. Plant Res. 6: 245-249.

Hunt, D. R., & Taylor, N. (eds). 2009. Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). David Hunt. [Succul. Plant Res. 6.]

Hunt, D. R. [et al. 2006], Taylor, N., & Charles, G. 2006. The New Cactus Lexicon, 2 vols. DH, Privately Published.

Hunt, S. 1991. Non-protein amino acids. Pp. 1-52, in Rogers, L. J. (ed.), Amino Acids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Academic Press, London. [Methods in Plant Biochemistry, vol. 5.]

Hunt, T. [et al. 2007], Bergsten, J., Levkanicova, Z., Papadopoulou, A., St John, O., Wild, R., Hammond, P. M., Ahrens, D., Balke, M., Caterino, M. S., Gómez-Zurita, J., Ribera, I., Barraclough, T. G., Bocakova, M., Bocak, L., & Vogler, A. P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science 318: 1913-1916.

Hunziker, A. T. 2001. The Genera of Solanaceae. Koeltz, Künigstein.

Hunziker, A. T., & Di Fulvio, E. 1957. Observaciones morfologicas sobre Peltanthera (Loganiaceae), con referencia a su posicion systematica. Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. 40: 217-228.

Hunziker, A. T., & Subils, R. 1979. Salpiglossis, Leptoglossis and Reyesia (Solanaceae). A synoptical survey. Bot. Museum Leafl. Harvard Univ. 27: 1-43.

Hurd, P. D. Jr., & Linsley, E. G. 1970. A classification of the squash and gourd beeds (Peponapis and Xenoglossa). Univ. California Publ. Entomol. 62: 1-39.

Hurd, P. D. Jr., & Linsley, E. G. 1975. The principle Larrea bees of the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 193: 1-74.

Hurd, P. D. Jr. [et al. 1971], Linsley, E. G., & Whitaker, T. W. 1971. Squash and gourd beeds (Peponapis, Xenoglossa) and the origin of the cultivated Cucurbita. Evolution 25: 218-234.

Hurd, T. M., & Schwintzer, C. R. 1997. Formation of cluster roots and mycorrhizal status of Comptonia peregrina and Myrica pensylvanica in Maine, USA. Physiol. Plant. 99: 680-689.

Hurka, H. [et al. 2005], Paetsch, M., Bleeker, W., & Neuffer, B. 2005. Evolution within the Brassicaceae. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 92: 113-127.

Hurlburt, S. H. 1997. Functional importance vs keystoneness: Reformulating some questions in theoretical biocenology. Australian J. Ecol. 22: 369-382.

Husby, C. 2013. Biology and functional ecology of Equiseetum with emphasis on the giant horsetails. Bot. Review 79: 147-177.

Huss, H. A. 1906. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Antipoden. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. I, 20: 77-174, pl. 4-9.

Hussein, S. R., [et al. 2009], Kawashty, S. A., Tantawy, M. E., & Salen, N. A. M. 2009. Chemosystematic studies on Nitraria retusa and selected taxa of Zygophyllaceae in Egypt. Plant Syst. Evol. 277: 251-264.

Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering Plants, Ed. 3, 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hutchinson, J., & Dalziel, J. M. 1928. Tropical African plants: II. Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1928, 22-32.

Huttunen, S. [et al. 2012], Bell, N., Bobrova, V. K., Buchbender, V., Buck, W. R., Cox, C. J., Goffinet, B., Hedenäs, L., Ho, B.-C., Ignatov, M. S., Krug, M., Kuznetsova, O., Milyutina, I. A., Newton, A., Olsson, S., Pokorny, L., Shaw, J. A., Stech, M., Troitsky, A., Vanderpoorten, A., & Quandt, D. 2012. Disentangling knots of rapid evolution: Origin and diversification of the moss order Hypnales. J. Bryol. 34: 187-211.

Huttunen, S. [et al. 2013], Ignatov, M. S., Quandt, D., & Hedenäs, L. 2013. Phylogenetic position and delimitation of the moss family Plagiothecaceae in the order Hypnales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 171: 330-353.

Huxley, C. R. 1978. The ant-plants Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum (Rubiaceae), and the relationships between their morphology, ant occupants, physiology and ecology. New Phytol. 80: 231-268, pl. 1-4.

Huxley, C. R., & Jebb, M. H. P. 1991. The tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae 1: A new subtribe - the Hydnophytinae. Blumea 36: 1-20.

Huynh, K.-L. 1991. The flower structure in the genus Freycinetia, Pandanaceae (part 1) - Potential bisexuality in the genus Freycinetia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 112: 295-328.

Huynh, K.-L. 1992. The flower structure in the genus Freycinetia, Pandanaceae (part 2) - Early differentiation of the sex organs, especially of the staminodes, and further notes on the anthers. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflanzenges. Pflanzengeog. 114: 417-441.

Huynh, K.-L. 2001. Contribution to the flower structure of Sararanga (Pandanaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 136: 239-245.

Huynh, T. T., & Poulsen, C. J. 2005. Rising atmospheric CO2 as a possible trigger for the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 217: 223-242.

Huysmans, S. [et al. 1997], El-Ghazaly, G., Nilsson, S., & Smets, E. 1997. Systematic value of tapetal orbicules: A preliminary survey of the Cinchonioideae (Rubiaceae). Canadian J. Bot. 75: 815-826.

Huysmans, S. [et al. 1998], El-Ghazaly, G., & Smets, E. 1998. Orbicules in angiosperms: Morphology, function, distribution and relation with tapetum types. Bot. Review 64: 240-272.

Hyatt, T. L., & Naiman, R. J. 2001. The residence time of large woody debris in the Queets River, Washington, USA. Ecol. Applic. 11: 191-202.

Hynson, N. A., & Bruns, T. D. 2009. Evidence of a myco-heterotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhizal specificity. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 276: 4053-4059.

Hynson, N. A. [et al. 2009a], Preiss, K., & Gebauer, G. 2009a. Is it better to give than to receive? A stable isotope perspective on orchid-fungal carbon transport in Goodyera repens and Goodyera oblongifolia. New Phytol. 182: 8-11.

Hynson, N. A. [et al. 2009b], Preiss, K., Gebauer, G., & Bruns, T. D. 2009b. Isotopic evidence of full and partial myco-heterotrophy in the plant tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). New Phytol. 182: 719-726.


[Back to Top]


A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |Z