Cephaelis (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae)

Charlotte M. Taylor

Cephaelis Sw. has been shown to comprise a polyphyletic assemblage of species, many of which are more closely related to species in other genera than they are to each other (Steyermark, 1972). Cephaelis was originally distinguished by its inflorescence arrangement, capitate or subcapitate with well developed, sometimes involucral bracts surrounding individual capitula and/or the entire inflorescence. These characteristics are highly variable in many genera (Robbrecht, 1988), and thus are no longer considered good indicators of evolutionary relationships. Therefore, Cephaelis is not currently recognized as a separate genus, and its species have been or are being transferred to other genera, in most cases Psychotria (see "List of Netropical Cephaelis Names", below).

Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg. in Guyana

Psychotria aubletiana Steyerm. in Costa Rica

The type of Cephaelis is C. muscosa (Jacq.) Sw. (type cons.), originally described from Martinique, which belongs to the Neotropical group Psychotria Subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. (Taylor, 1996). Thus, "Cephaelis" in its original circumscription was completely Neotropical; species from Africa and Asia that have been included in this genus belong to Psychotria Subg. Psychotria or other genera. Many of the African species with capitate, bracteate inflorescences were originally described in Grumilea, Uragoga or Evea; Uragoga and Evea were also based on Neotropical type species, and are synonyms of Cephaelis.

Several names in Cephaelis have entered into wide use in herb. but were never actually published. Some principal sources for these unpublished names are:

• photos of type specimens from the Rockefeller project, distributed by F: several names originally published in Psychotria were simply written on these photos as "Cephaelis", with no indication of the genus of original publication. This apparently was done as a curatorial indication that these species would be better placed in Cephaelis. In particular, Mueller Argoviensis did not recognize the genus Cephaelis, so any Cephaelis name attributed to him was not published in that form. This list also contains several incorrectly spelled epithets.
• early volumes of Index Kewensis: several names that were actually published in Evea, a synonym of Cephaelis, were "corrected" in early parts of this work, and cited as if they had been originally published in Cephaelis.
• annotations on specimens: in particular, several of these were distributed through annotations by K. Krause (B), K. Schumann (B), and Dwyer (MO).
  References

  Robbrecht, E. 1988, Tropical Woody Rubiaceae. Opera Bot. Belg. 1: 1-271.

  Steyermark, J. A. 1972. Psychotria. In: B. M. Maguire & Collaborators, Flora of the Guayana Highlands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 406-717.

  Taylor, C. M. 1997. Conspectus of the genus Palicourea (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae) with the description of some new species from Ecuador and Colombia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 224-262.

  Charlotte M. Taylor, July 1997

  List of Neotropical Cephaelis Names

  The list below gives validly published names for neotropical species of Cephaelis and their currently accepted identities. Place of valid publication and other information can be found for these names by consulting W³TROPICOS. The indication "??" following a name means that no combination has yet been made and no taxonomic equivalence has been indicated in any other genus; however, these names should not be assumed to be transferrable to Psychotria, but may belong to other genera. For names from regions outside of the Americas, a similar list is not yet available; a partial list of nomenclatural equivalents for individual names may be found by consulting W³TROPICOS. For names found on type photos but not included on this list, see the notes on unpublished names, above. Some species on this list belong to the genus Notopleura, which will be revived in the future (Nepokroeff & Taylor, in prep.), as indicated.

  C. acanthacea Standl. ex Steyerm. = Palicourea acanthacea Standl. ex Steyerm. ex C. M. Taylor
  C. acreana K. Krause = Psychotria ostreophora (Wernham) C.M. Taylor
  C. acuminata Karst. = ??
  C. aetantha Sandwith = Psychotria aetantha (Sandwith) Steyerm.
  C. affinis Standl. = Psychotria borucana (A. Molina R.) C.M. Taylor & W.C. Burger
  C. alba (Aubl.) Willd. = Psychotria ulviformis Steyerm.
  C. altsonii Sandwith = Psychotria altsonii (Sandwith) Steyerm.
  C. ambigua DC. = Psychotria salzmanniana Muell. Arg.
  C. amoena Bremek. = Psychotria colorata (Roem. & Schult.) Muell. Arg.
  C. aneurophylla Standl. = Psychotria [Notopleura] aneurophylla (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. anisopoda Standl. = Psychotria anisopoda (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. appendiculata (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria appendiculata Muell. Arg.
  C. attenuata Miq. = Psychotria sessilis Vell.
  C. axillaris Sw. = Psychotria aubletiana Steyerm.
  C. barcellana (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg.
  C. bearii Linden = ??
  C. bella Standl. = Psychotria vasquezii C.M. Taylor
  C. beskeana Schltdl. = Psychotria beskeana (Schltdl.) Muell. Arg.
  C. biternata (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria biternata Muell. Arg.
  C. blepharophora Standl. = Psychotria blepharophora (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. blepharophylla Standl. = Psychotria blepharophylla (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. bolivarensis Standl. & Steyerm. = Psychotria bolivarensis (Standl. & Steyerm.) Steyerm.
  C. borucana A. Molina R. = Psychotria borucana (A. Molina R.) C. M. Taylor & W.C. Burger
  C. botryocephala Standl. = Psychotria botryocephala (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. bracteocardia DC. = Psychotria bracteocardia (DC.) Muell. Arg.
  C. bradei Standl. = ??
  C. bristanii Dwyer = ??
  C. cacuminis Steyerm. = Psychotria aubletiana var. cacuminis (Steyerm.) Steyerm.
  C. callithrix Miq. = Psychotria callithrix (Miq.) Steyerm.
  C. calycina Lindl. = Psychotria lindleyana Muell. Arg.
  C. camponutans Dwyer & M.V. Hayden = Psychotria [Notopleura] camponutans (Dwyer & M.V. Hayden) Hammel
  C. campyloneuroides (Standl.) Standl. = Psychotria campyloneuroides (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. caruruensis Standl. ex Steyerm. = ??
  C. caudata Standl. ex Steyerm. = Psychotria oleandrella (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. chiapensis (Standl.) Standl. = Psychotria molinarum Lorence
  C. chiriquiensis Standl. = Psychotria chiriquiensis (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. chlorochlamys Standl. = Psychotria hazenii Standl.
  C. colorata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Psychotria colorata (Roem. & Schult.) Muell. Arg.
  C. conephoroides Rusby = Psychotria conephoroides (Rusby) C.M. Taylor
  C. correae Dwyer & M.V. Hayden = Psychotria correae (Dwyer & M.V. Hayden) Hammel
  C. costaricensis Schltdl. = Psychotria elata (Sw.) Hammel
  C. cotejensis Standl. = Psychotria cotejensis (Standl.) Kirkbr.
  C. crassifolia Standl. = Psychotria cordobensis C.M. Taylor
  C. crebrinervia Standl. = ??
  C. croatii Dwyer = Psychotria gentryi (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor
  C. cuatrecasasii Standl. ex Steyerm. = Psychotria cuatrecasasii (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. cuspidulata K. Krause = Psychotria cuspidulata (K. Krause) Standl.
  C. cymosa Spreng. = Psychotria lupulina var. maypurensis (Roem. & Schult.) Steyerm.
  C. dichotoma Rudge = Psychotria platypoda DC.
  C. dichroa (Standl.) Standl. = Psychotria dichroa (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. diguana Standl. ex Steyerm. = Psychotria diguana (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. dimorphandrioides Dwyer = Palicourea dimorphandrioides (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor
  C. discolor Polak. = Psychotria guapilensis (Standl.) Hammel
  C. dolichophylla Standl. = Psychotria dolichophylla (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. domingensis (Urb.) Standl. = Psychotria liogierii Steyerm.
  C. dressleri Dwyer = Psychotria dressleri (Dwyer) C.W. Ham.
  C. duckei Standl. = Psychotria spectabilis Steyerm.
  C. elata Sw. = Psychotria elata (Sw.) Hammel
  C. emetica (L.f.) Pers. = Psychotria emetica L.f.
  C. ernesti K. Krause = Psychotria transiens Wernham
  C. evea DC. = Faramea guianensis (Aubl.) Bremek.
  C. fanshawei Standl. = Psychotria fanshawei (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. flaviflora (K. Krause) Standl. = Psychotria flaviflora (K. Krause) C.M. Taylor
  C. florentina Standl. ex Steyerm. = ??
  C. gaugeri Dwyer = Psychotria [Notopleura] camponutans (Dwyer & M.V. Hayden) Hammel
  C. gentryi Dwyer = Psychotria gentryi (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor
  C. glabra (Aubl.) Willd. = Psychotria blepharophylla (Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. glabrescens (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria glabrescens Muell. Arg.
  C. glaziovii Standl. = ??
  C. glomerulata Donn. Sm. = Psychotria glomerulata (Donn. Sm.) Steyerm.
  C. grandiflora Standl. ex Steyerm. = Psychotria diguana (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. grandistipula Standl. ex Steyerm. = Palicourea grandistipula (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. guapilensis (Standl.) Standl. = Psychotria guapilensis (Standl.) Hammel
  C. guarupana Standl. = ??
  C. guianensis (Aubl.) Standl. = Psychotria ligularis var. carpichea (Poir.) Steyerm.
  C. hastisepala (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria hastisepala Muell. Arg.
  C. hemicephaelis (Wernham) Steyerm. = Psychotria hemicephaelis Wernham
  C. hirsuta M. Mart. & Gal. = Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg.
  C. hirta Miq. = Psychotria bremekampiana Steyerm.
  C. hoffmannseggiana Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Roem. & Schult.) Muell. Arg.
  C. horridula (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria horridula Muell. Arg.
  C. humboldtiana Cham. = Psychotria humboldtiana (Cham.) Muell. Arg.
  C. insueta Dwyer = Psychotria insueta (Dwyer) Dwyer & C.W. Ham.
  C. involucrans (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria involucrans Muell. Arg.
  C. involucrata Willd. = Psychotria ligularis var. carapichea (Poir.) Steyerm.
  C. iodotricha (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria iodotricha Muell. Arg.
  C. ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich. = Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes
  C. jacobinioides Standl. = Palicourea remyana (Baill.) C.M. Taylor
  C. jamesonii Standl. = Palicourea fuchsioides C.M. Taylor, nom. nov. in press (July 1997)
  C. jenmanii Wernham = Psychotria mazaruniensis Standl.
  C. jervisei Standl. = Psychotria jervisei (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. justiciifolia Rudge = Psychotria lupulina Benth.
  C. kaieteurensis Wernham = Psychotria appuniana Steyerm.
  C. kappleri (Miq.) Standl. = Psychotria kappleri (Miq.) Muell. Arg. ex Benoist
  C. kennedyae Dwyer = Psychotria muscosa (Jacq.) Steyerm.
  C. killipii Standl. = Psychotria schunkei C.M. Taylor
  C. krauseana Standl. = ??
  C. krukovii Standl. = ??
  C. latistipulata Standl. = Psychotria [Notopleura] cartagoensis Nepokroeff
  C. leucantha K. Krause = Psychotria ferreyrae C.M. Taylor
  C. ligularis (Rudge) DC. = Psychotria ligularis (Rudge) Steyerm.
  C. longiflora Standl. = ?? [Probably = Psychotria diguana]
  C. macrocarpa Standl. = Psychotria costanensis Steyerm.
  C. madeirana Standl. = ??
  C. malmei Standl. = ??
  C. microcephala Miq. = Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Roem. & Schult.) Muell. Arg.
  C. microcephala Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Psychotria prunifolia (Kunth) Steyerm.
  C. mosenii Standl. = ??
  C. multiplex (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria multiplex Muell. Arg.
  C. muscosa (Jacq.) Sw. = Psychotria muscosa (Jacq.) Steyerm.
  C. nana (Standl.) Standl. = Psychotria guapilensis (Standl.) Hammel
  C. nicaraguensis Standl. = Psychotria guapilensis (Standl.) Hammel
  C. nivea Sandwith = Psychotria nivea (Sandwith) Steyerm.
  C. nuda Cham. & Schltdl. = Psychotria nuda (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wawra
  C. oblonga DC. = Psychotria oblonga (DC.) Steyerm.
  C. oinchrophylla Standl. = Psychotria ostreophora (Wernham) C.M. Taylor
  C. oleandrella Standl. = Psychotria oleandrella (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. ostreophora Wernham = Psychotria ostreophora (Wernham) C.M. Taylor
  C. panamensis Dwyer = Rudgea panamensis (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor
  C. panchocoensis Dwyer = Psychotria dressleri (Dwyer) C.W. Ham.
  C. papirifolia Standl. ex Steyerm. = Faramea papirifolia (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. paraensis Huber ex Standl. = Psychotria ulviformis Steyerm.
  C. patrisii (DC.) D. Dietr. = ??
  C. pebasensis Standl. = Psychotria pebasensis (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. peruviana Spreng. = Psychotria capitata Ruiz & Pav.
  C. peruviana Wernham = ??
  C. phaneroneura Standl. = Psychotria peruviana Steyerm.
  C. phoenicia Donn. Sm. = Psychotria elata (Sw.) Hammel
  C. phyllocalymma (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria phyllocalymma Muell. Arg.
  C. phyllocalymnoides (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria phyllocalymnoides Muell. Arg.
  C. pittieri K. Krause = Psychotria aurantibractea C.M. Taylor
  C. plagiantha Standl. = Psychotria plagiantha (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. polycephala Schltdl. = Psychotria caerulea Ruiz & Pav.
  C. potaroensis Sandwith = Psychotria potaroensis (Sandwith) Steyerm.
  C. prunifolia Kunth = Psychotria prunifolia (Kunth) Steyerm.
  C. pseudoaxillaris Wernham = Psychotria aubletiana Steyerm.
  C. psychotriifolia Seem. = Psychotria psychotriifolia (Seem.) Standl.
  C. pubescens Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult. = Psychotria bracteocardia (DC.) Muell. Arg.
  C. punicea Vahl = Psychotria elata (Sw.) Hammel
  C. purpurea (Aubl.) Willd. = Psychotria variegata Steyerm.
  C. remyana (Baill.) Standl. = Palicourea remyana (Baill.) C.M. Taylor
  C. reniformis Kunth = Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst.
  C. rigidifolia Dwyer & M.V. Hayden = Palicourea rigidifolia (Dwyer & M.V. Hayden) Dwyer
  C. rosea Benth. = Psychotria rosea (Benth.) Muell. Arg.
  C. rubra Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. = Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Roem. & Schult.) Muell. Arg.
  C. ruelliifolia Cham. & Schltdl. = Psychotria ruelliifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.
  C. salicifolia Kunth = Psychotria ostreophora (Wernham) C.M. Taylor
  C. sandwithiana Steyerm. = Psychotria sandwithiana (Steyerm.) Steyerm.
  C. schraderoides (K. Krause) Standl. = Psychotria schraderoides (K. Krause) C.M. Taylor
  C. schunkeana Standl. = Psychotria schunkeana (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. sessiliflora Willd. = Ixora davisei Sandw.
  C. sessilifolia Standl. = Psychotria molinarum Lorence
  C. setifera Standl. = ??
  C. silvicola (K. Krause) Standl. = ??
  C. sororiella (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria turbinella var. sororiella (Muell. Arg.) Steyerm.
  C. spathicalyx (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria spathicalyx Muell. Arg.
  C. spectabilis Standl. ex Steyerm. = Palicourea grandistipula (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. sphaerocephala (Muell. Arg.) B.L. Robins. = Psychotria sphaerocephala Muell. Arg.
  C. stipulosa (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria stipulosa Muell. Arg.
  C. subtomentosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. = Palicourea subtomentosa (Ruiz & Pav.) C.M. Taylor
  C. surinamensis Standl. = Psychotria variegata Steyerm.
  C. swartzii DC. = Psychotria urbaniana Steyerm.
  C. sylvatica Bremek. = Psychotria ctenophora Steyerm.
  C. tatei Standl. = Psychotria crocochlamys Sandw.
  C. tepuiensis Steyerm. = Psychotria tepuiensis (Steyerm.) Steyerm.
  C. tetragona Donn. Sm. = Psychotria chiapensis Standl.
  C. thibaudiifolia Wernham = Pagamea capitata subsp. thibaudiifolia (Wernham) Steyerm.
  C. timbiquensis Standl. = Psychotria timbiquensis (Standl.) C.M. Taylor
  C. tinctoria Standl. & Steyerm. = Psychotria eciliata Steyerm.
  C. tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl = Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg.
  C. tonduzii K. Krause = Psychotria guapilensis (Standl.) Hammel
  C. tontaneoides (Britton & Standl.) Williams & Cheesm. = Psychotria callithrix var. tontaneoides (Britton & Standl.) Steyerm.
  C. trianae Standl. = Psychotria aviculoides Kirkbr.
  C. trichocephala (Poepp. & Endl.) Standl. = Psychotria trichocephala Poepp. & Endl.
  C. tricholoba (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria tricholoba Muell. Arg.
  C. trichophoroides (Muell. Arg.) Standl. = Psychotria trichophoroides Muell. Arg.
  C. umbellata (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. = Psychotria conephoroides (Rusby) C.M. Taylor
  C. umbriana Standl. = Psychotria ostreophora (Wernham) C.M. Taylor
  C. vallis Standl. ex Steyerm. = Rudgea vallis (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C.M. Taylor
  C. violacea (Aubl.) Sw. = Psychotria apoda Steyerm.
  C. violaefolia Kunth = Geophila macropoda (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
  C. vultusmimi Dwyer = Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg.
  C. williamsii Standl. = Psychotria zevallosii C.M. Taylor