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BFNA Title:
Ptilidium |
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PTILIDIUM
- PTILIDIACEAE x.
PTILIDIUM Nees, Naturgesch. Eur. Leberm. 1: 95. 1833 • Greek ptilon,
soft feather, and idion little Lorinda Leonardi Stem with lateral branches; surface
structures absent. Rhizoids hyaline, at underleaf bases but mostly
absent. Lateral leaves incubous-transverse, mostly imbricate but also
contiguous, asymmetric, concave, unequally 3--5-lobed; leaf lobes triangular,
becoming progressively smaller as approach and sheath the ventral portion of
stem; margins ciliate or entire; cilia from a single- or multi-cellular base;
apices of lobes ciliate; leaf cells smooth, thick-walled, trigones bulging to
nodular; cells at bases of largest lobe orbicular, 20--50 µm wide; cells of
cilia elongate, collenchymatous; ocelli absent; stoloniferous branches
absent; oil-bodies mostly spherical. Underleaves large but smaller
than leaves, mostly symmetric, 2--4 distinct or reduced acuminate lobes;
margins and apices densely ciliate; cilia from a single- or multi-cellular
base. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition
dioicous, antheridial plants smaller than archegonial plants. Androecia
terminal or intercalary on primary and secondary branches; bracts similar to
leaves but smaller, more closely imbricate, and more concave; bracteoles
similar to underleaves but smaller, without antheridia; antheridia orbicular,
hyaline, bronze or green, 0.2--0.3 mm, 1--(2) per bract; jacket cells
isodiametric; stalk 1-seriate, 12--18 cells long. Gynoecia terminal on
primary branches; innovational branches absent; 1--3 bract cycles per
archegonium; bracts not connate; bracts and bracteoles larger, more densely
ciliate and more shallowly lobed than leaves and underleaves, not adnate;
stem derived protective structure absent. Perianths inflated, exerted,
elliptical to obovate, with 1--4 plicae, mouth ciliate, 1-stratose with few
2-stratose patches throughout; perigynia absent. Sporophytes with foot
V-shaped, ca. 0.6 mm; seta length variable, 10--14 cells in diameter; capsule
ovoid, 4-valved, wall of 4--6 cell layers with nodular, semiannular, and
annular thickenings. Elaters free, 2 spiraled, 0.1--0.2 mm,
gold-bronze. Spores orbicular, papillose, bronze. Species
3 (3 in the flora): most common in northern regions. SELECTED
REFERENCES: Schuster, R. M. 1966. Ptilidium. In: R. M. Schuster.
1966--1993. Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth
Meridian. New York. Vol. 1, pp. 760--780. 1.
Largest lobe of leaves 14--25 cells wide at base, 0.3--0.6 ´
leaf length; stem epidermal cells smaller and walls thicker than medullary
cells . . . . 1. Ptilidium ciliare 1.
Largest lobe of leaves 6--11 cells wide at base, 0.6--0.8 ´
leaf length; stem epidermal and medullary cells usually similar in size and
wall thickness. 2. Leaf margin densely ciliate; largest
lobe of leaves with 6--13 cilia . . . . 2. Ptilidium pulcherrimum 2. Leaf margin entire to sparsely
ciliate; largest lobe of leaves with 0--2(4) cilia . . . . 3. Ptilidium
californicum 1.
Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe, Prodrom. Fl. Hercyn.: 76. 1836 Jungermannia ciliaris L., Sp. Pl.
(ed. 1) 2: 1134. 1753 Plants often yellow-green, green or red, 2--6
cm, usually with ascending branches, growing loosely over substrate in tufted
mats or patches. Stem diameter 0.3--0.4 mm, 1--2(3) pinnate, epidermis
2--3 cells wide, medulla 7--10 cells wide, cells of epidermis smaller,
thicker-walled than those of medulla. Lateral leaves 1.4--2.3 mm
(including ciliate lobes), lobes 3--5(6), 17--25 cells wide at base, margin
densely to sparsely ciliate, cilia without or rarely with bulging cells. Largest
lobe of leaves 0.6--1.4 ´ 0.3--1.0 mm, 0.3--0.6 ´
leaf length, 14--25 cells wide at base, cilia 0--25, cilia shorter than or
equal to width of lobe base; smallest lobes more densely ciliate. Underleaves
flat to squarrose-recurved, 0.8--1.3 mm (including ciliate lobes), 16--23
cells wide at base. Gynoecia bracts 1.6--2.4 mm. Perianths
4.0--6.0 mm. Elaters 5--8 µm wide. Spores 25--35 µm. Common
in dry tundra, mountain summits, and acid wetlands, also coniferous,
deciduous and mixed upland and lowland forests, dry thin soil over rock
surfaces or humus, rarely on tree bases and logs; 0--1900 m; Alta., B.C.,
Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Nun., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.,
Yukon; Greenland; Alaska, Conn., Maine, Mass., Mich.. Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa.,
S.Dak., Vt., Wash., Wis.; South America (Tierra del Fuego), Eurasia, Pacific
Islands (New Zealand). Ptilidium ciliare is rarely found with
sporophytes. For ease of species identification and to avoid occasional
confusion with Ptilidium pulcherrimum, it is recommended that
leaves from the main stems be examined. Sparsely ciliate specimens can be
seperated from Ptilidium californicum by the wider leaf lobes. 2.
Ptilidium pulcherrimum (Weber) Vain., Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 3:
88. 1878 Jungermannia pulcherrima Weber,
Spicil. Fl. Goetting, p. 150. 1778 Plants often green, brown or sometimes red,
1--3 cm, usually prostrate and growing closely adherent to substrate in dense
patches. Stem diameter 0.2--0.3 mm, 1--2(3) pinnate, epidermis 1--2
cells wide, medulla 4--6 cells wide, cells of epidermis and medulla usually
similar in size and wall thickness. Lateral leaves 0.9--1.4 mm
(including ciliate lobes), lobes 3--4, 8--13 cells wide at base, margin
densely ciliate, cilia often with many bulging cells. Largest lobe of
leaves 0.6--0.9 ´ 0.2--0.3 mm, 0.6--0.8 ´
leaf length, 6--11 cells wide at base, cilia 6--13, cilia longer than width
of lobe base; smallest lobes comparably ciliate. Underleaves flat or
concave, 0.4--0.8 mm (including ciliate lobes), 8--16 cells wide at base. Gynoecia
bracts 1.2--2 mm. Perianths 2.4--4 mm. Elaters 5--7 µm wide. Spores
25--30 µm. Conferous,
deciduous, and mixed lowland and upland forests, wetlands, disturbed areas,
and tundra, bark and bases of coniferous and deciduous trees, logs, tree
stumps, and less commonly rock surfaces and soil; 0--1900 m; Alta., B.C.,
Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska,
Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass.,
Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Tenn., Va.,
Vt., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Eurasia, Atlantic Islands. Ptilidium pulcherrimum often
produces sporophytes. It is a very common pioneer species on tree bark in
forests of the Northeast. The species occasionally grows intermixed with P.
ciliaris or P. californicum. 3.
Ptilidium californicum (Austin) Underwood & O. F. Cook,
Hepaticae Americanae 69. 1890 Lepidozia californica Austin,
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 19. 1875 Plants often green or red, 1.5--2.5 cm,
usually prostrate and growing closely adherent to substrate in patches. Stem
diameter 0.2--0.3 mm, 1--2 pinnate, epidermis 1--2 cells wide, medulla 4--7 cells
wide, cells of epidermis and medulla usually similar in size and wall
thickness. Lateral leaves 1.1--1.8 mm (including ciliate lobes), lobes
3--5, 8--16 cells wide at base, margin entire to sparsely ciliate, cilia
without bulging cells. Largest lobe of leaves 0.7--1.1 ´
0.2--0.3 mm, 0.6--0.8 ´ leaf length, 6--11 cells wide at base,
cilia 0--2(4), cilia usually longer than width of lobe base; smallest lobes
comparably ciliate. Underleaves flat, 0.6--1.0 mm (including ciliate
lobes), 7--14 cells wide at base. Gynoecia bracts 1.8--2.5 mm. Perianths
3.0--5.0 mm. Elaters 10--13 µm wide. Spores 25--35 µm. Upland
to lowland forests and coastal areas, mostly bases and logs of coniferous and
deciduous trees but extending up boles, bark, branches, rarely on rock
surfaces and soil; 0--1800 m; B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Oreg.,
Wash.; Asia. Ptilidium californicum is a western
species occurring from northern California to Alaska. This species
occasionally grows intermixed with Ptilidium pulcherrimum and very
rarely with Ptilidium ciliare. |
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