|
Scapaniaceae
– Diplophyllum
XXX.
DIPLOPHYLLUM Dumortier, Syll. Jungerm. Eur. P. 44, 1871. Recueil d'Observations sur les
Jungermanniacées 15. 1835 * [Latin diplo
double, phyllum leaf, alluding to
the folded leaf]
Jungermannia sect. Diplophyllum Dumortier, Syll. Jungerm. Eur. 44. 1831
Paul L. Redfearn, Jr.
Plants usually in thin flat patches or mats. Stems
with few intercalary and axillary branches, usually with subfloral
innovations; cortex in 3--5 layers, cells somewhat to strongly flattened, smaller,
more strongly thick-walled than medullary cells; branches few; rhizoids
scattered, colorless. Leaves complicate-2-lobed with smaller dorsal
and larger ventral lobes, not decurrent, the most proximal leaves
usually smaller, rounded to apiculate, fold 1/4--1/2 the length of leaf,
sheathing, nearly or almost parallel to the stem, distal half gradually
arching outward 45--100º and becoming distinctly folded but not winged; ventral half of leaf
narrowly lingulate, ± falcate, 2--3.5:1; dorsal half similar but smaller and
shorter; lobes strongly divergent, the dorsal 0--45º angle, narrowly obovate
to lingulate; ventral lobes usually divergent at a 60--110º ; leaf margins
entire to more commonly finely crenulate to denticulate with small, sharp
1-celled teeth;
cell
walls little thickened at corners, marginal cells in several rows of
strongly, equally thick-walled; medial cells with small or inconspicuous
trigones with slightly thickened or non-thickened walls, usually with
conspicuous papillae, appearing nearly opaque compared to marginal cells;
cells of the sheathing base elongate, 3--5:1; oil bodies distinctly
segmented, appearing papillose, often absent in marginal cells, 2--5 per
intramarginal cell, 10--16 or more per elongated cell. Underleaves
absent. Specialized asexual reproduction by 1--2-celled, stellate
gemmae with strongly protuberant angles.
Sexual condition dioicous, rarely autoicous or paroicous. Androecia
with bracts imbricate in 4--8 pairs, similar to leaves, antheridia 1--3
per bract. Gynoecia terminal,
bracts imbricate, similar to leaves; perianth ovate to cylindric, ± plicate,
terete to slightly flattened near apex, apex denticulate, sometimes lobed or
laciniate. Sporophyte capsule
exserted on a short seta, ovoid, 3--5-stratose. Spores 11--15 \um, surface with
irregular network of fine vermiculate, partly anastomosing markings, elevated
at intersections as ± weak tubercles; elaters 2-spiraled.
Species
24 (6 in
the flora); North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australia (Tasmania).
Diplophyllum is recognized by conduplicate,
non-decurrent leaves with a defined marginal border, ventral lobes
rounded-ovate, larger than dorsal lobes, underleaves absent; perianth
cylindric and distally pluriplicate (furrowed in subgenus Macrodiplophyllum, which has been
transferred to Scapania). Diplophyllum plicatum is placed in the
genus Scapania by A. D. Potemkin (1999).
SELECTED
REFERENCES: Potemkin, A. D. 1999. Circumscription of the family Scapaniaceae,
with segregation of the new family Diplophyllaceae (Hepaticae). Annales
Botanici Fennici 36: 271--283. Schuster, R. M. 1975. The Hepaticae and
Anthocerotae of North America east of the Hundredth Meridian 3: 177--232.
1.
Leaves with margins entire; shoots 3--5(--8) mm, dry leaves slightly to
strongly dorsally secund and connivent; perianth barely dorsiventrally
flattened, gradually narrowed to a pointed apex . . . ..6. Diplophyllum andrewsii
1.
Leaves with margins distinctly crenulate or denticulate with projecting
1-celled teeth; shoots 5--25 mm, dry leaves slightly dorsally secund; perianth, ± strongly dorsiventrally
compressed, little to strongly contracted to mouth.
2. Leaf lobes with a sharply defined
vitta of extremely elongate (60--70 \um)
linear cells; cuticle often smooth or virtually so; cortex
3--5-stratose . . . . .1. Diplophyllum
albicans
2. Leaf lobes without a distinctly
defined vitta of strongly elongated cells; cuticle distinctly papillose;
cortex in 1--2 layers.
3. Ventral leaf lobes distinctly apiculate
. . . 3. Diplophyllum apiculatum
3. Ventral leaf lobes rounded at apex,
usually broadly so.
4. Dioicous, often sterile and
gemmiparous; medial and submedial cells (distal to keel) of lobes
short-rectangular, ca. 1.5--2:1; cells of apex of ventral lobes 7--10.5 \um;
gemmae at maturity greenish, 1--2-celled;.
. . .2. Diplophyllum taxifolium
4. Autocious or paroicous, perianths
nearly always present; medial and submedial cells of ventral (and usually
dorsal lobes) lobes sublinear, 2--4:1; cells of apex of ventral lobes 8--12
\um; gemmae brownish at maturity (or absent).
5. Ventral lobes never truncate, not
parallel-sided, distally broadly rounded; dorsal lobes often obtuse or
subacute; medial leaf cells coarsely and closely papillose; perianth mouth with
terminal cells not or barely elongate.. 4. Diplophyllum obtusatum
5. Ventral leaf lobes often truncate at
apex, nearly or quite parallel-sided; medial
leaf cells usually weakly papillose; perianth mouth with some terminal
cells strongly elongate . . .. . . . 5. Diplophyllum
obtusifolium
1. Diplophyllum albicans (Linnaeus) Dumortier, Recueil
d'Observations sur les
Jungermanniacées, 16. 1835
Jungermannia albicans Linnaeus, Sp.
Pl., 1133. 1753
Plants in compact to loose mats with crowded erect
branches, 2--5 cm, green, golden yellow or deep brown, Arctic plants
sometimes scorched, older portions frequently green, distal portions often
reddish. Stems brownish, rigid,
1--5 cm, 0.2--0.3 mm in diameter,
branches sparse, usually erect and simple; cortex 3--5 layers thick; leafy
shoots 1.5--3.5 mm
wide; rhizoids few. Leaves
distinctly close together to imbricate, strongly complicate-2-lobed, strongly
dorsally secund and connivent when dry, laterally spreading when moist, lobes
with distinctly defined vitta of 4--6 rows of glistening, extremely elongated
cells, 60--70 x 12--16 \um, leaf margins sparingly to strongly denticulate to
serrate; marginal cells equally thick-walled, 13--22 x 12--14 \um , medial
cells less thick-walled, 13--22 x 12--16 \um; cuticle smooth to almost imperceptibly
verruculose; dorsal lobes oblong-ovate to lingulate, apex obtuse to subacute,
0.5--1.5 x 0.25--0.45 mm, ca. 0.5 size of ventral lobe, erect; ventral lobes
similar to dorsal lobes, very narrowly lingulate to oblong-ovate, rounded,
obtuse to subacute at apex, 1--2 x 0.35--0.45 mm, widely
spreading, frequently falcate, free lobe at 75--100º angle with stem. Specialized asexual reproduction by
abundant gemmae, usually restricted to excurrent apices of vittae, 1-celled,
stellate, usually yellowish green, becoming fuscous in scorched Arctic
plants. Sexual condition
dioicous. Androecia short, bracts
4--8 pairs, often reddish, antheridia 1--2 per bract. Gynoecia bracts similar to leaves
but somewhat larger; perianth half exserted at maturity, distally narrowed
and plicate, mouth lobes lobulate, ending in cilia bearing 1 to several
1-celled teeth at base. Sporophyte
capsule ovoid. Spores 11--15
\um, papillose, yellowish brown.
Shaded,
humid logs, tree trunks, noncalcareous rock walls; 0--500 m. Greenland;
B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Nunavut,
Yukon; Alaska,
Oreg., Maine,
Wash.; Europe; Asia; Atlantic Islands.
Diplophyllum albicans has an oceanic distribution in the
coniferous biome north to the Arctic tundra.
2. Diplophllum taxifolium (Wahlenberg) Dumortier, Recueil d'Observations sur les Jungermanniacées, 16. 1835
Jungermannia taxifolia Wahlenberg, Flora Lapponica, 389. 1812
Plants
in thin, extensive
patches, green to yellowish brown. Stems
1--3.5 cm, 0.16--0.3 mm
in diameter, prostrate at base, ascending distally; slightly branched below perianth; cortex 1--2 layers thick;
leafy shoots 1.3--2.4 mm
wide; rhizoids few. Leaves equal in size, close together to
subimbricate, lobes 0.33--0.5:1, dry leaves ± dorsally secund; dorsal lobe
appressed to stem, spreading laterally at an angle of 10--40 º, elliptic,
0.43--0.65 x 0.18--0.35 mm,
male shoots 0.6--0.8 x 0.26--0.36 mm on female shoots, tapering distally to a
bluntly obtuse or somewhat rounded apex, rarely acute, varying from nearly
entire to denticulate, dorsal base closely and sharply crenulate-denticulate
in distal fifth by projecting cells, ca. 1/2 as long as ventral lobe; ventral
lobe horizontally spreading, nearly flat, somewhat falcate, distal half
spreading at an angle of 65--110º on mature leaves, lingulate-elliptic,
parallel-sided for about the medial third, somewhat tapering in the apical
fifth to a broadly rounded, bluntly obtuse apex, often more pointed on male
and gemmiparous plants, 0.75--0.9 x 0.28--0.36 mm on males shoots, female
shoots 1--1.2 cm,
0.35--0.45 mm wide, margins with scattered denticulations on apical portion,
sometimes nearly entire, basal half distinctly sharply crenulate by
projecting cells; keel suberect, gradually spreading outward; marginal cells
of ventral lobe 7--10 \um near apex, mostly isodiametric, equally
thick-walled, forming a slightly to obscure pachydermous border; cells on
middle ventral half ca. 1.5--2:1,
18--25 x 10--15 \um, occasionally longer, trigones none or minute; cuticle
moderately papillose, papillae often extending onto marginal cells, 6--12 per
cell in leaf middle; oil bodies absent in 1--2 marginal cell rows, 2--3 in the next rows to 3--8 in cells of leaf middle to
10--15 in
elongated basal cells. Specialized asexual reproduction common, as masses of 2-celled gemmae at apex
of shoots, on lobe margins of distalmost leaves, yellowish green, polygonal
and stellate because of blunt projecting angles, gemmiparous leaves often
twice the normal size. Sexual
condition dioicous, largely sterile, male and female plants usually in
separate patches, distinctly heterothallic, male plants smaller. Androecia with bracts in 5--6 or more pairs, similar to normal leaves, but
ventral with lobe often more tapering and pointed, dorsal lobe covered with
wart-like papillae, antheridia usually 2 per bract, 1 often aborted. Gynoecia terminal, bracts slightly
larger than stem leaves; perianth 0.5--0.75 exserted at maturity, ovate,
dorsiventrally compressed, plicate in distal half, a dorsal sulcus extending
to near base, strongly contracted to mouth, lobed, dentate, hyaline,
occasionally entire. Sporophyte capsule ovoid, brown. Spores 13--15 \um, closely coarsely
verruculose, pale brown.
Varieties
3 (3 in the flora): widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
1.
Ventral lobes abruptly mucronate with a 1-celled mucro, or triangularly
narrowed and then mucronate. . . . . .2c. Diplophyllum
taxifolium var. mucronatum
1. Ventral lobes broadly
rounded.
2. Cuticle covered with many small
cuticular papillae, leaves not very opaque. . . . . . . . . . . . .2a. Diplophyllum taxifolium
var. taxifolium
2.
Cuticle medially on the leaf with coarse, dense papillae, leaves very opaque
except on margins. . . . . . .2b. Diplophyllum
taxifolium var. macrosticta
2a. Diplophyllum
taxifolium var. taxifolium
Ventral
lobes rounded; cuticle with small, numerous papillae; leaves not very opaque.
Shaded
rocks, cliffs, soil banks, humus, often along streams; 0--1950 m; Greenland; B.C.,
N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont.; Alaska, Conn., Maine, Mass., Minn., N.H.,
N.Y., N.C., Tenn., Vt., Wash., W.Va.; Europe; Asia.
2b. Diplophyllum
taxifolium var. macrosticta H. Buch,
Commentat.Observ. Jungerm. 3(1): 23.
1928
Ventral
lobes rounded, papillae dense, cells very opaque except marginally.
Moist,
shaded rock walls and ledges, soil; 1860--2010 m; N.S.; Alaska, Maine, Minn., Tenn., Vt.; Europe; Asia.
2c. Diplophyllum
taxifolium var. mucronatum R. M. Schuster, Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North
America, East of the Hundredth Meridian 3: 203, plate 334. 1974 E
Leaves
abruptly mucronate with a 1-celled mucro, or triangularly narrowed and then
mucronate, cells rather opaque.
Shaded
rocks; 1645 m;
N.C.
3. Diplophyllum apiculatum (A. Evans) Stephani, Spec. Hep. 4:110,
1910 E
Diplophylleia apiculatum A. Evans, Bot. Gaz. 34: 372, plate 12.
1902
Plants
in patches, green in
shade to brownish or reddish in sun. Stems
0.3--1 cm,
0.15--0.2 mm in diameter, prostrate, apices weakly ascending, sparing
branched; cortex poorly defined,1--2 layers thick; leafy shoots 1.5--2.4 mm wide; rhizoids
numerous below. Leaves nearly
equal in size along the entire stem, imbricate to subimbricate; dorsal lobe
diverging at an angle of 10--40º, appressed, elliptic, 0.23--0.48 x
0.13--0.23 mm, ca. 1/2 size of ventral lobe, apex triangularly narrowed and
usually strongly apiculate, margins irregularly denticulate, rarely entire;
ventral lobe horizontal, sometimes weakly dorsally secund when dry, ± falcate
and gradually spreading, apical half spreading 65--105º, narrow and
lingulate-pointed, with nearly parallel sides, 0.5--0.75 x 0.2--0.3 mm, averaging 2.5:1,
apex triangularly narrowed, usually strongly apiculate, terminated by a tooth
often 2 cells long, margins ± sparingly denticulate toward apex, distinctly
crenulate along basal half of ventral margin; marginal cells of apex nearly
isodiametric, 12--16 x 9--14 \um, strongly thick-walled in 3--5
rows, inner cells gradually thin-walled, not collenchymatous, 16--23 x
12--14 \um; cuticle smooth on margins,
but slightly to distinctly minutely papillose in medial parts
of lobes, papillae oval, mostly 6--12 per cell in central part of lobe; oil bodies
of marginal and submarginal cells small, 3--6 per cell, 10--20 in medial, on submedial
and ± elongate cells, almost filling the lumen making the cells very
opaque. Specialized asexual
reproduction common, gemmae in dense clusters, on apical parts of
lobes of distalmost leaves, 1--2-celled, polygonal with rounded
protuberances, ± stellate in outline, always green. Sexual condition autoicous. Androecia usually on main shoots,
bracts 2--4 pairs, similar to leaves, strongly inflated proximally,
antheridia 1 per bract. Gynoecia
usually on short lateral intercalary branches, originating below male shoots,
bracts similar but larger than normal leaves, 5 pairs, distal 2--3 pairs
suddenly larger than lower pairs; perianth 1/2 or more exserted, obovoid, somewhat
dorsally flattened, apical half 4--6-plicate, gradually narrowed toward an
irregularly lobed mouth, lobes dentate-laciniate with teeth 1--3 cells
long. Sporophyte capsule ovoid,
red--brown. Spores 12--14 \um,
minutely verruculose, yellow-brown.
Two
varieties are recognized by R. M. Schuster (1974).
Varieties
3 (2 in the flora): temperate North America and eastern Asia.
1.
Ventral leaf lobes ± tapering, mostly acute to apiculate, usually gradually
so, medial leaf cells with small to moderate-sized papillae, cell outlines
clearly distinguished; marginal cells prominently thick-walled, forming a
vague border; lowland form . . . ... . . 3a. Diplophyllum apiculatum
var. apiculatum
1.
Ventral lobes rounded, ± suddenly (rarely gradually) apiculate to mucronate
medial leaf cells with 2--6 coarse, juxtaposed papillae, virtually hiding the
cell outlines; marginal cells scarcely thick-walled, not forming a border;
upland form . .. . . . 3b. . Diplophyllum apiculatum var. taxifolioides
3a. Diplophyllum apiculatum
var. apiculatum E
Ventral
lobes ± tapering, mostly acute to
apiculate, papillae of leaf cells delicate, medial leaf cells prominently
clearly distinguished, marginal leaf cells prominently thick-walled.
Moist
shaded soil banks, acidic rocks, beneath ledges, shaded vertical exposures,
rarely on rotting logs; 120--1400
m; Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Ga., Ind., Kans.,
Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio,
Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Asia (Japan).
Diplophyllum apiculatum var. apiculatum is endemic to the deciduous forests of eastern North America.
3b. Diplophyllum apiculatum var. taxifolioides R. M. Schuster,
Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, East of the Hundredth
Meridian 3: 214, plate 338, figs. 1, 3, 8--10, 12, plate 340, figs. 6--15.
1974 E
Ventral
lobes rounded, usually suddenly apiculate, leaf cells with 2--5 coarse,
juxtaposed papillae virtually hiding the cell outlines.
Shaded
humus of damp ledges; 1860--1920
m; N. C., Tenn.
R.
M. Schuster (1974) suggested the possibility that this variety is a hybrid
between D. apiculatum and D. taxifolium.
4. Diplophyllum obtusatum (R. M. Schuster) R. M. Schuster,
Hepaticae and
Anthocerotae of North
America, East of the Hundredth 3: 215. 1974
Diplophyllum apiculatum var. obtusatum R. M. Schuster, Amer. Midl. Nat. 49: 432. 1953
Plants in small, depressed mats or patches or
creeping among other bryophytes, green in shade to purplish or reddish brown
in sun, proximal leaf bases tending to become vinaceous even when plants
otherwise green. Stems 0.5--1.2 cm, 0.16--0.26 mm in
diameter; prostrate with
ascending tips, branching on one or both sides, or from below or axils female
bracts or from older portions of stems; cortex 2-stratose; leafy shoots 0.8--2 mm wide; rhizoids
scattered, frequent, long. Leaves subimbricate, often closely so in
androecial region, weakly to moderately secund when dry; ventral lobes
lingulate, free distal half diverging 55--95º with stem, not parallel-sided
and widest before apex, distally broadly rounded, often obtuse or subacute,
0.69--1.1 x 0.36--0.45 mm, 3--4 /x as long as fold; medial and submedial
cells sublinear, 2--4:1, cells of apex 8--12 \um, margins distinctly denticulate
except above junction with keel, rarely subentire, proximal margins strongly
denticulate with sharp, jagged, often curved 1-celled teeth; dorsal lobe
obliquely or erect spreading, 15--55º, appressed, elliptic, obovate to
short-lingulate, usually rounded at apex, occasionally apiculate to subacute,
0.42--0.46 x 0.22--0.26 mm,
margins ± finely denticulate, keel weakly arched; cells at apex and margins
10--12 \um, medial and submedial cells sublinear, 2--4:1, 11--14 x15--18 \um,
in proximal part of leaf forming a weakly defined “vein,” opaque because of
numerous large oil-bodies and chloroplasts; marginal and submarginal cells
strongly and evenly thick-walled, inner cells often thinner walled with
minute trigones; cuticle of medial coarsely and closely papillose; oil bodies
absent in most marginal cells, 3--6 in medial cells. Specialized asexual reproduction by
numerous, mostly 1-celled gemmae, spheric to ovoid, thick-walled, green
becoming brownish at maturity, approximately stellate in outline. Sexual condition monoicous, usually
autoicous, very rarely paroicous. Androecia
bracts in 2--5 pairs, similar but smaller than stem leaves, more
imbricate, strongly ventricose at base, antheridia 1--3 per bract. Gynoecia on terminal or separate
branches, bracts in 2--5 pairs, similar but larger than stem leaves; perianth
± flattened, ovoid to obovoid, short,
contracted to mouth, 6--9 plicate, upper 1/3--1/4 narrowed, mouth denticulate
with 1--rarely 2---celled rigid teeth.
Sporophyte not seen.
Rock
outcrops; moderate to high elevations; Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), Ont.;
N.C., Minn., Tenn.; Central America (Costa Rica); Asia (Japan).
5. Diplophyllum
obtusifolium (Hooker)
Dumortier, Recueil d'Observations sur
les
Jungermanniacées, 16. 1835
Jungermannia obtusifolia Hooker, Brit. Jungerm., plate 26, 1816
Plants in patches or among other bryophytes,
light green in shade to yellow, chestnut or red-brown in sun, in direct
sunlight, locally vinaceous pigmented at ventral lobe bases. Stems
0.8--1 cm,
branches abundant, prostrate; leafy shoots 1.5--2.5 mm wide; cortex 1--2
layers thick, rhizoids abundant on ventral surface of stem, abundant, often
near ventral leaf bases. Leaves
contiguous to imbricate, often dorsally secund, lingulate, often truncate at
the apex, but occasionally ± apiculate; ventral lobes 0.5--1.5 x 0.35--0.5 mm, ca. 2 x as large
as dorsal lobes, lingulate, nearly or quite parallel-sided, often weakly
falcate, diverging 75--90º from stem, proximal margins distinctly irregularly
denticulate at proximal base, ± finely denticulate at apex, apices
rounded-truncate; dorsal lobes 0.3--0.9 x 0.4--0.7 mm, ca. 0.6 x the
ventral lobe in area, diverging from the stem at ± 30º and often directed
almost to the stem apex, ± appressed to stem and lobe, lingulate to
ovate-lingulate, margins finely denticulate, at least near apex; cells firm,
rather opaque, ca. 10 \um at leaf tip,
marginal cells 8--12 \um, medial and submedial cells sublinear, 2--4:1, ca.
40--64 x 12--16 \um; cuticle usually ± papillose; oil bodies spheric
to ovoid, 2--5 per medial cell. Specialized asexual reproduction usually
absent or very rarely by stellate, 1-celled gemmae. Sexual condition paroicous. Androecia bracts in 3--5 pairs,
similar to stem leaves, lingulate lobes, antheridia 1--3 per bract. Gynoecia bracts in 3--5 pairs,
similar stem leaves; perianth plicate, short-clavate to oblong clavate,
contracted to mouth, shallowly 5--6-lobulate, shallow lobes bearing 1--3,
mostly 1-celled teeth; Sporophyte
capsule ovoid. Spores 8--12
\um, delicately papillose-verrucose.
Moist
shaded soil banks and boulders; 15--600 m; Greenland; B.C.; Alaska, Calif.,
Oreg., Wash.; Europe; Asia (Japan).
Diplophyllum obtusifolium is distributed across temperate and
subarctic regions.
6. Diplophyllum andrewsii A. Evans, Bryologist 25: 28, plate 1, figs. 1--11,
1922
Plants in small patches, ± shining pale to
yellow-green, translucent in shade, becoming clear, translucent, often golden
brown in sun. Stems prostrate with apices ascending, 0.3--0.8 cm, 0.15--0.22 mm in diameter,
irregularly and sparingly branched below perianth, cortex 1--2 layers thick;
leafy shoots 1.3--2.4 mm
wide; rhizoids dense on prostrate stems.
Leaves with entire margins, loosely to closely imbricate in
the shade, when moist, nearly flat and spreading horizontally, strongly
dorsally secund and connivent in the sun, the opposed ventral lobes with
their tips often closely overlapping; dorsal lobes when moist suberect to
obliquely spreading 10--45º angle with the stem, when dry oblong--ovate to
short-lingulate, squarrose, broadly rounded at apex, 0.65--0.8 x 0.4--0.45 mm, up to 0.5 x as
large as ventral lobe; ventral lobes widely spreading, at a 80--110º angle
with the stem, oblong-lingulate, 1--2 x 0.5--0.6 mm, 2:1, ± strongly
concave, margins raised at least in sun forms, keel short suberect, nearly
straight to slightly arching outward near apex; marginal cells in several
rows, isodiametric, thick-walled, ca. 10 \um; medial cells thin-walled with
indistinct concave-sided trigones, 20--23 x 14--16 \um; cuticle almost
smooth, papillae of medial cells very pale, minute and inconspicuous; oil
bodies, homogenous, glistening, spheric to short-ovoid in distal fourth of
lobes and submarginal cells, 4--6 per
cell, 6--10 in
medial and submedial cells. Specialized
asexual reproduction by fragmented branches, gemmae very rare, small,
spheric to subspheric, ± brownish. Sexual
condition autoicous, abundantly fertile.
Androecia bracts in 4--6 pairs, similar to stem leaves,
antheridia 1 per bract. Gynoecia
on short lateral branches, bracts in 2--5 pairs of increasingly larger
leaves, similar to but somewhat larger than stem leaves; perianth at maturity
1/2 exserted, oblong to fusiform, irregularly 8--10-plicate, barely
dorsiventrally flattened, gradually contracted to somewhat pointed, mouth
irregularly and shallowly 10 or more lobed, lobes acuminate, ending in cilia
formed by 2--5 elongated cells, sides of lobes with 1--2-celled sharp teeth. Sporophyte unknown in North America.
Shaded
loamy soil of eroding banks along streams, rock ledges and crevices; 270--1700 m; N.C., S.C., Tenn., Va.; Japan.
|