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BFNA Title: Plagiotheciaceae |
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Plagiotheciaceae XXX.
PLAGIOTHECIACEAE (Brotherus) M. Fleischer Robert R.
Ireland Plants somewhat small to robust, in
loose to dense mats or tufts. Stems
prostrate, mostly complanate but sometimes subjulaceous or erect and
julaceous, simple or sparsely and irregularly branched; exterior layer of
cortical cells large and thin-walled; rhizoids smooth or minutely papillose,
sometimes present just distal to leaf insertion; pseudoparaphyllia
lacking. Leaves of stems and
branches similar, flaccid, imbricate to distant, sometimes second with apices
pointing toward substratum, smooth, erect or spreading, scarcely altered when
dry, decurrent, often concave, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or
oblong-ovate, acute, acuminate, rarely piliferous, symmetric or often
asymmetric; margins plane or recurved, entire or serrulate to serrate at
extreme apex; costa short and double, one branch sometimes reaching to
midleaf and costa appearing single, or rarely ecostate; rhizoids at base on
abaxial surfaces or adjacent cells, sometimes at leaf tips, smooth; cells
smooth, walls usually with few pits at base, rarely pitted to leaf middle;
median and distal cells linear, linear-flexuose or sometimes
linear-rhomboidal, mostly thin-walled and heavily chlorophyllose, smooth;
alar cells differentiated, equally distributed on either side of the costa,
extending to decurrencies, the walls ± evenly thickened. Specialized
asexual reproduction often present as propagula, cylindrical to fusiform,
uniseriate, smooth walled, borne on branched stalks clustered in leaf axils,
each propagulum consisting of several cells, or sometimes borne in clusters
without stalks on abaxial surface of leaf and sometimes at leaf tips. Sexual
condition autoicous, less commonly dioicous. Seta solitary, smooth, elongate,
straight, twisted, curved or rarely circinate. Capsule cernuous or erect, rarely
pendulous, straight or arcuate; exothecial cells thin- or thick-walled;
annulus present, often persistent; operculum conic to rostrate, shorter than
urn; annulus differentiated in 1--3 rows, deciduous, sometimes tardily so;
peristome double, exostome teeth on exterior surface cross-striolate
proximally, papillose distally, or rarely papillose throughout, projecting on
interior surface; endostome with a medium to high basal membrane, the
segments broad or narrow, keeled, not or very narrowly perforate, shorter
than or almost as long as teeth, the cilia well developed to lacking. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked,
fugacious. Spores spherical to
ovoid, smooth or papillose. Genus 1, species ca. 80--90 (6 in the flora);
primarily in temperate latitudes and at higher elevations in the tropics;
worldwide, including Antarctica. Although I (W. R. Buck and R. R. Ireland 1985)
presently take the view of including only one genus, namely Plagiothecium,
in the Plagiotheciaceae, several other bryologists have included other
genera, especially those in the Hypnaceae, in the family, e.g., E. Nyholm
(1965), A. J. E. Smith (1978), S.-H. Lin (1984), L. Hedenäs (1989, 1995) and N. Pedersen and
L. Hedenäs (2002). Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedwig) Bruch, Schimper
& W. Gümbel has recently been described as a new genus, Buckiella by
R. R. Ireland (2001) and placed in the Hypnaceae. SELECTED REFERENCES
Buck, W. R. and R. R. Ireland.
1985. A reclassification of the
Plagiotheciaceae. Nova Hedwigia 41:
89--125. Hedenäs, L. 1995.
Higher taxonomic level relationships among diplolepidous pleurocarpous
mosses- a cladistic view. J. of
Bryology 18: 723--781. Pederson, N.
and L. Hedenäs. 2002. Phylogeny of the Plagiotheciaceae based on
molecular and morphological evidence.
Bryologist 105(3): 310--324. 1. PLAGIOTHECIUM Schimper in Bruch, Schimper &
W. Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5: 179. 1851 *
[Greek, plagios, oblique; theca, case, referring to the capsule] Stereodon sect. Plagiothecium
(Schimper) Mitten Plants dark green to yellow-green,
glossy or sometimes dull. Stems 20--60 × 0.5--4 mm. Leaves
0.7--3 × 0.4--2 mm; median leaf cells 36--180 × 3--21 µm, apical cells often
shorter, basal cells shorter and broader; decurrent alar regions triangular
or often auriculate and oval in outline, consisting of 1--8 longitudinal rows
of spherical, oval, quadrate, or rectangular cells. Specialized asexual
reproduction present as smooth-walled propagula borne on stems and
branches, 2--7-celled, uniseriate bodies or in clusters without stalks on
abaxial surface of leaf and sometimes at leaf tips. Sexual condition
usually autoicous; perigonia and perichaetia numerous at bases of stems; perigonial
bracts short, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate to filiform-acuminate;
perichaetial leaves moderately enlarged, sheathing with somewhat spreading
apices. Seta yellow, or orange to red-brown, Capsule yellow, or
orange to red-brown, oblong to ovoid, often contracted under mouth when dry,
smooth to striate, often wrinkled at neck; cilia 1--3, nodulose, as long as
or nearly as long as the segments, rarely rudimentary or lacking. Species ca. 80--90 (6 in the flora); North America,
Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific
Islands (New Guinea), Antarctic. This is a genus of terrestrial habitats found in
coniferous and deciduous woods, on rotten logs, stumps, bases of trees, humus
and soil, frequently overlying acidic cliffs and boulders, sometimes in
swamps and marshes, in temperate, boreal and Arctic regions, and at high
elevations in the tropics. SELECTED REFERENCES
Ireland, R. R. 1969. A taxonomic revision of the genus Plagiothecium
for North America, north of Mexico.
Natl. Mus. Canada, Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Publ. Bot. 1: 1--118. Ireland, R. R. 1986.
Synopsis of the genus Plagiothecium for North America. Lindbergia 12: 49--56. Ireland, R. R. 1987.
Scanning electron microscope study of the spores of the North American
species of Plagiothecium. Mem.
New York Bot. Gard. 45: 95--110. 1. Leaf
decurrencies composed of many inflated, quadrate to spherical cells; leaf
margins broadly recurved nearly to apices.
2. Plants julaceous; leaves with acuminate recurved apices, median
cells 6--12 μm wide . . . . 5. Plagiothecium
berggrenianum 2. Plants
complanate, rarely julaceous; leaves with acute apices, seldom recurved,
median cells 12--20 μm wide. . . . 4. Plagiothecium denticulatum
1. Leaf decurrencies composed or mostly
rectangular cells; leaf margins plane or narrowly recurved. 3. Leaf apices abruptly
contracted to long-filiform, flexuose acumens, sometimes 1/3 length of leaves
. . . . 1. Plagiothecium piliferum 3. Leaf apices not abruptly
contracted to filiform acumens. 4. Leaves asymmetric and flat .
. . . 6. Plagiothecium laetum 4. Leaves symmetric and
concave. 5. Plants large, stems to 40 × 1--4 mm; leaves
often imbricate with tips recurved when dry, median cells 7--17 μm wide;
occurring in mesic to somewhat xeric habitats . . . . 3. Plagiothecium cavifolium 5. Plants small, stems to 20 ×
0.5--1 mm; leaves erect-spreading with straight tips, median cells 4--10 μm
wide; occurring in hydric habitats . . . . 2.
Plagiothecium latebricola 1. Plagiothecium piliferum (Hartman) Bruch,
Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5: 186.
1851 (fasc. 48 Mon. 8.3) Leskea pilifera Hartman, Handb.
Skand. Fl. 419. 1820; Dolichotheca
pilifera (Hartman) Podpĕra; Isopterygium piliferum (Hartman) Loeske; Plagiotheciella
pilifera (Hartman) Brotherus Plants light- to yellowish-green,
glossy, usually in dense mats. Stems
to 60 × 1--1.5 mm, prostrate, complanate-foliate to subjulaceous. Leaves imbricate, smooth, usually
concave, symmetric, 0.8--2.0 × 0.4--0.8 mm, oblong-ovate, abruptly contracted
to a long-filiform, flexuose acumen, sometimes 1/3 length of leaf, margins
usually narrowly recurved nearly to apex, entire or minutely serrulate at
apex; costa short and double, ending a short distance above leaf base,
sometimes lacking; leaf cells smooth, walls of basal cells pitted; median
cells 36--96 × 3--5 μm; decurrent alar region triangular in outline,
consisting of 2--4 vertical rows of rectangular cells, 16--75 × 7--20 μm,
terminating at the base in a single cell.
Specialized asexual reproduction unknown.
Sexual condition autoicous, often fruiting. Seta yellow to red, straight,
0.8--1.5 cm. Capsule light
brown to yellowish or reddish brown when mature, erect or sometimes slightly
inclined, straight, 1--4 × 0.5--1 mm, smooth or slightly wrinkled when dry,
strongly wrinkled at neck, usually contracted below mouth; operculum conic,
0.4--0.7 mm; cilia usually lacking, or 1--2 rudimentary, fragile cilia
present. Spores 9--13 μm. Capsules mature spring--summer. Common in coniferous or alder-maple woods,
trees (usually alder, rarely maple), rotten logs, noncalcareous cliffs and
boulders; sometimes on wood in swampy areas; 30--1500 m; Greenland; B.C.,
N.W.T., Que.; Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Oreg., Mont., Wash.; Europe; Asia. Plagiothecium piliferum
is very distinctive. Although its main
center of distribution is in the Pacific Northwest, it has disjunctive
occurrences in northern Quebec (James Bay region) and southwestern Greenland. The concave, symmetric leaves with abruptly
contracted, long-filiform, flexuose acumens, sometimes 1/3 the leaf length,
and the erect, straight capsules make identification easy. A scanning
electron microscope study of the spores of Plagiothecium (R. R.
Ireland 1987) revealed that the sculpturing can be used to distinguish P.
piliferum from the other North American species. Spores of P. piliferum have
branched-baculate ornamentation, the elements are covered with
conic-papillae, while the other species have gemmate ornamentation, the
elements covered with high-conic to low, rounded papillae. 2. Plagiothecium
latebricola Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5: 184
(fasc.48 Mon. 6.1). 1851 Isopterygium latebricolum
(Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel) Delogne; Leskea latebricola
(Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel) Wilson; Plagiotheciella latebricola
(Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel) M. Fleischer Plants light- to yellowish-green,
glossy, in dense mats. Stems to
20 × 0.5--1 mm, prostrate to erect, irregularly branched with numerous short
branches. Leaves imbricate,
erect-spreading, smooth, usually concave, often symmetric, 0.7--1.5 ×
0.2--0.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins plane or narrowly recurved
nearly to apex, entire or sometimes with a few serrulations at apex; costa
short and double, ending a short distance distal to leaf base, often lacking;
leaf cells smooth, walls of basal cells pitted; median cells 52--150 × 4--10
μm; decurrent alar region triangular in outline, consisting of 1--5 vertical
rows of rectangular cells, 26--72 × 12--19 μm, terminating in a single cell
at the base. Specialized asexual
reproduction by propagula usually present, 57--108 × 7--14 μm, consisting
of 3--6 cells borne on leaf stalks in leaf axils or in clusters without
stalks on abaxial surface of leaf or sometimes at leaf tips. Sexual condition dioicous, rarely
fruiting. Seta light brown to
orange-brown, straight, 0.6--1 cm. Capsule
light brown to orange-brown when mature, erect, rarely inclined, straight or
rarely somewhat arcuate, 0.5--1.2 × 0.2--0.6 mm, smooth, not contracted below
mouth, slightly wrinkled at neck when dry; operculum conic-apiculate to
short-rostrate, 0.4--0.6 mm; cilia lacking, or with 1--2 rudimentary
cilia. Spores 9--13 μm. Capsules mature summer. Swamps, fens, marshes, and inundated woods
on rotten logs, stumps, bases of trees, and humus; 50--75 m; N.B., Nfld.,
N.S., Ont., Que.; Conn., Mass., Mich., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., Wis.; Europe. This is a rare species of northeastern North America
where it always occurs in wet habitats.
It is the smallest species in the genus and is recognized by short
stems of up to 2 cm, erect-spreading, mostly symmetric, somewhat concave
leaves that are 0.7--1.5 mm, median cells 4--10 μm wide, tapering
decurrencies composed of rectangular cells, and erect, straight capsules that
are not contracted under the mouth. Reports of this species from western
North America are evidently erroneous and probably are mostly P. laetum,
which it closely resembles. 3. Plagiothecium
cavifolium (Bridel) Iwatsuki, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 33: 360. 1970 Hypnum cavifolium Bridel, Bryol.
Univ. 2: 556. 1827; Leskea flaccida
Bridel; Plagiothecium aciculari-pungens J.K.A. Müller &
Kindberg; P. attenuatirameum Kindberg in Macoun & Kindberg;
P. fallax Cardot & Thériot; P. roeseanum
Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel; P. sullivantiae (Sullivant) A.
Jaeger Plants pale green to yellowish green,
glossy, rarely dull, in thin to dense mats.
Stems to 40 × 1--4 mm, erect, sometimes prostrate, usually
julaceous, rarely somewhat complanate-foliate, often flagelliform and
attenuate at apices. Leaves
imbricate, rarely distant, usually erect, sometimes spreading, smooth,
strongly concave, rarely nearly flat, usually symmetric, 1--3 × 0.4--1.4 mm,
ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acute or slenderly acuminate, apex often
recurved, margins plane or often narrowly recurved nearly to apex, entire or
rarely serrulate near apex; costa short and double, one branch often reaching
leaf middle, sometimes one branch poorly developed and costa appearing
single, or costa rarely lacking; leaf cells smooth, walls of basal cells
pitted; median cells 60--161 × 7--17 μm; decurrent alar region triangular in
outline, consisting of 1--5 vertical rows of rectangular cells, 28--70 ×
12--22 μm, terminating at the base in a single cell. Specialized asexual reproduction by
propagula sometimes present, 36--110 × 9--17 μm, consisting of 2--7 cells
borne on branched stalks in leaf axils.
Sexual condition dioicous, rarely fruiting. Seta light
brown to red, straight or somewhat curved, 1--2.6 cm. Capsule light brown to dark red when
mature, erect to inclined, straight or often arcuate, 1--2.5 × 0.3--0.8 mm,
when dry contracted below mouth, smooth or often striate or wrinkled,
strongly wrinkled at neck; operculum rostrate, 0.8--1 mm; cilia 1--3. Spores 9--14 μm. Capsules mature spring--summer. Shaded soil or humus overlying boulders and
cliffs, sometimes on rotten logs, stumps, and bases of trees; 40--1980 m;
Greenland; B.C., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Yukon; Ala.,
Alaska, Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., D.C., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky.,
Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg.,
Pa., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; Asia. The julaceous plants with concave, recurved leaf
apices are distinctive characters, and help distinguish P. cavifolium
from the other North American species.
The species is very similar to P. sylvaticum (Bridel)
Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel of Europe; P. cavifolium,
however, is usually julaceous with concave leaves that have narrow median
cells, 7--17 μm wide, while P. sylvaticum is complanate-foliate
with flat leaves whose median cells are broader, 12--22 μm wide. The
California record is from a report by K. McGrew (1976). 4. Plagiothecium
denticulatum (Hedwig) Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5:
190. 1851 (fasc. 48 Mon. 12.8) Hypnum denticulatum Hedwig, Sp.
Musc. 237. 1801; H. donnianum Smith; H. obtusifolium
(Turner) Bridel; Plagiothecium denticulatum var. bullulae
Grout; P. ruthei Limpricht; P. sandbergii Renauld &
Cardot; P. sylvaticum var. squarrosum Kindberg Plants dark green to yellowish green,
dull or glossy, in thin to dense mats.
Stems to 50 × 1--4 mm, prostrate, rarely erect,
complanate-foliate or sometimes julaceous.
Leaves usually imbricate, rarely secund with some apices
pointing toward substratum, flat to concave, usually asymmetric, 1.5--4 ×
0.5--2 mm, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, rarely
narrowly obtuse, margins broadly recurved nearly to apex or sometimes plane,
serrulate at extreme apex, rarely entire; costa short and double, one branch
sometimes reaching the leaf middle, or costa rarely lacking; leaf cells
smooth, walls of basal cells with a few pits, rarely pitted to leaf middle;
median cells 70--180 × 12--21 μm; decurrent alar region often auriculate and
oval in outline, consisting of 3--8 vertical rows of spherical, oval,
quadrate, and rectangular cells, 19--80 × 19--29 μm, usually terminating at
the base in several spherical or oval cells, sometimes alar region triangular
in outline, composed of quadrate and rectangular cells, terminating at the
base in a single cell. Specialized
asexual reproduction by propagula often present, 72--178 × 9--24 μm,
consisting of 3--7 cells borne on branched stalks in leaf axils. Sexual condition autoicous, sometimes
dioicous, often fruiting. Seta
light brown to red, often curved, 1.5--3.5 cm long. Capsule light brown to orange-brown
when mature, cernuous and arcuate, rarely nearly straight and erect or inclined,
1.5--3.5 × 0.5--1 mm, when dry, strongly contracted below mouth, striate or
sometimes wrinkled, rarely smooth, strongly wrinkled at neck; operculum
short-rostrate, 0.7--1 mm; cilia 2--3.
Spores 9--13 μm. Capsules mature summer. Woods on rotten logs, stumps, bases of
trees, or on humus or soil frequently overlying boulders and cliffs; 50--2740
m; Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., Nun., N.S., Ont., P.E.I.,
Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Idaho,
Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N.H.,
N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., Tenn., Utah, Vt., Va.,
Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia; Africa. This is one of the most common and one of the most
variable species of Plagiothecium
in North America. The plants have
complanate stems to 50 mm, mainly flattened, asymmetric, acute leaves, 1.5--4
mm, with broadly recurved margins, decurrencies that are often auriculate,
composed of inflated, quadrate or spherical cells, median cells 12--21 μm
wide, capsules 1.5--3.5 mm, inclined to horizontal, slightly curved, and urns
distinctly striate when dry.
Sometimes, especially in western North America, the stems are julaceous,
to about 3 cm, the leaves are strongly concave, nearly symmetric, narrowly
obtuse, 1.5--2 mm, and the capsules are almost straight and erect. Plagiothecium denticulatum has been reported for Australia and New Zealand but
an examination of the specimens from those regions revealed that they are
another species, P. novae-seelandiae Brotherus (R. R.
Ireland 1992). 5. Plagiothecium
berggrenianum Frisvoll, Lindbergia 7: 96. 1981 Plants light- to yellowish-green,
glossy, in dense tufts. Stems
to 80 × 1--1.5 mm, erect, julaceous. Leaves
closely imbricate, smooth, concave, symmetric, 1.5--2.5 × 0.8--1.2 mm, ovate
or oblong-ovate, acuminate, apex usually recurved, margins broadly recurved
throughout, entire or denticulate near apices; costa short and double, one
branch sometimes reaching 1/3 length of leaf; leaf cells smooth, walls of
basal cells pitted; median cells 85--141 × 6--12 μm; decurrent alar region
triangular or rarely somewhat oval in outline, consisting of 2--4 vertical
rows of rectangular or inflated, oval cells, 40--60 × 9--24 μm, terminating
at the base in a single cell. Specialized
asexual reproduction unknown. Sexual condition and sporophyte
unknown. Swales, wet tundra and rocky slopes and cliffs;
0--1220 m; Greenland; N.W.T.; Alaska; Europe (Norway). This is an Arctic species that has been confused
with P. cavifolium, or julaceous forms of P. laetum and P. denticulatum. The acuminate leaves with recurved apices
will separate P. berggrenianum from P. denticulatum,
while the inflated, oval cells in the decurrencies will distinguish it from P.
cavifolium and P. laetum. 6. Plagiothecium
laetum Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5: 185. 1851 (fasc. 48 Mon. 7.2) Plagiothecium curvifolium
Limpricht; P. decursivifolium Kindberg; P. denticulatum
var. laetum (Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel) Lindberg; P. denticulatum
var. microcarpum Renauld & Cardot; P. denticulatum
var. tenellum Bruch, Schimper & W. Gümbel; P. laetum
var. neomexicanum Cardot Plants light- to yellowish-green,
glossy, in dense mats. Stems to
20 × 1--3(4) mm, prostrate, complanate-foliate, rarely somewhat
julaceous. Leaves imbricate,
rarely distant, erect or spreading, often slightly undulate, sometimes secund
with apices pointing toward substratum, usually asymmetric, 0.7--2.6 ×
0.3--1.2 mm, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, margins
plane or often narrowly recurved nearly to apex, usually entire or with a few
serrulations at apices; costa short and double, ending a short distance above
leaf base, rarely with one branch reaching leaf middle, or costa sometimes
lacking; leaf cells smooth, walls of basal cells pitted; median cells 96--168
× 4--10 μm; decurrent alar region triangular in outline, consisting of 1--5
vertical rows of rectangular cells, 40--100 × 9--29 μm, terminating at the
base in a single cell. Specialized
asexual reproduction by propagula usually present, 40--86 × 8--14 μm,
consisting of 3--6 cells borne on branched stalks in leaf axils. Sexual condition autoicous, often
fruiting. Seta orange-brown to
red, straight or curved, 1--1.6 cm. Capsule
light- to orange-brown when mature, erect to cernuous, straight to arcuate,
0.5--2.0 × 0.4--0.7 mm, when dry smooth or rarely wrinkled when arcuate;
operculum conic to short-rostrate, 0.3--0.8 mm; cilia 1--3, sometimes
lacking. Spores 9--14 μm. Capsules mature summer. Usually in coniferous woods on rotten logs,
stumps, bases of trees, humus or soil, frequently overlying boulders and
cliffs; 75--3050 m; Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., Nun.,
N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Iowa,
Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio;
Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; Asia. Plagiothecium laetum
has a past history (R. R. Ireland 1969) of being confused with P. denticulatum
in North America. The small leaves,
0.7--2.6 mm, with narrower median cells, 4--10 μm wide, the decurrencies that
are triangular in outline and composed of rectangular cells, and the usually
smooth capsules will distinguish P. laetum from P. denticulatum,
which has larger leaves, 1.5--4 mm, broader median cells, 12--21 μm wide,
decurrencies usually oval in outline and composed of some oval cells, and
capsules striate when dry. I prefer to include Plagiothecium curvifolium
Schliephacke in the synonymy of P. laetum. Plants referred to P. curvifolium
have smooth secund leaves pointing toward the substratum, decurrencies of
3--5 rows of cells, composed of rectangular cells mixed with some inflated,
quadrate or spherical cells, and capsules usually cernuous and often
arcuate. However, I have found that
these characters do not always correlate and the plants seem best considered
environmental forms of the variable P. laetum. OTHER REFERENCES Hedenäs, L.
1989. Some neglected character
distribution patterns among pleurocarpous mosses. Bryologist 92: 157--163. Lin, S.-H.
1984. A taxonomic revision of
Phyllogoniaceae (Bryopsida). Part
II. J. Taiwan Museum 37(2): 1--54. Ireland, R. R..
1992. Studies of the genus Plagiothecium in Australasia. Bryologist 95: 221--224. Ireland, R. R.
2001. Buckiella, a new
genus in the Hypnaceae (Musci). Novon
11: 55--62. McGrew, K.
1976. Bryophytes of the Russian
Peak Area, Siskiyou County, California.
M.A. Thesis, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata 62 pp. Nyholm, E.
1965. Illustrated Moss Flora of
Fennoscandia II. Musci. Fasc. 5.
Plagiotheciaceae. Pp. 620--647.
Lund. Smith, A. J. E.
1978. The Moss Flora of Britain
and Ireland. Plagiotheciaceae. Pp.
621--638. Cambridge. |
