|
BFNA Title: Neckera |
|
XX. NECKERA Hedwig,
Sp. Musc. Frond., 200. 1801 Plants medium-sized to robust, light to dark
green, sometimes yellowish, mostly shiny, complanate, shelf-forming, primary
stem creeping and parallel, secondary stem perpendicular to pendent,
unbranched to irregularly branched to pinnate; branches sometimes becoming
attenuate. Paraphyllia present or
absent, scarce to abundant, filamentose to foliose. Pseudoparaphyllia filamentose to foliose. Primary stem leaves erect to erect-spreading; triangular,
lanceolate, broadly ovate to obovate, acute, narrowly acute or sometimes
forming a long acumen; margins entire to slightly serrate, recurved to plane
at base; costa absent or present, short and double to single; distal medial
cells fusiform to linear, basal cells mostly rectangular, alar cells
undifferentiated to differentiated, short-quadrate. Secondary stem and branch leaves erect, erect-spreading to
spreading; smooth to strongly undulate; ovate to obovate, oblong to
oblong-ligulate, oblong-lanceolate, slightly concave or flat, sometimes
secund; obtuse, broadly acute, acute to narrowly acute; margins entire to
serrate, recurved to plane at base; costa short and double to sometimes
single; apical cells rhombic, rhomboidal to fusiform, distal medial cells
fusiform to linear; basal cells linear to rectangular, pitted or unpitted,
alar cells mostly shortly-quadrate. Sexual
condition autoicous or dioicous. Inner
perichaetial leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-subulate, abruptly
to gradually acute; margins entire to slightly serrate at apex; costa absent
or present, reaching mid-leaf; distal medial cells fusiform to linear, pitted
or unpitted. Seta short or long,
2--12 mm. Capsule immersed to
long-exserted, erect, cylindric, oblong to globose; exostome teeth
lanceolate, smooth to densely papillose, somewhat cross-striate at base,
sometimes perforate; endostome rudimentary or well developed, with a low to
high basal membrane, segments narrow-lanceolate, keeled, smooth to densely
papillose, sometimes perforate. Spores
papillose, 12--39 \um. The genus Neckera is defined by asymmetric and
dimorphic leaves; that is, central versus lateral leaves. The central leaves
are inserted dorsally or ventrally and the costa is almost aligned with the
central axis of the stem; while in lateral leaves the insertion line
surrounds the stem’s side and thus costa alignment is displaced toward one
side. Lateral leaves can be distinguished as dorsal or ventral; for example,
if the leaf is mostly inserted dorsally (with costa on the dorsal side) then
there will be a small fold on the ventral side. Species 73 (5
in the flora): North America, Mexico, West Indies (Dominican Republic),
Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia. SELECTED
REFERENCES: Crum, H. 1983. Mosses of the 1. Plants with
mostly smooth leaves. 2.
Plants large, 3.5--4 cm; central stem leaves oblong, leaf apex rounded,
apiculate . . . 4. Neckera complanata 2.
Plants small, to 2 cm; central stem leaves ovate, leaf apex obtuse to broadly
acute . . . 5. Neckera besseri 1. Plants with
mostly undulate leaves 2.
Plants with capsules exserted; leaf apices serrate to dentate with recurved
teeth. . . 3. Neckera douglasii 2.
Plants with capsules immersed to slightly exserted; leaf apices serrulate to
entire. 3.
Paraphyllia scarce to absent; central stem leaves oblong-ovate, costa short,
double or lacking; plants with a broad distribution. . . 1. Neckera pennata 3.
Paraphyllia abundant; central stem leaves oblong-ligulate, costa single,
reaching 3/4 leaf length; w 1. Neckera pennata Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., 200. 1801 Neckera oligocarpa Bruch Plants 5--11 cm, attenuate branches few or
none. Paraphyllia scarce or
absent. Stem leaves (central)
undulate, oblong-ovate, 2--3(--5) mm, apex acute to broadly acute; margins
serrulate at apex, serrulate to entire proximally; costa short, double or
absent; apical cells oblong-rhombic, (15--)30--36 x (2--)3--5 \um, distal
medial cells oblong-linear, (23--)42--54 x 2--4 \um, basal cells rectangular,
50--60 x 7.5--10 \um, alar cells very few and irregularly short-quadrate. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta ca. 1 mm. Capsule immersed. Base of trees,
trunks, boulders, rock cliffs of conifer and deciduous forests to montane subalpine
ecotones; 300--2600 m; Greenland; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., N.W.T.,
Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Ariz., Colo., Conn., Ky., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine,
Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg., Pa.,
R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt.,
Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; Europe; Asia; Pacific Islands (New
Zealand); Australia. Neckera pennata is recognized by immersed sporophytes,
the undulate, acute to broadly acute leaves, and paraphyllia absent or
scarce. 2. Neckera menziesii Drummond, Musci. Amer., Brit. N. Amer.
162. 1828 Metaneckera menziesii (Drummond) Steere, Bryologist 70: 394.
1967 Plants 4--11(--20) cm, regularly pinnate,
attenuate branches common. Paraphyllia
abundant, lanceolate. Stem leaves
(central) concave, undulate, oblong to oblong-ligulate, base slightly
auriculate, 3--6 x (1--)2.2--2.5 mm, apex obtuse to broadly acute; margins
slightly serrate to serrulate distally, recurved at base; costa single, 3/4
of leaf length; apical cells rhomboidal, (8--)12--18 x 5--6 \um, distal medial cells linear,
pitted, 27--36 x 3--5 \um, basal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, 30--54
x 5--6 \um, alar cells quadrate. Sexual
condition dioicous. Seta
2--2.5 mm. Capsule immersed. Logs, trunks,
shaded rocks and cliffs, mixed conifer-hardwood, Sequoia, oak, Thuja and
Abies forests; 10--1800(--2000) m;
Alta., B.C., Neckera menziesii can be distinguished from other dioicous
species by the single costa that extends 3/4 of the leaf length and the
slightly serrate margin of straight teeth. In addition, the seta is very
short, and the capsule immersed. The presence of abundant paraphyllia and a
single costa were used by W. C. Steere (1941, 1967) to segregate this species
into the genus Metaneckera. Those
characters are common in other Neckera
species from South and Central America and 3. Neckera douglasii Hooker, Bot. Misc. 1:131, plate 35.
1829 Plants (7--)10--14 (--20) cm, attenuate
branches common. Paraphyllia absent.
Stem leaves (central) strongly
undulate, slightly concave oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base slightly
auriculate, 3.5--5 x 1--1.5(--2) mm; apex abruptly acute to acuminate;
margins with recurved teeth at apex, entire to slightly serrulate proximally;
costa short and double, single or none; apical cells rectangular,
(13--)18--30 x 2--2.5 \um, slightly pitted, distal medial cells
linear-flexuose, (30--)42--60 x 2 \um, slightly pitted, basal cells fusiform
to rectangular (7--)10--12(--15) x
1--2 \um, porose, alar cells irregularly rectangular. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta (2--)4--6 mm. Capsule exserted. Decaying logs,
trunks, hanging from branches, rarely on soil, rocks of mixed
conifer-hardwood forests, redwood forest, humid costal forest; 0--500 m;
B.C., Neckera douglasii is the only species with large recurved
teeth at leaf apex, and it is limited to western 4. Neckera
complanata (Hedwig) Huebener, Muscol. Germ., 576. 1833 Leskea complanata Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., 231. 1801 Plants 3.5--4 cm, attenuate flagelliform
branches common. Paraphyllia present,
rare. Stem leaves (central)
smooth, oblong, 2.5--3 x 1.2--1.5 mm; apex rounded-apiculate; apical margin
slightly serrulate, entire proximally; costa short and double; apical cells
irregularly rhomboidal, 13--18(--24) x 4--6 \um, distal medial cells
long-rhomboidal, 24--60 x 4--6 \um, basal cells linear to irregularly
rectangular, 5--10 x 1.5 \um, slightly pitted, alar cells oblong to short
quadrate. Sexual condition dioicous.
Seta 7--12 mm. Capsule exserted. Trunks, over
humus, cliffs, overhanging ledges, shaded vertical sandstone, limestone
boulders, wet rocks of mixed forests; (150--)200--500 m; N.B., Nfld. and
Labr., N.S., Ont., Ala., Ark., Colo., Ga., Maine, Mass., N.Y., N.C., Penn.,
Tenn., Va..; Europe; Asia (China). Neckera complanata is distinguished by the apiculate apex
and smooth leaves. 5. Neckera besseri (Lobarzewski) Juratzka, Verh. Zool.
Bot. Ges. Wien. 10: 386. 1860 Homalia besseri Lobarzewski, Naturwiss. Abh. ( Plants up to 2 cm or less; flagelliform branches
common. Paraphyllia absent. Stem leaves (central) smooth, ovate to obovate, 1.1--1.3 mm; apex
obtuse to broadly acute; margins entire; costa short and double, rarely
single; apical cells rhombic, 5--12 x ca. 7 \um, distal medial cells rhombic
to rhomboidal, 15--18(--30) x 7--9 \um, basal cells irregularly rectangular,
25--37 x ca. 7 \um, alar cells irregularly quadrate. Sporophyte not reported for the flora area. Limestone or
sandstone cliffs, soil; 300--500 m; Neckera
besseri is
distinguished from other Neckera species
in the flora by small stature and ovate to obovate stem leaves. Also, it is
limited to eastern |
