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BFNA Title: Orthothecium |
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Hypnaceae
- Orthothecium XX.
ORTHOTHECIUM Schimper in P. Bruch, W. P. Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryo. Eur.
5: 105 (fasc. 48. Monogr. 1.) 1852, conserved name * [ortho, erect, and thecium,
capsule]. Paul L. Redfearn, Jr. Holmgrenia Lindburg. Öfers. Förhandl, Kongl.
Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. 19: 605. 1863 Plants very small to robust, in loose
to dense, soft, shiny, green, yellowish, golden, or reddish tufts. Stems erect, ± straight to distinctly secund, not to sparsely branched, pseudoparaphyllia
lacking, epidermal cells in 3--4 rows of small, very thick-walled cells
surrounding a zone of larger, thinner-walled cells, and a central strand
composed of very thin-walled cells; branches radiculose at base. Stem and
branch leaves similar, erect to erect-spreading, lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate, ± concave, plane to strongly plicate;
margins incurved from base to middle, plane or recurved above, acumen entire
or minutely serrulate; costa lacking or short and double to reaching the
middle of the leaf, one fork usually longer than the other; costa cells
similar to leaf cells but thick-walled and porose; distal leaf cells linear, ± flexuose, smooth, usually somewhat incrassate and porose
throughout, but conspicuously so in proximal portion of leaf; alar cells not
differentiated, cells across insertion often darker, relatively short and thick-walled. Specialized
asexual reproduction very rare, by axillary propagula. Sexual
condition dioicous. Perigonia
and perichaetia near base of stem, perichaetial leaves lanceolate,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate-triangular, acuminate, margins plane, serrulate to
sharply serrate, distally, ecostate, cells linear, thick-walled, porose. Seta
elongate, golden brown, purple or reddish, twisted. Capsule erect and
symmetric to slightly asymmetric, cylindric to subglobose, commonly flaring
at mouth; operculum conic; exothecial cells ±
isodiametric to rounded; stomata few at extreme base of urn; annulus composed
of 2--3 rows of ± thick-walled cells; peristome double,
attached at the mouth, exostome teeth broadly lanceolate, bordered, pale
yellow, papillose distally, cross-striolate proximally, segments keeled and
perforate, front surface with a zig-zag center line; basal membrane of
endostome low to moderately high, basal segments broad to linear, usually
papillose, keeled and perforate, as long as exostome to somewhat longer,
cilia present or lacking. Calyptra
cucullate, smooth and naked. Spores
10--16 µm. Species 10 (5
in the flora); terrestrial, calcicolous habitats from near sea level
to high elevations in temperate to boreal and Arctic regions; North America,
Europe, Asia, Africa. Many authors
(V. F. Brotherus 1907; E. Lawton 1971; A. Noguchi 1990; E. Nyholm 1965) have
placed Orthothecium in the Entodontaceae.
However, W. R. Buck (1980) concluded that Orthothecium,
based on leaves with a short, double costa, undifferentiated alar cells and a
hypnoid peristome, should be placed in the Hypnoideae of the Hypnaceae SELECTED
REFERENCES: Brotherus, V. F. 1907. Entodontaceae. In: A. Engler & K.
Prantl, eds., Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamlien, 1(3): 870--899. Leipzig. Buck, W. R. 1980. A generic revision of
Entodontaceae. Jour. Hattori Bot. Lab. 48: 147--150. Lawton, E. 1971. Moss Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Miyazaki, Japan. Noguchi, A. 1994. Illustrated Moss Flora
of Japan. Part 5 Miyazaki, Japan. Nyholm, E. 1965. Illustrated Moss Flora of
Fennoscandia II. Fasc. 5, 565--570. 1. Leaves
distinctly plicate; stems ca. 3 mm wide and up to 10 cm long. 2.
Plants
reddish to brownish green; leaves somewhat secund, with long, slender
acuminate points, not decurrent,
margins plane. . . . .. 2. Orthothecium rufescens 2.
Plants
golden; leaves with short-acuminate points, slightly decurrent, margins
partially recurved . . . . .
.. . . . . 1. Orthothecium chryseum 1. Leaves not
or only slightly plicate, less than 0.5 mm wide and up to 4 cm long. 3.
Leaves homomallous, narrow, long-acuminate, margins plane to somewhat revolute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Orthothecium intricatum 3.
Leaves straight, ovate- to ovate-lanceolate. 4. Leaf margins partially recurved, ovate-lanceolate,
ending in short, flexuose, subhyaline acumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Orthothecium strictum 4.
Leaf margins plane, broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate to apiculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Orthothecium acuminatum 1.
Orthothecium chryseum (Schwägrichen)
Schimper in P. Bruch, W. P. Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryo. Eur. 5: 107 (fas.
48. Monogr. 3). 1851. Plants robust, golden, forming turf. Stems
ca. 3 mm wide and 5--10 cm long, erect or ascending, simple or sparingly
branched. Leaves imbricate, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-triangular, short-acuminate,
1--5 mm, concave, or cochleariform, strongly plicate, slightly decurrent,
margins partially recurved, entire; median leaf cells linear, ca. 84 × 6 µm; basal cells shorter and broader, thick-walled and
incrassate, golden brown; costa absent or very short and double. Specialized
asexual reproduction absent. Sporophytes infrequent. Perichaetial
leaves ovate-triangular, interior long-acuminate, sharply toothed above,
not plicate. Seta golden brown, 2--3 cm. Capsule ovoid-cylindric, frequently slightly asymmetric,
1.5--1.8 mm, contracted below mouth
when dry and empty; annulus composed of 2 rows of cells; cilia short. Spores
14--16 µm. 1. Leaves
concave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1a. Orthothecium chryseum var. chryseum 1. Leaves
cochleariform . . . . . . . .1b. Orthothecium chryseum var. cochlearifolium 1a.
Orthothecium chryseum var. chryseum Leaves
concave. Rarely
producing sporophytes. Moist
calcareous rock ledges, faces & crevices, in depressions, along edges of streams,
humus, seepage areas of talus slopes, ice wedge polygons, hummocks, dung,
alpine and arctic tundra; 0--3900 m (Colorado); Greenland; Alta., B. C.,
Labrador, Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Yukon; Alaska, Colo.
Mont.; n & c Europe; Atlantic Islands (Iceland); Arctic Asia (Russia). 1b.
Orthothecium chryseum var. cochlearifolium (Lindberg) Limpricht, Laubm. Deutschl.
Oesterr. Schweiz 3: 23. 1895 Leaves
cochleariform. Sporophytes
unknown. Moist calcareous area of Arctic tundra; near sea level to 1100 m;
Nunavut; Greenland (?). Orthothecium chryseum is characterized by robust stems ca. 3
mm wide and over 4 cm long, and its distinctly golden, plicate leaves with
short-acuminate points. It is by far the most common Orthothecium in North America. The var. cochlearifolium is known from a few localities in Nunavut. It is
distinguished by distinctly cochleariform leaves. 2. Orthothecium rufescens (Bridel) Schimper in P. Bruch, W. P.
Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryo. Eur. 5: 107, 480 (fasc. 48 Mon. 1: 3) 1851 Hypnum rufescens Bridel, Muscologia 2(2): 139. 1801 Plants reddish to brownish green, in robust, slightly glossy mats. Stems ca. 3 mm wide and 4--10 cm long,
sparingly branched. Leaves ±
appressed when dry, erect-spreading when moist, linear-lanceolate, with long,
slenderly acuminate points, 3 mm, caniculate-concave, strongly plicate, not
decurrent, margins plane, entire, costa absent; median and distal cells
linear. 65--85 × 4--5 µm; proximal cells shorter,
20--40 µm, walls porose. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. [Seta purple, erect. Capsule erect,
operculum obliquely conic-rostrate. Spores ca. 16 µm.] Moist tundra,
on soil, granite, limestone, schist, 2--1645 m. Greenland; N.W.T., Nunavut,
Yukon; Alaska; Europe; Asia (Siberia, Japan). Plants of Orthothecium rufescens, like those of
O. chryseum, are large and robust with distinctly plicate leaves,
but can be distinguished from this species by the reddish color and slenderly
acuminate leaves. 3.
Orthothecium intricatum (Hartman)
Schimper in P. Bruch, W. P. Schimper & W. Gümbel, Bryo. Eur. fasc., vol.
5, 457. 1851 Leskea intricata Hartman, Skand. Fl. Ed 5: 336. 1849 Plants slender, in dense green to
yellow-green mats or tufts. Stems 0.2--0.3 mm wide and up to 4 cm
long, slender, yellow-brown, curved--ascending, sometimes creeping Leaves erect to erect-spreading,
narrowly lanceolate, gradually subulate, homomallous, 1--1.8 mm occasionally ± twisted-flexuose when dry, smooth or faintly striolate,
margins plane to somewhat revolute, entire or somewhat sinuate, costa absent
or very short and double, cells elongate, linear, ± porose, 45--75 × 4--6
µm; basal cells shorter, broader, often yellow, incrassate, porose. Specialized
asexual reproduction rare, by short, filamentous propagula in axils of
leaves. Seta red-brown,1.5 -- 2 cm. Capsule erect and
symmetric, 1.5 --2 mm; endostome low, segments somewhat longer than teeth,
cilia lacking. Spores 10--14 µm. Rarely
producing sporophytes. Moist shaded calcareous soil, granite, schist,
limestone, rock ledges and vertical cliff faces, tundra, 200--1500 m.
Greenland; B. C., N.W.T., Nunavut,
Ont.?, Que., Yukon; Alaska; n. Eurasia, China, Japan. Orthothecium intricatum is distinguished by leaves that are homomallous,
and narrowly lanceolate with plane to slightly revolute margins. 3. Orthothecium strictum Lorentz, Moosstudien 122. 5d. 1864 Orthothecium binervulum Molendo, Moostudien 120. 1864 Plants small, in orange, glossy tufts. Stems
ca.0. 5 mm wide and 1--6 cm long, erect to ascending, sparingly
branched. Leaves erect-imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, ending in a short,
flexuose, subhyaline acumination, ± 1 mm,
not to only slightly plicate, margins partially recurved, serrulate distally,
costa short and double; median leaf cells oblong-linear, 48--64 × 8 µm; proximal basal cells shorter, brownish yellow; alar
cells poorly differentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, by
clusters of claviform, multicellular propagula in axils of leaves. Perichaetial
leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sporophytes apparently very rare, not
seen. Moist tundra,
humus, soil, rock ledges, crevices, 10 to 2800 m. Alta, B. C., Man., Nfld.,
N.S., N.W.T., Nunavat, Yukon, Que.; Alaska, Colo.; Europe Orthothecium strictum is distinguished by stems up to 0.5 mm
wide and 1--6 cm long, and the indistinctly plicate, erect-imbricate,
narrowly lanceolate leaves with revolute margins, ending in a short,
flexuose, subhyaline acumination. A single collection (Alaska, Steere 18846,
NY) had claviform multicellular propagula present in axils of leaves. 5.
Orthothecium acuminatum Bryhn,
Rep. Second Norw. Arctic Exped. Fram 1898--1902 2 (11): 126 1 f. 4. 1907 Plants in very small tufts, golden--green
distally, brownish proximally. Stems 0.5 mm wide and up to 3--4 cm
long, sparsely branched, often with slender stoloniferous branches bearing
minute leaves. Leaves closely appressed--imbricate, margins plane,
broadly ovate, abruptly very short-acuminate to apiculate, 0.6--0.8 mm,
slightly serrate above; median leaf cells oblong to oblong-rhombic, ca.
35--40 × 9 µm; basal cell shorter, incrassate
and deeply colored, obscure; alar cells scarcely differentiated; costa
lacking. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sporophytes unknown. Wet calcareous
habitats, arctic tundra; Greenland; N.W.T., Nunavut; Alaska. Orthothecium acuminatum is distinguished by narrow stems 0.5
mm wide and up to 4 cm long, with straight, broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate
to apiculate leaves. It is known in North America only from a few localities
in the Northwest Territories and one locality in Alaska. William Weber
(personal communication to R. R. Ireland) suggested that O. diminutivum (Grout)
H. A. Crum & L. E. Anderson, described from Colorado, is synonymous with Isopterygiopsis puchella (Hedwig) Z.
Iwatsuki. R. R. Ireland (2003) accepted this suggestion. OTHER
REFERENCES Ireland, R. R.
2003. Isopterygiopsis. Bryophyte
Flora of North America, Provisional Publication, Version 2. BFNA Web Site,
Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/bfna/v2/HypnIsopterygiopsis.htm
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