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BFNA Title: Rosulabryum |
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XX. ROSULABRYUM
J. R. Spence, Bryol. 99: 222. 1996 * [Greek rosula, rosette, and Bryum] Bryum Hedwig sect. Trichophora J. J.
Amann, Fl. Mouss. Suisse 2: 241, 1918 John R. Spence Plants small to large, in open to dense low
turfs or gregarious, green to red-green. Stems
short to elongate, mostly strongly rosulate, sometimes in two or more
interrupted rosettes, rarely evenly foliate or sub-julaceous, subfloral
innovations common; often densely radiculose with brown, red-brown or red
papillose rhizoids, micronemata and macronemata present, stolons absent. Leaves ovate, obovate to spathulate,
variously contorted to spirally twisted around stem when dry or rarely nearly
imbricate, erect to erect-spreading when wet, flat or weakly concave, base
straight or slightly curved at insertion, sometimes decurrent; margins plane
distally, recurved proximally or sometimes plane, 1-stratose, nearly smooth
to distinctly serrate near apex, limbidium present or absent, of 1--6 rows of
thick-walled elongate cells, apex broadly rounded to acute, not hyaline,
costa excurrent as short- to long-excurrent colored awn, sometimes not
reaching apex, variously contorted when dry, in cross-section with a
well-developed abaxial stereid band, guide cells present, in 1(--2) layers,
adaxial supracostal cells irregularly to regularly short- to long-rectangular
at base; laminal areolation heterogeneous, distal and median laminal cells
short-rhomboidal (3--5:1) sometimes porose, gradually becoming rectangular
and somewhat longer proximally. Specialized
asexual reproduction common, of tubers on rhizoids and leaf axis or
rarely of rhizoidal unbranched to branched filiform gemmae. Sexual condition dioicous, rarely
synoicous, polyoicous or autoicous; perichaetial leaves the same size as
vegetative leaves, not forming a rosette, inner leaves differentiated, more
acuminate with weaker costa, perigonial leaves often enlarged and distinctly
rosulate. Seta usually 1(2--3),
elongate, straight. Capsule
clavate to cylindric or rarely pyriform, often somewhat arcuate, nutant to
inclined; peristome rather uniform, double, well developed; exostome teeth
16, irregularly striate on outer surface; endostome segments 16, same height
as exostome, widely perforated; basal membrane high, 1/2--2/3\x length of
exostome, papillose; cilia 2--3, appendiculate. Spores small, 8--20 \um, smooth to finely papillose. Species ca. 80
(13 in the flora): worldwide, but concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere and
in subtropical to tropical mountains. Rosulabryum is a large, distinctive genus mainly
found in tropical mountainous areas and in the Southern Hemisphere in areas
of seasonal temperate climates, occurring typically on soil, less commonly on
rock or wood, rarely epiphytic. Most Northern
Hemisphere bryologists are not familiar with the great morphological
diversity of the species of Rosulabryum
sect. Rosulabryum, traditionally placed in Bryum sect. Rosulata,
as very few extend beyond 20°N.
The most widespread representatives of Rosulabryum in the Northern Hemisphere are the small somewhat
atypical species of sect. Trichophora centered around R. capillare. Recent molecular work suggests that this
section of Rosulabryum may be
closer to Ptychostomum, and thus
convergent on the robust Rosulata clade of the genus. However, very
few species have been sampled for molecular work, and it seems unlikely that
the complex of characters defining Rosulabryum
could have evolved twice in unrelated clades. SELECTED
REFERENCES Crundwell, A.C. and H.L.K. Whitehouse. 2001. A revision of Bryum bornholmense Wink. & R.
Ruthe. J. Bryol. 23: 171--176. Holyoak, D.T. and N. Pedersen. 2007.
Conflicting molecular and morphological evidence within the Bryaceae
(Bryopsida) and its implications for generic taxonomy. J. Bryol. 29: 111--124.
Mohamed, M.A. Haji. 1979. A taxonomic study of Bryum billardieri Schwaegr. and related species. J. Bryol. 10:
401--465. Spence, J. R. 1996. Rosulabryum
genus novum. Bryologist 99: 221--225. Spence, J. R. and H. P. Ramsay.
Bryaceae. Flora of 1. Filiform gemmae present in leaf axils of distal innovations. 2. Innovations short, rosulate, leaves large, mostly greater than 3 mm, distal lamina margins strongly serrate, limbidium strong ……..……..... 2. Rosulabryum andicola, in part 2. Innovations rosulate or elongate and evenly foliate, leaves small, mostly less than 2 mm, distal lamina margins serrulate to almost smooth, limbidium weak or absent. 3. Innovations rosulate,
leaves obovate, flat, rhizoidal tubers red, filiform gemmae brown
………..………………………....10. Rosulabryum
laevifilum 3. Innovations evenly foliate, leaves ovate, concave, rhizoidal tubers of various colors, filiform gemmae red, red-brown or brown. 4. Rhizoidal tubers orange to
pink-orange, brighter than rhizoids, filiform gemmae red ………....…… 11. Rosulabryum pseudocapillare 4. Rhizoidal tubers and
filiform gemmae brown to red-brown, same color as the rhizoids ………………………. 8. Rosulabryum flaccidum 1. Filiform gemmae absent. 5. Plants with elongate evenly
foliate stems, leaves large, 2--4 mm, distinctly decurrent, margins sharply
serrate distally ….….. 1. Rosulabryum
andersonii 5. Plants rosulate or if evenly foliate then leaves small, less than 2 mm and distal margins mostly smooth or only weakly serrulate; leaves decurrent or not. 6. Leaves medium-sized to large, 2--4 mm, often in 2 or more interrupted tufts, margins serrate, limbidium strong or absent distally, costa excurrent as short stout awn, lamina cells incrassate, distinctly porose. 7. Distal margins of leaves lacking limbidium, leaves often in 2 or more interrupted comal tufts, hairpoint recurved when dry ……… 4. Rosulabryum
canariense 7. Distal margins of leaves with strong limbidium, leaves usually in single tufts, hairpoint variously straight to curved but not distinctly recurved …………......………….…. 2. Rosulabryum andicola, in part 6. Leaves mostly less than 2 mm, usually not in interrupted tufts, variously contorted, twisted or imbricate, margins smooth to serrulate, limbidium present or nearly absent, costa various, not reaching apex to long excurrent in long hairpoint, lamina cells thin to thick-walled, not or weakly porose. 8. Stems more or less evenly
foliate, julaceous, leaves not much contorted when dry, distal margins of
leaves with weak or absent limbidium, rhizoidal tubers rarely present .....
6. Rosulabryum elegans 8. Stems rosulate, although innovations sometimes evenly foliate, leaves variously contorted or twisted, rarely innovations leaves imbricate, distal margin of leaf with strong to nearly absent limbidium, rhizoidal tubers commonly present. 9. Plants with strong reddish
tints, leaves distinctly decurrent, costa strong in short awn ……..… 7. Rosulabryum erythroloma 9. Plants green, brown-green to red-green, leaves not decurrent, hairpoint excurrent in short, medium or long awn ……….… 10 10. Plants polyoicous (synoicous, some shoots 1-sexual, appearing autoicous, others with 1-sexual lateral gametangia), rhizoidal tubers amber, orange, orange-red to crimson, generally lighter than rhizoids, distal leaf margins distinctly serrate, capsule often strongly nodding, red at maturity. 11. Tubers orange to amber,
becoming brown with age, limbidium weak, leaves ovate, distal margins
serrulate .........................3. Rosulabryum bornholmense 11. Tubers bright red-orange
to crimson, leaves obovate, distal margins serrate, limbidium strong
...................13. Rosulabryum
torquescens 10. Plants dioicous, rhizoidal tubers orange, crimson, red, red-brown to brown, mostly same color as rhizoids, if brighter then either tubers distinctly warty with protuberant cells or distal leaf margins nearly smooth; distal leaf margins serrate, serrulate to almost smooth, capsule inclined to nutant, red-brown to brown. 12. Tubers with distinctly
protuberant cells, dark red to red-crimson, clustered at base of stem on
short rhizoids, distal lamina margins distinctly serrate, leaves irregularly
contorted when dry ...................................12. Rosulabryum
rubens 12. Tubers smooth or almost so, orange, red or brown, mostly on long rhizoids away from stem base, distal lamina margins more or less smooth, if serrate then leaves spirally twisted around stem when dry. 13. Limbidium absent or weak,
margins almost smooth, innovations elongate, of imbricate, ovate leaves,
somewhat reddish or red-brown, rosulate leaves irregularly contorted, tubers
orange-red to red ........ 9. Rosulabryum
gemmascens 13. Limbidium usually present, margins serrulate, innovations short, rosulate, green with leaves contorted, rosulate leaves spirally twisted around stem, tubers brown-red to brown ......……......… 5. Rosulabryum capillare 1. Rosulabryum andersonii (Crum) J. R. Spence, Novon 19: 398.
2009 Brachymenium andersonii Crum, Bryologist 74: 47. 1971 Plants large, in tall turfs, bright green. Stems long, 3--6 cm, elongate and
evenly foliate, innovations evenly foliate and elongate. Leaves of main stem and innovations similar, spathulate, flat to weakly
concave, 3--4.5 mm, distant, spirally twisted when dry, somewhat decurrent,
margins plane distally, recurved proximally, serrate from apex to near mid
leaf, limbidium strong, of 2--3 rows of hyaline cells, apex broadly acute,
costa percurrent in short point, distal and median laminal cells thin-walled,
rhomboidal, 3:1, 15--18 \um wide, not prorose, proximal cells longer,
narrower and rectangular. Specialized
asexual reproduction unkown. Sexual condition dioicous? Capsules
unknown. Rare and local on moist humic soil in broad-leaved forest; 1300 m; N.C. A species of conservation concern. Rosulabryum andersonii was transferred to Rosulabryum because it does not fit in the type section of Brachymenium, which consists of
tropical epiphytes with erect capsules.
Rosulabryum andersonii is morphologically similar to several robust
tropical Rosulabryum species that
have elongate evenly foliate stems. Despite repeated searches, the population
has never been relocated, and the species may be extinct. 2. Rosulabryum andicola (Hooker) Ochyra, Biodiv. Bryum
andicola Hooker, Syn.
Pl. 1: 58, 1822 Plants small to large, in open to dense low
turfs or gregarious, green to red-green. Stems
short to long, 0.4--5 cm, distinctly and singly rosulate, innovations
rosulate. Leaves of main rosette
and innovations similar although latter smaller, obovate, 0.6--4 mm,
irregularly twisted and spirally twisted around stem when dry,
erect-spreading when wet, weakly concave, not decurrent; margins recurved on
larger leaves to near tip, distinctly and strongly serrate in distal 1/3 of
margin, limbidium strong, of 3--4 layers of pale yellow or whitish cells,
apex broadly acute, costa excurrent in short stout awn; distal and median
laminal cells thin- to firm-walled, short-rhomboidal (3--5:1), porose,
proximal cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves, porose, short-rectangular
in smaller proximal leaves. Specialized
asexual reproduction by brownish filiform gemmae, densely papillose, and
rhizoidal tubers, 300--1000 \um, reddish brown, spheric. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule
cylindric, symmetric, brown, 3--6 mm, nutant to inclined. Capsules mature June--August. Uncommon to locally common on moist to dry soil, soil over rock or rarely wood in mountainous areas; 900--2500 m; se Ariz., s N.Mex., w Tex.; Mexico; Central America; South America; s Africa. When
well-developed Rosulabryum andicola
is a large, striking species, but at its northern edge of range in the
Southwest it is often much smaller. The
strong border and sharply serrate leaves combined with the filiform gemmae
serve to distinguish smaller specimens from small species Rosulabryum. It is most closely related to the southern
hemisphere R. billardieri and R. albolimbatum. There is some
confusion over the identity of the species, as the type is reported to be
similar to R. flaccidum.
Specimens named R. andicola in the sense of M. A. Mohamed
(1979) are large, robust plants, very unlike the small R. flaccidum. If R. andicola is synonymous with R.
flaccidum, then the next oldest name for this species is B.
ehrenbergianum Müll. Hal. 3. Rosulabryum
bornholmense (Wink.
& R. Ruthe) J. R. Spence, Novon 19: 398. 2009 I Bryum bornholmense Wink. & R. Ruthe, Hedwigia 38 (Beibl. 3): 120. 1899 Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, red-green. Stems short
0.5--2 cm, fertile stems evenly foliate to weakly rosulate, innovations
evenly foliate. Leaves of main
rosette and innovations similar, ovate, 1--2 mm, somewhat irregularly twisted
to contorted when dry, erect-spreading when wet, weakly concave, not
decurrent, margins recurved to mid leaf, weakly but distinctly serrulate in
distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium moderately distinct, of 1--2 rows, apex
acute, costa slender, excurrent in medium-length colored awn, distal and
median laminal cells thick walled, rhomboidal (3--4:1), 14--20 \um wide, not
porose, proximal cells short-rectangular, innovation leaves similar but
smaller. Specialized asexual
reproduction of rhizoidal tubers, on long rhizoids in soil,
(120--)180--350 \um, amber, orange, orange-red or dark red, becoming
orange-brown, pale brown or dark brown when old, spheric, cells not or only
weakly protuberant. Sexual condition
dioicous, synoicous or autoicous. Capsule
cylindric, symmetric, red to red-brown, 2--3 mm, nutant. Capsules
mature April-August. Rare and local on disturbed soil; 100 m; Rosulabryum bornholmense was probably introduced from 4. Rosulabryum canariense (Bridel) Ochyra, Biodiv. Brym
canariense Bridel,
Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 3: 29. 1817 Plants small to large, in open to dense low turfs
or gregarious, bright green. Stems
short to long, 0.5--2 cm, distinctly rosulate, typically with 2--3
interrupted rosettes on the same stem, innovations rosulate. Leaves of main rosettes and
innovations similar although the latter smaller, obovate to spathulate,
2.5--4.5 mm, irregularly contorted when dry, not spirally twisted around
stem, erect-spreading when wet, weakly concave, not decurrent; margins
recurved on larger leaves to mid leaf, distinctly and strongly serrate in
distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium absent or weak, apex acute; costa excurrent
in short, slender awn, usually recurved when dry; distal and median laminal
cells firm- to thick- walled, rhomboidal (3--5:1), 15--23 \um wide, porose,
proximal cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves, porose, short-rectangular
in smaller proximal leaves. Specialized
asexual reproduction of rhizoidal tubers, 200--400 \um, red, spheric. Sexual condition autoicous or rarely
synoicous. Capsule
elongate-pyriform, symmetric, red-brown, 3--6 mm, nutant. Capsules mature May--June. Common on moist soil banks and soil over rock in coastal maritime to Mediterranean climates, 0--1600 m, B.C.; Wash., Oreg., Calif.; Mexico; s,w Europe; Asia (Turkey); Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia); reports from East Africa and Central America need to be re-evaluated. Rosulabryum canariense is a large species easily distinguished
by the series of interrupted rosettes along the stem, short, recurved
hairpoint, weak or absent limbidium, and porose lamina cells. 5. Rosulabryum capillare (Hedwig) J.R. Spence, Bryologist 99:
223. 1996 Bryum capillare
Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., 182, 1801 Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, bright green. Stems
short 0.5--1.5 cm, distinctly singly rosulate, innovations short and
rosulate. Leaves of main rosette
and innovations similar, obovate, 0.5--2.5 mm, regularly spirally twisted
around stem, erect-spreading when wet, weakly concave, not decurrent; margins
recurved to mid leaf, distinctly serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium
present, of 1--3 rows, apex acute, costa excurrent in long, sometimes
hyaline, slender awn, irregularly twisted when dry; distal and median laminal
cells thin-walled, short-rhomboidal (3--4:1), 12--25 \um wide, not porose,
proximal cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves. Specialized asexual reproduction of rhizoidal tubers, 200--300
\um, red-brown, same color as rhizoids, spheric. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule
cylindric to elongate-pyriform, symmetric, red-brown, 3--5 mm, inclined. Sporophytes mature May--July.
Uncommon to locally common on moist shaded soil, soil banks or rotting wood;
0--2500 m; Greenland; Alta., B.C.,
Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Alaska, Ariz.,
Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Idaho, Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass.,
Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak.,
Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.,
Wyo.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa;
Atlantic Islands (including Macaronesia); Pacific Islands (New Zealand);
Australia. Traits
diagnostic for the protean Rosulabryum
capillare are the leaves spirally twisted around the stem, small size of
plant, rosulate innovations, rhizoidal tubers the same color as the rhizoids,
leaf with long awn, distinct border, serrulate margins. Rosulabryum gemmascens has a much weaker border with nearly
smooth margins, irregularly contorted leaves, and elongate somewhat imbricate
innovations of small red-brown ovate leaves. Rosulabryum laevifilum has a much more variable costa that
sometimes does not reach the apex, green leaves, and filiform gemmae. Rosulabryum
torquescens has irregularly contorted leaves with strongly serrate
margins and red to crimson tubers, brighter than the rhizoids. 6. Rosulabryum elegans (Nees) Ochyra, Biodiv. Bryum elegans Nees,
Bryol. Univ. 1: 849. 1827; Bryum
stirtonii Schimper Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or gregarious,
bright to dark green, olive-green or rarely red-green. Stems short 0.5--2 cm, evenly foliate, more or less julaceous. Leaves of main rosette and
innovations similar, ovate to obovate, 0.5--1.5 mm, more or less imbricate
when dry, sometimes slightly twisted and more loosely set, erect when wet,
concave, decurrent or not; margins plane or sometimes recurved to mid leaf,
serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium present, of 1--2 rows, apex
broadly acute to acute, costa excurrent in long, sometimes hyaline, stout
awn, straight to somewhat twisted when dry; distal and median laminal cells
thin- to thick-walled, short-rhomboidal (3--4:1), 14--30 \um wide, not
porose, proximal cells short- to long-rectangular, porose. Specialized asexual reproduction of
rhizoidal tubers, very rare, (100--)150--200 \um, brown, same color as
rhizoids, spheric. Sexual condition
dioicous. [Capsule pyriform,
symmetric, red-brown, 2--3 mm, strongly nutant.] Rare on
calcareous rock or soil, cool to Arctic-alpine climates, typically in the
mountains; 1000--4000 m; Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Nunavut; Alaska, Calif., Maine,
Mich., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash.; Europe (including European Russia), Asia
(Turkey). Capsules of Rosulabryum elegans have not been
reported from the flora area. The plants are typically dark green with
somewhat julaceous stems, but in shaded moist areas the stems become looser
with more widely set and somewhat twisted paler green decurrent leaves. These latter plants have been named Bryum stirtonii, but they intergrade
completely with R. elegans from
drier more exposed sites. 7. Rosulabryum erythroloma (Kindberg) J. R. Spence, Novon 19:
398. 2009 Bryum
capillare subsp. erythroloma
Kindberg, Eur. N. Amer. Bryin. 2: 358, 1897 [1898]; B. erythroloma (Kindberg) Syed Plants small to medium-sized, open to dense
low turfs or gregarious, maroon or red to red-green. Stems short 1--2.5 cm, distinctly singly rosulate, innovations
short and rosulate. Leaves of main
rosette and innovations similar, obovate, 1--2.5 mm, appressed and not much
altered to sometimes spirally twisted around stem, erect-spreading when wet,
flat, decurrent; margins recurved to mid leaf, distinctly serrulate in distal
1/3 of margin, limbidium present, of 2--4 rows, red to sometimes yellowish in
older leaves, apex acute, costa variable, not reaching apex, percurrent to
short excurrent in a stout awn, distal and median laminal cells firm walled,
short-rhomboidal (2--3:1), 15--25 \um wide, not porose, proximal cells
long-rectangular in rosette leaves. Specialized
asexual reproduction of rhizoidal tubers, (180--)200--350 \um, orange,
maroon to red, brighter than rhizoids, spheric. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule
cylindric to elongate-pyriform, symmetric, brown to red-brown, 2.5--4 mm,
nutant. Sporophytes mature April--June. Locally common on moist shaded soil, soil banks or rotting wood in lowland forests and other protected sites near the Pacific coast; 0--500 m; B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash; Mexico. Rosulabryum erythroloma is a distinctive coastal endemic,
characterized by reddish decurrent leaves with a short awn. The capsules often become strikingly bright
red, and nutant as they mature. 8. Rosulabryum flaccidum (Bridel) J. R. Spence, Phytologia 89:
114. 2007 Bryum
flaccidum Bridel,
Bryol Univ. 1: 667. 1826 Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, brown-green to red-green, occasionally bright green. Stems short 0.5--2 cm, fertile stems
singly rosulate, rare, plants dominated by numerous slender, evenly foliate,
elongate, sterile innovations. Leaves
of main rosette and innovations somewhat different, rosette leaves ovate to
obovate, 0.6--2 mm, somewhat irregularly twisted to contorted when dry, erect
when wet, weakly concave, not decurrent, margins plane or recurved to mid
leaf, smooth or weakly serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium absent or
present, weak, of 1 row, apex acute, costa excurrent in short- to
medium-length colored awn, distal and median laminal cells thin-walled,
long-rhomboidal (3--5:1), 12--18 \um wide, not porose, proximal cells
long-rectangular in rosette leaves, innovation leaves broadly lanceolate to
ovate, more or less imbricate when dry, concave, 0.4-1.5 mm, dark green to
red-brown, with a short colored awn. Specialized
asexual reproduction of filiform gemmae in distal leaf axils or rarely on
leaves, brown, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, (100--)150--300 \um,
brown to red-brown, spheric. Sexual
condition dioicous. Capsule
subcylindric, symmetric, brown, 2--3 mm, nutant. Sporophytes
rare, mature May--August. Uncommon to locally common, exposed to shaded rock,
soil, soil over rock, or rotting wood, rarely on bark; 0--2000 m; Ont.;
Ariz., Calif., Colo., Md., Mo., Nev.,
West Indies. In 9. Rosulabryum gemmascens (Kindberg) J. R. Spence, Novon 19: 399
2009 Bryum
gemmascens Kindberg,
Eur. N. Amer. Bryin. 2: 360. 1897; B. sanguilentum Renauld &
Cardot; B. trichophorum Kindberg Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, green or brown to red-green. Stems
short 0.5--2 cm, distinctly singly rosulate, innovations elongate and evenly
foliate. Leaves of fertile
rosettes and innovations different, rosette leaves broadly ovate to obovate,
1--2.5 mm, irregularly twisted to contorted when dry, erect-spreading when
wet, flat, not decurrent, margins recurved to mid leaf, smooth or weakly
serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium absent or present, weak, of 1
row, apex acute, costa variable, not reaching apex to excurrent in slender,
medium-length, colored or hyaline awn, irregularly twisted when dry; distal
and median laminal cells thin-walled, long-rhomboidal (3--5:1), 12--20 \um
wide, porose, proximal cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves, innovation
leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, somewhat twisted to weakly imbricate when
dry, concave, 0.5--1.5 mm, red-brown, with a short colored to sometimes
hyaline awn. Specialized asexual
reproduction of filiform gemmae in distal leaf axils, rarely present,
brown, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, (60--)100--200 \um, brown,
spheric. Sexual condition
dioicous. Capsule cylindric,
symmetric, brown to red-brown, 2--5 mm, inclined to nutant. Sporophytes mature April--June. Uncommon to locally common, exposed to shaded soil, soil over rock, rotting wood; 0--1000 m; B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash. Rosulabryum gemmascens
is closely related to R. capillare,
but differs in the unusual evenly foliate red-brown innovations, leaves not
spirally twisted around stem, very weak or absent limbidium and almost smooth
distal margins. It is endemic to coastal areas, and is especially common in
Mediterranean climate areas of 10. Rosulabryum
laevifilum (Syed)
Ochyra, Biodiv. Bryum
laevifilum Syed, J.
Bryol. 7: 293. 1973 Plants variable, very small to medium, in
open to dense low turfs or more often gregarious, bright green. Stems short, 0.3--1.5 cm, distinctly
singly rosulate, innovations short and rosulate. Leaves of main rosette and innovations similar, obovate, 0.4--3
mm, irregularly shrunken or contorted but not spirally twisted around stem,
erect-spreading when wet, flat, decurrent; margins plane or recurved to mid
leaf, serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium present but often weak, of
1--2 rows, apex acute, costa highly variable, not reaching apex to excurrent
in short slender awn in same rosette, irregularly twisted when dry; distal
and median laminal cells thin-walled, short-rhomboidal (3--4:1), 12--20 \um
wide, not porose, proximal cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves. Specialized asexual reproduction of
filiform gemmae in axils of distal leaves or sometimes arising from leaves, green
when young, brown when mature, finely papillose to more or less smooth, and
rhizoidal tubers, (70--)100--200 \um, brown, same color as rhizoids, spheric.
Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule subcylindric, symmetric,
brown to red-brown, 2--4 mm, inclined to nutant. Sporophytes rare, mature April--August. Uncommon
to locally common and widely scattered, bark, rotten wood, rarely rock or
soil; 0--2500 m; Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., Que., Sask.; Alaska, Ariz., Ark.,
Calif., Colo., Idaho., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass.,
Mich., Minn., Mo., Mon., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N. Mex., N.Y., N.C.,
N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.; Europe. Rosulabryum laevifilum is the flora’s most widespread species
of the genus with filiform gemmae, and is the most common corticolous
species. Specimens on bark are often
very small compared with those on other substrates. See also the discussion
under R. flaccidum. 11. Rosulabryum pseudocapillare (Bescherelle) Ochyra, Biodiv. Bryum
pseudocapillare
Bescherelle, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. sér. 6, 3: 205. 1876 Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, green to red-green. Stems
short 0.5--2 cm, fertile stems singly rosulate, rare, plants dominated by numerous
slender evenly foliate elongate sterile innovations. Leaves of main rosette and innovations somewhat different,
rosette leaves ovate to obovate, 0.6--2 mm, somewhat irregularly twisted to
contorted when dry, erect-spreading when wet, flat, not decurrent, margins
recurved to mid leaf, smooth or weakly serrulate in distal 1/3 of margin,
limbidium absent or present, weak, of 1 row, apex acute, costa variable, not
reaching apex to excurrent in slender medium-length colored or hyaline awn,
irregularly twisted when dry; distal and median laminal cells thin-walled,
long-rhomboidal (3--5:1), 12--18 \um wide, not porose, proximal cells
long-rectangular in rosette leaves, innovation leaves broadly lanceolate to
ovate, more or less imbricate when dry, concave, 0.4--1.5 mm, red-brown, with
a short colored awn. Specialized
asexual reproduction of filiform gemmae in distal leaf axils or rarely on
leaves, red, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, (100--)150--400 \um,
orange, red to pink, spheric. Sexual
condition dioicous. Capsule
subcylindric, symmetric, brown, 2--3 mm, nutant. Sporophytes rare, mature April--July. Uncommon to locally common, damp rotting wood, bark, rarely soil in subtropical regions; 0--500 m; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; Pacific Islands (Hawaii). Rosulabryum
pseudocapillare is very closely related to R. flaccidum, but
differs in ecology, distribution, and color of the filiform gemmae and
tubers. See the discussion under R. flaccidum. 12. Rosulabryum rubens (Mitten) J. R. Spence, Novon 19: 399.
2009 I Bryum
rubens Mitten,
Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 232. 1856 Plants small, in open to dense low turfs or
gregarious, red-green. Stems short
0.5--2 cm, fertile stems evenly foliate to weakly rosulate, innovations
evenly foliate. Leaves of main
rosette and innovations similar, ovate, 1--2.5 mm, somewhat irregularly
twisted to contorted when dry, erect-spreading when wet, weakly concave, not
decurrent, margins recurved to mid leaf, distinctly serrulate in distal 1/3
of margin, limbidium moderately distinct, of 1--2 rows, apex acute, costa
slender, excurrent in short colored awn, distal and median laminal cells
thin-walled, rhomboidal (3--4:1), 15--20 \um wide, not porose, proximal cells
short-rectangular, innovation leaves similar but smaller. Specialized asexual reproduction by
rhizoidal tubers, on short rhizoids at base of stem, (120--)150--300 \um,
crimson, red to dark red, spheric, cells strongly protuberant. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule cylindric, symmetric, red to
red-brown, 2--3 mm, nutant. Capsules
mature April-August. Rare and local, disturbed soil, occasionally concrete;
0--1000 m; B.C., Que.; Calif., Md., N.J., Okla., Tenn.; Europe; Asia (India);
Australia. Rosulabryum rubens was most probably introduced from
Europe, and is likely to be more widely distributed in temperate 13. Rosulabryum torquescens (Bruch ex De Not.) J. R. Spence, Bryologist 99: 223. 199 Bryum torquescens
Bruch ex De Notaris, Syllab. Musc., 163. 1838; B. capillare subsp. torquescens
(Bruch ex De Notaris) Kindberg Plants small to more often medium-sized, in
open to dense low turfs or gregarious, green or red-green. Stems short 1.5--2 cm, distinctly
singly rosulate, innovations short and rosulate. Leaves of main rosette and innovations similar, broadly ovate to
obovate, 1.5--3 mm, slightly twisted to contorted when dry, erect-spreading
when wet, flat, not decurrent; margins recurved from mid leaf to near apex,
distinctly and strongly serrate in distal 1/3 of margin, limbidium present,
strong, of 2--4 rows, apex acute, costa excurrent in short to medium stout or
slender awn, irregularly twisted when dry; distal and median laminal cells
firm-walled, long-rhomboidal (3--5:1), 12--20 \um wide, not porose, proximal
cells long-rectangular in rosette leaves. Specialized asexual reproduction of rhizoidal tubers,
(100--)200--300 \um, scarlet, crimson to red, brighter than rhizoids,
spheric. Sexual condition dioicous
or polyoicous. Capsule
elongate-pyriform, symmetric, red, 3--6 mm, strongly nutant. Sporophytes mature April--June.
Uncommon to locally common, soil or rock over soil, rarely on rotting wood;
0--1500 m; B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Nev., Oreg., Wash.; South America; Eurasia;
Africa; Atlantic Islands (including Macaronesia); Pacific Islands (New
Zealand); Australia. Rosulabryum torquescens is found on all continents except
Antarctica, particularly in seasonal |
