|
Vegetation of the South Grand
Island Bridge Shoreline Parcel |
|
The South Grand Island Bridge Shoreline Parcel,
Mainland, Town of Tonawanda, Erie County, New York by
P. M. Eckel
On a summer of 2003 list of "Habitat Improvement Projects"
(HIPs) presented by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation to the New York Power Authority and other groups, and
distributed by the Friends of the Buffalo and Niagara River, there was
mention of a small shoreline parcel of land just north of the South Grand
Island Bridge on the Niagara River. The parcel faces the eastern, Tonawanda
Channel of the Niagara River as it divides around Grand Island, and is in
Erie County, town of Tonawanda in New York State. The shoreline parcel was examined August 12, 2003. It is nestled in
a thoroughly industrial landscape, surrounded by such companies as Noco
Energy Corporation, the Roblin Industrial Park, Tonawanda Coke Corporation,
Sun Co., Ashland Chemicals, Chemcentral and railyards of the CSXT Railroad.
It lies beside River Road in the nexus of Interstate 190 and 290, the beltway
around the City of Buffalo. The trees peer upward at the soaring height of
the Grand Island Bridge, and the parcel is bordered on the north and south by
utility company rights‑of‑way.
The Niagara River has many shorelines of different character.
Drivers in the northbound lane if the Interstate 90 going over the bridge may
have noticed on their right the glint of sun on water under the twiggy canopy
within the shore‑woods here in early spring. These glints come from
snow melt that forms two parallel strips of water parallel to the shore and
to River Road. The water pools in early spring and slowly evaporates and
percolates into the soil, a leaving black, sticky muck under the trees by
late summer. As the driver rises to the crest of the bridge it is easy to see
that the shoreline on Grand Island, across the river, as well as the
mainland, is deeply modified, so that the aboriginal character of the shore
is completely obliterated. Miraculously, this little bit of shore has
survived such modifications, the "arming" or ballasting of the
shore, some of which surely dates from the days before the ice‑boom was
built at the foot of Lake Erie at the mouth of the Niagara River between
Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario. Before the 1950's, ice would build
up on the margins of the stream and scour away whatever lay in its path ‑
but no more. Today water laps against a fine little beach of well‑sorted
sand grains of mostly native minerals, rather than brown sand from blast
furnaces and brick manufacturers, as along the industrialized Buffalo River
to the south of Buffalo city, or great chunks of concrete, concrete walls or
grand pieces of the Lockport dolomite piled up along the urbanized shores on
both sides of the river. The fine sand indicates the water has a gentle interaction with the
mainland, whereas heavier stones indicate rougher water. The main erosive
force of the river is deflected against the Grand Island shore opposite. This parcel is one of the few remaining places where most of the
morphological character of the aboriginal shoreline is present. There is a
low elevation parallel to the river at the apex of the shoreline slope that
appears to be an effective natural levee against what little force the river
exerts here. The low trough on the mainland side of the levee does not appear
to be broached during winter or storm periods of high water, as there is no
evidence of this either erosionally or depositionally, nor does the
vegetation indicate such natural disturbance. The giant old willows (Crack
Willow: Salix fragilis) are the
only armament on the shore and these are not native trees. The shoreline
flora is relatively pristine, so that its aboriginal, natural character and
structure may be observed and the patterns applied to restoration projects up
and downstream on the Niagara River. The shore morphology may be compared with that of Buckhorn Island,
which is much more complex and convoluted, with water‑filled troughs
that parallel or are perpendicular to the river on the island's north side,
and the old inlet (Burntship Bay) and Wood's Creek meanderings on the south
side of the marsh. The South Grand Island Bridge Tonawanda parcel is evidently the only
remaining bit of natural shoreline left along the New York mainland of the
upper river, although some may know of others. One significant modification to the parcel that must date back many
years is a rather high, sharply defined berm covered with Fissidens taxifolius, running parallel
to the trough and River Road and nearer the Road than the river. The purpose
of this elevation may have been to improve drainage toward the mainland to
protect early road‑building on the River Road bed, or to protect it
from possibly higher river levels. It resembles a similar berm running
parallel to the East‑West Park Road on the northern tip of Grand Island
bisecting Buckhorn Island State Park, and also in a small natural wood near
Niagara University and the property of the New York Power Authority at Witmer
Road in Niagara County. These berms are associated with native wet woods and
may derive from the Work Projects Administration (WPA) or Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) efforts during the depression of the 1930's, which
makes areas with such earthworks even more interesting as their function may
have included protection of areas of significant natural woodland character
if not to protect wooded wetlands from the effects of development. Note that the beach seems to resemble an exposed sandbar, what was
initially an offshore, underwater feature, later exposed by lower water
levels in the river. The ground seems to slope downward against the mainland
from this elevation and is blocked by the berm and then by the modifications
resulting in the construction of what is now River Road. There is other
evidence in the area that this industrial section was once an extensive
wetland perhaps drained by Two Mile Creek. Industrial, rather than
residential construction, may be a sign of the general unsuitability of the
area due to its lowness much as industry and railroads developed south of the
City of Buffalo along the Buffalo River and The Flats, an extensive wetland
in which the Little Buffalo Creek, now disappeared, once flowed. Another disturbance is the presence of a 2‑track dirt area
where vehicles (once?) drove parallel to the berm. COMMUNITY ELEMENTS
The vegetation of this parcel was observed August 12, 2003. It is
organized in the following elements: 1. Closed canopy forest (shaded ground). 2. Thicket (shrub) strips and associated herbaceous species a. along shoreline
margin facing the Niagara River (this area includes large (mature) willow
trees planted to provide erosional control) b. forest margin
along River Road. c. A third strip
of thicket has become established on the linear berm feature near and parallel
to River Road under the forest canopy. 3. Herbaceous ground layer and associated shrub species. a. in shade on
variably wet to moist soil. b. in open
sunlight along the shoreline margin edge of boundary thickets. The following botanical observations pertain to a walk‑through
examination on August 12, 2003: 1. Closed canopy forest (shaded ground). Whatever the original arboreal species composition of this forest
was, the forest is presently essentially a monoculture of Green Ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica), a species of
wet to moist forests. It is usually associated with either or both Silver and
Red Maple (Acer saccharinum and A. rubrum) as well as American Elm (Ulmus americana), of which there is
little or no representation (one young Red Maple, 4" dbh was observed).
Ordinarily one might expect the original forest type to be the Silver maple‑ash
swamp (forested mineral soil wetlands) of Reschke (19990) said to be
characteristic of Buckhorn Island State Park and interior wet forests on
Grand Island. However, the presence of a few specimens of Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) in the upstream
boundary of the parcel is suggestive of a species composition that may have
originally included Tupelo (Nyssa
sylvatica) and Buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis), as occur in a wet woods nearly one mile interior to this
shoreline, as well as other Oak and Hickory hardwoods presently identified
along the Niagara River in the Tonawanda Channel. The poor diversity of arboreal species and their youth (most trees
are only around 6" diameter breast height (dbh) indicate selective
logging (note some diameters are large, to 24" dbh), perhaps during the
heyday of the timber industry in the Tonawandas downstream. That the canopy
of these young trees is at an extreme height suggests that when the logging
occurred, the canopy remained essentially intact and the shrub and herbaceous
character of the lower layers is indicative of typical natural conditions
along the Niagara River ‑ either originally or as an example of natural
regeneration after selective logging with the canopy intact. That there is
little or no branching low down on the trees also suggests their
uninterrupted growth in shade. Young sprouts of this tree occur as a ground cover in all parcel
areas. Several robust (more mature) trees of Hickory (Juglans cf. nigra) were
rather anomalously growing on the raised berm, as was the Bird Cherry (Prunus avium). This last European
exotic is aptly named as the seed is dispersed by birds. It is the ancestor
of the commercial Bing Cherry and, though the fruit is smaller, they are just
as tasty. Typical of moist forest edges were the very large Cottonwood trees (Populus deltoides) that grew
predominantly on the upstream forest border as well as along the beach side
of the shoreline thicket. Several trees of American Elm occur near the River Road thicket and
along the interior berm. On the upstream margin a very tall River Grape (Vitis riparia) scrambled up to the
canopy. 2. Thicket (shrub) strips and associated herbaceous species. Except
for a few stems of Buttonbush and Currant (Ribes sp.) in the shaded interior, shrubs only dominate along the
beach, the berm and the peripheral edges along River Road and on the
downstream forest margin. A shrub layer is essentially absent in the forested
interior. a. forest margin
along River Road. This thicket is
in full sun facing River Road, in shade facing the interior canopy. Green Ash
is developed here, together with Virginia Creeper, a massive Bird Cherry. At
the northern end where the ground is higher, is a fine specimen of Beech (Fagus grandifolia) to 10" dbh,
indicative of aboriginal upland growth. One might expect Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and Red Oak (Quercus rubra) to have shared the
canopy at one time. The native Red‑osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) is established here, and Panicled Dogwood (Cornus racemosa). b. A third strip
of thicket has become established on the linear berm feature near and
parallel to River Road under the forest canopy. Trending toward
the berm and on the berm itself the soil is somewhat drier to dry with
increasing herbaceous presence. Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus cf. vitacea)
forms a ground cover, there is more of the Currant (Ribes). Were the ground any drier, Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) would be part of
the ground cover as elsewhere in the Niagara River woodlands. White Avens (Geum canadense) and the large‑headed
species Rough Avens (Geum laciniatum),
Solidago sp. River Grape grows here
also. The dark elevated soil is covered with the moss Fissidens taxifolius. For some reason,
artificial hummocks of deposited soil, no matter how large or small, seem to
be magnets for exotic species, often seen as islands of exotics in a sea of
native species. This is probably due to contamination of the imported soil
with seeds of these species. The noxious shrub Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) is conspicuous on
the berm, growing below several Hickories (to 12" dbh) and the exotic
Bird Cherry (Prunus avium).
American Elm is perched on the berm, one to 12" dbh, also Privet (Ligustrum cf. vulgare) and Buckthorn (Rhamnus
cathartica). Enchanter's Nightshade is abundant here in the drier soil (Circaea quadrisulcata) and the Garlic
Mustard is dense. The weedy taxa selectively predominate on the side of the
berm facing River Road. c. along
shoreline margin facing the Niagara River (this area includes large (mature)
willow trees planted to provide erosional control). The thicket
character here is useful in that it may represent the pattern that once
occurred downstream along the western boundary of Buckhorn Island State Park,
presently deeply infested with Lonicera
tartarica, L. morrowii and L. morrowii x tatarica (= x bella). Here in Tonawanda the thicket
is primarily species of Dogwood (Cornus
racemosa, Cornus stolonifer)
and one specimen of possibly Cornus
amomum developed under Cottonwood trees (Populus deltoides) and the Green Ash. Although probably too wet
for Hawthorne species, there was one shrub of Crataegus monogyna and one of Crataegus
mollis with its lightly downy leaves. Exotic intruders
include Alder buckthorn (Rhamnus
frangula) and Black or Siberian Alder (Alnus glutinosa), a species recently thought to be sparsely established,
but now demonstrated to show an invasive character all along the shoreline of
both channels of the upper Niagara River (Eckel, (Rhamnus cathartica) and Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) also have a presence, but so far a minor one. A
specimen of Box Elder (Acer negundo)
is troubling to see as this is an invasive tree. An exotic willow, Basket or
Purple Willow (Salix purpurea)
occurs here, as along Wood's Creek at Buckhorn. It has purplish leaves and
they are nearly opposite on their twigs ‑ distinctive among
willows. For the
herbaceous component of the shoreline thickets see below. 3. Herbaceous ground layer and associated shrub species. a. in shade on
variably wet to moist soil. There are two
components to this layer: i. the trough
between berm and River Road, a linear track of black wet soil. The moist soil
here is black (reduced) and nearly completely devoid of vegetation. This is
typical of soils along the river and in poorly drained soil inland where
water has stood from the end of winter through spring and early summer and
nothing germinates in it excepting new tree species, not even Garlic Mustard.
On the edges of the trough where the soil is high enough and all around the
weedy peripheral areas and throughout the berm occur Garlic Mustard (Alliaria officinalis = A. petiolaris). ii. the
depression between the berm and the shoreline elevation. The black soil
without vegetation in the trough area is probably due to the existence of the
berm, otherwise it is likely to have the character of the berm‑shore
depression: robust swathes of urticaceous species, here primarily False
Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
whereas in other wet Maple‑Ash woods, this species also alternates with
zones of Clearweed (Pilea pumila).
Such broad‑leaved herbs are typical of Maple‑Ash woods whereas
graminoids abound in adjacent wet Oak (Oak‑Hickory) woods with spring‑wet,
fall‑dry soil regimes. There is little graminoid, Juncus or cyperaceous species present in the South Grand Island
Bridge parcel. Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) is most abundant
here on the shaded side of the shoreline thicket where presumably the soil is
wettest all year growing with a little stand of Broad‑leaved Cattail (Typha latifolia); the white‑flowered
Polygonum on slender stalks is
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
one of the most common Smartweed in New York State and present in all wet
margins along the Niagara River; the Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris) and Common or Swamp Dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) with its twining
orange stems; other species include some Iris sp. (Iris versicolor or I.
virginica), White Vervain (Verbena
urticifolia); large‑headed Rough Avens (Geum laciniatum); Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis); some Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), an alien sprawler in wet soil; scattered
Water Horehound (Lycopus sp.), a
delicate species of Bedstraw, Stiff Marsh Bedstraw (Galium tinctorium). An herb with a rather large purple flower
typical of such wet places is Square‑stemmed Monkey‑flower (Mimulus ringens). Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora) is an unusual
plant, found also at nearby Buckhorn marsh. One exception to
the absence of graminoid species is Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), a large grass of wet ground that occurs
among the False Nettle population. The common name most likely refers to the
need to identify wild or weedy grasses whose seeds could be gathered to feed
the family bird. Caged canaries were household standards during the turn of
the 20th century and earlier during the Victorian Era during a time when the
pet food industry had not yet developed or when frugal households would never
waste money on feed for their pets. Trending toward
the berm and on the berm itself the soil is somewhat drier with increasing
herbaceous presence (see shrub section above). Shrub species
occurring here include some small stems of Buttonbush and a curious abundance
of Currant (thornless Ribes sp.
with resinous glands). b. open sunlight
along the shoreline margin edge of boundary thickets. Native herbs
include various Horehounds or Bugleweeds (Lycopus
sp.) of the mint family, a little grass Nerved Manna‑grass (Glyceria striata), Fringed Loosestrife
(Lysimachia ciliata) as on Goat
Island downstream, Sneezeweed (Helenium
autumnale), a spectacular yellow flower beside the alien but beautifully
blue‑flowered Great Lobelia (Lobelia
siphilitica). There is Blue Vervain (Verbena
hastata), species of Beggar‑ticks (Bidens sp.), Grass‑leaved Goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia), Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus) with its very narrow leaves, Cut‑leaved
Water Horehound (Lycopus americanus),
Joe‑Pye‑Weed, American Germander (Teucrium canadense) one of the larger marsh mints, and Agrimonia
(Agrimonia gyrosepala). A mint that
resembles the Bugleweeds (Lycopus sp.)
but with a powerful mint‑fragrance is American Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis). In the wet sand
grows the Silverweed (Potentilla
anserina) so characteristic of the beaches of the upper Niagara River.
There was a very tall species of Meadow Rue, the Thalictrum revolutum Zenkert mentioned was collected along the
Niagara River in the town of Tonawanda in an old pre‑1934 specimen. A
Buttercup with conspicuous yellow petals growing on the shore was Swamp or
Marsh Buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus var.
caricetorum, formerly R. septentrionalis). Joe‑Pye‑Weed
(Eupatorium maculatum), Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) grow in more
shaded stations. Among the various
species of Bugleweed occurs the fragrant American Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis), two species of
Thistle, both exotic: Bull Thistle (Cirsium
vulgare) and Canada Thistle (Cirsium
arvense) as well as Burdock (Arctium
lappa), some Chicory (Cichorium
intybus), Ox‑eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) and a little Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). It is clear that
the greatest species diversity of this parcel exists along the shoreline with
species enjoying the sunny riverside on one side of the tree/shrub line and
those enjoying shade on the other. SPECIES LIST Bold faced names of species indicate natives, italicized names are
of introduced species. Nomenclature follows Zander and Pierce (1979). Tree species: American Elm (Ulmus americana) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Bird Cherry (Prunus avium) Black or Siberian Alder (Alnus
glutinosa) Box Elder (Acer negundo) Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Green Ash (Fraxinus americana) Hickory (Juglans sp., probably nigra) Red Maple (Acer rubrum). Alien species of trees were the Crack Willow on the shore and the
Bird Cherry on the berm. The Black Alder is the most noxious species and Box
Elder is next, one of the most aggressive weedy trees in the gorge forests of
the Niagara River. There are no upland trees in this parcel excepting the
Hickory established on the berm elevation and the Beech on the northern
periphery. The dominant species in the central woodland is Green Ash. Shrub species: Basket Willow (Salix purpurea)
Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) Currant (a thornless Ribes species, either the native Ribes americanus
or the Black Currant of gardens, Ribes
nigrum) Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
Hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) Honeysuckle sp. (Lonicera
sp.) Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera
morrowii) Panicled Dogwood (Cornus racemosa). Privet (Ligustrum cf. vulgaris) Red‑osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) River Grape (Vitis riparia) Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus cf. vitacea) The most noxious shrub species are well known: exotic Honeysuckles,
Privet and Buckthorn. Radical and immediate removal does not seem to be
likely to cause a problem here as elsewhere where these shrubs form an
impenetrable infestation of communities of native species, as along the
Niagara gorge. Herbaceous species: American Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis) American Germander (Teucrium canadense) Agrimonia (Agrimonia gyrosepala). Beggar‑ticks (Bidens sp.) Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata) Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Broad‑leaved Cattail (Typha latifolia) Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Burdock (Arctium lappa) Canada Thistle (Cirsium
arvense) Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Common or Swamp Dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) Cut‑leaved Water Horehound (Lycopus americanus) Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum) Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea quadrisulcata) False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) Field Mint (Mentha arvensis). Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata) Garlic Mustard (Alliaria
officinalis) Grass‑leaved Goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia) Great Lobelia (Lobelia
siphilitica). Iris sp. (Iris versicolor or I. virginica) Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) Joe‑Pye‑Weed (Eupatorium maculatum) Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris) Meadow Rue (Thalictrum revolutum) Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) Nerved Manna‑grass (Glyceria striata) Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus) Ox‑eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria) Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) Rough Avens (Geum laciniatum) Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) Silverweed (Potentilla anserina) Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale) Solidago sp. Square‑stemmed Monkey‑flower (Mimulus ringens). Stiff Marsh Bedstraw (Galium tinctorium). Swamp or Marsh Buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum,
formerly R. septentrionalis). Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora) White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia) Bryophytes: Fissidens taxifolius NOTES Thalictrum revolutum is rare in Canada and rare in Ontario. This
population at the south Grand Island bridge would be a possible source for
natural colonization across the river in Ontario given suitable habitat
there. US populations of species rare in Ontario near the border should be
scrupulously maintained to maintain this natural process of enrichment of the
diversity of the Canadian flora. Identification of the Iris species should be undertaken when Iris
species are in bloom to determine whether this species is the common Iris versicolor, or Iris virginica, which is rare in New
York State. SUGGESTIONS
FOR HABITAT IMPROVEMENT 1. Trash, presumably from River Road, needs picking up. 2. Deer population existence needs some monitoring and its effect on
the vegetation. No effect on the vegetation was seen as of this writing, no
sense of browsing pressure. The deer seem to restrict themselves to the
shoreline. 3. Exotic species need removing, if anything, to provide habitat for
expansion of existing native populations and provide additional habitat space
for the introduction of other species along whatever vector originating up or
downstream. Except for the Garlic Mustard, alien species seem manageable if
this problem is addressed in the near future. Garlic Mustard, a biennial
species, could be addressed late in its fruiting season when pods are just
starting to develop as the plants are most conspicuous then and easily
removed as well as being distinguished from other, native species. One
positive aspect is the lawnscape that exists surrounding the parcel. Actively
maintained lawns suppress all species and in this instance seem to act as
buffers against aggressive species. Exotic herbs typical of waste ground,
such as Thistle, Burdock and Chicory, are most likely to enter the community
along the periphery at the upstream and downstream boundaries (utility
properties). Another positive aspect of the industrial environment in which the
parcel is embedded is the absence of public facilities for congregation, the
general nakedness or exposure of the surroundings that with complex traffic
patterns discourages public assembly on the parcel boundaries. 4. Noxious thicket species that may contribute to deterioration of
shoreside habitats, such as Honeysuckle, Buckthorn, Black Alder and Box Elder
should be scrupulously removed to protect the high species diversity of the
herbaceous community. 5. Certain alien species with no known noxious character might
remain for scientific or biocultural interest. Bird Cherry may arguably be a
remnant of colonial times as many very old trees may be found throughout the
forests adjacent to the Niagara River and Niagara Escarpment. Basket Willow
does not escape much and is also probably a remnant of earlier economic
efforts on the river edge. In colonial and later periods this willow was
introduced from Europe for basket‑weaving ‑ it is only seldom
escaped, as at this station. Other aliens, such as the Great Lobelia are
beautiful and not invasive. The Crack Willow not only stabilizes shorelines
but its tough trunks resist ice scour. It seldom spreads. This shoreline parcel is small enough that alien species removal
protocols may be developed to apply to the maintenance of other natural areas
along the Niagara River. The low extent of invasion makes clean‑up possible and the
special effect specific to individual noxious invaders can be studied, and
the impact of their removal on the natural community structure examined and
monitored. It is recommended, due to the fragility of the wet soils and their
fundamental importance to the structure and function of this system, that any
recreational or educational use and access be denied. The primary function of
this tiny wetland is scientific with an emphasis on historical ecology and no
trespassing signs might be contemplated. Protection and understanding of the ecology of this piece of
landscape is vital as a biocultural asset for restoration or natural
maintenance protocol development in any natural history corridor formulation
by area governments on both Canadian and American shores. I thank Richard Zander for reviewing the manuscript and providing
the computer technology to make this information available on‑line. REFERENCES Eckel, P. M. 2003. Two problems in Betulaceae along the Niagara
River: Alnus glutinosa and Betula cordifolia. Clintonia Clintonia
18(4): 3-4. Reschke, Carol. 1990. Ecological Communities of New York State. New
York Natural Heritage Program, N.Y.S. Department of Environmental
Conservation, 700 Troy‑Schenectady Rd., Latham, NY 12110‑2400. Zander, R. H. & G. J. Pierce. 1979. Flora of the Niagara
Frontier Region: Second Supplement and Checklist. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Sci. 16(Suppl. 2). Zenkert, Charles A. 1934. Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region.
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 16. Buffalo, New York.
|
|
|
