BOTANICAL EVALUATION OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK
P. M. Eckel
Buffalo Museum of Science
1020 Humboldt Pkwy
Buffalo, NY 14211 U.S.A.
www.buffalomuseumofscience.org

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NUMERICAL STUDIES

NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF THE FLORA OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX OVER THE TWO-CENTURY REPORTING PERIOD
The following figures are derived from the preceding species catalogue and represent all taxa reported in the literature, herbarium specimens examined and recent field work.

The figures given below do not include taxa extirpated from the complex since 1940 and so indicate a higher number than are actually present.

In the table below, after the Latin family name, numbers of genera and species are given.

      

ACANTHACEAE 1 1 Acanthus Family

ACERACEAE 1 9 Maple Family

ALISMACEAE 1 1 Water-Plantain Family

AMARYLLIDACEAE 1 1 Amaryllis Family

ANACARDIACEAE 1 4 Cashew Family

APOCYNACEAE 1 1 Dogbane Family

ARACEAE 2 3 Arum Family

ARALIACEAE 4 6 Ginseng Family

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 1 1 Birthwort Family

ASCLEPIADACEAE 1 3 Milkweed Family

BALSAMINACEAE 1 2 Touch-me-not Family

BERBERIDACEAE 3 4 Barberry Family

BETULACEAE 5 10 Birch Family

BIGNONIACEAE 1 1 Bignonia Family

BORAGINACEAE 4 5 Borage Family

BUTOMACEAE 1 1 Flowering Rush Family

CAESALPINIACEAE 1 1 Caesalpinia Family

CAMPANULACEAE 1 3 Harebell Family

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 4 11 Honeysuckle Family

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 8 12 Pink Family

CELASTRACEAE 2 3 Staff-tree Family

CHENOPODIACEAE 2 4 Goosefoot Family

COMPOSITAE 30 73 Daisy Family

CONVOLVULACEAE 2 3 Morning-glory Family

CORNACEAE 1 7 Dogwood Family

CRASSULACEAE 1 1 Orpine Family

CRUCIFERAE 12 20 Mustard Family

CUPRESSACEAE 2 3 Cypress Family

CYPERACEAE 4 30 Sedge Family

DIPSACACEAE 1 1 Teasel Family

ELAEAGNACEAE 1 1 Oleaster Family

EQUISETACEAE 1 2 Horsetail Family

ERICACEAE 4 4 Heath Family

EUPHORBIACEAE 2 2 Spurge Family

FABACEAE 11 17 Bean Family

FAGACEAE 3 8 Beech Family

FUMARIACEAE 1 2 Fumitory Family

GENTIANACEAE 1 1 Gentian Family

GERANIACEAE 1 3 Geranium Family

GRAMINEAE 26 46 Grass Family

HALORAGACEAE 1 1 Water-milfoil Family

HIPPOCASTANACEAE 1 3 Horse-chestnut Family

HYDRANGEACEAE 1 1 Hydrangea Family

HYDROCHARITACEAE 1 1 Frog's bit Family

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 1 1 Waterleaf Family

HYPERICACEAE 1 2 St. John's Wort Family

IRIDACEAE 2 4 Iris Family

JUGLANDACEAE 2 4 Walnut Family

JUNCACEAE 1 7 Rush Family

LABIATAE 14 20 Mint Family

LAURACEAE 1 1 Laurel Family

LEMNACEAE 1 1 Duckweed Family

LILIACEAE 14 19 Lily Family

LIMNANTHACEAE 1 1 False Mermaid Family

LOBELIACEAE 1 2 Lobellia Family

LYTHRACEAE 1 1 Loosestrife Family

MAGNOLIACEAE 1 1 Magnolia Family

MALVACEAE 1 1 Mallow Family

MENISPERMACEAE 1 1 Moonseed Family

MORACEAE 1 2 Mulberry Family

NAJADACEAE 1 1 Pondweed Family

OLEACEAE 4 6 Olive Family

ONAGRACEAE 3 5 Evening-primrose Family

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 1 1 Adder'stongue Family

ORCHIDACEAE 2 2 Orchid Family

OROBANCHACEAE 1 1 Broom-rape Family

OSMUNDACEAE 1 1 Royal Fern Family

OXALIDACEAE 1 1 Wood-sorrel Family

PAPAVERACEAE 1 1 Poppy Family

PHRYMACEAE 1 1 Lopseed Family

PHYTOLACCACEAE 1 1 Pokeweed Family

PINACEAE 5 9 Pine Family

PLANTAGINACEAE 1 3 Plantain Family

PLATANACEAE 1 1 Plane-tree Family

POLEMONIACEAE 2 2 Phlox Family

POLYGONACEAE 2 9 Smartweed Family

POLYPODIACEAE 11 12 Polypody Family

PORTULACACEAE 2 3 Purslane Family

PRIMULACEAE 3 5 Primrose Family

RANUNCULACEAE 7 17 Crowfoot Family

RHAMNACEAE 1 2 Buckthorn Family

ROSACEAE 13 38 Rose Family

RUBIACEAE 4 10 Madder Family

SALICACEAE 2 16 Willow Family

SANTALACEAE 1 1 Sandalwood Family

SAURURACEAE 1 1 Lizard's-tail Family

SAXIFRAGACEAE 5 7 Saxifrage Family

SCROPHULARIACEAE13 18 Figword Family

SELAGINELLACEAE 1 1 Selaginella Family

SOLANACEAE 3 5 Nightshade Family

TAXACEAE 1 1 Yew Family

THYMELAEACEAE 2 2 Mezereum Family

TILIACEAE 1 2 Linden Family

TYPHACEAE 1 2 Cat-tail Family

ULMACEAE 2 5 Elm Family

UMBELLIFERAE 11 14 Parsley Family

URTICACEAE 2 2 Nettle Family

VERBENACEAE 1 2 Vervain Family

VIOLACEAE 2 11 Violet Family

VITACEAE 2 6 Grape Family

Number of families reported during the course of two centuries: 100

(Note: two families occur in the complex that do not exist on Goat Island proper: Alismataceae and Selaginellaceae.)

Total number of genera reported over two centuries: 315

Total number of species reported before 1945: 399

Total number of species added to historical reports: 204

(based on field collections made since 1982).

Total number of species reported over two centuries: 604

(Note: for the purposes of this study, it was considered that no one has made a systematic botanical study of the Goat Island complex after 1940 (limit of published records and herbarium specimens). The flora has been relatively unexamined until around 1982. Although some recent specimens may exist in storage at the Schoellkopf Geological Museum, it is assumed here that there are no substantial additions to the flora in those collections.]

 

Total species in the present flora, 1988: 403

Total species absent since 1945: 201

Conclusions:

a) around half of the historic (pre-1945) flora on Goat Island and its associated islands has been extirpated. These extirpated plants are associated with the climax condition on the islands, especially the woodland flora of the central woods. Several species deliberately introduced did not remain established after 1945 or earlier.

b) around half of the historic flora has been replaced by different species than originally existed in the complex. These new species are primarily horticultural, opportunistic (weeds) and successional.

c) total diversity does not appear to have changed by much: the complex supports around four hundred different species of vascular plants today, as it did a century ago. Note, however, that relative abundances have changed drastically, and diversity levels vary greatly within the complex.