BOTANICAL EVALUATION OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK
P. M. Eckel
Buffalo Museum of Science
1020 Humboldt Pkwy
Buffalo, NY 14211 U.S.A.
www.buffalomuseumofscience.org

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VASCULAR FLORA OF GOAT ISLAND
The nomenclature of this list follows that of Gleason and Cronquist (1963) and is identical with the regional checklist for the Niagara Frontier, that of Zander and Pierce (1979), who also utilized Gleason and Cronquist's nomenclature. Although a new checklist with considerably revised nomenclature has recently been issued through the New York State Museum (Mitchell, 1986), the names used in the present work match those used by Gleason and Cronquist simply due to time constraints.

In this list, the designations BUF and NYS represent specimens deposited in the herbaria of the Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York, and the New York State Herbarium, Albany, New York, respectively. The first indication of collection date and place refers to Goat Island. Other areas, such as Luna Island or the Three Sisters are given as such. The species at the base of Goat Island, of the flats area above the Horseshoe Falls and Terrapin Point are included among the Goat Island taxa.

Note should be made that only the most conspicuous horticultural species or alien species significant in terms of the flora of the area, e.g. as weeds, etc., are listed below. Numerous other trees, such as various conifers and small trees of the rose family, for example, exist in the Goat Island complex as well, as do various Yews, Larices, etc., planted against buildings and in open areas, which are not included here.

In Day's contribution to the Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara for the year 1887 (Catalogue of the Niagara Flora, published in 1888), he stated, with respect to this group that he "has no doubt that further investigations, made in the vicinity of the Falls, will considerably increase the number of species here recorded. In the more difficult genera of the Cyperaceae (Sedges) and Gramineae (Grasses) demanding always in a large degree the skill of the specialist, there must be omissions, more or less numerous and important." Sufficient study by specialists has been made and published since 1888 that it is with confidence that quite a few additions have been made of species in these families, based on recent collections in the study area. It is presumed that these populations also existed in place at the initiation of the Reservation.

Doubtless, more species do occur in the Goat Island complex than are listed here, but they should not be sufficient to significantly alter the statistics and inferences that may be derived from the following list of species. Seeds are continually coming into the complex from upriver, driven by the wind, accompanying bird migrations, brought by tourists - on their vehicles and in the remains of their lunches, and springing from the restaurant midden. Ornamentals will continue to be planted and exotic seeds brought in with garden soils, and so on. Some populations are sufficiently reduced in areal extent that it is possible they were overlooked (e.g. Teucrium canadense on the Three Sisters), and in some groups, such as the graminoids, they may have been overlooked because the plants were indistinguishable in the field from species already collected. Some few plants listed here as extirpated may reside in the soil seed bank, and may not have been expressed in the 1988 growing season.

     Taxa in square brackets ([ ]) are excluded from the flora of the Goat Island Complex.

R= Rare in western New York State

* = Alien

P = native taxa protected by New York State law

E = endangered taxa in western New York

A = native taxa probably extirpated from the western New York flora.(all symbols sec. Zander & Pierce, 1979).

# = Native

RNY = Rare in New York State (sec. Mitchell, 1986).

[ Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR. One hundred young trees of this species were added to the nursery on Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892), as were two hundred the following year (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893). There are no reports of this species growing naturally on Goat Island, and none were observed growing there today. ]

* Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (As Acalypha virginica) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1987. Weedy curbside, 1988.

Acalypha virginica as understood at present represents a species characteristic more of areas to the south and west of the Niagara Frontier Region. This name occurs "chiefly" in place of Acalypha rhomboidea in the seventh edition of Gray's manual (Fernald, 1970), and was probably the species meant by Hooker and Gray (Hooker's American Journal).

* Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino. ACANTHOPANAX. Planted in various places, along the top of the northwestern slope, along the central woods edge, eastern margins. 1988. Green Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, by bridge to Second Sister, 1988.

Twenty five maple (Acer) trees in 1886, and seven in 1889 were blown down in winter storms (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). Three maples were blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1890, 636 young maple trees were removed from "the thicket" on Goat Island for the Goat Island nursery (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891); one hundred and thirteen of these were later removed in 1893 and planted in the eastern meadow (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894). The following year, 113 were planted there (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895). A maple was reported growing on Ship Island, in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850). "The timber [ on Goat Island ] is chiefly of the ordinary hard-wood trees, Beach [ sic ] and Maple predominating" (Chamberlin, 1892). Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 observed Maple trees bordering paths on the Three Sister Islands (Guest, 1895).

* Acer campestre L. HEDGE MAPLE. Luna Island: centre of lawn, 1988. Planted various places on Goat Island: overlooking Luna Island, lawn in front of Terrapin Point, 1988.

* Acer ginnala Maxim. AMUR MAPLE. Planted, especially near Terrapin Point, 1988.

* Acer negundo L. BOX ELDER. 1983. Old grove planted above Terrapin Point, contributes to heavy infestation in southwestern soil bank. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

     There are trees of some maturity above Terrapin Point which contribute heavily to infestations on the south slope just east, or upriver, of Terrapin Point. "Abundant at the brink of Niagara Falls, but already reported thence by Day as self-seeded from stock planted in Prospect Park" (Zenkert, 1934).

# Acer nigrum Michx. f. BLACK MAPLE. 1987. Abundant throughout the Goat Island forest, 1988.

* Acer platanoides L. NORWAY MAPLE. Young tree, SW shoreline, 1987.Several trees of var. schwedleri Nichols., have been planted, obs. in lawns on the north-central side, 1988. In the area of the old spring on the north slope of Goat Island an extensive colony of these trees was planted long ago.

# Acer rubrum L. RED MAPLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Acer saccharinum L. SILVER MAPLE. Day, 1901. 1987. Green Island: three trunks, SE edge river, 1988.

     Mature populations are reduced to a few trees. A group has been re-planted at the west end of the island and one or two occur in the northern weedy-thickets by the ballasted eastern end.

     Day's 1888 report (as Acer dasycarpum, the White Maple) does not list this species on Goat Island, but he does report it later (Day, 1901).

# Acer saccharum Marsh. SUGAR MAPLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Goat Island. One of the most abundant trees," Day, 1888. "... perhaps the most abundant tree upon the island," Day, 1901. Much of central woods, 1988. Luna Island, seedlings [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1987. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

    Day called this species Acer saccharinum Wang (Sugar Maple) in accordance with the nomenclature of his day.

    In 1828 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Acer saccharinum) "on the brink of the rocks grew very large; they had all been tapped or bled and still seemed uncommonly vigorous."

    George Clinton collected specimens of Cytispora, Nectria, Uncinula and Agaricus bombycinus (fungi), from Sugar Maple trees, the latter from the "decaying side of a living" tree of this species [ as Acer saccharinum ] Aug. 17, 1874 (BUF). This is the official tree of New York State (Mitchell, 1986).

# Acer spicatum Lam. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. "Near the Horseshoe Falls," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Zenkert, 1934.

# Achillea millefolium L. COMMON YARROW. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Weedy margin beyond the fence, crest, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Actaea alba (L.) Mill. WHITE BANEBERRY. Day, 1888.

# Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. RED BANEBERRY. Day, 1888

P# Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDENHAIR FERN. "Not abundant," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Aesculus carnea Hayne. (A. Hippocastanum X A. Pavia) CHESTNUT. 1984.

* Aesculus hippocastanum L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. "An escape," Zenkert, 1934. 1986. Several in the central woodland. One large specimen on the east end of Brother Island produces a spectabular bloom in late spring.

* Aesculus hybrida DC. (A. octandra X A. pavia). East side meadow, 1988.

R* Agrimonia eupatoria L. COMMON AGRIMONY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

* Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. QUACK-GRASS. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Agropyron trachycaulon var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Malte. ROUGH-STEMMED WHEAT-GRASS. Base of Goat Island, on rocks, frequent, 1988.

     See Zenkert, 1934 and Rhodora 35:161.1933).

* Agrostis stolonifera L.

var. compacta Hartm. CREEPING BENT. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988; First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988.

* var. major (Gaud.) Farw. REDTOP. Crest woods, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988.

* var. stolonifera Southwestern thickets, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Ajuga reptans L. BUGLE. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

* Alliaria officinalis Andrz. GARLIC MUSTARD. Great dense patches in the sunny margins of the central woods, 1984. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Found throughout the central woods and all wooded areas.

# Allium canadense L. CANADA GARLIC. "Not common," Day, 1888. North end, 1987. South end thickets, rather frequent, 1987. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Allium tricoccum Ait. RAMP. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Single population, woods, 1988.

     George Clinton collected the fungus Vermicularia liiacearum from a plant of this species on September 25, late 1800's (BUF).

# Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. SPECKLED ALDER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

     Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Alders occurred on the smaller islands in the American Channel in 1968 (The American Falls International Board, 1971)

# Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. COMMON RAGWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1984. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. HOG PEANUT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     Only the generic name is given by Hooker, but this is the only species of the genus occurring in the Niagara Frontier Region. As recently as the 1924 publication by H. House, this genus was renamed Falcata, but the plant indicated is not, at any rate, a duplicate of the others reported for Goat Island or vicinity.

# Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Rich. WATER WEED. First Sister, west, 1986.

# Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.) Fern. TREE SHADBUSH. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. CANADIAN SHADBUSH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). (As both var. botryapium) and var. oblongifolia and therefore at least two trees ], Day, 1888. 1988.

* Anagallis arvensis L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. Weedy margin on vehicular bridge, 1986.

# Anemone canadensis L. CANADA ANEMONE. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Anemone cylindrica Gray LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE. July 3 & 4, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

# Anemone quinquefolia L. WOOD ANEMONE. Day, 1888.

# Anemone virginiana L. THIMBLE-WEED. "On the side hill," that is, wooded slope of Terrapin Point, June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Third Sister, west end, 1987.

var. alba. Day, 1888.

# Angelica atropurpurea L. PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA. Base o Goat Island, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Antennaria sp. Aug. 1, 1862 (Clinton Journal).

* Anthemis arvensis L. CORN CAMOMILE. 1988. On ballast, 1987.

# Aquilegia canadensis L. WILD COLUMBINE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     Lady Theodora Day noted a "bright scarlet Columbine" on the Three Sisters Islands in 1895.

* Aquilegia vulgaris L. GARDEN COLUMBINE. Thickets facing the First Sister, east end, 1987. On the water's edge, north side of the meadow, 1988.

# Arabis canadensis L. SICKLE-POD. Day, 1888.

# Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. SMOOTH ROCK CRESS. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Arabis lyrata L. LYRE-LEAVED ROCK CRESS. Goat Island, May 17, 1862; June 26, "on top of the bank" [ crest ] (Clinton journal)."Goat Island. The Three Sisters," Day, 1888. "notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901. First Sister, west end, 1986.

    Grows on soil-covered boulder tops. If these were removed, so would this species diminish, as perhaps accounts for the loss of this species in the Goat Island flora.

# Aralia nudicaulis L. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D.

Hooker's American Journal). "Goat Island. The Three Sisters,"

Day, 1888. First Sister, west end, 1987. First Sister, east end,

1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Aralia racemosa L. SPIKENARD. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

A species of Arctium BURDOCK was observed on the ballast, 1988 and on the First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]; Luna Island, north side, 1988.

* Arctium lappa L. GREAT BURDOCK. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Individuals of this large plant are regularly found in disturbed areas throughout the island, 1988.

* Arctium minus Schk. COMMON BURDOCK. Ballast, 1985. This and the preceding species may be found along all paths and borders. Second Sister, west side, 1988.

RE# Arenaria lateriflora L. SIDE-FLOWERING SANDWORT. 1862, David F. Day (BUF). 1884, J. H. Burdick (BUF). Day, 1888. 1896, Edward C. Townsend (BUF). 1896, Marion Jessup Wrightl (BUF). A specimen of Johnson's, Zenkert, 1934. Third Sister, 1886, Elizabeth C. Rochester (BUF).

* Arenaria serpyllifolia L. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. First Sister Island, east end, flats at extremity, 1988. Second Sister, east end, north shore, 1988.

# Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. var. triphyllum. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. "A large and small variety common," Day, 1888. 1986.

    In 1823 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Arum triphyllum) grew on Goat Island. It grows in "rich low woods in mucky soil" (Zenkert, 1934).

P# Arisaema dracontium L. GREEN DRAGON. This species (listed as Dracontium sp.) was reported in 1823 by Douglas from Goat Island. It grows in rich alluvial soils along streambanks.

* Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. TALL OAT-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987; thickets east end, 1987; ballast, southeast end, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Asarum canadense L. WILD GINGER. Prinz von Wied-Neuwied (1843) mentioned this species (as Asarabaca) growing with Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) and other plants on the forest floor on Goat Island. I have accepted this report, as this species grows throughout the Niagara gorge and in woodlands nearby on the mainland.

# Asclepias exaltata L. POKE MILKWEED. Day, 1888.

# Asclepias incarnata L. SWAMP MILKWEED. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1986; Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Asclepias syriaca L. COMMON MILKWEED. (As Asclepias cornuti) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southwestern river margin, 1986. Third Sister, west end, 1988 [ obs. ]

* Asparagus officinalis L. ASPARAGUS. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1987.

P# Asplenium trichomanes L. MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. First Sister, west end, 1986. Boulder flora.

# Aster cordifolius L. HEART-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Aster divaricatus L. WHITE WOOD ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster ericoides L. WHITE HEATH ASTER. Day, 1888. 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

# Aster laevis L. SMOOTH ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. STARVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Third Sister, soil in rock depression, west end, 1988.

# Aster macrophyllus L. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster novae-angliae L. NEW ENGLAND ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end 1987. Second Sister, weedt path margins, 1986.

# Aster puniceus L. PURPLE-STEMMED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster sagittifolius Willd. ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster simplex Willd. TALL WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Southern, upper-thicket. 1988.

var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. Southwestern thickets, 1987. The Aster tradescantii L. TRADESCANT'S ASTER of Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal) and Day, 1888, are here placed with Aster simplex var. interior following Britton and Brown, 1952. These last authors indicate the range of this variety begins in western New York and procedes westward.

# Aster umbellatus Mill. TALL FLAT-TOPPED WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

R# Aster undulatus L. WAVY-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

R# Astragalus canadensis L. CANADIAN MILK-VETCH. 1885, A. D. Pease (BUF).

R# Astragalus neglectus (T.&G.) Sheld. COOPER'S MILK-VETCH. (As A. cooperi) "Descending to the level of Terrapin Bridge, to the left of the path, June 26, 1862; "in the flat by Terrapin Bridge" Friday, Sept. 11, 1863; "By the [ Terrapin ] Tower," July 7, 1864, (Clinton Journal). (As Astragalus cooperi) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

# Atriplex patula L. SPREADING ORACHE. Thickets, 1988. Second Sister (var. littoralis), 1987. Third Sister, by bridge (var. littoralis), 1988.

var. hastata of Br. & Br. HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE. Northern thickets, top of slope, 1988.

     Narrow-leaved forms keying to var. littoralis of Br. & Br. (SEASIDE ORACHE in Zander & Pierce, 1979) may fall within the scope of var. patula, as var. littoralis is a "strictly maritime diploid species" (Voss, 1985).

# Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. Day, 1888.

* Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Goat Island, 1987. Found on the ballast and in all thickets; base of Goat Island [ obs.1988 ]. First Sister, east end, dolomite flats at extremity [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Bellis perennis L. ENGLISH DAISY. Zenkert, 1934. Here and there in the lawns on Goat Island, 1987.

# Bidens cernua L. NODDING STICKTIGHT. First Sister, west end, 1987. Third Sister, 1988.

# Bidens frondosa L. COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. Southern thickets, 1988. Second Sister west, 1987.

# Bidens tripartita L. SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS. Day, 1888. Shrubby, weedy thicket facing the plunge pool by the gorge rim near Terrapin Point. Frequent along thicket margins, 1986.

Barberry (Berberis) plants were reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Referred to as a "wild plant," the barberry on Goat Island "especially illustrates the tendency of certain plants [ sc. horticultural ] to keep away from cultivation. By far the finest specimen on the island hangs so far below the Luna Island stair-landing that it is unsafe to try to gather the rich clusters of scarlet berries, while a bush on the roadway that has been planted and given some cultivation is far less vigorous and seldom bears more than one or two berries on a single stem," Chamberlin, 1892.

* Berberis thunbergii DC. JAPANESE BARBERRY. Green Island, planted on the eastern and western margins," 1986. Luna Island, thickets east end, 1988.

     In 1909 the Superintendent planted this horticultural species on Luna Island and elsewhere in the Reservation as a substitute for an iron railing at the river margin - this shrub keeping people away from the dangerous banks by reason of its thorns, and stabilizing the bank (26 Ann Rep Comm, 1926). Native alternatives might include the raspberries, and perhaps Nine-bark (Physocarpus opulifolius, which forms dense thickets at the west end of the Second Sister.

* Berberis vulgaris L. COMMON BARBERRY. Goat Island, G. W. Clinton, Sept. 28, 1870 (BUF). "Rare," Day, 1883. Edward C. Townsend, May 22, 1896 (BUF). Thickets, NE river's edge, 1988. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ].

In 1870, on September 28, George Clinton wrote in his collecting diary: “On Goat Island, American side [i.e. the north side], a little above the Spring & between the road & the river [the channel of the American Falls], noticed one thrifty bush of Berberis vulgaris. It was never planted there.”

     Five birches were reported blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890).

Betula alba may be the species reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners, 1886, where he refers to a White Birch. It is not reported by Day, 1888. It would probably have been included under Betula pendula in this catalogue. At any rate, the tree referred to as White Birch may indicate an alien species, although there exist two native white birches which might have been indicated in the Superintendent's report. This reference has not been used in the present tabulations because of its ambiguity.

# Betula lenta L. BLACK BIRCH. Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Betula lutea Michx.f. YELLOW BIRCH. "Near the Horse-shoe Falls," Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Betula papyrifera Marsh. PAPER BIRCH [ CANOE BIRCH ]. (As B. papyracea) April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864; "near Terrapin Tower" Aug. 15, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, 1988. One young tree, W end, N shore, 1988. First Sister, east end, two by bridge to Second Sister, 1988. Second Sister, far west end [ obs. ] 1988. Several old trees in the north slope woods, 1988.

     Reported by the Superintendent (as Canoe Birch) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

* Betula pendula Roth. EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH. Ballast, 1988. Second Sister, east end, north side, 1988. The White Birch of Goat Island of the second Commissioner's report is placed here.

# Betula populifolia Marsh. GRAY BIRCH. Second Sister, far west end, 1988. Separated from B. pendula by tight white bark, short fruiting aments, no ciliations on the bract margins.

P# Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE FERN. Day, 1888. David Douglas reported two species of this fern on Goat Island in 1823 growing "in shady parts of the wood in decayed leaves."

# Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. BEARDED SHORT-HUSK. Zenkert, 1934.

* Brassica kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler. CHARLOCK. Goat Island, 1988.Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Brassica nigra (L.) KochBLACK MUSTARD. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

# Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED BROME-GRASS. Zenkert, 1934.

RNY, R* Bromus erectus Huds. UPRIGHT BROME-GRASS. Culvert, southside, 1988.

* Bromus inermis Leyss. HUNGARIAN BROME GRASS. Seepage, southwestern thickets, 1986. Abundant all along the crest, west end, along the fence.

* fo. aristatus (Schur) Fern. BROME-GRASS. First Sister, east end, 1987.

R* Butomus umbellatus L. FLOWERING RUSH. Terrapin Point, 1986. Small limestone flat, northwest side of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988. Spreading along the wet margins of the First and Second Sister, and the flats above the Horseshoe Falls.

# Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. BLUEJOINT GRASS. Day, 1888. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Second Sister, east end 1988.

# Campanula aparinoides Prush. MARSH BELLFLOWER. "Near Horseshoe Falls," 1892, Edward C. Townsend (BUF). "In grassy places on the edge of the River," Day, 1888.

* Campanula rapunculoides L. CREEPING BELLFLOWER. Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

P# Campanula rotundifolia L. HAREBELL. Day, 1888. Day indicated that the Harebell had disappeared from Goat Island "Within a little while" "undoubtedly due to careless flower-gatherers, who have plucked and pulled without stint or reason" (Day, 1888).

* Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Ballast, east end, 1988.

# Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britt. PURPLE SPRING CRESS. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901.

[ Cardamine hirsuta L. BITTER CRESS. Day, 1888. ] Excluded.

# Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER CRESS. First Sister, west end, north side, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

R# Carex aquatilis Wahl. NORTHERN WATER SEDGE. Johnson specimen, Zenkert, 1934. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Carex cephalophora Muhl. SOUTHERN SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Carex digitalis Willd. SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987.

# Carex eburnea Boott BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE. Torrey citing Dewey, 1843. "On the American side of the Island, by the river, & above the Bridge found all out of season Carex eburnea," August 22, 1864 (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 87511. First Sister, west end, 1988.

RNY, R# Carex garberi Fern. GARBER'S SEDGE. 1987. First Sister, east end on dolomite flat, 1988.

# Carex granularis Willd. MEADOW SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1987.

      The Carex viridula (as C. oederi) of Provancher "near the Horse-shoe Fall" on the Canadian side (Flore Canadienne), Day, 1888, may be this species, as might be Clinton's references to this plant.

# Carex hystricina Muhl. PORCUPINE SEDGE. Goat Island, 1986. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1987; west end, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, 1988. Luna Island, 1890.

# Carex lacustris Willd. LAKE-BANK SEDGE. "eastern side," Day, 1888.

# Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gilly WOOLLY SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Carex laxiculmis Schw. SPREADING SEDGE. Day, 1888.

# Carex laxiflora Lam. LOOSE-FLOWERED SEDGE. Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, flats promontory, 1988; west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end, wet muck, 1987.

    var. blanda First Sister, wet west end, 1988.

RNY#Carex molesta Mackenzie TROUBLESOME SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988.

# Carex normalis Mackenzie. LARGER STRAW SEDGE. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

R# Carex oligocarpa Schk. FEW-FRUITED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carex pedunculata Muhl. LONG-STALKED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carex pseudo-cyperus CYPERUS-LIKE SEDGE. Second Sister, 1987.

RA#Carex retroflexa Muhl. REFLEXED SEDGE. Day, 1888.

# Carex rosea Schk. ROSE SEDGE. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. 1988. Luna Island, northern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, 1987.

# Carex stipata Muhl. AWL-FRUITED SEDGE. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end alluvium [ obs. 1988 ].

# Carex stricta Lam. TUSSOCK SEDGE. "Shallow water," Aug. 10, 1918, Frank W. Johnson (BUF).

# Carex vulpinoidea Michx. FOXTAIL SEDGE. First Sister, west end.

# Carpinus caroliniana Walt. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, single large tree on talus; cluster of 10 trunks, young 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1987.

* Carum carui L. CARAWAY. "On the naked pasture on the head of the Island, an umbellifer, probably Carum carui," June 1, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888.

A hickory (Carya) species is reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Two hickories in 1886, and one in 1889 were blown down in winter storms (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890).

# Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K.Koch BITTERNUT HICKORY. July 5, 1863, the "bitter Carya" (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888. Wooded crest, 1988. Behind restaurant, near Terrapin Point, 1988. Central woods, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. MOCKERNUT HICKORY. Day, 1888.

[ Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. CHESTNUT. To date, no reports for this species have been made, and no evidence has been found for its occurrence on Goat Island, even though before the chestnut blight it formed an element in local forests where it was "rather common" and grew on "morainic slopes and ridges, also in sandy soil in the wooded tracts along Lakes Erie and Ontario," Zenkert, 1934. Hooker and Gray made no note of its occurrence on the island in 1877, but Day (1901) reported its presence in the Niagara flora. ]

* Castanea mollissima Blume CHINESE CHESTNUT. Behind the old maintenance building in the loop of the vehicular bridge road, central island, in horticultural context, with Juglans regia (obs. 2001, det. R. H. Zander).

[* Castanea sativa Mill. EURASIAN CHESTNUT. Great tree at the entrance to the Three Sisters, 1986. Tree on the north side by the maintenance shed, 1988.

Correction (2002), these trees are actually Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. (= Q. prinoides var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl.). The tree facing the Three Sisters is now gone but young sprouts occur on the First of the Three Sisters from its acorns.]

R# Castilleia coccinea (L.) Spreng. PAINTED CUP. Day, 1901.

R# Celtis occidentalis L. HACKBERRY. Midst of the central woodlands, 1986, perhaps an escape, since several trees were noted on the crest of the Niagara River gorge below the Schoellkopf Geological Museum in a setting of horticultural plantings. Some of these trees have escaped into the gorge forest at the base of the gorge. Several planted, west end, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. I am assuming that Nettletree, used in this report, indicated this species. The Superintendent indicated, however, that his Nettletree was a shrub. Day also uses Nettletree to refer to Celtis occidentalis, which he indicates is "rather common between Queenston and Niagara" on the Canadian shore, based on a report by John Macoun.

RNY, R # Chelone glabra L. var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. TURTLEHEAD. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Clematis virginiana L. VIRGIN'S BOWER. SW side of island, 1987. Second Sister, east end, "rather abundant," 1986; west end, 1986.

* Catalpa bignonioides Walt. CATALPA. 1988. By pedestrian bridge, by the maintenance sheds, on the south side of the island by the entrance to the Three Sisters, aroung the restaurant near Terrapin Point.

# Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. BLUE COHOSH. "Abundant," Day, 1888.

     Absent from the 1988 flora, although frequent in western New York forests.

P# Celastrus scandens L. CLIMBING BITTERSWEET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886 and noted as growing "in great abundance." The Bittersweet grows on Goat Island "as though this were their chosen home of all the earth .... The largest Bittersweet clusters hang far over the western bank, growing in very indifferent soil..." (Chamberlin, 1892). Cuttings of Bittersweet were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1900 (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901).

     George Clinton collected a specimen of Phyllactinia guttata (fungi) from a plant of this species on October 13, 1870's.

* Centaurea jacea L. BROWN KNAPWEED. "Ballast, east end," 1987.

RNY, R* Cerastium semidecandrum L. SMALL MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

     First report for western New York.

R* Cerastium viscosum L. CLAMMY MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888.

* Cerastium vulgatum L. COMMON MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888. Lawns, 1986. First Sister, east end flats, 1988. Third Sister, 1987.

* Cercis canadensis L. REDBUD. Green Island, three trees planted, SW grove, 1988.

* Chenopodium album L. LAMB'S QUARTERS. Day, 1888. Garden bed, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

RNY, # Chenopodium hybridum L. MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. "On the Island," Sept. 11, 1862 (Clinton Journal). (As Chenopodium stramonifolium) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

R* Chenopodium urbicum L. NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. Green (Bath) Island, Day, 1883 (problematical). Day may have reidentified a Clinton specimen of Chenopodium murale L. from Green, or Bath Island as Chenopodium urbicum L. for his 1888 publication. If he did, he made no annotation on the specimen in the Clinton Herbarium.

* Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. OX-EYE DAISY. Day, 1888. Ballast, 1985. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

* Cichorium intybus L. CHICORY. Throughout Goat Island lawn margins, top of north slope, 1988.

A species of Thistle (Cirsium) was observed on the Second Sister, west end, 1988, and on the ballast of Goat Island, east end, 1988; on Luna Island, 1988.

* Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CANADA THISTLE. Day, 1888. Southwest side, wooded slopes facing the river, 1986. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

# Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. FIELD THISTLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Cirsium muticum Michx. SWAMP THISTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore BULL THISTLE. Day, 1888. "Ballast ... at the eastern end of the island," 1986. Southeastern thickets, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988

# Cicuta maculata L. WATER HEMLOCK. Day, 1888.

# Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Day, 1888. "abundant in areas in the woods margins," 1984. 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Claytonia caroliniana Michx. BROAD-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Claytonia virginica L. NARROW-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888.

R* [ # ] Collinsia verna Nutt. BLUE-EYED MARY. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

# Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. BASTARD TOAD FLAX. Day, 1888.

* Convallaria majalis L. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Old planting at the pedestrian bridge, 1988. Green Island, east end, old planting, 1988.

* Convolvulus arvensis L. FIELD BINDWEED. 1987.

# Convolvulus epium L. HEDGE BINDWEED. Thickets to the north of Terrapin Point and the crest of the Horseshoe Falls, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, 1986.

# Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. HORSEWEED. (As Erigeron canadensis) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Just east of Terrapin Point, lawn edge, 1987. Second Sister, west end, mown lawn by path, 1987.

The Dogwoods (Cornus) of Goat Island are referred to by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Cornus alternifolia L.f. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Not uncommon in Western New York. Probably overlooked," Day, 1888. Rather abundant in sunny margins of central woods, 1984. Base of Goat Island, in wooded patch, upper talus slopes, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

    This species is frequent and of maturity in wooded areas on the Island, 1988.

# Cornus amomum Mill. SILKY CORNEL. Day, 1888.

P# Cornus florida L. FLOWERING DOGWOOD Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Zenkert, 1934. Single tree of some maturity with many dead branches, by pedestrian bridge, 1988.

# Cornus racemosa Lam. PANICLED DOGWOOD. (As Cornus paniculata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southern thickets, river's edge, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, dolomite pavement [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "a tree in size" 1987.

# Cornus rugosa Lam. ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD. "Gathered some ... here and there on the Island," June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). (As Cornus circinata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. "Abundant," 1984. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Cornus sanguinea L. BLOODTWIG DOGWOOD. 1988. Luna Island, top of north slope, southern central woods margin, edge of southern wet thickets. Observed on Luna Island, N end, 1988.

     This horticultural shrub may be instead a variety of Cornus alba, although the berries appear black, as in C. sanguinea, rather than blue to white-blue, as in C. alba. The branches of these shrubs are purple or dull red, as in C. sanguinea, rather than "bright blood-red" as described for C. alba.

# Cornus stolonifera Michx. RED-OSIER DOGWOOD. Day, 1888. Abundant in thickets at the water's edge, southwest, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988. Appear to be abundant on Brother Island, 1988. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, abundant in west.

* Coronilla varia L. CROWN VETCH. Southern margins of the Island, 1986; crest near Terrapin Point, 1987.

R# Corylus americana Walt. AMERICAN HAZELNUT. Day, 1883.

* Corylus avellana L. EUROPEAN FILBERT. Luna Island, "Planted," Day, 1888.

The "Wild Apple" reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886 may refer to Hawthorns [ Crabapples ], Crataegus, or to Pyrus (Paer or Apple) trees (Pyrus coronaria, native and not reported for the islands, or P. communis, P. malus, both horticultural. Sixty hawthorns were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1892 - perhaps from the native populations on the island (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

# Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. PEAR THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Crataegus coccinea L. SCARLET THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Crataegus crus-galli L. COCKSPUR HAWTHORN. "Not common in Western New York; but here, quite abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

* Crataegus phaenopyrum Medic. WASHINGTON HAWTHORN. Planted throughout the island by roadsides and buildings, 1988. This species is native to the south-central areas of the eastern states.

# Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. HONEWORT. Day, 1888.

R# Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. GREEN VIOLET. 1877. "near the center of Goat Island," Day, 1883. Day, 1888.

# Cuscuta gronovii Willd. COMMON DODDER. Thickets to the southwest, 1987. A species of this plant is abundant at the base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Cynoglossum officinale L. HOUND'S TONGUE. Day, 1888. This weedy species is frequent on the American side in the Niagara River gorge on the gorge crest and the top of the talus slope.

# Cyperus esculentus L. YELLOW NUT GRASS. Day, 1888. Single plantin wet ditch, east end, curbless area by road, 1987.

# Cyperus odoratus L. FRAGRANT CYPERUS. Zenkert, 1934.

# Cyperus rivularis Kunth. SHINING CYPERUS. "On the east side," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats area, edge of grass mat, 1986.

P# Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. BULBLET BLADDER FERN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, frequent on boulders, 1988. First Sister, east end, "on stone bridge to the mainland, facing west," 1986. Third Sister, "dolomite rocks facing Brother Island," 1986.

* Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS. North end lawns, 1987. Ballast, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

R* Daphne mezereum L. MEZEREUM. "One individual, perhaps planted," Day, 1883. "Introduced and spreading," Day, 1888. "Not observed," Zenkert, 1934.

* Daucus carota L. QUEEN ANNE'S LACE. This species is frequent along paths and road margins throughout the Goat Island complex [ obs. 1988 ].

P# Dennstaedtia punctilobula HAY-SCENTED FERN. Base of Goat Island, here and there toward the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Dentaria diphylla Michx. TWO-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. Day, 1883. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901.

# Dentaria laciniata Muhl. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. April 29, 1862; May 9, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888. Extensive mats throughout woods, 1982. Green Island, extreme west end, 1986. Luna Island, some in northern thicket [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "small colony," 1986.

R# Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED HAIR GRASS. Day, 1888.

* Dianthus armeria L. DEPTFORD PINK. July 23, 1865, "On Goat Island, American side, above the Bridge ... abundant & nearly accessible ..." (Clinton's unpublished diary). First Sister, east end, 1986.

# Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. SQUIRREL CORN. April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864 (Clinton Journal). "Abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Occasional in rich deciduous woods," 1984.

# Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. April 29, 1862; May 12, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1883. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Hybrids of this and the foregoing species were reported by Day from...Goat Island," Zenkert, 1934. "Abundant," 1984.

     Day (1888) predicted the extermination of these species (as Diclytras) on Goat Island by "careless flower-gatherers."

* Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. SMALL CRAB-GRASS. Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

* Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. LARGE CRAB-GRASS. Goat Island, 1988.

One or the other of the next two species is abundant at the base of Goat Island, 1988.

RNY, R* Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. SAND ROCKET. Woods, 1987. An occurrence of this or the following on Luna Island by the brink [ obs. 1988 ].

RNY, R* Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. WALL ROCKET. "Base," 1986.

* Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. COMMON TEASEL. "ballast on the eastern meadow," 1985.

# Dirca palustris L. LEATHERWOOD. Reported for the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in his 1886 published report to the New York State Legislature. Rich deciduous or mixed woods.

# Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. YELLOW MANDARIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Dodecatheon meadia L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

R* Draba verna L. WHITLOW GRASS. "Introduced .... Hardly yet established," Day, 1883. "Perhaps not established," Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

P# Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray MARGINAL SHIELD FERN. Day, 1888.

* Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. BARNYARD GRASS. 1987.

# Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.&S. CREEPING SPIKERUSH. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Elymus virginicus L. VIRGINIA WILD RYE. Third Sister, willow base, south side river's edge [ obs. 1988 ].

# Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. VIRGINIA BEECHDROPS. "Not common," Day, 1888.

     There are very few beeches on Goat Island on which this parasitic plant might live; this may be due in part to the calcareous soils. There was only one tree seen that did not have its base mown, which would prevent this plant from establishing itself.

     David Douglas in his diary in 1823 reported two species of Orobanche "in dry places ... among leaves."

# Epilobium ciliatum Raf. NORTHERN WILLOW-HERB. 1986. First Sister, west end, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. Goat Island, edge of garden, 1987.

R# Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. WILLOW-HERB. Terrapin Point, 1986.

* Epilobium hirsutum L. HAIRY WILLOW-HERB. Sept. 22, 1936, Mabel James (BUF). 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

* Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. HELLEBORINE ORCHID. Goat Island ... where originally introduced by Day," Zenkert, 1934. 1984. Wooded crest, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, abundant, 1988. "Frequent on all three Sisters islands," 1984. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Equisetum arvense L. COMMON HORSETAIL. Day, 1888. Slopes in south end of Goat Island, 1987.

     Probably a collection from the First Sister, west end, 1988 and on Luna Island, 1988 is this species.

# Equisetum variegatum Schleich. VARIEGATED SCOURING-RUSH. "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862; May 12, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888.

# Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. PILEWORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Several plants in garden soil, front of Terrapin Point Restaurant, 1987.

# Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. SLENDER WHITE-TOP. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Erigeron philadelphicus L. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE. Rocky area by Horseshoe Falls; in thickets along the south end of the island, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Erigeron pulchellus Michx. POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Erigeron strigosus Muhl. DAISY FLEABANE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. "frequent in thickets on

the south side," 1986.

# Erythronium americanum Kerr. YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Central woods, 1982.

* Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, HARDY RUBBER TREE. One of the collection of exotic trees behind the stone maintenance building at the foot of the vehicular bridge. After a decade of trying to identify this large, mature tree, which has never flowered or fruited during that time, and which has no distinguishing characteristics of an ordinary nature, its identify was discovered by chance at the Missouri Botanical Garden, where a similar tree was located. Among the unusual characteristics of the species is the fact that it is the only lactiferous, specifically rubber-producing tree of the north temperate zone (it derives from China where it is rare in the wild). It has no known taxonomic relationship with any other tree group, although currently placed in the Cornales. It is the only member in its family, the Eucommiaceae. Its exotic nature was appreciated many years ago when it was planted on Goat Island and is probably the same age as the two alien nut-trees (Chestnut and Walnut). Another old example of this species occurs adjacent to the central woods near the road that cuts through it, on the north boundary.

Twelve Euonymus shrubs were planted on the denuded southern slopes of Goat Island in 1892 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Sixty Euonymus shrubs were transplanted from the Goat Island "thicket" to the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Another 204 Euonymus were put in the nursery in the next year (9 Ann Comm Rep, 1893).

PR# Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. WAHOO or BURNING BUSH. "On Goat Island, Euonymus atropurpureus in fruit, very pretty," Nov. 29, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. June 27, 1896, Marion Jessup Wright (BUF). Day, 1888. Oct. 14, 1899, Edna Porter (BUF).

     Reported by the Superintendent (as Burning Bush) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. The "Waahoo ... grow as though this were their chosen home of all the earth ... and ... is best content where left entirely to itself" (Chamberlin, 1892). The sixty Euonymus shrubs removed from the Goat Island "thicket" and planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892) were native and abundant, and were probably this species, as were perhaps the 216 other Euonymus plants mentioned.

     Mitchell (1986) in his recent checklist of the plants of New York State reports this species as a "rare introduction" in New York State, and Fernald (1950) indicated that it is "cultivated and somewhat naturalized northeastward" of its natural range. Mitchell has since informed me this species is not now considered rare in New York (personal communication. House (1924) reported this species as "Infrequent or rare from Oneida and Schuyler counties westward and southward. Increasingly common toward the southwest." This species grows more in regions south and west of the Niagara region, reaching the eastern borders of the Great Plains (Fernald, 1950), for example, in Michigan it grows in several counties on "river banks and floodplain forests" (Voss, 1985). In southern Ontario below the boreal forests of the central and northern portions of the province, that is, in the Deciduous Forest Region (Carolinian Zone), the shrub is native with populations extending from five stations near the Niagara River west to the St. Claire River region of London-Detroit (34 populations reported) (Soper & Heimberger, 1982). The habitat reported is "low places, particularly in thickets along streams, in rich alluvial soil; also in damp sandy or rocky woods."

     Zenkert (1934) indicated Euonymus atropurpureus was somewhat rare in western New York where it can be "abundant and sometimes in dense thickets." Zenkert goes on to say Indians on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation had collected roots, etc., of this shrub with "whole thickets being destroyed in this manner."

Euonymus americana L., STRAWBERRY-BUSH, is native to western New York State in low woods and is rare in the state, being a southern species reaching its northern limits in the state. It is not reported for Ontario by Soper and Heimberger (1982), and no publication seen so far reports its existence at Niagara Falls. The existence of specimens from Goat Island of Euonymus atropurpureus, together with various reports of it noted above, and the reported density of populations on the Island in 1892 lends overwhelming evidence for a native enclave of this species in this part of New York State. This idea is consistent with other evidence for species more common south and west of the Niagara area extending across southern Ontario in the Deciduous Forests along the north shore of Lake Erie, and along the limestone habitats of the Niagara Escarpment.

* Euonymus europaeus L. SPINDLE-TREE. "Apparently naturalized on Goat Island, Niagara Falls (Johnson), but possibly planted," Zenkert, 1934.

# Eupatorium maculatum L. JOE-PYE-WEED. 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1987. First Sister, east end, 87317. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Eupatorium perfoliatum L. BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Eupatorium purpureum L. LOWLAND PURPLE BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     This species has a rather confused history in the Niagara Frontier Region. Specimens with this name from the regionexist in the Clinton Herbarium, and the herbarium of the Queen Victoria Park School of Horticulture, as do published reports (Day, 1882; Cameron, 1895; Hamilton, 1943 for the parks in Niagara Falls, Ontario). It does not appear in the checklist for the Niagara Frontier Region by Zander and Pierce (1979). This species probably does exist locally and this name has been included in the statistical tabulations. The specimens in question will eventually be sent to a specialist in the genus at the National Herbarium (US).

# Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. WHITE SNAKE ROOT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. On slopes facing the Three Sister Islands, 1983. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west and east ends, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ]. Second Sister, west and east ends, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ]. Third Sister, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Euphorbia maculata L. WARTWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. BEECH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D.Hooker's American Journal). "Abundant," Day, 1888. Northern slopes just west of pedestrian bridge, "single tree and suckers," 1988, 2-3 more trunks at edge of central woods facing the maintenance shed. Second Sister, east end, "single tree," 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     The timber [ on Goat Island ] is chiefly of the ordinary hard-wood trees, Beach [ sic ] and Maple predominating" (Chamberlin, 1892). Six beeches were reported blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). A lovely old trunk is depicted in a photograph in 1902 showing the typical masses of names carved in the trunk as high as a human being can reach (19 Ann Rep Comm, 1903).

* Festuca elatior L. MEADOW FESCUE. Day, 1888.

* Festuca ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch SHEEP FESCUE. Third Sister, dolomite boulder, 1986.

# Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Day, 1888. Floerkea uligonosa Muhl. is an earlier name.

     Although not very common any more in our immediate area, in 1862 Judge Clinton found it in Buffalo, at what he called the Elk Street wood [ nearly destroyed by 1866 ]. He "met therein David F. Day. He had just found a Floerkea uliginosa. (I afterwards found it in the hollow at the right, after crossing, from Buffalo, the Lake Shore R. R. bridge over the Buffalo Creek .... Indeed, it is quite common in damp woods and river bottoms") (from an unpublished mss. in Zenkert, 1934).

* Forsythia suspensa Vahl. FORSYTHIA. Planted by entrance to pedestrian bridge, border of thicket, north slope, 1988.

* Fragaria vesca L. (s.l.) STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. A species of Strawberry was observed on the northeast end of the Second Sister in 1988.

# Fragaria virginiana Duchesne WILD STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988.

When the Goat Island nursery was established in 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891), 130 young Ash (Fraxinus) trees were transplanted there "from the thicket on Goat Island." In 1893, seventy-six of these were removed and planted in the eastern meadow (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), the following year 76 more were planted (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

     Chamberlin (1892) mentioned that at the time of writing the Goat Island forest was predominantly Beech and Maple, with an "occasional" Ash. This is quite unlike present conditions where Ash is the second most dominant tree in the central woods.

     Seedlings of Ash are more abundant in 1988 throughout the area than any other tree species.

# Fraxinus americana L. WHITE ASH. July 5, 1863 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Thickets at brink of Horseshoe Falls," 1986; "thickets on N side of the Island," 1987.

Fraxinus [ americana-pensylvanica ] Second Sister, west end. Alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ] ] Luna Island, northern thickets [ obs. 1988 ].

# Fraxinus nigra Marsh. BLACK ASH. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     One tree of this species was blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890).

     The disappearance of this species may relate to its disappearance in western New York State as a whole. "The black ash, once very abundant in swamps and there outnumbering all other species combined, seems to have fared worst .... The progressive drying-out of the land is mainly responsible for its marked decrease. Seedlings of the black ash do not compete successfully under drier conditions with those of the white (American) elm and those of the red and silver maples,, with the result that these have become the prevailing trees in low ground" (E. J. Hill in Zenkert, 1934). The dryer conditions referred to by Hall relate to the general deforestation of the region. Loss of moisture on Goat Island may be due to island deforestation and water diversion.

# Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. RED ASH. Zenkert, 1934. "South end in thickets on the river's edge," 1986. Base of Goat Island, abundant, one 40 inches in circumference, 1988.

* Galeopsis tetrahit L. HEMP-NETTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     The variety bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. occurs in the Niagara Frontier Region (Zander & Pierce, 1979).

* Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake CILIATE GALINSOGA. "By crest of the Horseshoe Falls," 8705215. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

One Bedstraw (Galium) species was observed on the First Sister, west end, but was not in identifiable condition, another occurred by the entrance to the maintenance facility, in wooded area, 1988.

# Galium aparine L. CLEAVERS. Day, 1888.

# Galium asprellum Michx. ROUGH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888.

# Galium boreale L. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Galium mollugo L. BEDSTRAW. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

# Galium obtusum Bigel. BLUNT-LEAVED MARSH BEDSTRAW. Thickets, south side, 1986.

# Galium trifidum L. var. tinctorium (L.) T.&G. STIFF MARSH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888.

# Galium triflorum Michx. SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, west side, 1988; east side, 1988.

# Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. Day, 1888.

RNY, PRE# Gentiana procera Holm SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN. Torrey, 1843. (As Gentiana detonsa) Sept. 11, 1862, "On the right of the path to Terrapin Tower saw a hundred Gentians," "on Goat Island near Terrapin Bridge ... abundant," Sept. 23, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Terrapin Point, Sept. 10, 1986, R. Mitchell (BUF, NYS)

     On the talus at Niagara, "in moist spots, here and there a sharp eye may detect many flowered tufts of the beautiful fringed Gentian, strange to European eyes" (Olmsted, 1880, citing Robinson, 1875).

Lady Theodora Guest, in 1895 noticed a "Pink Crane's Bill" (Geranium) growing on the Three Sister Islands.

# Geranium maculatum L. WILD CRANE'S-BILL. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

R* Geranium pusillum L. SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE'S-BILL. Lawn, area where three roads meet near maintenance building, 1988. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats, 1987.

# Geranium robertianum L. HERB ROBERT. June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986.

# Gerardia purpurea L. PURPLE GERARDIA. Day, 1888.

     R#var. parviflora Benth. SMALL-FLOWERED PURPLE GERARDIA. Terrapin Point, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. YELLOW AVENS. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Geum canadense Jacq. WHITE AVENS. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Central Woods, 1986. Second Sister, west end, frequent [ obs. 1988 ].

# Geum laciniatum Murr. ROUGH AVENS. (All reports use the earlier name G. virginianum L., which is now applied to a different species of Geum formerly known as G. flavum). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Glechoma hederacea L. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. Day, 1888. Goat Island, Edward C. Townsend, May 22, 1896 (BUF). Throughout Goat Island lawns, 1988. First Sister, east and west ends [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, abundant in woods section [ obs. 1988 ].

Gleditsia triacanthos L. HONEY-LOCUST. Planted in various places throughout Goat Island, 1988. One tree planted with Robinia and Sophora in the lawn verge at the eastern end of the large western parking lot, 2006.

# Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. NERVED MANNA-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Gnaphalium uliginosum L. LOW CUDWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

P# Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br. TALL LEAFY GREEN ORCHID. (As Platanthera) "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862 (Clinton Journal). "Near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888.

# Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. VIRGINIA STICKSEED. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Hedera helix L. ENGLISH IVY. Luna Island, dense, choking masses all margins of the island, 1988.

# Helenium autumnale L. SNEEZEWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, shrubby area, wet dolomite, 86121414.

# Helianthus divaricatus L. WOODLAND SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888.

# Helianthus strumosus L. PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888.

* Hemerocallis fulva L. DAY LILY. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Hepatica acutilobula DC. SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker BLUNT-LEAVED HEPATICA. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Heracleum lanatum Michx. DOWNY COW PARSNIP. Day, 1888.

RNY, R* Heracleum mantegazzianum Som. & Lev. GIANT HOGWEED. "Dense thickets on the S side of the island," 8705199. Luna Island, 1988 [ obs. ].

* Hieracium aurantiacum L. DEVIL'S PAINT-BRUSH. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

R* Hieracium florentinum All. FLORENCE KING-DEVIL. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

R# Hieracium gronovii L. HAIRY HAWKWEED. Day, 1888.

* Hieracium pratense Tausch. KING-DEVIL. Ballast, 1987. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Hieracium venosum L. RATTLESNAKE-WEED. Day, 1888.

# Houstonia canadensis Willd. FRINGED HOUSTONIA. Torrey, 1843. June 26, 1862, "On top of the bank" [ the west-facing crest, as it occurs elsewhere on the crest of the Niagara River Gorge ], (Clinton Journal). (As Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

# Hydrocotyle americana L. WATER PENNYWORT. Goat Island, Edward C. Townsend, June 27, 1896 (BUF).

# Hydrophyllum virginianum L. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF. Day, 1888. Populations of this plant may be found along the crest of the Niagara Gorge, eastern side, and DeVeaux College woods.

RNY, R# Hypericum kalmianum L. KALM'S ST. JOHN'S WORT. Torrey, 1843. "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862; Aug. 1, 1862; Aug. 22, 1864; "Near the Terrapin Tower, July 18, 1865; July 26, 1865; "On the talus directly below the Cave of the Winds shanty ..." Aug. 8, 1865 (Clinton Journal). Clinton, 1864. Day, 1883. "Goat Island. First Sister, east end, 1892 (BUF). Day, 1901. Zenkert (1934) gave the additional information of a specimen collected by C. S. Osborne in 1867 (BUF) and a specimen in the New York State Herbarium, Albany, collected by E. Hunt and Asa Gray, without date. Beck (1833) reports this "species has been found near Niagara Falls by Dr. Asa Gray."

     This is the only known locality for the species in New York State. Mitchell reported it as possibly extirpated from New York State (1986). Zenkert (1934) reported it as "not observed at the Falls in recent years." Parts of the base of Goat Island and the islands in the American channel of the Niagara River at the falls were not made available for examination during the course of this study - it is conceivable this plant may still be found in these areas.

     There are reports for this species from the Canadian side, on the talus: "Rochers au bas de la chute de Niagara " Provancher (Fl. Canad. p. 104), Day, 1888.

* Hypericum perforatum L. COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Goat Island, 1987. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1987; east end 1987.

# Hysterix patula Moench. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. Goat Island, G. W. Clinton, 1872 (BUF). Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Impatiens biflora Walt. SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. All along the wooded slope against the waterline to the south, in seeps in the southwestern part of the Island, 1984. Base of Goat Island, becomes more abundant as you approach the Horseshoe, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west and east ends [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "abundant," 1986.

# Impatiens pallida Nutt. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. This species is frequent in the Niagara River Gorge.

* Inula helenium L. ELECAMPANE. Day, 1888.

# Iris versicolor L. BLUE FLAG. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west, 1987.

One walnut tree (Juglans) was reported blown down in 1886 during winter storms.

# Juglans cinerea L. BUTTERNUT. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Juglans nigra L. BLACK WALNUT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1984. Tree just west of vehicular bridge, 1988. Two trees in the meadow, east end, and in the picnic area to the southwest, 1988. Behind restaurant, 1988 [ obs. ]. Southern thickets, 1988. Base of Goat Island, 1988. One tree stands beside a collection of alien trees of the Pea Family at the east margin lawn beside the large western parking lot.

     According to the second report of the Commissioners to the State Legislature in 1886 [ for 1885 ] is the mention made by the Superintendent that this tree predominated among the natural woods in "The area at the head of the reservation" by the old Port Day pier, just east of the boundary line of the reservation on the mainland. Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 noticed Black Walnut trees on the Three Sisters.

     This species is among the trees being replanted on Goat Island and seems a good choice.

* Juglans regia L. PERSIAN or ENGLISH WALNUT. Very mature tree behind old maintenance building in loop of the vehicular bridge road, mown area amid some native trees. Planted a long time ago. Coll. 2001 (BUF).

# Juncus articulatus L. JOINTED RUSH. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1986. Third Sister, east end, 1986.

# Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. SHORT-HEADED RUSH. Clinton (late 1800's), Zenkert, 1934.

# Juncus bufonius L. TOAD RUSH. Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, south side, east end, 1988.

# Juncus dudleyi Wieg. DUDLEY'S RUSH. Crest by the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988; east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1986.

# Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. COMMON RUSH. Second Sister, east end, few, 1988.

# Juncus nodosus L. KNOTTED RUSH. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Juncus tenuis Willd. PATH RUSH. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Low, wet area just east of bridge, north Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1988. Third Sister, east end, 1986.

# Juniperus communis L. LOW JUNIPER [ COMMON JUNIPER ]. Goat Island, George Engelmann (GEH at MO) August 1840; Goat Island, April 29, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

     This is the Common Juniper referred to in the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners, 1886. There are the remains of a Juniper shrub visible on Luna Island, 1988.

# Juniperus virginiana L. RED CEDAR. 1871. 1874. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "... and the banks of Niagara River below the Falls," Day, 1883. "Apparently disappearing," Day, 1888. "... unfortunately disappearing," Day, 1901. Several fine trees in the eastern meadow, 1988.

     The Superintendent of the Reservation indicated "The red cedars are dying out of late years" in the second report of the Commissioners of 1886. Perhaps this published concern for these trees accounts for the fine grove of this species in the eastern meadow. Eleven red cedars were blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890), and two January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). Nine red cedars were planted on the denuded southern banks of Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982). In 1892, eighty-three red cedar were added to the Goat Island nursery (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893). A Red Cedar was noted growing on Ship Island in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850).

     Chamberlin (1892) observed on Goat Island "near the paths many small Cedars, white and red ..." in the woods.

R# Justicia americana (L.) Vahl WATER-WILLOW. "Shallow water," Charles A. Zenkert, 1924 (BUF). "Near brink of Falls," Charles A. Zenkert, 1928 (BUF). "Shallow water of Niagara River, on limestone, off Goat Island, just above the Falls, where rather abundant," Zenkert, 1934.

     Populations of this lovely river plant (not a Willow at all) were to be found at Dufferin Islands until a few years ago.

[ Larix sp. Several species of Larch of maturity occur throughout Goat Island, growing in open stations where they have been planted - no attempt has been made to identify these as they are obviously introduced, and do not appear to be spreading. In 1891, one hundred "Scotch larch" trees were procured for the Goat Island nursery (perhaps Larix decidua) (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892).In 1893, thirty-six larches were planted in the eastern meadow, taken from the nursery (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), and the following year, 36 more (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

#Larix decidua Mill. EUROPEAN LARCH. Central wood's edge, northeast side facing entrance to pedestrian bridge, with Eucommia ulmoides, near Picea sitchensis, apparently even-aged with these horticultural trees. Native to the Alps and Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe.

# Lathyrus ochroleucus CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. Day, 1888.

# Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray MYRTLE-LEAVED VETCHLING. On June 26, 1862, Clinton found "a pretty Lathyrus" "in the flat by Terrapin Bridge." Later that year, on August 1, 1862, he found L. palustris in the same locality as Hypericum kalmianum, presumably at Terrapin Point (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

# Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. TALL BLUE LETTUCE. (As Lactuca leucophaea) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Lactuca canadensis L. WILD LETTUCE. (As Lactuca elongata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

A species of Leersia was noted for Goat Island on Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. RICE CUT-GRASS. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Leersia virginica Willd. WHITE GRASS. Day, 1888.

# Lemna minor L. LESSER DUCKWEED. "Southwest end," 1986.

* Leonurus cardiaca L. MOTHERWORT. Day, 1888. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Throughout the wooded margins of Goat Island and the Three Sisters, 1988 [ obs. ].

* Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. FIELD PEPPERGRASS. Ballast, 1987. North slope, along path, 1988.

# Lepidium virginicum L. COMMON PEPPERGRASS. First of the Three Sisters Islands, east end along dirt path, 1986. Third Sister, 1988.

* Ligustrum vulgare L. PRIVET. "Ballast, east end," 1985. Luna Island, thickets on the east margin [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, dense thickets [ obs. 1988 ].

* Linaria vulgaris Hill BUTTER-AND-EGGS. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Ballast, east end, 1985.

# Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume SPICEBUSH or SPICEBARK. "Goat Island and the Three Sisters," Day, 1888. "Handsomely represented," Day, 1901. Central woods, 1986. Large shrubs may be found along the river's edge on the north side of the island.

      Reported for Goat Island (as Spicebark) by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Liriodendron tulipifera L. TULIP TREE. "One fine specimen is growing near the carriage way on the north side of the island," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Planted as an ornamental," 1986.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Chamberlin (1892) mentioned that at the time of writing, the Goat Island forest was predominantly Beech and Maple, with an "occasional" Tulip-tree. Present planting policy includes extensive planting of this species on the Island.

* Lithospermum arvense L. CORN GROMWELL. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Lithospermum officinale L. COMMON GROMWELL. "A common weed on the Island & about the Falls," June 26, 1862; "by the [ Terrapin ] Tower & along the bank ..." June 7, 1864; April 21, 1866, "... W. Pettibone, ... told me that there was a plant on Goat Isld., a tea from the roots & seeds of which, drunk as you would any tea, had relieved him very much in his kidney complaint, gravel. Went over the Island with him, he looking in vain for it. He describes it as a low bush, with a very small, pearshaped, white hard seed. It occurring to me that it was, most probably, Lithospermum officinale, I looked it up & dug up a root with a dead stalk & he thought it to be the plant, though, the seed being gone, he could not tell certainly. Said the root looked & smelt like it. (Clinton Journal). Goat Island, D. F. Day, July 19, 1863 (BUF). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Found throughout the thicketed areas of Goat Island, 1988.

# Lobelia kalmii L. KALM'S LOBELIA. Day, 1883. Day, 1901. The Three Sisters, 1894. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Lobelia siphilitica L. GREAT LOBELIA. Second Sister, west end, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988; east end, extremity on flats, 1988.

* Lolium perenne L. ENGLISH RYE GRASS. By vehicular bridge, 1988.

Populations of Honeysuckle (Lonicera) on Goat Island were reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. One kind is referred to by the Superintendent as a "creeping plant" or vine, although which species this may refer to is conjectural. It is doubtful the reference is to Lonicera japonica. On Goat Island "a red honeysuckle [ has ] there climbed to the very top of an arborvitae situated on a promontory ..." Baxter, 1855. Honeysuckle may have referred to a variety of plants, such as species of Rhododendron and Aquilegia canadensis (Fernald, 1970), neither of which could have "climbed to the top" of anything.

# Lonicera canadensis Marsh. FLY HONEYSUCKLE. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Lonicera dioica L. SMOOTH-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE. (As Loniceraparviflora) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

* Lonicera japonica Thunb. JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE. Terrapin Point, 1986.

* Lonicera tartarica L. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Day, 1888. Goat Island, Edward C. Townsend, May 22, 1896 (BUF). "Abundant," Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, well established, 1988. First Sister, east end dense thicket, and west end, abundant [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Lotus corniculatus L. BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL. Ballast, 1986.

* Lychnis alba Mill. EVENING LYCHNIS. Ballast, 1988.

RNY, R* Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. TOMATO. Restaurant midden, 1988. First report for western New York State.

# Lycopus americanus Muhl. CUT-LEAVED WATER HOREHOUND. (As Lycopus sinuatus) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

RNY, R* Lycopus europaeus L. EUROPEAN WATER HOREHOUND. First Sister, 1988.

# Lycopus virginicus L. VIRGINIA BUGLEWEED. Day, 1888. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Lysimachia ciliata L. FRINGED LOOSETRIFE. Day, 1888. Goat Island, Union School Herb. Lockport, N.Y., Edward C. Townsend, July 29, 1892 (BUF). 8612729. Thickets, southwestern Goat Island. Thickets, northern slopes, near the top, 1988. First Sister, west end, 8705292. Second Sister, west end alluvium [ obs. 1988 ].

* Lysimachia nummularia L. MONEYWORT. Third Sister, west end near water, 1988.

RNY, R# Lysimachia quadriflora Sims. LINEAR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE, PRAIRIE MONEYWORT. Second Sister, east end, on edge of soil mat east end, July 14, 1987

     "On calcareous rocks. Western New York. Rare. Niagara Falls, Eddy, Cooper, Sartwell (Torrey, Flora of New York Vol. 2:10. 1843; Eaton, Gray (state herbarium)," House, 1924.

* Lythrum salicaria L. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. Abundant in thickets by the water's edge on the southwest side of the island, 1986. Green Island shoreline, 1986. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]; west end, 1985. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ]; east end, edge of grass mat, 1988 [ obs. ]

# Maianthemum canadense Desf. FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. First Sister, east end, 1987.

* Malva neglecta Wallr. CHEESES. Day, 1888. Found in lawns on the island, 1986.

* Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter PINEAPPLE-WEED. 1988.

P# Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro OSTRICH FERN. Day, 1888.

# Medeola virginiana L. INDIAN CUCUMBERROOT. "Not common," Day, 1888.

* Medicago lupulina L. BLACK MEDICK. June 19, 1866, David F. Day (BUF). Lawns, north end, 1987. Weedy path area by the Horseshoe Falls, 1986. Ballast, 1988. Second Sister, east end, open, rocky area, 1988.

# Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. americanum (Michx.) Beauverd AMERICAN COW-WHEAT. Day, 1888.

* Melilotus alba Desr. SWEET CLOVER. Day, 1888. 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, July 14, 1987.

# Menispermum canadense L. MOONSEED. Central woods, 1986.

# Mentha arvensis L. var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern. AMERICAN FIELD MINT. Day, 1888. 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

* Mentha piperita L. PEPPERMINT. Sporadically abundant along wet, shrubby margins, 1984. First Sister, west end, 1986.

* Mentha spicata L. SPEARMINT. (As Mentha viridis) Aug. 1, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

# Mitchella repens L. PARTRIDGEBERRY. Day, 1888.

# Mitella diphylla L. MITERWORT. Day, 1888.

# Monarda fistulosa L. WILD BERGAMOT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987; west end, 1988.

# Monotropa hypopitys L. PINESAP. Day, 1883. Perhaps indicative of old evergreens on the island, as this species is parasitic or symbiotic with them.

"An undetermined species [ of Morus ] has been planted on Luna Island" Day, 1888. Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 observed Mulberry trees bordering "little rocky paths" on the Three Sister Islands.

* Morus alba L. WHITE MULBERRY. 1987. Green Island, 1896; Zenkert, 1934. "Large trees in meadow (east end), 1986. Ballast, young, [ obs. 1988 ]. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Three Sisters, 1932. "Along bridge to Second Sister," 1986. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, abundant, 1988; east end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

     All trees, seedlings and saplings of the Mulberry observed were of White Mulberry, this in spite of the fact that in almost every case the berries of these plants developed from white to deep purple. The leaf characters conformed in every instance to that of Morus alba. The weedy character of these plants is also diagnostic.

# Morus rubra L. RED MULBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. 1896. Zenkert, 1934. Luna Island, 1896.

# Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. LEAFY MUHLENBERGIA.

fo. commutata (Scribn.) Wieg. Third Sister, 1988.

# Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. SATIN GRASS. On moist rocks, Goat Island, G. Engelmann, August 1860 (MO).

# Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. WOOD GRASS. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal.

fo. mexicana First Sister, west end, 1988.

fo. ambigua (Torr.) Wieg. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. WOODLAND DROPSEED. Third Sister, 1988.

# Myosotis laxa Lehm. SMALLER FORGER-ME-NOT. Goat Island, 1986. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1986; east end, 1988.

      This species may be found in the springy areas of Goat Island by the eastern end of the First Sister.

# Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens (Fern.) Jeps. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

RNY,R* Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L. DAFFODIL. Central woods, 1988.

      A rare escape in New York State (Mitchell, 1986), several plants of this species occur in the central woods where they contrast badly with the native spring ephemerals. Several large patches of this plant are planted at the woods margins.

* Nepeta cataria L. CATNIP. Day, Sept. 19, 1877 (BUF). (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1888. Frequent along shrubby margins of the Niagara River, 1984. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1986

# Oenothera biennis L. EVENING PRIMROSE. Day, 1888. Hillside by Terrapin Point, 1987.

P# Onoclea sensibilis L. SENSITIVE FERN. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. MOUNTAIN-RICE. Day, 1888.

# Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker BLACK-FRUITED MOUNTAIN RICE. "rocky soil," 1921. Zenkert, 1934.

# Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Clarke HAIRY SWEET CICELY. Day, 1888.

     George Clinton collected a specimen of Vermicularia dermatium (fungi) from a plant of this species (as O. brevistylis) on November 4, 1870's

# Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. LONG-STYLED SWEET CICELY. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Top of slope overlooking the Three Sisters, 1988.

P# Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray ROYAL FERN. "Not common," Day, 1888.

# Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch HOP-HORNBEAM [ IRONWOOD ]. July 5, 1863 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Second Commissioner's report, 1886. Frequent in woods, 1988. Base of Goat Island, top slope, 1988. Luna Island, 1988. First Sister, east and west ends, frequent [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     This is the Ironwood reported for the Goat Island woods in the Superintendent's report in the second report of the Commissioners, published in 1886. Two Ironwoods in 1886, and three in 1889 were blown down during winter storms (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890). Four of these trees blew down during the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1890, twelve young Ironwood trees were removed from "the thicket" on Goat Island and planted in the nursery on Goat Island (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891).

# Oxalis stricta L. UPRIGHT YELLOW WOOD-SORREL. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Steps along fence facing Luna Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]; east end [ obs. 1988 ].

RNY, P#Panax quinquefolium L. GINSENG. "Rare," Day, 1888.

     Commercially exploited in New York State; "native plants known to have occurred in New York State five times or fewer (up to nine historical sites where some are known to be extirpated) - sites harboring these species should be preserved if possible, especially in cases where more than one rarity is present" (Mitchell, 1986).

# Panax trifolium L. DWARF GINSENG. Day, 1888. Goat Island, Marion F. Floyd, May 15, 1897 (BUF). Zenkert, 1934.

# Panicum capillare L. WITCH-GRASS. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. 1988.

# Panicum clandestinum L. DEER-TONGUE GRASS. Day, 1888.

R# Panicum depauperatum Muhl. STARVED PANIC-GRASS. "In rocky places," Day, 1888.

# Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. SPREADING WITCH-GRASS. Weedy curb, 1988.

# Panicum lanuginosum Ell.

    var. lindheimeri (Nash) Fern. LINDHEIMER'S PANIC-GRASS. Goat Island, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

var. septentrionale Fern. NORTHERN WOOLY PANIC-GRASS. Second Sister, 1986.

# Parnassia glauca Raf. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. "... on Goat Island, on the flat near Terrapin bridge ... July 3 & 4, 1862; "On the right of the path to Terrapin Tower ...," Sept. 11, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1883. "near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     "Within a little while ... the Grass of Parnassus [ as Parnassia caroliniana L.) ... is fast going. This is undoubtedly due to careless flower-gatherers," Day, 1888.

The Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus) species were noted as abundant for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. On the denuded southern shore of Goat Island, 440 Virginia creeper plants were planted in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982). Certain species were available through commercial nurseries before 1900, and cuttings were made of native vines for the Goat Island nursery (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901).

# Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. VIRGINIA CREEPER. (As Ampelopsis quinquefolia) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Abundant throughout the central woods, 1988. Luna Island, 1988.

* Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch. JAPANESE or BOSTON IVY. On stone pedestrian bridge between Goat and Green Islands, 1988.

     Six plants of Ampelopsis vichii were planted on Green Island around the cottage used as the offices of the Commissioners in 1893 (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), and eighteen more the following year. This is an earlier name for Parthenocissus tricuspidata.

# Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. DISCLESS VIRGINIA CREEPER. Wooded crest, 1988. Baseof Goat Island, 1988. Stone bridge to First Sister from Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     Twelve plants of Ampelopsis royalli (A. roylei, Hort.) were planted on Bath Island by the office of the Commissioners (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1984). Bailey (1924) indicates this is a large-leaved form of Parthenocissus vitacea, seen by him as a variety of P. quinquefolia.

# Pedicularis canadensis L. COMMON LOUSEWORT. Day, 1888.

     George Clinton collected Puccinia clintonii (fungi) on an individual of this species growing on the island (Nov. 4, 1874, BUF).

PRE#Pellaea glabella Mett. SMOOTH CLIFF-BRAKE. Up until 1934, the only species of Pellaea reported for western New York State was P. atropurpurea (L.) Link, or PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE (Zenkert, 1934).Subsequently, our material from the Niagara River Gorge has been reidentified by Stanley J. Smith, Curator of Botany of the New York State Museum, and later by Richard H. Zander, Curator of the Clinton Herbarium (BUF) to be P. glabella according to the characters detailed by Mitchell & Sheviak, 1981. The present writer has reviewed the relevant specimens at BUF and concurs with the changes in identification. Day's reference to P. atropurpurea ("Formerly on Goat Island and the Three Sisters. Not lately seen by us. Probably extirpated," Day, 1888) has been referred in this paper to Pellaea glabella.

     One specimen collected by George Clinton and hence dating prior to 1885, with no locality given (Herb. No. 35310) is Pellaea glabella by most characters, except it has very long stalks on its lower pinnae. It probably derives from the Niagara River gorge, as no other station for the genus occurs in western New York, or was reported from the Niagara Frontier Region before 1934 (Zenkert, 1934). Day (1910) mentioned two species of Pellaea growing in the vicinity of Niagara Falls: P. gracilis and P. atropurpurea.

* Penstemon digitalis Nutt. FOXGLOVE PENSTEMON. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

# Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. HAIRY BEARD-TONGUE. Day, 1888.

     This species grows in several areas along the crest of the Niagara River gorge on both sides of the river.

# Phalaris arundinacea L. REED CANARY-GRASS. Juse east of the vehicular bridge, low, moist area, 1987.

* Philadelphus coronarius L. MOCK-ORANGE. Planted by central woods northern edge, 1988.

* Phleum pratense L. TIMOTHY. Day, 1888. 8705214. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Phlox divaricata L. BLUE PHLOX. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Phryma leptostachya L. LOPSEED. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Physalis longifolia Nutt. LONG-LEAVED GROUND-CHERRY. Ballast, 1988.

# Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. NINEBARK [ SPIRAEA ]. (As Spiraea opulifolia) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. 1988. Base of Goat Island, infrequent, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1987; east end, south side [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end, 1986; west end, river margins, north side, dense, 1988 [ obs. ]

RNY var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins. Third Sister, Union School Herbarium, Lockport, N.Y. and from the collections of Marion Jessup Wright, coll. Edward C. Townsend, June 27, 1896 (BUF). First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, 1985.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Fourteen spireas were planted on the denuded southern shore of Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982). The same year, twenty Spirea shrubs were transplanted to the nursery from the Goat Island "thicket" - this reference indicates the shrub in question was not a horticultural species, such as Spiraea vanhouttei familiar around many dwellings in western New York. The shrub must have been abundant to be so available for the purposes of the Superintendent, and so was not a native species in the genus Spiraea as currently understood, and which were never reported at the Falls. One of the synonyms of Ninebark is Spiraea opulifolia, as described by Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 489, 1753). Ninebark looks superificially identical to our horticultural spiraeas, and this is the shrub referred to as spiraea in the annual reports of the Commissioners. Sixty-four Spirea shrubs were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1892 (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

     As of this writing, no technical name was found apposite to a reference to an "American Spruce," of which two hundred were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1892 (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1983). Two hundred other Spruce trees were also planted in that year.

# Phytolacca americana L. POKEWEED. (As Phytolacca decandra) Aug. 1, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1983. Second Sister, west end, 1988. Abundant along woods margins in 1988.

* Picea abies Karst. NORWAY SPRUCE. By elevator, Cave of the Winds, 1988, and several other places around the island. The use of this species by maintenance staff on Goat Island goes back to 1890 when the Superintendent Thomas Welch procured seventy-five trees for the nursery established on Goat Island in that year (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1891, one hundred more were procured for the nursery (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). A number of Norway spruce planted along the riverway failed in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982).

* Picea glauca Voss. WHITE SPRUCE. By monument, northwest end, 1988; eastern meadow, 1988.

Two species of pine (Pinus) were noted growing on Goat Island in 1828 in the diary of David Douglas: one no doubt the White Pine, the other perhaps our hemlock (see note under Tsuga below). Wied-Neuwied (1843) mentioned portions of the islands in the channel of the falls "are covered with pines, some green, others in a decayed state ... the pines being frequently broken and snapped and here and there piled up in the water," and that "The shores of [ Goat Island ] are shaded by old pines and very large white cedars..." Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 reported a tree "Balsam" bordering the paths on the Three Sisters - she was surely referring to our Hemlock, as the Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) is rare and not reported for the Goat Island complex -although a tree of that species is reported recently to occur in Niagara Glen in the Niagara River gorge (Hamilton, 1943). Ms. Guest may have seen transplanted Balsam Firs of the hundred planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Frederick Law Olmsted (1880) quoted Robinson (1895) that at the falls "the high cliffs are crested with woods ..." and the talus below is "also beautifully clothed with wood to the river's edge, often so far below that you sometimes look from the upper brink down on the top of tall pines that seem diminished in size."

     Extensive exotic conifer trees were purchased by the first Superintendent of the Reservation. A screen of evergreens were planted on Goat Island in 1900 to hide the lumberyard from the drive (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901).

# Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. SITKA SPRUCE. Several old trees amid White Pine on Goat Island to the right facing the pedestrian bridge. This tree is native to the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada as far north as southern Alaska. It should do well on Goat Island in the spray zone of the cataracts as in its native habitat this tree is greatly dependent on the dense fog banks associated with the nearby ocean.

[ * Pinus mugo Turra SWISS MOUNTAIN PINE. One hundred young trees of "mountain pine" were procured for the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). One modern horticultural reference consulted indicates Pinus mugo Turra is called Swiss Mountain Pine - an earlier technical name being Pinus montana Mill., Mountain Pine (Bailey, 1924). Later in the 8th report, ten Mugho dwarf pines were reported purchased and planted on Bath Island and elsewhere on the Reservation. ]

* Pinus nigra Arnold AUSTRIAN PINE. Several trees planted in lawns on the west end, 1988, and east meadow.

      In 1891, one hundred young trees of this species were procured for the Goat Island nursery (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892).

# Pinus strobus L. WHITE PINE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "A few specimens," Day, 1888. By the pedestrian bridge, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 96122618. Several planted in eastern meadow.

      "The banks of the river about the falls are lined with white pine and cedar" (Clinton, 1822). White Pine was reported growing on Ship Island in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850).

      Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Seven trees of this species were blown down in the storm of 1889 (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890); one pine fell January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). One hundred young trees of this species were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Since all of the thousand other conifer trees put into the nursery in that year were non-native, nursery stock, perhaps the source of these young pines was not from the Reservation, nor the two hundred planted in 1892 (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

Two trees of this species are established on Goat Island to the right of the pedestrian bridge adjacent to the Sitka Spruces that also grow on the elevation overlooking the bridge.

* Pinus sylvestris L. SCOTCH PINE [ SCOTCH FIR ]. Eastern end, 1988.

     Two hundred trees of this species (as Scotch fir) were procured for the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892).

# Pilea pumila (L.) Gray CLEARWEED. Day, 1888. Along base of Goat Island, 1988.

Pilea was noted in 1988 at the base of Goat Island, but achenes were not developed that might be used to distinguish Pilea pumila from the rarer species P. fontana. The latter does occur just upstream on Cayuga Island.

* Plantago lanceolata L. ENGLISH PLANTAIN. Thickets, north side, 1988. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ].

* Plantago major L. BROAD-LEAVED PLANTAIN. Sept. 11, 1863 (Clinton's Journal). On this day Clinton also collected what he hoped was P. rugelii at Terrapin Bridge, but was disappointed - the plant being, probably, P. major, since they are superficially identical. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Third Sister, 87315.

# Plantago rugellii Dcne. RUGEL'S PLANTAIN. Day, 1888.

# Platanus occidentalis L. SYCAMORE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1986. One tree by the pedestrian bridge, and by the bluffs overlooking Luna Island, 1988. These trees are not the hybrid (P. acerifolia) since the fruits are mostly one to a pedicle. Several trees on Green Island, 1988.

     This is probably the tree referred to Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886 under the name "Buttonball." It is probably not Cephalanthus, or Buttonbush, because this is more of a shrub, and noone has reported its occurrence otherwise on the Island. During the January storm of 1889, a Buttonball tree was blown down. It was "five feet in diameter, the largest tree upon the reservation" (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). This was probably the "Monarch of the Isle" mentioned by Porter (16 Ann Rep Comm, 1900 - with drawing), a section of which was kept in the Niagara Falls Public Library. Its growth rings indicated it was 400 years old.

* Poa annua L. SPEAR GRASS. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Third Sister, 1986.

     Note that these small plants could be easily confused with the next one and must be dissected for confident identification. It is probable that some of the material referred to by sight identification in this report is actually P. chapmaniana.

RNY, R* Poa chapmaniana Scribn. CHAPMAN'S BLUE-GRASS. First Sister, west end, on boulder, 1988.

     Second collection made in western New York State. Special search might disclose additional populations in the Goat Island complex.

* Poa compressa L. CANADA BLUE-GRASS. Day, 1888. Dolomite rocks, area of the Canadian Falls, 1986. First Sister, eastern end flats, 1988. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ].

R* Poa nemoralis L. WOOD BLUEGRASS. 1988. North side. Second Sister, west end, abundant, 1988; east end [ obs. 1988 ].

     Second report for western New York. This is a "sparsely introduced species [ in Ontario ] found mainly in long-settled towns and old resort areas where at one time it was recommended to seed lawns in shady areas. It does not survive mowing, but it has escaped to survive in adjoining woodland ..." (Dore and McNeill 1980). It is probably found throughout the Goat Island complex.

# Poa palustris FOWL MEADOW-GRASS. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Poa pratensis L. KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS. "On Goat Island the little flat above the bridge," June 8, 1862 (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888.

# Podophyllum peltatum L. MAY-APPLE. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Central woods, 1984.

     On Goat Island "the Podophyllum peltatum was in flower," (Clinton, 1826). On Goat Island "we were refreshed, during our walk, with wild fruits ... mandrakes which resemble our largest gooseberries, with a very thick rind. They are the fruit produced by the plant called the may-apple" (Gurney, 1841). Prinz von Wied-Neuwied mentions this plant growing on Goat Island in 1843, and Lady Theodora Guest observed in 1895 its occurrence on the Three Sisters Islands.

# Polemonium reptans L. GREEK VALERIAN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

An unidentified species of Polygonatum was noted on Goat Island Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

R# Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL. Day, 1888.

     On November 2, 1870's, George Clinton found a specimen of the fungus Depazea cruenta on a plant of this species.

# Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. SMALL SOLOMON'S-SEAL. First Sister, east end.

R* Polygonum achoreum Blake HOMELESS KNOTWEED. Disturbed area beside path before the Three Sisters Island, 1986.

# Polygonum aviculare L. COMMON KNOTWEED. Frequent along cracks in the pavement, 1984. Third Sister, west end, 1988.

# Polygonum convolvulus L. BLACK BINDWEED. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Polygonum lapathifolium L. DOCK-LEAVED SMARTWEED. Lawn by west parking lot, 1987. Central woods, disturbed maintenance area, 1988.

# Polygonum pensylvanicum L. PENSYLVANIA SMARTWEED. Meadow, garden soil beneath tree, 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Polygonum persicaria L. LADY'S-THUMB. 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Polygonum punctatum Ell. DOTTED SMARTWEED. Dense herbage at water's edge, facing the Three Sisters, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

P# Polypodium vulgare L. var. virginianum (L.) Eat. COMMON POLYPODY. Day, "Goat Island. The Three Sisters," 1888. "Goat Island," Zenkert, 1934.

P# Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott CHRISTMAS FERN. Day, 1888.

* Populus alba L. WHITE POPLAR. Eastern meadow, 1988.

     The variety on the Island seems to be the var. pyramidalis Bunge, or BOLLE'S POPLAR, due to the long plume-like habit of the trees in the eastern meadow, rather than the typical broad-topped trees growing in the vicinity of Niagara Falls generally.

R# Populus candicans Ait. BALM OF GILIAD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal.

     "Roadsides and along streams and in old fields. Sometimes regarded as a native of the western states or Canada and supposed to be naturalized in [ New York ] State. Appearing however as if indigenous along the shores of Lake Ontario. Common in cultivation," House, 1924. Many regard this species as a hybrid, with synonymy reported as Populus X jackii Sarg., P. X gileadensis Rouleau and P. balsamifera X deltoides. Populus balsamifera does occur in the Niagara River gorge.

# Populus deltoides Marsh. COTTONWOOD. Day, 1888. Ballast and several large trees, top of north slope [ obs. 1988 ]. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1986. Two trunks, north thickets, Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, west end, 1987.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

The Aspens, one or the other of the next two species, were reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Populus grandidentata Michx. BIGTOOTH ASPEN. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Dry woods, recent burns.

# Populus tremuloides Michx. QUAKING ASPEN. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls and ballast [ obs. 1988 ].

* Portulaca oleracea L. COMMON PURSLANE. Southeastern thickets, 1988; lawn, eastern meadow.

"Goat Island, searched it opposite to Luna Island & some way up, for Potamogeton niagarensis in vain, July 18, 1865; "On Goat Island, a little above, or opposite the head of Luna Island, in wet [ sand? ], the water having retreated, a Potamogeton," August 15, 1865 (Clinton's Journal).

RNY, P#Potamogeton alpinus var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden ALPINE PONDWEED. "Rapids of the Niagara River, near Bath Island," Zenkert, 1934.

     While processing unsorted specimens of George Clinton's at the Clinton Herbarium (BUF), a specimen of Potamogeton was found "From lower edge of Goat Island, opposite Luna Island," which is probably the collection referred to in Clinton's diary entry above. It is a specimen of Potamogeton alpinus.

* Potentilla argentea L. SILVERY CINQUEFOIL. Lawn, east meadows, 1988.

# Potentilla canadensis L. DWARF CINQUEFOIL. Day, 1888.

# Potentilla norvegica L. ROUGH CINQUEFOIL. Day, 1888. Shrubby river banks, 1984. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Potentilla recta L. SULPHURY CINQUEFOIL. Ballast, 1986. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ].

# Prenanthes alba L. LION'S-FOOT. (As Nabalus sp.) Sept. 11, 1862 (Clinton Journal). (As Nabalus albus) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987.

# Prunella vulgaris L. HEAL-ALL. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Lawns, woods margin, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1988. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ].

# Prunus americana Marsh. WILD PLUM. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

* Prunus avium L. SWEET CHERRY or BIRD CHERRY. Large trees observed along the north slope of Goat Island, 1988. Southern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ 35" ] 1987' [ base of three trunks, 63": 29, 25, 18" ], 1987. Third Sister [ 7" ], 1987; [ 57" ], 1987.

     Reports of the Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) are probably this species.

* Prunus cerasus L. SOUR CHERRY. "Spontaneous on Goat Island," Day, 1888. As this species seldom escapes from cultivation, it is doubtful this species occurred spontaneously on the island. It is frequently confused with Prunus avium.

* Prunus insititia L. BULLACE, DAMSON PLUM. (P. domestica var. insititia Bailey). Thickets, SW side, 1988.

* Prunus persica (L.) Batsch PEACH. "Spontaneous on Goat Island," Day, 1888.

# Prunus serotina Ehrh. BLACK CHERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "attaining ... a wonderful development," Day, 1901. Several old trees noted at different stations throughout the island, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. The Superintendent also mentions a "white cherry," whose technical name I cannot find.

# Prunus virginiana L. CHOKE CHERRY. Throughout the north slope, 1986. Central woods [ obs. ]. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island, abundant in eastern thickets [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1987. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     Sixty of these little trees were added to the Goat Island nursery in 1892, presumably from the Goat Island populations (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

# Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN MINT. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986; west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Pyrola elliptica Nutt. ELLIPTIC-LEAVED PYROLA. Day, 1888.

* Pyrus communis L. COMMON PEAR. Spontaneous on Goat Island," Day, 1888.

P# Pyrus coronaria L. WILD CRABAPPLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day (1901) reports this species "Near the gorge of the river, on either side, but not upon the island ...."

* Pyrus malus L. APPLE. "Spontaneous on Goat Island," Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island, 1988.

# Quercus alba L. WHITE OAK. Day, 1888. Tree planted near elevator to Cave of Winds, 1988.

     White Oak is reported in the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. The January storm of 1889 blew down a white oak (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890), and another on January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891).

# Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe. NORTHERN RED OAK. 1984. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, west end, several, 1988 [ obs. ]. Being planted in the east end and other places.

     Red Oak is reported for the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Quercus coccinea Muenchh. SCARLET OAK. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. 1988, near the wooded crest. Being planted at various places on Goat Island.

# Quercus macrocarpa Michx. BUR OAK. Lawn by maintenance shed, 1988; north side, east of pedestrian bridge, 1988.

* Quercus palustris Muenchh. PIN OAK. Several trees of this species have been planted througout the island in upland situations, unlike the moist to wet habitat it prefers naturally. Little attempt has been made to distinguish this tree from Q. coccinea for the purposes of this study: it appears that wherever they occur on the island, they have been planted. The asterisk is given here as natural occurrences are not apparent on the Reservation.

# Quercus prinoides Willd. Day, 1888.

var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl. YELLOW OAK or CHINQUAPIN OAK. Zenkert, 1934. "Big tree in Meadow area," 1986; north shore in thickets, 1988. Several on Luna Island by bridge [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, on and between dolomite boulders, 1986.

     The "Chestnut-oak" of Agassiz (1850) reported for Ship Island was perhaps not Quercus prinus, which is usually called by that name, but the variety of Q. prinoides of this list. Quercus prinus does occur in the Niagara Frontier Region, and exists in the Niagara River Gorge flora (Eckel, in prep.). Note, however, Provancher's report of Q. prinus for Niagara Falls (Day, 1888).

# Ranunculus abortivus L. SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987.

* Ranunculus acris L. TALL MEADOW BUTTERCUP. Day, 1888. 1987.

R* Ranunculus bulbosus L. BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

R# Ranunculus hispidus Michx. HISPID BUTTERCUP. Goat Island, north end just east of Vehicular bridge in low moist area. In danger of mowing and will become extirpated in the next few years for this reason, 1987.

# Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. HOOKED BUTTERCUP. Day, 1888. Central forested area by woods margin, 1986. Second Sister, west, 1987.

* Rhamnus cathartica L. COMMON BUCKTHORN. "rather frequent," 1983. Ballast, 1987. Terrapin Point, 1987. A great thicket of old shrubs just west of the vehicular bridge. An aggressive colonizer. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1986; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Rhamnus frangula ALDER BUCKTHORN. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Rhodotypos scandens Makino JETBEAD. Green Island, planted, 1986. First Sister, east end, planted by bridge, 1987.

# Rhus aromatica Ait. FRAGRANT SUMAC. Shrubby slopes overlooking Luna Island, 1988.

     Occurring in abundance in the Great Plains where, in South Dakota, it is called Skunkbush.

# Rhus radicans L. POISON IVY. "Gathered some ..." June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). David F. Day, Goat Island, June 19, 1863 (BUF). (As Rhus toxicodendron) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Goat Island, Day, June 19, 1863 (BUF). Day, 1883. Day, 1888. Shady woods, on Acer saccharum, 1984. Ballast, scrambling over stones [ obs. 1988 ]. Base of Goat Island, in drier areas between the two Falls, especially associated with wooded patches, 1988. Luna Island, northern thickets [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     This is probably the "Ivy," the "creeping plant" on Goat Island reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886 growing "in great abundance." The policy has been, in both Canadian and American parks, to remove this vine from the trunks of trees. Bits of viny "holdfasts" may occassionally be seen on trunks of trees in cleared areas where the public walks, etc. Unfortunately the similar but harmless and interesting Virginia Creeper is also being removed.

     In 1828 David Douglas noted that on Goat Island a "species of Rhus clad the trunks of the large trees.

# Rhus typhina L. STAGHORN SUMAC. July 5, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Found throughout successional areas, thickets, etc., on Goat Island. Southeastern thickets on Goat Island and on the south toward the Horseshoe Falls. Also fine clump on the north slope by the vehicular bridge. Base of Goat Island, abundant along elevator path, 1988. Not found on the Three Sisters, 1988.

     Probably this is the species reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886 that was "spreading in groves over the eastern end of the island [ and ] should be removed." Others do not seem to share the Superintendent's opinion: "Beautiful plants grow among the boulders [ in the Goat Island complex ], the rocks on the banks of the river, such as the gueldar rose, the white cedar ... and sumach" (Wied-Neuwied, 1834). "Goat Island is a luxuriant spot. The shumach [ sic ] trees with their red bunches of hairy berries, were at this time adorning it," Gurney, 1841. "the Sumachs, which form a grove on the southeast of [ Goat Island ] that is striking at any season, do not wait for frost, and produce reds and yellows that are fairly flaming," Chamberlin, 1892. In 1895 Lady Theodora Guest noted "On Goat Island is a considerable growth of sumach." "Many of the sumachs, which are rapidly overrunning the upper end of Goat Island, should also be removed, and the meadow suitably planted," the Superintendent (6 ann rep Comm, 1890). The sumachs finally went in 1982 (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893), a "large number of sumachs which were spreading rapidly over the upper end of Goat Island have been removed. Clumps in various places have not been disturbed." "A large number of the sumacs that were rapidly spreading over the upper end of Goat Island have been removed" (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901). The destroyed shrubs were then placed over the "timber docking and cribwork" on the south side of the island, together with brush collected "in the thicket on Goat Island" in order to restore the "natural appearance of the shore."

# Rhus vernix L. POISON SUMAC. In 1828 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary the occurrence of this species on Goat Island. Characteristic of wooded swamps and bogs, and growing at Dufferin Islands, where it was reported as "particularly abundant in several wet places" by Hamilton, 1943.

"... We were refreshed, during our walk, with wild fruits ... small prickly gooseberries" (Gurney, 1841). The presence of Wild Currants and Gooseberries, both of the genus Ribes, is reported

for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Ribes americanum Mill. WILD BLACK CURRANT. Wooded slope, NW, above path, 1988. Second Sister, east, 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Ribes cynosbati L. PRICKLY GOOSEBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Central woods, 1988.

     George Clinton collected a specimen of Polyactis vulgaris Link. (fungi) from a shrub of this species (Nov, 1871, BUF).

* Ribes sativum Syme. RED CURRANT. Central woods, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Robinia pseudacacia L. BLACK LOCUST. "Several trees planted on the SE end ... vigorous escape," 1986. The island is ringed with this species at the crests or top of slopes on the western and southern parts of the island. Four small trees of this species have been planted at the end of the ballast, southeast end [ obs. 1988 ]. Base of Goat Island, 1988. One tree was planted with Gleditsia and Sophora at the eastern lawn verge of the arge western parking lot, 2006.

A species of the genus Rosa was reported for Goat Island on Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Rosa blanda Ait. SMOOTH ROSE. Day, 1888.

# Rosa carolina L. DWARF ROSE. Day, 1888.

* Rosa eglanteria L. SWEETBRIAR. Green Island, Day, 1888.

* Rosa rugosa Thunb. RUGOSE ROSE. North- and southeastern thickets, 1988.

R# Rosa virginiana Mill. PASTURE ROSE. Crest woods. 1987.

     In 1841, on Goat Island, "we were refreshed, during our walk, with wild fruits - raspberries ..." (Gurney, 1841). Raspberries, referring to the genus Rubus, were reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. The dry, tasteless fruits of the Purple-flowering raspberry have not been considered worth eating.

# Rubus flagellaris Willd. NORTHERN DEWBERRY. Day, 1888.

# Rubus occidentalis L. BLACK RASPBERRY. Day, 1888. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Rubus odoratus L. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Goat Island, thickets, 1984. Base of Goat Island, abundant in patches, 1988. Luna Island, northern thickets [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ]

     "Among the boulders, the rocks on the banks of the river ... Rubus odoratus, now flowering in all its loveliness," Wied-Neuwied, 1843).

# Rubus strigosus Michx. RED RASPBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Several plants seen in the central woods and along the wooded north slopes, 1988. Crest, 1988. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, several in rocky center [ obs. 1988 ].

* Rumex crispus L. CURLY DOCK. Thickets on river's edge, south side, 1987. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Base of Goat Island, throughout, 1988. Eastern meadow, weedy area below young tree, 1987. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, 1988 [ obs. ].

* Rumex obtusifolius L. BITTER DOCK. Goat Island, edge of woods, Charles A. Zenkert, July 21, 1928 (BUF). Garden beds, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, wet west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Third Sister, 1986.

R* Sagina procumbens L. PEARLWORT. First Sister, east end, Bridge, S end ledge, 1988; east end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Sagittaria latifolia Willd. BROAD-LEAVED ARROWHEAD. First Sister, west end, Aug. 30, 1987.

     Willows were reported destroyed in winter storms of 1886 (six willows), and in 1889 (two willows "along the riverbank," presumably on the mainland part of the reservation. Four young "osier" trees were transplanted "from the thicket on Goat Island" to the newly established Goat Island nursery in 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891).

     In 1891 "700 cuttings of yellow willow, 110 cuttings of weeping willow, 1,900 cuttings of dwarf willow" were planted on the denuded banks of the southern shoreline of Goat Island (8 Ann Rep Com, 1982). Willows were again planted on the south shore in 1900 (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901).

     Willows were reported growing on the smaller islands in the American channel (American Falls International Board, 1971). Several young trees are starting on the ballast at the eastern end of the island, 1988.

* Salix alba L. WHITE WILLOW. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Green Island, 1988. Big tree, river's edge, eastern meadow, the top surface of the leaf has white, silky hairs, 1988. Southeastern thickets, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Salix alba var. vitellina Stokes. Several trees in the eastern meadow; leaves glabrous above, glabrate below (silky hairs toward the leaf base), yellow twigs, tenacious, 1988. This is supposedly a hybrid between S. alba and S. fragilis. Southeastern thickets, 1987.

# Salix amygdaloides PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW. First Sister, west end, 1988.

* Salix babylonica L. WEEPING WILLOW. Meadow, east end, 1988. Southside of eastern meadow, row of these trees, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Salix bebbiana Sarg. BEAKED WILLOW. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Salix discolor Muhl. PUSSY WILLOW. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Salix fragilis L. CRACK WILLOW. Southeast end by culverts, 1987. Southeastern thickets (typical variety and X alba, sericeous), 1988. Tree in eastern meadow, branches short, leaves green both sides, shining as if viscid, glabrous, mature ones broader than 15 mm, branches fragile, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

     The Crack Willow on the Second Sister is a hybrid with the White Willow: it displays all the typical characters of Crack Willow, but the branchlets and branches are pubescent. Soper andHeimburger (1982) report that "much of the material collected in Ontario representd hybrids between S. alba and S. fragilis."

# Salix interior Rowlee SANDBAR WILLOW. Southeastern thickets, near ballast, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Alluvial soils, often pioneering on bars and beaches.

# Salix lucida Muhl. SHINING WILLOW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1987. Luna Island, several stems, east end thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988; east end, low southern shore, 1988. Second Sister, eastern edge, 1987.

* Salix matsudiana Koidz. CORKSCREW WILLOW. Planted at end of thicket facing Terrapin Point, southwest, 1987.

# Salix nigra L. BLACK WILLOW. Day, 1888. Dolomite flats, 1986. Large tree, eastern meadow, 1988. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988. Stream banks, rich low woods.

      Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Salix rigida Muhl. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. (As Salix cordata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Southeastern thickets, 1987, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Base of Goat Island, talus, 1988. Luna Island, thickets E end, 1988. First Sister, west end muck, 1987, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1987; alluvium, several trees, 1988; east end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

P# Sanguinaria canadensis L. BLOODROOT. April 29, 1862; April 25, 1863 (Clinton Journal). "Where it has been found producing pink flowers," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. 1986. Crest woods, 1987.

     Day (1888) predicted the loss of this species due to "careless flower-gartherers."

     If care is not taken, a noxious weed of this family, Celandine (Chelidonium majus) could easily be imported onto the island complex. This species is infesting native woodlands on the Ontario side of the river, and the American mainland. A vigorous population occurs on the slopes on the mainland overlooking the eastern end of Goat Island.

# Sambucus canadensis L. ELDERBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Base of Goat Island, more abundant than the following and also out in the open, 1988. Abundant on bluffs overlooking Luna Island. 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, west, 1986.

    This species or the following or both were reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. George Clinton collected a specimen of Microsphaeria peckii (a fungus) from a shrub of this species (Nov. 1874, BUF).

# Sambucus pubens Michx. RED-BERRIED ELDER. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. 1984. NW bluffs, 1988. Base of Goat Island, found in wooded patches, 1988. First Sister, west [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Sanicula canadensis L. SHORT-STYLED SNAKEROOT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Sanicula marilandica L. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Day, 1888.

* Saponaria officinalis L. BOUNCING BET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Dolomite ballast, 1986.

RNY, #Satureja glabella var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson LOW CALAMINT. (As Micromeria) "Goat Island," Torrey, 1843, who referred to this plant as the NIAGARA THYME. Beck (1833) also reported this plant from Niagara Falls, then the easternmost margin of its range.

* Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch WILD BASIL. Day, 1888. Near the eastern bridge, in lawn beside the river, wet, 1987.

# Saururus cernuus L. LIZARD'S TAIL. "At the head of Niagara Falls," Charles A. Zenkert, Aug. 14, 1929. Zenkert, 1934.

# Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     Several stations of this plant occur throughout the Niagara River gorge and shores of the lower river.

A species of Scirpus occurs on the little dolomite flat on the north side of Goat Island near Luna Island.

# Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigel. WESTERN BULRUSH. Shallow water, Goat Island, Frank W. Johnson (BUF).

# Scirpus americanus Pers. CHAIR-MAKER'S RUSH. Southwestern thickets, culvert just west of the Three Sisters, 1988.

# Scirpus atrovirens Willd. DARK-GREEN BULRUSH. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Flats above the American Falls, north side of Goat Island near Luna, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1987; east end, 1988. Second Sister, west wet end, 1986.

# Scirpus lineatus Michx. REDDISH BULRUSH. "East side ... in wet places near the River," Day, 1888.

# Scirpus validus Vahl GREAT BULLRUSH. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, north side, 1988.

# Scrophularia marilandica L. MARYLAND FIGWORT. "Scattered individuals on the northern sections," 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Scutellaria lateriflora L. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1986; wet west end, 1988.

R# Scutellaria parvula Michx. SMALL SKULLCAP. Day, 1883.

R# Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring CREEPING SELAGINELLA. Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, 1970. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Senecio aureus L. GOLDEN GROUNDSEL. Day, 1888.

* Senecio vulgaris L. COMMON GROUNDSEL. Northwest end, 1988. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Setaria glauca PIGEON-GRASS. Southern thickets, 1988.

* Setaria viridis GREEN FOXTAIL. 1988. Third Sister, west end, 1988.

# Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. CANADIAN BUFFALOBERRY. April 29, May 17, June 26, 1862; April 25, 1863; May 9 "above the Bridge," [ Goat Island, perhaps Terrapin area ], 1864 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

* Silene cucubalus Wibel BLADDER CAMPION. Ballast, 1988.

# Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. NARROW-LEAVED BLUE-EYED GRASS. First of the Three Sisters Islands, eastern extremity, dolomite flats, 1987.

# Sisyrinchium graminoides Bickn. STOUT BLUE-EYED GRASS. First Sister, west end, 1988.

R# Sisyrinchium montanum Greene MOUNTAIN BLUE-EYED GRASS. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1986.

# Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Central woods, 1984. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. STAR-FLOWERED FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Only the small variety," Day, 1888. 1891. Zenkert, 1934. "Frequent in rather dry woods," 1984. In wooded patched, base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, chlorotic plants below dense Honeysuckle and Privel shrubs, rock-tops [ obs. 1988 ]; west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Smilax sp. CATBRIER, CARRION-FLOWER, GREENBRIAR. One species grew together with Poison Sumac (Rhus vernix) on Goat Island in 1828, according to David Douglas.

Smilax herbacea L. may be found in several stations along the Niagara River gorge.

* Solanum carolinense L. HORSE-NETTLE. West end and along path, north side of Goat Island opposite Luna Island, in a row, 1988.

* Solanum dulcamara L. BITTER NIGHTSHADE. Day, 1888. Scattered throughout the woods margins and shrubby river borders, 1984. Base of Goat Island, abundant on rocks, 1988. Second Sister, 1986; west end [ obs.1988 ]. Throughout thicketed areas.

Solanum nigrum L. BLACK NIGHTSHADE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Garden edge by police headquarters, west end of the island, 1987. Also observed at entrance to First Sister on Goat Island, 1988.

*Sophora japonica L. JAPANESE PAGODA-TREE. One tree of this species was planted with Robiia and Gleditsia in the lawn on the eastern verge of the large western parking lot, 2005. There are probably one or two additional trees of this species planted within the Reservation.

# Spartina pectinata Link SLOUGH-GRASS. (As Spartina cynosuroides) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. INTERMEDIATE BUNCH-GRASS. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Stellaria graminea L. LESSER STICHWORT. North side, east of Bridge, lawns, 1987.

* Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo COMMON CHICKWEED. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Streptopus roseus Michx. TWISTED-STALK. Day, 1888.

# Solidago arguta Ait. CUT-LEAVED GOLDENROD. (Also as Solidagomuhlenbergii) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Solidago bicolor L. SILVERROD. Day, 1888.

# Solidago caesia L. BLUE-STEMMED GOLDENROD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1987. Third Sister, east end, 1988.

# Solidago canadensis L. CANADA GOLDENROD. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

var. canadensis. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1987.

var. scabra (Muhl.) T.&G. TALL GOLDENROD. (As Solidago altissima) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "seepage area just W of ballast," 1986; by west parking lot, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

# Solidago flexicaulis L. ZIGZAG GOLDENROD. (As Solidago latifolia) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Northern wooded slopes, 1988. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Solidago gigantea Ait. LATE GOLDENROD. Day, 1888. var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq. NOVEMBER GOLDENROD. Day, 1888. Second Sister, east end, flats, 1988.

# Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. NARROW-LEAVED GOLDENROD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1985. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1987. Third Sister, 1985.

# Solidago juncea Ait. EARLY GOLDENROD. Day, 1888. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Solidago nemoralis Ait. GRAY GOLDENROD. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

R#Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ELM-LEAVED GOLDENROD. Day, 1888.

* Sonchus arvensis L. FIELD SOW-THISTLE. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, far eastern end, 1988.

* Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Sonchus oleraceus L. SOW THISTLE. Day, 1888. "On ... ballast," 1986. Baseof Goat Island, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

R# Stachys aspera Michx. ROUGH HEDGE-NETTLE. Day, 1888.

# Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. SNOWBERRY. June 26, 1862, "On the top of the bank [ west facing crest ] (Clinton Journal). (As Symphoricarpos racemosus) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. River's edge by Three Sisters, 1984.

     Reported by for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. In 1891, forty native Snowberry bushes were transplanted from the Goat Island "thicket" into the Goat Island nursery (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). The next year, sixty more were taken (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

* var. laevigatus Blake GARDEN SNOWBERRY. Southern thickets, 1988. This variety appears to predominate in the island complex.

* Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. CORALBERRY. "NW end by Luna Island," 1986. First Sister, east end by bridge to Goat Island, streamside [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, by bridge to First Sister, 1987.

     Reported by the Superintendent as present on Goat Island in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Although a species native to the south of us, its presence on Goat Island was due to planting. It appears to have been occasionally planted at the entrances to the bridges.

# Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.) SKUNK CABBAGE. Reported by Douglas in 1828 (as Pothos foetidus) for Goat Island where he "was not a little surprised to see Pothos in a dry place; they had perfected seeds." This species grows at Dufferin Islands and the wet base of Clifton Hill in Niagara Falls, Ontario in cool, wet, shaded muck.

* Syringa vulgaris L. LILAC. "Apparently spontaneous in one spot on Goat Island" Day, 1883. Frequent around the maintenance buildings near the vehicular bridge, dense and escaped all along the top of the southwestern slopes. Abundant in thickets, north side, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. "Fifty-eight purple lilacs, twenty-four white lilacs" were planted on the south banks of Goat Island in 1981 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982).

* Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. RED-SEEDED DANDELION. Zenkert, 1934.

* Taraxacum officinale Weber DANDELION. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Goat Island, B. O'Connor, April 26, 1976 (BUF). Base of Goat Island, scarce, 1988. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ].

     This species is evident throughout the Goat Island complex, 1988.

     Lady Theodora Guest noted the occurrence of "the inevitable Dandelion" on the Three Sisters in 1895.

# Taxus canadensis Marsh. GROUND HEMLOCK. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

      Reported for Goat island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Chamberlin (1892) observed many "prostrate Yew-bushes ... near the paths," in Goat Island's woods.

# Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. JAPANESE YEW. An old, massive planting of this Asian species has been established on the eastern boundary of Green Island where it obscures the upstream prospect of the northern portion of the Niagara River where it divides around Goat Island. It also obscures the plinth of a bust of Jacob Schoelkopf erected in this place, which is bustless and buried within the bushes.

# Teucrium canadense L. AMERICAN GERMANDER. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Second Sister, west end, sight record by Al Schotz, 1988.

# Thalictrum dioicum L. EARLY MEADOW-RUE. Day, 1888.

# Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. TALL MEADOW RUE. Wet shrubby thickets on south side of Goat Island, 1986.

    George Clinton collected a specimen of Aecidium ranunculacearum (fungi) from a plant of this species (July 4, 1871, BUF).

# Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray PURPLE MEADOW PARSNIP. Day, 1888.

P# Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. NEW YORK FERN. Day, 1888.

P# Thelypteris palustris Schott. var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. MARSH FERN. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

* Thlaspi arvense L. PENNY CRESS. Wooded crest, 1988.

# Thuja occidentalis L. ARBOR VITAE, WHITE CEDAR. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "The most abundant of the evergreens growing near the Falls," Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, single tree, boulder top by bridge to Third Sister Island [ obs. 1988 ]. Eliminated from Goat Island, 1988. Only a few individuals may be seen today growing with bonzai-like effect from the tops of one or two boulders in the channels between the Three Sisters Islands. How to account for the loss of these trees is problematical. A fine clump of these trees grows at the base of Goat Island along the path to the Cave of the Winds.

     Francois André Michaux, in the 1819, English version of his North American Sylva states "Goat Island, round which the Niagara divides itself to form the ... cataract ... is seen from the banks of the river to be bordered with Arbor Vitae" (Zenkert, 1934). "By the rapids, on the American side ... and on Goat Island, grew some of the largest arbor vitae ... I ever saw, - some of them measuring seven feet round" (Howitt, 1820). Prinz von Wied-Neuwied (1843) observed "the shores of [ Goat Island ] are shaded by old pines and very large white cedars such as we should in vain look for in Europe ...." Luna Island "is closely overgrown with white cedar ... the tall, thick, whitish trunks of which, with their stiff, extended boughs, scarcely leave space for the shrubs that grow between them, in which the cedar bird (Bombycilla cedrorum) builds its nest. The northern chatterer or silk tail ... is likewise found here in small companies during the winter .... Beautiful plants grow among the boulders, the rocks on the banks of the river, such as ... the white cedar ...."

      "The banks of the river about the falls are lined with white pine and cedar" (Clinton, 1922). Agassiz noted this tree growing on Ship Island in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850). "A day on Goat Island! Would that no stormy ocean separated us from the groves of arborvitae and forests of maple, which overhang the rapids and clothe the steeps! ... A splendid vine, from which I plucked delicious grapes, and a red honeysuckle have there climbed to the very top of an arborvitae situated on a promontory..." Baxter, 1855.

     Reported by the Superintendent for Goat Island in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886 (as White Cedar). Eight white cedars were blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). Two of these trees fell in the winter storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). Seventy-five White Cedar "have also been procured" for the Goat Island nursery established in 1890, and it is interesting that, of the 1,122 young trees transplanted from the "thicket on Goat Island," none of these were young White Cedars (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1891, fifty Siberian arbor vitae were planted on the Reservation after purchase, and perhaps the seventy-five White Cedars put in the nursery the year before were exotics as well (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). The next year, two hundred Arbor Vitae were added to the nursery (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1983).

     Chamberlin (1892) observed on Goat Island "near the paths many small Cedars, white and red ..." in the woods.

     George Clinton collected two specimens of Prosthemium sp. (a fungus) on a tree of this species (July 4, 1874 BUF), one on the "west side above the Three Sisters".

# Tiarella cordifolia L. FOAM-FLOWER. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Tilia americana L. BASSWOOD. Goat Island, George Engelmann no. 10784, August 1840 (MO); Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "An abundant and conspicuous element of its forest," Day, 1888. "... Plentiful upon [ Goat Island ], and of extraordinary size and beauty," Day, 1901. Goat Island, Charles A. Zenkert, July 21, 1928 (BUF). Central woods, some quite mature, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ].

     This tree is generally found throughout the wooded areas of the island. Second Sister, west end, by alluvial area, 1988 [ obs. ]

     Ten trees of this species were blown down in winter storms in 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890); eleven in the January 13 storm in 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). When the Goat Island nursery was established in 1890, ninety-one young trees of this species were transplanted there "from the thicket on Goat Island" (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1893, fifty-five basswoods from the nursery were planted in the eastern meadow, (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), the following year fifty-five more were planted (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

Tilia sp. "Day (Day, 1888) notes that on Goat Island ... a basswood was to be found seemingly quite distinct from T. americana, 'readily distinguished by its bark which is as white as that of the white ash,'" Zenkert, 1934. At the end of the 1988 report by Day is the note "The unnamed species of Tilia, herein referred to seems to be only a variety of Tilia americana, L., July 26, 1888." This report by Day may have referred to an example of Tilia heterophylla, WHITE BASSWOOD, which is rare in New York State.

* Tilia cordata Mill. SMALL-LEAVED LINDEN. 1988. This species, or a horticultural variety close to it, is extensively planted throughout the island.

* Tragopogon porrifolius L. SALSIFY. 1987.

* Tragopogon pratensis L. GOAT'S-BEARD. 1987.

* Trifolium hybridum L. ALSIKE CLOVER. Lawns throughout, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Trifolium pratense L. RED CLOVER. Sept. 19, 1877 [ with a question mark ] (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Garden bed by police headquarters, infrequent, 1987.

* Trifolium repens L. WHITE CLOVER. Day, 1888. Lawns 1987. Ballast, [ obs. 1988 ].

P# Trillium erectum L. RED TRILLIUM. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. A few plants were observed in the central woods, 1988.

     David Douglas noted in 1823 that on Goat Island "Trillium seemed to be plentiful, but the leaves being decayed, I could not get as many as I would like." On September 30th this spring ephemeral would have been decayed indeed!

P# Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. WHITE TRILLIUM. "Flower with green stripes through the petals frequently produced," Day, 1888. "Few individuals," 1984.

     On May 12, 1866, George Clinton recorded that "a party of young ladies" from a Buffalo school "found a few specimens of the green petalled Trillium, which seems to be T. grandiflorum."

     Day (1888) predicted the extermination of Trillium plants on Goat Island due to "careless flower-gatherers."

# Triosteum perfoliatum var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) Wieg. ORANGE HORSE-GENTIAN. "Wooded slope on the SW end of the island," 1986. "Shaded central woods," 1984. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

R* Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. GAMMA GRASS. First Sister, 1988. First report for western New York.

# Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. EASTERN HEMLOCK. (As Abies canadensis) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Not a prevailing tree," Day, 1888. 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

     Linnaeus originally described this species in the genus Pinus (Sp. Pl. ed 2, 1421, 1763, as did DuRoi (as Pinus americana) in 1771, and Marshall (as Pinus Abies-americana) in 1785 (House, 1924), hence David Douglas' reference to two pines on Goat Island in 1828 surely related to this tree.

     Agassiz (1850) reported this tree growing on Ship Island in the American channel. Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. One of these trees was blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890), and another January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). Chamberlin (1892) observed this tree in the Goat Island woods "near the paths many ... Hemlock[ s ]." In 1892, two hundred young trees were planted in the Goat Island nursery, and were probably purchased (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893). Day (1901) recommended this tree for reforestation of Goat Island.

      A bank of these trees may be seen on the north side of the central woodland facing the maintenance shed. They appear planted. Several young, presumably escaped trees may be seen in the "road island' formed by three intersecting roads just to the north of this bank of trees. It appears that this species would do well if part of a restoration plan.

* Tussilago farfara L. COLTSFOOT. North-facing slope, wooded, weed-infested, facing Luna Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ]; east end, 1988.

Typha angustifolia L. NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1985.

     A specimen of Scolecosporiella typhae (fungi) was collected from the dead leaves of this plant by W. R. Buck, Nov. 2, 1988 (NY).

Typha latifolia L. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ]

Elms (Ulmus) were reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Three elms were blown down in the January storm of 1889 (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). Five elms were blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891), two of these being three feet in diameter. Fifteen young elm trees were transplanted "from the thicket on Goat Island" to the Goat Island nursery established in 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm 1891). Thirteen of these were taken from the nursery and planted in the eastern meadow in 1893 (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), the following year, thirteen more were planted there (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

     Elms were reported growing on the smaller islands in the American channel in 1968 (American Falls International Board, 1971).

# Ulmus americana L. AMERICAN ELM. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Abundant seedlings, saplings and stump suckers, thickets NW slopes, 1988; 101 inch circ. tree in W parking-lot, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

     It is interesting that Hooker and Gray did not note this species growing on Goat Island in 1877 when they made their catalogue of its trees, shrubs and herbs. Perhaps this indicates it was not a conspicuous member of the forest.

* Ulmus campestris L. ENGLISH ELM. Luna Island, "planted," Day, 1888.

# Ulmus rubra Muhl. SLIPPERY ELM. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Throughout the weedy thickets around Goat Island, 1988. Ballast, young tree [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister by bridge to Goat Island, stream margin [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* [ # ]Ulmus thomasii Sarg. ROCK-ELM. Green Island, "planted," Day, 1888.

An unidentified species of Urtica was noted for Goat Island, Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Urtica dioica var. procera (Muhl.) Wedd. TALL NETTLE. Day, 1888.

# Uvularia grandiflora Sm. LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Uvularia sessilifolia L. SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Vaccinium vacillans Torr. LATE-FRUITING BLUEBERRY. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Verbascum blattaria L. MOTH MULLEIN. (white form) 1984. Restaurant midden (yellow form), 1986.

* Verbascum thapsus L. MULLEIN. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast, 1985. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Green Island, 1986. Second Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ].

A modern synonym for Verbena obtusifolia noted by J. D. Hooker in his American Journal for Goat Island has not been found as of this writing. It may be Verbena hastata var. oblongifolia Nutt., a probable hybrid between the two species below (House, 1924).

# Verbena hastata L. COMMON VERVAIN. Day, 1888. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1985.

# Verbena urticifolia L. WHITE VERVAIN. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1987.

R* Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. WATER SPEEDWELL. "Dolomite flats, SW side of the island," 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988.

* Veronica arvensis L. CORN SPEEDWELL. Day, 1888. Along paths, 1986. First Sister, east end on flats, 1988.

RNY, R # Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kinth) St. John & Warren. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL. Goat Island, along paths, 1986.

# Veronica serpyllifolia L. THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, May 18, 1987.

R* [ # ]Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. CULVER'S-ROOT. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

Thirty-six "snow-ball" trees were planted on the denuded southern shore of Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982); these may have been the ornamental shrub Viburnum opulus L. var. sterile DC. - the species or variety with the rounded inflorescence, with all the flowers large, rather than just on the periphery of the flower cluster. However, it is more likely the snow ball tree was the native shrub Viburnum opulus var. americanum, and the plants were transplanted from the populations on Goat Island.

RNY, R* Viburnum lantana L. WAYFARING-TREE. Central woods, 1986. Specimens of this easily spreading species may be seen in the northern wooded areas just to the west of the vehicular bridge. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1987. First Sister, east end, 1988. First Sister, west end, young plant [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     This is the first report for this species in western New York.

* Viburnum opulus L. var. opulus GUELDER ROSE. "Large trees in meadow, east end," 1986. Green Island, SW river margin, 1988. Wied-Neuwied (1834) mentioned the "geuldar rose" [ sic ] growing along the river banks, and probably meant to the native High-bush Cranberry, or V. opulus var. americana Ait. I have not yet found a reference to the native shrub growing on the islands.

# Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes. RAFINESQUE VIBURNUM. Day, 1888.

# Vicia americana Muhl. AMERICAN VETCH. Day, 1888.

# Vicia caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA VETCH. Day, 1888.

* Vicia cracca L. COW VETCH. 1987.

* Vinca minor L. PERIWINKLE. "Introduced and spreading," Day, 1888. "N side on wooded slopes ... planted," 1986.

A species of Violet (Viola) was observed on the north side of the Second Sister in 1988.

# Viola blanda Willd. SWEET WHITE VIOLET. Day, 1888.

# Viola canadensis L. CANADA VIOLET. Day, 1888. "Abounds," Day 1901.

# Viola conspersa Reichenb. AMERICAN DOG VIOLET. Day, 1888.

# Viola cucullata Ait. MARSH BLUE VIOLET. Clinton though he found Viola sagittata on Goat Island, but decided "it was a mere form of V. cucullata," May 17, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

"Abounds," Day, 1901.

# Viola eriocarpa Schw. SMOOTH YELLOW VIOLET. "Common," Day, 1883. Day, 1888. Top of sloping bank facing the Three Sisters, 1984.

* Viola odorata L. ENGLISH VIOLET. Near path to Luna Island, top of slope, 1987.

# Viola papilionacea Pursh. MEADOW VIOLET. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Viola pubescens Ait. DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET. "Abounds," Day, 1901.

     A specimen of Puccinia violarum (fungi) was collected from a plant of this species (July 4, 1871, Aug. 12, 1875, BUF).

# Viola rostrata Pursh. LONG-SPURRED VIOLET. Day, 1888. "Abounds," Day, 1901.

# Viola sororia Willd. WOOLLY BLUE VIOLET. Goat Island, top of slope, north side, woods margin, 1987. First Sister, west end by path, lawn edge, 1987.

Regarding grape (Vitus), "on Goat Island ... we were shown a piece of a grapevine about six feet long, which must have averaged six inches in diameter, "(Clinton, 1826).

     The "wild grape-vines" are reported as abundant on Goat Island by by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. "In few other places [ than Goat Island ] does the Wild Grape climb so high or spread so far or swell itself into such tree-like proportions. Nowhere, especially on the American side and in the vicinity of Luna Island, is the visitor out of sight of these rampant vines. The slope leading down to Luna Island is covered with small trees so overgrown by vines that one wonders how the trees can grow at all, yet they appear to thrive under the load" (Chamberlin, 1892).

# Vitis aestivalis Michx. SUMMER GRAPE. (as var. aestivalis) Goat Island, George Engelmann Aug. 17, 1879 (MO); (as var. aestivalis) small island in the Niagara rapids, Geroge Engelmann August 1840 (MO); Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Wooded crest, 1988.

* Vitis labrusca L. FOX GRAPE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Vitis riparia Michx. FROST GRAPE. Banks of Goat Island, George Engelmann August 1840 (MO); Goat Island, George Engelmann Aug. 17, 1879 (MO); Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. "Abundant on trees and shrubs in the woods and shrubby river banks," 1984. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island, abundant in northern and eastern thickets, [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, streamside by bridge to Goat Island [ obs. 1988 ]; west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. BARREN STRAWBERRY. Day, 1888.

# Zizia aurea (L.) Koch GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. Zenkert, 1934.