BOTANICAL EVALUATION OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK
P. M. Eckel
Buffalo Museum of Science
1020 Humboldt Pkwy
Buffalo, NY 14211 U.S.A.
www.buffalomuseumofscience.org

Return to Table of Contents

VASCULAR FLORA OF GOAT ISLAND
The nomenclature of this list follows that of Gleason and Cronquist (1963) and is identical with the regional checklist for the Niagara Frontier, that of Zander and Pierce (1979), who also utilized Gleason and Cronquist's nomenclature. Although a new checklist with considerably revised nomenclature has recently been issued through the New York State Museum (Mitchell, 1986), the names used in the present work match those used by Gleason and Cronquist simply due to time constraints.

In this list, the designations BUF and NYS represent specimens deposited in the herbaria of the Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York, and the New York State Herbarium, Albany, New York, respectively. The first indication of collection date and place refers to Goat Island. Other areas, such as Luna Island or the Three Sisters are given as such. The species at the base of Goat Island, of the flats area above the Horseshoe Falls and Terrapin Point are included among the Goat Island taxa.

Note should be made that only the most conspicuous horticultural species or alien species significant in terms of the flora of the area, e.g. as weeds, etc., are listed below. Numerous other trees, such as various conifers and small trees of the rose family, for example, exist in the Goat Island complex as well, as do various Yews, Larices, etc., planted against buildings and in open areas, which are not included here.

In Day's contribution to the Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara for the year 1887 (Catalogue of the Niagara Flora, published in 1888), he stated, with respect to this group that he "has no doubt that further investigations, made in the vicinity of the Falls, will considerably increase the number of species here recorded. In the more difficult genera of the Cyperaceae (Sedges) and Gramineae (Grasses) demanding always in a large degree the skill of the specialist, there must be omissions, more or less numerous and important." Sufficient study by specialists has been made and published since 1888 that it is with confidence that quite a few additions have been made of species in these families, based on recent collections in the study area. It is presumed that these populations also existed in place at the initiation of the Reservation.

Doubtless, more species do occur in the Goat Island complex than are listed here, but they should not be sufficient to significantly alter the statistics and inferences that may be derived from the following list of species. Seeds are continually coming into the complex from upriver, driven by the wind, accompanying bird migrations, brought by tourists - on their vehicles and in the remains of their lunches, and springing from the restaurant midden. Ornamentals will continue to be planted and exotic seeds brought in with garden soils, and so on. Some populations are sufficiently reduced in areal extent that it is possible they were overlooked (e.g. Teucrium canadense on the Three Sisters), and in some groups, such as the graminoids, they may have been overlooked because the plants were indistinguishable in the field from species already collected. Some few plants listed here as extirpated may reside in the soil seed bank, and may not have been expressed in the 1988 growing season.

     Taxa in square brackets ([ ]) are excluded from the flora of the Goat Island Complex.

R= Rare in western New York State

* = Alien

P = native taxa protected by New York State law

E = endangered taxa in western New York

A = native taxa probably extirpated from the western New York flora.(all symbols sec. Zander & Pierce, 1979).

# = Native

RNY = Rare in New York State (sec. Mitchell, 1986).

[ Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR. One hundred young trees of this species were added to the nursery on Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892), as were two hundred the following year (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893). There are no reports of this species growing naturally on Goat Island, and none were observed growing there today. ]

* Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (As Acalypha virginica) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1987. Weedy curbside, 1988.

Acalypha virginica as understood at present represents a species characteristic more of areas to the south and west of the Niagara Frontier Region. This name occurs "chiefly" in place of Acalypha rhomboidea in the seventh edition of Gray's manual (Fernald, 1970), and was probably the species meant by Hooker and Gray (Hooker's American Journal).

* Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino. ACANTHOPANAX. Planted in various places, along the top of the northwestern slope, along the central woods edge, eastern margins. 1988. Green Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, by bridge to Second Sister, 1988.

Twenty five maple (Acer) trees in 1886, and seven in 1889 were blown down in winter storms (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). Three maples were blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). In 1890, 636 young maple trees were removed from "the thicket" on Goat Island for the Goat Island nursery (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891); one hundred and thirteen of these were later removed in 1893 and planted in the eastern meadow (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894). The following year, 113 were planted there (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895). A maple was reported growing on Ship Island, in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850). "The timber [ on Goat Island ] is chiefly of the ordinary hard-wood trees, Beach [ sic ] and Maple predominating" (Chamberlin, 1892). Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 observed Maple trees bordering paths on the Three Sister Islands (Guest, 1895).

* Acer campestre L. HEDGE MAPLE. Luna Island: centre of lawn, 1988. Planted various places on Goat Island: overlooking Luna Island, lawn in front of Terrapin Point, 1988.

* Acer ginnala Maxim. AMUR MAPLE. Planted, especially near Terrapin Point, 1988.

* Acer negundo L. BOX ELDER. 1983. Old grove planted above Terrapin Point, contributes to heavy infestation in southwestern soil bank. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

     There are trees of some maturity above Terrapin Point which contribute heavily to infestations on the south slope just east, or upriver, of Terrapin Point. "Abundant at the brink of Niagara Falls, but already reported thence by Day as self-seeded from stock planted in Prospect Park" (Zenkert, 1934).

# Acer nigrum Michx. f. BLACK MAPLE. 1987. Abundant throughout the Goat Island forest, 1988.

* Acer platanoides L. NORWAY MAPLE. Young tree, SW shoreline, 1987.Several trees of var. schwedleri Nichols., have been planted, obs. in lawns on the north-central side, 1988. In the area of the old spring on the north slope of Goat Island an extensive colony of these trees was planted long ago.

# Acer rubrum L. RED MAPLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Acer saccharinum L. SILVER MAPLE. Day, 1901. 1987. Green Island: three trunks, SE edge river, 1988.

     Mature populations are reduced to a few trees. A group has been re-planted at the west end of the island and one or two occur in the northern weedy-thickets by the ballasted eastern end.

     Day's 1888 report (as Acer dasycarpum, the White Maple) does not list this species on Goat Island, but he does report it later (Day, 1901).

# Acer saccharum Marsh. SUGAR MAPLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Goat Island. One of the most abundant trees," Day, 1888. "... perhaps the most abundant tree upon the island," Day, 1901. Much of central woods, 1988. Luna Island, seedlings [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1987. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

    Day called this species Acer saccharinum Wang (Sugar Maple) in accordance with the nomenclature of his day.

    In 1828 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Acer saccharinum) "on the brink of the rocks grew very large; they had all been tapped or bled and still seemed uncommonly vigorous."

    George Clinton collected specimens of Cytispora, Nectria, Uncinula and Agaricus bombycinus (fungi), from Sugar Maple trees, the latter from the "decaying side of a living" tree of this species [ as Acer saccharinum ] Aug. 17, 1874 (BUF). This is the official tree of New York State (Mitchell, 1986).

# Acer spicatum Lam. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. "Near the Horseshoe Falls," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Zenkert, 1934.

# Achillea millefolium L. COMMON YARROW. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Weedy margin beyond the fence, crest, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Actaea alba (L.) Mill. WHITE BANEBERRY. Day, 1888.

# Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. RED BANEBERRY. Day, 1888

P# Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDENHAIR FERN. "Not abundant," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Aesculus carnea Hayne. (A. Hippocastanum X A. Pavia) CHESTNUT. 1984.

* Aesculus hippocastanum L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. "An escape," Zenkert, 1934. 1986. Several in the central woodland. One large specimen on the east end of Brother Island produces a spectabular bloom in late spring.

* Aesculus hybrida DC. (A. octandra X A. pavia). East side meadow, 1988.

R* Agrimonia eupatoria L. COMMON AGRIMONY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

* Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. QUACK-GRASS. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Agropyron trachycaulon var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Malte. ROUGH-STEMMED WHEAT-GRASS. Base of Goat Island, on rocks, frequent, 1988.

     See Zenkert, 1934 and Rhodora 35:161.1933).

* Agrostis stolonifera L.

var. compacta Hartm. CREEPING BENT. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988; First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988.

* var. major (Gaud.) Farw. REDTOP. Crest woods, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988.

* var. stolonifera Southwestern thickets, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Ajuga reptans L. BUGLE. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

* Alliaria officinalis Andrz. GARLIC MUSTARD. Great dense patches in the sunny margins of the central woods, 1984. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Found throughout the central woods and all wooded areas.

# Allium canadense L. CANADA GARLIC. "Not common," Day, 1888. North end, 1987. South end thickets, rather frequent, 1987. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Allium tricoccum Ait. RAMP. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Single population, woods, 1988.

     George Clinton collected the fungus Vermicularia liiacearum from a plant of this species on September 25, late 1800's (BUF).

# Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. SPECKLED ALDER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

     Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Alders occurred on the smaller islands in the American Channel in 1968 (The American Falls International Board, 1971)

# Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. COMMON RAGWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1984. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. HOG PEANUT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     Only the generic name is given by Hooker, but this is the only species of the genus occurring in the Niagara Frontier Region. As recently as the 1924 publication by H. House, this genus was renamed Falcata, but the plant indicated is not, at any rate, a duplicate of the others reported for Goat Island or vicinity.

# Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Rich. WATER WEED. First Sister, west, 1986.

# Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.) Fern. TREE SHADBUSH. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. CANADIAN SHADBUSH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). (As both var. botryapium) and var. oblongifolia and therefore at least two trees ], Day, 1888. 1988.

* Anagallis arvensis L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. Weedy margin on vehicular bridge, 1986.

# Anemone canadensis L. CANADA ANEMONE. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

# Anemone cylindrica Gray LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE. July 3 & 4, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

# Anemone quinquefolia L. WOOD ANEMONE. Day, 1888.

# Anemone virginiana L. THIMBLE-WEED. "On the side hill," that is, wooded slope of Terrapin Point, June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Third Sister, west end, 1987.

var. alba. Day, 1888.

# Angelica atropurpurea L. PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA. Base o Goat Island, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Antennaria sp. Aug. 1, 1862 (Clinton Journal).

* Anthemis arvensis L. CORN CAMOMILE. 1988. On ballast, 1987.

# Aquilegia canadensis L. WILD COLUMBINE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     Lady Theodora Day noted a "bright scarlet Columbine" on the Three Sisters Islands in 1895.

* Aquilegia vulgaris L. GARDEN COLUMBINE. Thickets facing the First Sister, east end, 1987. On the water's edge, north side of the meadow, 1988.

# Arabis canadensis L. SICKLE-POD. Day, 1888.

# Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. SMOOTH ROCK CRESS. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Arabis lyrata L. LYRE-LEAVED ROCK CRESS. Goat Island, May 17, 1862; June 26, "on top of the bank" [ crest ] (Clinton journal)."Goat Island. The Three Sisters," Day, 1888. "notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901. First Sister, west end, 1986.

    Grows on soil-covered boulder tops. If these were removed, so would this species diminish, as perhaps accounts for the loss of this species in the Goat Island flora.

# Aralia nudicaulis L. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D.

Hooker's American Journal). "Goat Island. The Three Sisters,"

Day, 1888. First Sister, west end, 1987. First Sister, east end,

1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

# Aralia racemosa L. SPIKENARD. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

A species of Arctium BURDOCK was observed on the ballast, 1988 and on the First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]; Luna Island, north side, 1988.

* Arctium lappa L. GREAT BURDOCK. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Individuals of this large plant are regularly found in disturbed areas throughout the island, 1988.

* Arctium minus Schk. COMMON BURDOCK. Ballast, 1985. This and the preceding species may be found along all paths and borders. Second Sister, west side, 1988.

RE# Arenaria lateriflora L. SIDE-FLOWERING SANDWORT. 1862, David F. Day (BUF). 1884, J. H. Burdick (BUF). Day, 1888. 1896, Edward C. Townsend (BUF). 1896, Marion Jessup Wrightl (BUF). A specimen of Johnson's, Zenkert, 1934. Third Sister, 1886, Elizabeth C. Rochester (BUF).

* Arenaria serpyllifolia L. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. First Sister Island, east end, flats at extremity, 1988. Second Sister, east end, north shore, 1988.

# Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. var. triphyllum. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. "A large and small variety common," Day, 1888. 1986.

    In 1823 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Arum triphyllum) grew on Goat Island. It grows in "rich low woods in mucky soil" (Zenkert, 1934).

P# Arisaema dracontium L. GREEN DRAGON. This species (listed as Dracontium sp.) was reported in 1823 by Douglas from Goat Island. It grows in rich alluvial soils along streambanks.

* Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. TALL OAT-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987; thickets east end, 1987; ballast, southeast end, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Asarum canadense L. WILD GINGER. Prinz von Wied-Neuwied (1843) mentioned this species (as Asarabaca) growing with Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) and other plants on the forest floor on Goat Island. I have accepted this report, as this species grows throughout the Niagara gorge and in woodlands nearby on the mainland.

# Asclepias exaltata L. POKE MILKWEED. Day, 1888.

# Asclepias incarnata L. SWAMP MILKWEED. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1986; Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Asclepias syriaca L. COMMON MILKWEED. (As Asclepias cornuti) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southwestern river margin, 1986. Third Sister, west end, 1988 [ obs. ]

* Asparagus officinalis L. ASPARAGUS. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1987.

P# Asplenium trichomanes L. MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. First Sister, west end, 1986. Boulder flora.

# Aster cordifolius L. HEART-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Aster divaricatus L. WHITE WOOD ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster ericoides L. WHITE HEATH ASTER. Day, 1888. 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

# Aster laevis L. SMOOTH ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. STARVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Third Sister, soil in rock depression, west end, 1988.

# Aster macrophyllus L. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster novae-angliae L. NEW ENGLAND ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end 1987. Second Sister, weedt path margins, 1986.

# Aster puniceus L. PURPLE-STEMMED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster sagittifolius Willd. ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888.

# Aster simplex Willd. TALL WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Southern, upper-thicket. 1988.

var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. Southwestern thickets, 1987. The Aster tradescantii L. TRADESCANT'S ASTER of Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal) and Day, 1888, are here placed with Aster simplex var. interior following Britton and Brown, 1952. These last authors indicate the range of this variety begins in western New York and procedes westward.

# Aster umbellatus Mill. TALL FLAT-TOPPED WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

R# Aster undulatus L. WAVY-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

R# Astragalus canadensis L. CANADIAN MILK-VETCH. 1885, A. D. Pease (BUF).

R# Astragalus neglectus (T.&G.) Sheld. COOPER'S MILK-VETCH. (As A. cooperi) "Descending to the level of Terrapin Bridge, to the left of the path, June 26, 1862; "in the flat by Terrapin Bridge" Friday, Sept. 11, 1863; "By the [ Terrapin ] Tower," July 7, 1864, (Clinton Journal). (As Astragalus cooperi) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

# Atriplex patula L. SPREADING ORACHE. Thickets, 1988. Second Sister (var. littoralis), 1987. Third Sister, by bridge (var. littoralis), 1988.

var. hastata of Br. & Br. HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE. Northern thickets, top of slope, 1988.

     Narrow-leaved forms keying to var. littoralis of Br. & Br. (SEASIDE ORACHE in Zander & Pierce, 1979) may fall within the scope of var. patula, as var. littoralis is a "strictly maritime diploid species" (Voss, 1985).

# Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. Day, 1888.

* Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Goat Island, 1987. Found on the ballast and in all thickets; base of Goat Island [ obs.1988 ]. First Sister, east end, dolomite flats at extremity [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Bellis perennis L. ENGLISH DAISY. Zenkert, 1934. Here and there in the lawns on Goat Island, 1987.

# Bidens cernua L. NODDING STICKTIGHT. First Sister, west end, 1987. Third Sister, 1988.

# Bidens frondosa L. COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. Southern thickets, 1988. Second Sister west, 1987.

# Bidens tripartita L. SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS. Day, 1888. Shrubby, weedy thicket facing the plunge pool by the gorge rim near Terrapin Point. Frequent along thicket margins, 1986.

Barberry (Berberis) plants were reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Referred to as a "wild plant," the barberry on Goat Island "especially illustrates the tendency of certain plants [ sc. horticultural ] to keep away from cultivation. By far the finest specimen on the island hangs so far below the Luna Island stair-landing that it is unsafe to try to gather the rich clusters of scarlet berries, while a bush on the roadway that has been planted and given some cultivation is far less vigorous and seldom bears more than one or two berries on a single stem," Chamberlin, 1892.

* Berberis thunbergii DC. JAPANESE BARBERRY. Green Island, planted on the eastern and western margins," 1986. Luna Island, thickets east end, 1988.

     In 1909 the Superintendent planted this horticultural species on Luna Island and elsewhere in the Reservation as a substitute for an iron railing at the river margin - this shrub keeping people away from the dangerous banks by reason of its thorns, and stabilizing the bank (26 Ann Rep Comm, 1926). Native alternatives might include the raspberries, and perhaps Nine-bark (Physocarpus opulifolius, which forms dense thickets at the west end of the Second Sister.

* Berberis vulgaris L. COMMON BARBERRY. Goat Island, G. W. Clinton, Sept. 28, 1870 (BUF). "Rare," Day, 1883. Edward C. Townsend, May 22, 1896 (BUF). Thickets, NE river's edge, 1988. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ].

     Five birches were reported blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890).

Betula alba may be the species reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners, 1886, where he refers to a White Birch. It is not reported by Day, 1888. It would probably have been included under Betula pendula in this catalogue. At any rate, the tree referred to as White Birch may indicate an alien species, although there exist two native white birches which might have been indicated in the Superintendent's report. This reference has not been used in the present tabulations because of its ambiguity.

# Betula lenta L. BLACK BIRCH. Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Betula lutea Michx.f. YELLOW BIRCH. "Near the Horse-shoe Falls," Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Betula papyrifera Marsh. PAPER BIRCH [ CANOE BIRCH ]. (As B. papyracea) April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864; "near Terrapin Tower" Aug. 15, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, 1988. One young tree, W end, N shore, 1988. First Sister, east end, two by bridge to Second Sister, 1988. Second Sister, far west end [ obs. ] 1988. Several old trees in the north slope woods, 1988.

     Reported by the Superintendent (as Canoe Birch) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

* Betula pendula Roth. EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH. Ballast, 1988. Second Sister, east end, north side, 1988. The White Birch of Goat Island of the second Commissioner's report is placed here.

# Betula populifolia Marsh. GRAY BIRCH. Second Sister, far west end, 1988. Separated from B. pendula by tight white bark, short fruiting aments, no ciliations on the bract margins.

P# Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE FERN. Day, 1888. David Douglas reported two species of this fern on Goat Island in 1823 growing "in shady parts of the wood in decayed leaves."

# Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. BEARDED SHORT-HUSK. Zenkert, 1934.

* Brassica kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler. CHARLOCK. Goat Island, 1988.Second Sister, east end, 1988.

* Brassica nigra (L.) KochBLACK MUSTARD. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

# Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED BROME-GRASS. Zenkert, 1934.

RNY, R* Bromus erectus Huds. UPRIGHT BROME-GRASS. Culvert, southside, 1988.

* Bromus inermis Leyss. HUNGARIAN BROME GRASS. Seepage, southwestern thickets, 1986. Abundant all along the crest, west end, along the fence.

* fo. aristatus (Schur) Fern. BROME-GRASS. First Sister, east end, 1987.

R* Butomus umbellatus L. FLOWERING RUSH. Terrapin Point, 1986. Small limestone flat, northwest side of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1988. Spreading along the wet margins of the First and Second Sister, and the flats above the Horseshoe Falls.

# Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. BLUEJOINT GRASS. Day, 1888. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Second Sister, east end 1988.

# Campanula aparinoides Prush. MARSH BELLFLOWER. "Near Horseshoe Falls," 1892, Edward C. Townsend (BUF). "In grassy places on the edge of the River," Day, 1888.

* Campanula rapunculoides L. CREEPING BELLFLOWER. Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

P# Campanula rotundifolia L. HAREBELL. Day, 1888. Day indicated that the Harebell had disappeared from Goat Island "Within a little while" "undoubtedly due to careless flower-gatherers, who have plucked and pulled without stint or reason" (Day, 1888).

* Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Ballast, east end, 1988.

# Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britt. PURPLE SPRING CRESS. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901.

[ Cardamine hirsuta L. BITTER CRESS. Day, 1888. ] Excluded.

# Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER CRESS. First Sister, west end, north side, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

R# Carex aquatilis Wahl. NORTHERN WATER SEDGE. Johnson specimen, Zenkert, 1934. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Carex cephalophora Muhl. SOUTHERN SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Carex digitalis Willd. SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987.

# Carex eburnea Boott BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE. Torrey citing Dewey, 1843. "On the American side of the Island, by the river, & above the Bridge found all out of season Carex eburnea," August 22, 1864 (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 87511. First Sister, west end, 1988.

RNY, R# Carex garberi Fern. GARBER'S SEDGE. 1987. First Sister, east end on dolomite flat, 1988.

# Carex granularis Willd. MEADOW SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1987.

      The Carex viridula (as C. oederi) of Provancher "near the Horse-shoe Fall" on the Canadian side (Flore Canadienne), Day, 1888, may be this species, as might be Clinton's references to this plant.

# Carex hystricina Muhl. PORCUPINE SEDGE. Goat Island, 1986. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1987; west end, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, 1988. Luna Island, 1890.

# Carex lacustris Willd. LAKE-BANK SEDGE. "eastern side," Day, 1888.

# Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gilly WOOLLY SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Carex laxiculmis Schw. SPREADING SEDGE. Day, 1888.

# Carex laxiflora Lam. LOOSE-FLOWERED SEDGE. Goat Island, 1988. Luna Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, flats promontory, 1988; west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end, wet muck, 1987.

var. blanda First Sister, wet west end, 1988.

RNY#Carex molesta Mackenzie TROUBLESOME SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988.

# Carex normalis Mackenzie. LARGER STRAW SEDGE. Flats above Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

R# Carex oligocarpa Schk. FEW-FRUITED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carex pedunculata Muhl. LONG-STALKED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carex pseudo-cyperus CYPERUS-LIKE SEDGE. Second Sister, 1987.

RA#Carex retroflexa Muhl. REFLEXED SEDGE. Day, 1888.

# Carex rosea Schk. ROSE SEDGE. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. 1988. Luna Island, northern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, 1987.

# Carex stipata Muhl. AWL-FRUITED SEDGE. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end alluvium [ obs. 1988 ].

# Carex stricta Lam. TUSSOCK SEDGE. "Shallow water," Aug. 10, 1918, Frank W. Johnson (BUF).

# Carex vulpinoidea Michx. FOXTAIL SEDGE. First Sister, west end.

# Carpinus caroliniana Walt. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, single large tree on talus; cluster of 10 trunks, young 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1987.

* Carum carui L. CARAWAY. "On the naked pasture on the head of the Island, an umbellifer, probably Carum carui," June 1, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888.

A hickory (Carya) species is reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Two hickories in 1886, and one in 1889 were blown down in winter storms (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890).

# Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K.Koch BITTERNUT HICKORY. July 5, 1863, the "bitter Carya" (Clinton's Journal). Day, 1888. Wooded crest, 1988. Behind restaurant, near Terrapin Point, 1988. Central woods, 1988. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. MOCKERNUT HICKORY. Day, 1888.

[ Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. CHESTNUT. To date, no reports for this species have been made, and no evidence has been found for its occurrence on Goat Island, even though before the chestnut blight it formed an element in local forests where it was "rather common" and grew on "morainic slopes and ridges, also in sandy soil in the wooded tracts along Lakes Erie and Ontario," Zenkert, 1934. Hooker and Gray made no note of its occurrence on the island in 1877, but Day (1901) reported its presence in the Niagara flora. ]

* Castanea mollissima Blume CHINESE CHESTNUT. Behind the old maintenance building in the loop of the vehicular bridge road, central island, in horticultural context, with Juglans regia (obs. 2001, det. R. H. Zander).

[* Castanea sativa Mill. EURASIAN CHESTNUT. Great tree at the entrance to the Three Sisters, 1986. Tree on the north side by the maintenance shed, 1988.

Correction (2002), these trees are actually Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. (= Q. prinoides var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl.). The tree facing the Three Sisters is now gone but young sprouts occur on the First of the Three Sisters from its acorns.]

R# Castilleia coccinea (L.) Spreng. PAINTED CUP. Day, 1901.

R# Celtis occidentalis L. HACKBERRY. Midst of the central woodlands, 1986, perhaps an escape, since several trees were noted on the crest of the Niagara River gorge below the Schoellkopf Geological Museum in a setting of horticultural plantings. Some of these trees have escaped into the gorge forest at the base of the gorge. Several planted, west end, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. I am assuming that Nettletree, used in this report, indicated this species. The Superintendent indicated, however, that his Nettletree was a shrub. Day also uses Nettletree to refer to Celtis occidentalis, which he indicates is "rather common between Queenston and Niagara" on the Canadian shore, based on a report by John Macoun.

RNY, R # Chelone glabra L. var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. TURTLEHEAD. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Clematis virginiana L. VIRGIN'S BOWER. SW side of island, 1987. Second Sister, east end, "rather abundant," 1986; west end, 1986.

* Catalpa bignonioides Walt. CATALPA. 1988. By pedestrian bridge, by the maintenance sheds, on the south side of the island by the entrance to the Three Sisters, aroung the restaurant near Terrapin Point.

# Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. BLUE COHOSH. "Abundant," Day, 1888.

     Absent from the 1988 flora, although frequent in western New York forests.

P# Celastrus scandens L. CLIMBING BITTERSWEET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886 and noted as growing "in great abundance." The Bittersweet grows on Goat Island "as though this were their chosen home of all the earth .... The largest Bittersweet clusters hang far over the western bank, growing in very indifferent soil..." (Chamberlin, 1892). Cuttings of Bittersweet were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1900 (17 Ann Rep Comm, 1901).

     George Clinton collected a specimen of Phyllactinia guttata (fungi) from a plant of this species on October 13, 1870's.

* Centaurea jacea L. BROWN KNAPWEED. "Ballast, east end," 1987.

RNY, R* Cerastium semidecandrum L. SMALL MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

     First report for western New York.

R* Cerastium viscosum L. CLAMMY MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888.

* Cerastium vulgatum L. COMMON MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888. Lawns, 1986. First Sister, east end flats, 1988. Third Sister, 1987.

* Cercis canadensis L. REDBUD. Green Island, three trees planted, SW grove, 1988.

* Chenopodium album L. LAMB'S QUARTERS. Day, 1888. Garden bed, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

RNY, # Chenopodium hybridum L. MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. "On the Island," Sept. 11, 1862 (Clinton Journal). (As Chenopodium stramonifolium) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

R* Chenopodium urbicum L. NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. Green (Bath) Island, Day, 1883 (problematical). Day may have reidentified a Clinton specimen of Chenopodium murale L. from Green, or Bath Island as Chenopodium urbicum L. for his 1888 publication. If he did, he made no annotation on the specimen in the Clinton Herbarium.

* Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. OX-EYE DAISY. Day, 1888. Ballast, 1985. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

* Cichorium intybus L. CHICORY. Throughout Goat Island lawn margins, top of north slope, 1988.

A species of Thistle (Cirsium) was observed on the Second Sister, west end, 1988, and on the ballast of Goat Island, east end, 1988; on Luna Island, 1988.

* Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CANADA THISTLE. Day, 1888. Southwest side, wooded slopes facing the river, 1986. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988.

# Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. FIELD THISTLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Cirsium muticum Michx. SWAMP THISTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore BULL THISTLE. Day, 1888. "Ballast ... at the eastern end of the island," 1986. Southeastern thickets, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988

# Cicuta maculata L. WATER HEMLOCK. Day, 1888.

# Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Day, 1888. "abundant in areas in the woods margins," 1984. 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Claytonia caroliniana Michx. BROAD-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Claytonia virginica L. NARROW-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888.

R* [ # ] Collinsia verna Nutt. BLUE-EYED MARY. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

# Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. BASTARD TOAD FLAX. Day, 1888.

* Convallaria majalis L. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Old planting at the pedestrian bridge, 1988. Green Island, east end, old planting, 1988.

* Convolvulus arvensis L. FIELD BINDWEED. 1987.

# Convolvulus epium L. HEDGE BINDWEED. Thickets to the north of Terrapin Point and the crest of the Horseshoe Falls, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, 1986.

# Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. HORSEWEED. (As Erigeron canadensis) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Just east of Terrapin Point, lawn edge, 1987. Second Sister, west end, mown lawn by path, 1987.

The Dogwoods (Cornus) of Goat Island are referred to by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Cornus alternifolia L.f. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Not uncommon in Western New York. Probably overlooked," Day, 1888. Rather abundant in sunny margins of central woods, 1984. Base of Goat Island, in wooded patch, upper talus slopes, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

    This species is frequent and of maturity in wooded areas on the Island, 1988.

# Cornus amomum Mill. SILKY CORNEL. Day, 1888.

P# Cornus florida L. FLOWERING DOGWOOD Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Zenkert, 1934. Single tree of some maturity with many dead branches, by pedestrian bridge, 1988.

# Cornus racemosa Lam. PANICLED DOGWOOD. (As Cornus paniculata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southern thickets, river's edge, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, dolomite pavement [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "a tree in size" 1987.

# Cornus rugosa Lam. ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD. "Gathered some ... here and there on the Island," June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). (As Cornus circinata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "Near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. "Abundant," 1984. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

* Cornus sanguinea L. BLOODTWIG DOGWOOD. 1988. Luna Island, top of north slope, southern central woods margin, edge of southern wet thickets. Observed on Luna Island, N end, 1988.

     This horticultural shrub may be instead a variety of Cornus alba, although the berries appear black, as in C. sanguinea, rather than blue to white-blue, as in C. alba. The branches of these shrubs are purple or dull red, as in C. sanguinea, rather than "bright blood-red" as described for C. alba.

# Cornus stolonifera Michx. RED-OSIER DOGWOOD. Day, 1888. Abundant in thickets at the water's edge, southwest, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of Goat Island, abundant, 1988. Appear to be abundant on Brother Island, 1988. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, abundant in west.

* Coronilla varia L. CROWN VETCH. Southern margins of the Island, 1986; crest near Terrapin Point, 1987.

R# Corylus americana Walt. AMERICAN HAZELNUT. Day, 1883.

* Corylus avellana L. EUROPEAN FILBERT. Luna Island, "Planted," Day, 1888.

The "Wild Apple" reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886 may refer to Hawthorns [ Crabapples ], Crataegus, or to Pyrus (Paer or Apple) trees (Pyrus coronaria, native and not reported for the islands, or P. communis, P. malus, both horticultural. Sixty hawthorns were planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1892 - perhaps from the native populations on the island (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893).

# Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. PEAR THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Crataegus coccinea L. SCARLET THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Crataegus crus-galli L. COCKSPUR HAWTHORN. "Not common in Western New York; but here, quite abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

* Crataegus phaenopyrum Medic. WASHINGTON HAWTHORN. Planted throughout the island by roadsides and buildings, 1988. This species is native to the south-central areas of the eastern states.

# Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. HONEWORT. Day, 1888.

R# Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. GREEN VIOLET. 1877. "near the center of Goat Island," Day, 1883. Day, 1888.

# Cuscuta gronovii Willd. COMMON DODDER. Thickets to the southwest, 1987. A species of this plant is abundant at the base of Goat Island, 1988.

* Cynoglossum officinale L. HOUND'S TONGUE. Day, 1888. This weedy species is frequent on the American side in the Niagara River gorge on the gorge crest and the top of the talus slope.

# Cyperus esculentus L. YELLOW NUT GRASS. Day, 1888. Single plantin wet ditch, east end, curbless area by road, 1987.

# Cyperus odoratus L. FRAGRANT CYPERUS. Zenkert, 1934.

# Cyperus rivularis Kunth. SHINING CYPERUS. "On the east side," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats area, edge of grass mat, 1986.

P# Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. BULBLET BLADDER FERN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Base of Goat Island, frequent on boulders, 1988. First Sister, east end, "on stone bridge to the mainland, facing west," 1986. Third Sister, "dolomite rocks facing Brother Island," 1986.

* Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS. North end lawns, 1987. Ballast, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].

R* Daphne mezereum L. MEZEREUM. "One individual, perhaps planted," Day, 1883. "Introduced and spreading," Day, 1888. "Not observed," Zenkert, 1934.

* Daucus carota L. QUEEN ANNE'S LACE. This species is frequent along paths and road margins throughout the Goat Island complex [ obs. 1988 ].

P# Dennstaedtia punctilobula HAY-SCENTED FERN. Base of Goat Island, here and there toward the Horseshoe Falls, 1988.

# Dentaria diphylla Michx. TWO-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. Day, 1883. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901.

# Dentaria laciniata Muhl. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. April 29, 1862; May 9, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888. Extensive mats throughout woods, 1982. Green Island, extreme west end, 1986. Luna Island, some in northern thicket [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "small colony," 1986.

R# Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED HAIR GRASS. Day, 1888.

* Dianthus armeria L. DEPTFORD PINK. July 23, 1865, "On Goat Island, American side, above the Bridge ... abundant & nearly accessible ..." (Clinton's unpublished diary). First Sister, east end, 1986.

# Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. SQUIRREL CORN. April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864 (Clinton Journal). "Abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Occasional in rich deciduous woods," 1984.

# Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. April 29, 1862; May 12, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1883. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Hybrids of this and the foregoing species were reported by Day from...Goat Island," Zenkert, 1934. "Abundant," 1984.

     Day (1888) predicted the extermination of these species (as Diclytras) on Goat Island by "careless flower-gatherers."

* Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. SMALL CRAB-GRASS. Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1988. Third Sister, 1988.

* Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. LARGE CRAB-GRASS. Goat Island, 1988.

One or the other of the next two species is abundant at the base of Goat Island, 1988.

RNY, R* Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. SAND ROCKET. Woods, 1987. An occurrence of this or the following on Luna Island by the brink [ obs. 1988 ].

RNY, R* Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. WALL ROCKET. "Base," 1986.

* Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. COMMON TEASEL. "ballast on the eastern meadow," 1985.

# Dirca palustris L. LEATHERWOOD. Reported for the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in his 1886 published report to the New York State Legislature. Rich deciduous or mixed woods.

# Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. YELLOW MANDARIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Dodecatheon meadia L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

R* Draba verna L. WHITLOW GRASS. "Introduced .... Hardly yet established," Day, 1883. "Perhaps not established," Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

P# Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray MARGINAL SHIELD FERN. Day, 1888.

* Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. BARNYARD GRASS. 1987.

# Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.&S. CREEPING SPIKERUSH. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Elymus virginicus L. VIRGINIA WILD RYE. Third Sister, willow base, south side river's edge [ obs. 1988 ].

# Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. VIRGINIA BEECHDROPS. "Not common," Day, 1888.

     There are very few beeches on Goat Island on which this parasitic plant might live; this may be due in part to the calcareous soils. There was only one tree seen that did not have its base mown, which would prevent this plant from establishing itself.

     David Douglas in his diary in 1823 reported two species of Orobanche "in dry places ... among leaves."

# Epilobium ciliatum Raf. NORTHERN WILLOW-HERB. 1986. First Sister, west end, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. Goat Island, edge of garden, 1987.

R# Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. WILLOW-HERB. Terrapin Point, 1986.

* Epilobium hirsutum L. HAIRY WILLOW-HERB. Sept. 22, 1936, Mabel James (BUF). 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

* Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. HELLEBORINE ORCHID. Goat Island ... where originally introduced by Day," Zenkert, 1934. 1984. Wooded crest, 1988. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, abundant, 1988. "Frequent on all three Sisters islands," 1984. Second Sister, west end, 1986.

# Equisetum arvense L. COMMON HORSETAIL. Day, 1888. Slopes in south end of Goat Island, 1987.

     Probably a collection from the First Sister, west end, 1988 and on Luna Island, 1988 is this species.

# Equisetum variegatum Schleich. VARIEGATED SCOURING-RUSH. "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862; May 12, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888.

# Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. PILEWORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Several plants in garden soil, front of Terrapin Point Restaurant, 1987.

# Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. SLENDER WHITE-TOP. Second Sister, east end, 1988.

# Erigeron philadelphicus L. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE. Rocky area by Horseshoe Falls; in thickets along the south end of the island, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Erigeron pulchellus Michx. POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Erigeron strigosus Muhl. DAISY FLEABANE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. "frequent in thickets on

the south side," 1986.

# Erythronium americanum Kerr. YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Central woods, 1982.

* Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, HARDY RUBBER TREE. One of the collection of exotic trees behind the stone maintenance building at the foot of the vehicular bridge. After a decade of trying to identify this large, mature tree, which has never flowered or fruited during that time, and which has no distinguishing characteristics of an ordinary nature, its identify was discovered by chance at the Missouri Botanical Garden, where a similar tree was located. Among the unusual characteristics of the species is the fact that it is the only lactiferous, specifically rubber-producing tree of the north temperate zone (it derives from China where it is rare in the wild). It has no known taxonomic relationship with any other tree group, although currently placed in the Cornales. It is the only member in its family, the Eucommiaceae. Its exotic nature was appreciated many years ago when it was planted on Goat Island and is probably the same age as the two alien nut-trees (Chestnut and Walnut). Another old example of this species occurs adjacent to the central woods near the road that cuts through it, on the north boundary.

Twelve Euonymus shrubs were planted on the denuded southern slopes of Goat Island in 1892 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Sixty Euonymus shrubs were transplanted from the Goat Island "thicket" to the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892). Another 204 Euonymus were put in the nursery in the next year (9 Ann Comm Rep, 1893).

PR# Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. WAHOO or BURNING BUSH. "On Goat Island, Euonymus atropurpureus in fruit, very pretty," Nov. 29, 1865 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. June 27, 1896, Marion Jessup Wright (BUF). Day, 1888. Oct. 14, 1899, Edna Porter (BUF).

     Reported by the Superintendent (as Burning Bush) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. The "Waahoo ... grow as though this were their chosen home of all the earth ... and ... is best content where left entirely to itself" (Chamberlin, 1892). The sixty Euonymus shrubs removed from the Goat Island "thicket" and planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892) were native and abundant, and were probably this species, as were perhaps the 216 other Euonymus plants mentioned.

     Mitchell (1986) in his recent checklist of the plants of New York State reports this species as a "rare introduction" in New York State, and Fernald (1950) indicated that it is "cultivated and somewhat naturalized northeastward" of its natural range. Mitchell has since informed me this species is not now considered rare in New York (personal communication. House (1924) reported this species as "Infrequent or rare from Oneida and Schuyler counties westward and southward. Increasingly common toward the southwest." This species grows more in regions south and west of the Niagara region, reaching the eastern borders of the Great Plains (Fernald, 1950), for example, in Michigan it grows in several counties on "river banks and floodplain forests" (Voss, 1985). In southern Ontario below the boreal forests of the central and northern portions of the province, that is, in the Deciduous Forest Region (Carolinian Zone), the shrub is native with populations extending from five stations near the Niagara River west to the St. Claire River region of London-Detroit (34 populations reported) (Soper & Heimberger, 1982). The habitat reported is "low places, particularly in thickets along streams, in rich alluvial soil; also in damp sandy or rocky woods."

     Zenkert (1934) indicated Euonymus atropurpureus was somewhat rare in western New York where it can be "abundant and sometimes in dense thickets." Zenkert goes on to say Indians on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation had collected roots, etc., of this shrub with "whole thickets being destroyed in this manner."

Euonymus americana L., STRAWBERRY-BUSH, is native to western New York State in low woods and is rare in the state, being a southern species reaching its northern limits in the state. It is not reported for Ontario by Soper and Heimberger (1982), and no publication seen so far reports its existence at Niagara Falls. The existence of specimens from Goat Island of Euonymus atropurpureus, together with various reports of it noted above, and the reported density of populations on the Island in 1892 lends overwhelming evidence for a native enclave of this species in this part of New York State. This idea is consistent with other evidence for species more common south and west of the Niagara area extending across southern Ontario in the Deciduous Forests along the north shore of Lake Erie, and along the limestone habitats of the Niagara Escarpment.

* Euonymus europaeus L. SPINDLE-TREE. "Apparently naturalized on Goat Island, Niagara Falls (Johnson), but possibly planted," Zenkert, 1934.

# Eupatorium maculatum L. JOE-PYE-WEED. 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1987. First Sister, east end, 87317. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Eupatorium perfoliatum L. BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Eupatorium purpureum L. LOWLAND PURPLE BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     This species has a rather confused history in the Niagara Frontier Region. Specimens with this name from the regionexist in the Clinton Herbarium, and the herbarium of the Queen Victoria Park School of Horticulture, as do published reports (Day, 1882; Cameron, 1895; Hamilton, 1943 for the parks in Niagara Falls, Ontario). It does not appear in the checklist for the Niagara Frontier Region by Zander and Pierce (1979). This species probably does exist locally and this name has been included in the statistical tabulations. The specimens in question will eventually be sent to a specialist in the genus at the National Herbarium (US).

# Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. WHITE SNAKE ROOT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. On slopes facing the Three Sister Islands, 1983. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, west and east ends, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ]. Second Sister, west and east ends, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ]. Third Sister, throughout, 1988 [ obs. ].

# Euphorbia maculata L. WARTWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. BEECH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D.Hooker's American Journal). "Abundant," Day, 1888. Northern slopes just west of pedestrian bridge, "single tree and suckers," 1988, 2-3 more trunks at edge of central woods facing the maintenance shed. Second Sister, east end, "single tree," 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ].

     The timber [ on Goat Island ] is chiefly of the ordinary hard-wood trees, Beach [ sic ] and Maple predominating" (Chamberlin, 1892). Six beeches were reported blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). A lovely old trunk is depicted in a photograph in 1902 showing the typical masses of names carved in the trunk as high as a human being can reach (19 Ann Rep Comm, 1903).

* Festuca elatior L. MEADOW FESCUE. Day, 1888.

* Festuca ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch SHEEP FESCUE. Third Sister, dolomite boulder, 1986.

# Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Day, 1888. Floerkea uligonosa Muhl. is an earlier name.

     Although not very common any more in our immediate area, in 1862 Judge Clinton found it in Buffalo, at what he called the Elk Street wood [ nearly destroyed by 1866 ]. He "met therein David F. Day. He had just found a Floerkea uliginosa. (I afterwards found it in the hollow at the right, after crossing, from Buffalo, the Lake Shore R. R. bridge over the Buffalo Creek .... Indeed, it is quite common in damp woods and river bottoms") (from an unpublished mss. in Zenkert, 1934).

* Forsythia suspensa Vahl. FORSYTHIA. Planted by entrance to pedestrian bridge, border of thicket, north slope, 1988.

* Fragaria vesca L. (s.l.) STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. A species of Strawberry was observed on the northeast end of the Second Sister in 1988.

# Fragaria virginiana Duchesne WILD STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988.

When the Goat Island nursery was established in 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891), 130 young Ash (Fraxinus) trees were transplanted there "from the thicket on Goat Island." In 1893, seventy-six of these were removed and planted in the eastern meadow (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), the following year 76 more were planted (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

     Chamberlin (1892) mentioned that at the time of writing the Goat Island forest was predominantly Beech and Maple, with an "occasional" Ash. This is quite unlike present conditions where Ash is the second most dominant tree in the central woods.

     Seedlings of Ash are more abundant in 1988 throughout the area than any other tree species.

# Fraxinus americana L. WHITE ASH. July 5, 1863 (Clinton's Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Thickets at brink of Horseshoe Falls," 1986; "thickets on N side of the Island," 1987.

Fraxinus [ americana-pensylvanica ] Second Sister, west end. Alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ] ] Luna Island, northern thickets [ obs. 1988 ].

# Fraxinus nigra Marsh. BLACK ASH. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

     One tree of this species was blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890).

     The disappearance of this species may relate to its disappearance in western New York State as a whole. "The black ash, once very abundant in swamps and there outnumbering all other species combined, seems to have fared worst .... The progressive drying-out of the land is mainly responsible for its marked decrease. Seedlings of the black ash do not compete successfully under drier conditions with those of the white (American) elm and those of the red and silver maples,, with the result that these have become the prevailing trees in low ground" (E. J. Hill in Zenkert, 1934). The dryer conditions referred to by Hall relate to the general deforestation of the region. Loss of moisture on Goat Island may be due to island deforestation and water diversion.

# Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. RED ASH. Zenkert, 1934. "South end in thickets on the river's edge," 1986. Base of Goat Island, abundant, one 40 inches in circumference, 1988.

* Galeopsis tetrahit L. HEMP-NETTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

     The variety bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. occurs in the Niagara Frontier Region (Zander & Pierce, 1979).

* Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake CILIATE GALINSOGA. "By crest of the Horseshoe Falls," 8705215. Base of Goat Island, 1988.

One Bedstraw (Galium) species was observed on the First Sister, west end, but was not in identifiable condition, another occurred by the entrance to the maintenance facility, in wooded area, 1988.

# Galium aparine L. CLEAVERS. Day, 1888.

# Galium asprellum Michx. ROUGH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888.

# Galium boreale L. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Galium mollugo L. BEDSTRAW. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

# Galium obtusum Bigel. BLUNT-LEAVED MARSH BEDSTRAW. Thickets, south side, 1986.

# Galium trifidum L. var. tinctorium (L.) T.&G. STIFF MARSH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888.

# Galium triflorum Michx. SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, west side, 1988; east side, 1988.

# Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. Day, 1888.

RNY, PRE# Gentiana procera Holm SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN. Torrey, 1843. (As Gentiana detonsa) Sept. 11, 1862, "On the right of the path to Terrapin Tower saw a hundred Gentians," "on Goat Island near Terrapin Bridge ... abundant," Sept. 23, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Terrapin Point, Sept. 10, 1986, R. Mitchell (BUF, NYS)

     On the talus at Niagara, "in moist spots, here and there a sharp eye may detect many flowered tufts of the beautiful fringed Gentian, strange to European eyes" (Olmsted, 1880, citing Robinson, 1875).

Lady Theodora Guest, in 1895 noticed a "Pink Crane's Bill" (Geranium) growing on the Three Sister Islands.

# Geranium maculatum L. WILD CRANE'S-BILL. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

R* Geranium pusillum L. SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE'S-BILL. Lawn, area where three roads meet near maintenance building, 1988. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats, 1987.

# Geranium robertianum L. HERB ROBERT. June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1883. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986.

# Gerardia purpurea L. PURPLE GERARDIA. Day, 1888.

     R#var. parviflora Benth. SMALL-FLOWERED PURPLE GERARDIA. Terrapin Point, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1986.

# Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. YELLOW AVENS. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Geum canadense Jacq. WHITE AVENS. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Central Woods, 1986. Second Sister, west end, frequent [ obs. 1988 ].

# Geum laciniatum Murr. ROUGH AVENS. (All reports use the earlier name G. virginianum L., which is now applied to a different species of Geum formerly known as G. flavum). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Glechoma hederacea L. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. Day, 1888. Goat Island, Edward C. Townsend, May 22, 1896 (BUF). Throughout Goat Island lawns, 1988. First Sister, east and west ends [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, abundant in woods section [ obs. 1988 ].

Gleditsia triacanthos L. HONEY-LOCUST. Planted in various places throughout Goat Island, 1988. One tree planted with Robinia and Sophora in the lawn verge at the eastern end of the large western parking lot, 2006.

# Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. NERVED MANNA-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1987.

# Gnaphalium uliginosum L. LOW CUDWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

P# Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br. TALL LEAFY GREEN ORCHID. (As Platanthera) "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862 (Clinton Journal). "Near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888.

# Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. VIRGINIA STICKSEED. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Hedera helix L. ENGLISH IVY. Luna Island, dense, choking masses all margins of the island, 1988.

# Helenium autumnale L. SNEEZEWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, shrubby area, wet dolomite, 86121414.

# Helianthus divaricatus L. WOODLAND SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888.

# Helianthus strumosus L. PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888.

* Hemerocallis fulva L. DAY LILY. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Hepatica acutilobula DC. SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker BLUNT-LEAVED HEPATICA. Day, 1888. Day, 1901.

# Heracleum lanatum Michx. DOWNY COW PARSNIP. Day, 1888.

RNY, R* Heracleum mantegazzianum Som. & Lev. GIANT HOGWEED. "Dense thickets on the S side of the island," 8705199. Luna Island, 1988 [ obs. ].

* Hieracium aurantiacum L. DEVIL'S PAINT-BRUSH. "Introduced," Day, 1888.

R* Hieracium florentinum All. FLORENCE KING-DEVIL. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

R# Hieracium gronovii L. HAIRY HAWKWEED. Day, 1888.

* Hieracium pratense Tausch. KING-DEVIL. Ballast, 1987. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end, 1987.

# Hieracium venosum L. RATTLESNAKE-WEED. Day, 1888.

# Houstonia canadensis Willd. FRINGED HOUSTONIA. Torrey, 1843. June 26, 1862, "On top of the bank" [ the west-facing crest, as it occurs elsewhere on the crest of the Niagara River Gorge ], (Clinton Journal). (As Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

# Hydrocotyle americana L. WATER PENNYWORT. Goat Island, Edward C. Townsend, June 27, 1896 (BUF).

# Hydrophyllum virginianum L. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF. Day, 1888. Populations of this plant may be found along the crest of the Niagara Gorge, eastern side, and DeVeaux College woods.

RNY, R# Hypericum kalmianum L. KALM'S ST. JOHN'S WORT. Torrey, 1843. "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862; Aug. 1, 1862; Aug. 22, 1864; "Near the Terrapin Tower, July 18, 1865; July 26, 1865; "On the talus directly below the Cave of the Winds shanty ..." Aug. 8, 1865 (Clinton Journal). Clinton, 1864. Day, 1883. "Goat Island. First Sister, east end, 1892 (BUF). Day, 1901. Zenkert (1934) gave the additional information of a specimen collected by C. S. Osborne in 1867 (BUF) and a specimen in the New York State Herbarium, Albany, collected by E. Hunt and Asa Gray, without date. Beck (1833) reports this "species has been found near Niagara Falls by Dr. Asa Gray."

     This is the only known locality for the species in New York State. Mitchell reported it as possibly extirpated from New York State (1986). Zenkert (1934) reported it as "not observed at the Falls in recent years." Parts of the base of Goat Island and the islands in the American channel of the Niagara River at the falls were not made available for examination during the course of this study - it is conceivable this plant may still be found in these areas.

     There are reports for this species from the Canadian side, on the talus: "Rochers au bas de la chute de Niagara " Provancher (Fl. Canad. p. 104), Day, 1888.

* Hypericum perforatum L. COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Goat Island, 1987. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1987; east end 1987.

# Hysterix patula Moench. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. Goat Island, G. W. Clinton, 1872 (BUF). Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Impatiens biflora Walt. SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. All along the wooded slope against the waterline to the south, in seeps in the southwestern part of the Island, 1984. Base of Goat Island, becomes more abundant as you approach the Horseshoe, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west and east ends [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "abundant," 1986.

# Impatiens pallida Nutt. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. This species is frequent in the Niagara River Gorge.

* Inula helenium L. ELECAMPANE. Day, 1888.

# Iris versicolor L. BLUE FLAG. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west, 1987.

One walnut tree (Juglans) was reported blown down in 1886 during winter storms.

# Juglans cinerea L. BUTTERNUT. Second Sister, west end, 1988.

# Juglans nigra L. BLACK WALNUT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1984. Tree just west of vehicular bridge, 1988. Two trees in the meadow, east end, and in the picnic area to the southwest, 1988. Behind restaurant, 1988 [ obs. ]. Southern thickets, 1988. Base of Goat Island, 1988. One tree stands beside a collection of alien trees of the Pea Family at the east margin lawn beside the large western parking lot.

     According to the second report of the Commissioners to the State Legislature in 1886 [ for 1885 ] is the mention made by the Superintendent that this tree predominated among the natural woods in "The area at the head of the reservation" by the old Port Day pier, just east of the boundary line of the reservation on the mainland. Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 noticed Black Walnut trees on the Three Sisters.

     This species is among the trees being replanted on Goat Island and seems a good choice.

* Juglans regia L. PERSIAN or ENGLISH WALNUT. Very mature tree behind old maintenance building in loop of the vehicular bridge road, mown area amid some native trees. Planted a long time ago. Coll. 2001 (BUF).

# Juncus articulatus L. JOINTED RUSH. Flats above the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1986. Third Sister, east end, 1986.

# Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. SHORT-HEADED RUSH. Clinton (late 1800's), Zenkert, 1934.

# Juncus bufonius L. TOAD RUSH. Goat Island, 1988. First Sister, south side, east end, 1988.

# Juncus dudleyi Wieg. DUDLEY'S RUSH. Crest by the Horseshoe Falls, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988; east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1986.

# Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. COMMON RUSH. Second Sister, east end, few, 1988.

# Juncus nodosus L. KNOTTED RUSH. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

# Juncus tenuis Willd. PATH RUSH. Day, 1888. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Low, wet area just east of bridge, north Goat Island, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1988. Third Sister, east end, 1986.

# Juniperus communis L. LOW JUNIPER [ COMMON JUNIPER ]. Goat Island, George Engelmann (GEH at MO) August 1840; Goat Island, April 29, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.

     This is the Common Juniper referred to in the Goat Island woods by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners, 1886. There are the remains of a Juniper shrub visible on Luna Island, 1988.

# Juniperus virginiana L. RED CEDAR. 1871. 1874. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). "... and the banks of Niagara River below the Falls," Day, 1883. "Apparently disappearing," Day, 1888. "... unfortunately disappearing," Day, 1901. Several fine trees in the eastern meadow, 1988.

     The Superintendent of the Reservation indicated "The red cedars are dying out of late years" in the second report of the Commissioners of 1886. Perhaps this published concern for these trees accounts for the fine grove of this species in the eastern meadow. Eleven red cedars were blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890), and two January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). Nine red cedars were planted on the denuded southern banks of Goat Island in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1982). In 1892, eighty-three red cedar were added to the Goat Island nursery (9 Ann Rep Comm, 1893). A Red Cedar was noted growing on Ship Island in the American channel (Agassiz, 1850).

     Chamberlin (1892) observed on Goat Island "near the paths many small Cedars, white and red ..." in the woods.

R# Justicia americana (L.) Vahl WATER-WILLOW. "Shallow water," Charles A. Zenkert, 1924 (BUF). "Near brink of Falls," Charles A. Zenkert, 1928 (BUF). "Shallow water of Niagara River, on limestone, off Goat Island, just above the Falls, where rather abundant," Zenkert, 1934.

     Populations of this lovely river plant (not a Willow at all) were to be found at Dufferin Islands until a few years ago.

[ Larix sp. Several species of Larch of maturity occur throughout Goat Island, growing in open stations where they have been planted - no attempt has been made to identify these as they are obviously introduced, and do not appear to be spreading. In 1891, one hundred "Scotch larch" trees were procured for the Goat Island nursery (perhaps Larix decidua) (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892).In 1893, thirty-six larches were planted in the eastern meadow, taken from the nursery (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894), and the following year, 36 more (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895).

#Larix decidua Mill. EUROPEAN LARCH. Central wood's edge, northeast side facing entrance to pedestrian bridge, with Eucommia ulmoides, near Picea sitchensis, apparently even-aged with these horticultural trees. Native to the Alps and Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe.

# Lathyrus ochroleucus CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. Day, 1888.

# Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray MYRTLE-LEAVED VETCHLING. On June 26, 1862, Clinton found "a pretty Lathyrus" "in the flat by Terrapin Bridge." Later that year, on August 1, 1862, he found L. palustris in the same locality as Hypericum kalmianum, presumably at Terrapin Point (Clinton Journal). Day, 1888.

# Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. TALL BLUE LETTUCE. (As Lactuca leucophaea) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Lactuca canadensis L. WILD LETTUCE. (As Lactuca elongata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

A species of Leersia was noted for Goat Island on Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).

# Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. RICE CUT-GRASS. First Sister, west end, 1988.

# Leersia virginica Willd. WHITE GRASS. Day, 1888.

# Lemna minor L. LESSER DUCKWEED. "Southwest end," 1986.

* Leonurus cardiaca L. MOTHERWORT. Day, 1888. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Throughout the wooded margins of Goat Island and the Three Sisters, 1988 [ obs. ].

* Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. FIELD PEPPERGRASS. Ballast, 1987. North slope, along path, 1988.

# Lepidium virginicum L. COMMON PEPPERGRASS. First of the Three Sisters Islands, east end along dirt path, 1986. Third Sister, 1988.

* Ligustrum vulgare L. PRIVET. "Ballast, east end," 1985. Luna Island, thickets on the east margin [ obs. 1988 ]. First Sister, east end, dense thickets [ obs. 1988 ].

* Linaria vulgaris Hill BUTTER-AND-EGGS. Base of Goat Island, 1988. Ballast, east end, 1985.

# Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume SPICEBUSH or SPICEBARK. "Goat Island and the Three Sisters," Day, 1888. "Handsomely represented," Day, 1901. Central woods, 1986. Large shrubs may be found along the river's edge on the north side of the island.

      Reported for Goat Island (as Spicebark) by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886.

# Liriodendron tulipifera L. TULIP TREE. "One fine specimen is growing near the carriage way on the north side of the island," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Planted as an ornamental," 1986.

     Reported for Goat Island by the Superintendent in the report of the Commissioners in 1886. Chamberlin (1892) mentioned that at the time of writing, the Goat Island forest was predominantly Beech and Maple, with an "occasional" Tulip-tree. Present planting policy includes extensive planting of this species on the Island.

* Lithospermum arvense L. CORN GROMWELL. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934.

* Lithospermum officinale L. COMMON GROMWELL. "A common weed on the Island & about the Falls," June 26, 1862; "by the [ Terrapin ] Tower & along the bank ..." June 7, 1864; April 21, 1866, "... W. Pettibone, ... told me that there was a plant on Goat Isld., a tea from the roots & seeds of which, drunk as you would any tea, had relieved him very much in his kidney complaint, gravel. Went over the Island with him, he looking in vain fo