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BOTANICAL
EVALUATION OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK |
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VASCULAR FLORA OF In this list, the designations BUF and NYS represent specimens deposited
in the herbaria of the Buffalo Museum of Science, Note should be made that only the most conspicuous horticultural species or alien species significant in terms of the flora of the area, e.g. as weeds, etc., are listed below. Numerous other trees, such as various conifers and small trees of the rose family, for example, exist in the Goat Island complex as well, as do various Yews, Larices, etc., planted against buildings and in open areas, which are not included here. In Day's contribution to the Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara for the year 1887 (Catalogue of the Niagara Flora, published in 1888), he stated, with respect to this group that he "has no doubt that further investigations, made in the vicinity of the Falls, will considerably increase the number of species here recorded. In the more difficult genera of the Cyperaceae (Sedges) and Gramineae (Grasses) demanding always in a large degree the skill of the specialist, there must be omissions, more or less numerous and important." Sufficient study by specialists has been made and published since 1888 that it is with confidence that quite a few additions have been made of species in these families, based on recent collections in the study area. It is presumed that these populations also existed in place at the initiation of the Reservation. Doubtless, more species do occur in the Taxa in square brackets ([ ]) are excluded from the flora of the Goat Island Complex. R= Rare in western * = Alien P = native taxa protected by E = endangered taxa in western A = native taxa probably extirpated from the
western # = Native RNY = Rare in [ Abies balsamea
(L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR. One hundred young trees of this species were added to
the nursery on * Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (As Acalypha virginica) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1987. Weedy curbside, 1988. Acalypha virginica as understood at present represents a species characteristic more of areas to the south and west of the Niagara Frontier Region. This name occurs "chiefly" in place of Acalypha rhomboidea in the seventh edition of Gray's manual (Fernald, 1970), and was probably the species meant by Hooker and Gray (Hooker's American Journal). * Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino.
ACANTHOPANAX. Planted in various places, along the top of the northwestern
slope, along the central woods edge, eastern margins. 1988. Twenty five maple (Acer) trees in 1886,
and seven in 1889 were blown down in winter storms (6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890).
Three maples were blown down in the storm of January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep
Comm, 1891). In 1890, 636 young maple trees were removed from "the
thicket" on Goat Island for the Goat Island nursery (7 Ann Rep Comm,
1891); one hundred and thirteen of these were later removed in 1893 and
planted in the eastern meadow (10 Ann Rep Comm, 1894). The following year,
113 were planted there (11 Ann Rep Comm, 1895). A maple was reported growing
on * Acer campestre L. HEDGE MAPLE. * Acer ginnala Maxim. AMUR MAPLE. Planted, especially near Terrapin Point, 1988. * Acer negundo L. BOX ELDER. 1983.
Old grove planted above Terrapin Point, contributes to heavy infestation in
southwestern soil bank. Base of There are trees of
some maturity above Terrapin Point which contribute heavily to infestations
on the south slope just east, or upriver, of Terrapin Point. "Abundant
at the brink of # Acer nigrum Michx. f. BLACK
MAPLE. 1987. Abundant throughout the * Acer platanoides L. NORWAY MAPLE.
Young tree, SW shoreline, 1987.Several trees of var. schwedleri Nichols., have been planted, obs. in lawns on the
north-central side, 1988. In the area of the old spring on the north slope of
# Acer rubrum L. RED MAPLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Second Sister, west end, 1988. # Acer saccharinum L. SILVER MAPLE.
Day, 1901. 1987. Mature populations are reduced to a few trees. A group has been re-planted at the west end of the island and one or two occur in the northern weedy-thickets by the ballasted eastern end. Day's 1888 report
(as Acer dasycarpum, the White Maple) does not list this
species on # Acer saccharum Marsh. SUGAR
MAPLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). " Day called this species Acer saccharinum Wang (Sugar Maple) in accordance with the nomenclature of his day. In 1828 the Scottish botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Acer saccharinum) "on the brink of the rocks grew very large; they had all been tapped or bled and still seemed uncommonly vigorous." George Clinton collected
specimens of Cytispora, Nectria, Uncinula and Agaricus
bombycinus (fungi), from Sugar Maple trees, the latter from the
"decaying side of a living" tree of this species [ as Acer saccharinum
] Aug. 17, 1874 (BUF). This is the official tree of # Acer spicatum Lam. MOUNTAIN
MAPLE. "Near the # Achillea millefolium L. COMMON YARROW. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Weedy margin beyond the fence, crest, 1986. Second Sister, east end, 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ]. # Actaea alba (L.) Mill. WHITE BANEBERRY. Day, 1888. # Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. RED BANEBERRY. Day, 1888 P# Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDENHAIR FERN. "Not abundant," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. * Aesculus carnea Hayne. (A. Hippocastanum X A. Pavia) CHESTNUT. 1984. * Aesculus hippocastanum L.
HORSE-CHESTNUT. "An escape," Zenkert, 1934. 1986. Several in the central
woodland. One large specimen on the east end of * Aesculus hybrida DC. (A. octandra
X A. R* Agrimonia eupatoria L. COMMON AGRIMONY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. * Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
QUACK-GRASS. Flats above the # Agropyron trachycaulon var. unilaterale
(Cassidy) Malte. ROUGH-STEMMED WHEAT-GRASS. Base of See Zenkert, 1934 and Rhodora 35:161.1933). * Agrostis stolonifera L. var. compacta
Hartm. CREEPING BENT. Flats above the * var. major
(Gaud.) Farw. REDTOP. Crest woods, 1988. Flats above the * var. stolonifera Southwestern thickets, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988. * Ajuga reptans L. BUGLE. "Introduced," Day, 1888. * Alliaria officinalis Andrz. GARLIC MUSTARD. Great dense patches in the sunny margins of the central woods, 1984. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Found throughout the central woods and all wooded areas. # Allium canadense L. CANADA GARLIC. "Not common," Day, 1888. North end, 1987. South end thickets, rather frequent, 1987. First Sister, east end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. # Allium tricoccum Ait. RAMP. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Single population, woods, 1988. George Clinton collected the fungus Vermicularia liiacearum from a plant of this species on September 25, late 1800's (BUF). # Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. SPECKLED ALDER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. Alders occurred on the smaller islands in the American Channel in 1968 (The American Falls International Board, 1971) # Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. COMMON
RAGWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1984.
Base of # Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. HOG PEANUT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Only the generic
name is given by Hooker, but this is the only species of the genus occurring
in the Niagara Frontier Region. As recently as the 1924 publication by H.
House, this genus was renamed Falcata, but the plant indicated is not,
at any rate, a duplicate of the others reported for # Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Rich. WATER WEED. First Sister, west, 1986. # Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.) Fern. TREE SHADBUSH. Second Sister, west end, 1987. # Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. CANADIAN SHADBUSH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). (As both var. botryapium) and var. oblongifolia and therefore at least two trees ], Day, 1888. 1988. * Anagallis arvensis L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. Weedy margin on vehicular bridge, 1986. # Anemone canadensis L. CANADA
ANEMONE. Day, 1888. Base of # Anemone cylindrica Gray
LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE. July 3 & 4, 1862 ( # Anemone quinquefolia L. WOOD ANEMONE. Day, 1888. # Anemone virginiana L. THIMBLE-WEED. "On the side hill," that is, wooded slope of Terrapin Point, June 26, 1862 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Third Sister, west end, 1987. var. alba. Day, 1888. # Angelica atropurpurea L.
PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA. Base o # Antennaria sp. Aug. 1, 1862 ( * Anthemis arvensis L. CORN CAMOMILE. 1988. On ballast, 1987. # Aquilegia canadensis L. WILD COLUMBINE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Lady Theodora Day
noted a "bright scarlet Columbine" on the * Aquilegia vulgaris L. GARDEN COLUMBINE. Thickets facing the First Sister, east end, 1987. On the water's edge, north side of the meadow, 1988. # Arabis canadensis L. SICKLE-POD. Day, 1888. # Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. SMOOTH ROCK CRESS. Second Sister, west end, 1986. # Arabis lyrata L. LYRE-LEAVED ROCK
CRESS. Goat Island, May 17, 1862; June 26, "on top of the bank" [ crest ] ( Grows on soil-covered
boulder tops. If these were removed, so would this species diminish, as
perhaps accounts for the loss of this species in the # Aralia nudicaulis L. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). " Day, 1888. First Sister, west end, 1987. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. # Aralia racemosa L. SPIKENARD. Second Sister, west end, 1987. A species of Arctium BURDOCK was observed
on the ballast, 1988 and on the First Sister, east end [
obs. 1988 ]; * Arctium lappa L. GREAT BURDOCK. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Individuals of this large plant are regularly found in disturbed areas throughout the island, 1988. * Arctium minus Schk. COMMON BURDOCK. Ballast, 1985. This and the preceding species may be found along all paths and borders. Second Sister, west side, 1988. RE# Arenaria lateriflora L. SIDE-FLOWERING SANDWORT. 1862, David F. Day (BUF). 1884, J. H. Burdick (BUF). Day, 1888. 1896, Edward C. Townsend (BUF). 1896, Marion Jessup Wrightl (BUF). A specimen of Johnson's, Zenkert, 1934. Third Sister, 1886, Elizabeth C. Rochester (BUF). * Arenaria serpyllifolia L.
THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. # Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. var. triphyllum. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. "A large and small variety common," Day, 1888. 1986. In 1823 the Scottish
botanist David Douglas noted in his diary that this species (as Arum triphyllum)
grew on P# Arisaema dracontium L. GREEN
DRAGON. This species (listed as Dracontium sp.) was reported in 1823
by Douglas from * Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. TALL OAT-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987; thickets east end, 1987; ballast, southeast end, 1988. First Sister, west end, 1988. # Asarum canadense L. WILD GINGER.
Prinz von Wied-Neuwied (1843) mentioned this species (as Asarabaca) growing
with Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) and other plants on the
forest floor on # Asclepias exaltata L. POKE MILKWEED. Day, 1888. # Asclepias incarnata L. SWAMP MILKWEED. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1986; Second Sister, east end, 1986. # Asclepias syriaca L. COMMON MILKWEED. (As Asclepias cornuti) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southwestern river margin, 1986. Third Sister, west end, 1988 [ obs. ] * Asparagus officinalis L. ASPARAGUS. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1987. P# Asplenium trichomanes L.
MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. First Sister, west end, 1986. # Aster cordifolius L. HEART-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). # Aster divaricatus L. WHITE WOOD ASTER. Day, 1888. # Aster ericoides L. WHITE HEATH ASTER. Day, 1888. 1988. Third Sister, 1988. # Aster laevis L. SMOOTH ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). # Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. STARVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. Third Sister, soil in rock depression, west end, 1988. # Aster macrophyllus L. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888. # Aster novae-angliae L. NEW ENGLAND ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1988. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end 1987. Second Sister, weedt path margins, 1986. # Aster puniceus L. PURPLE-STEMMED ASTER. Day, 1888. # Aster sagittifolius Willd. ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. Day, 1888. # Aster simplex Willd. TALL WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Southern, upper-thicket. 1988. var. interior
(Wieg.) Cronq. Southwestern thickets, 1987. The Aster tradescantii
L. TRADESCANT'S ASTER of Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal) and
Day, 1888, are here placed with Aster simplex var. interior
following Britton and Brown, 1952. These last authors indicate the range of
this variety begins in western # Aster umbellatus Mill. TALL FLAT-TOPPED WHITE ASTER. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. R# Aster undulatus L. WAVY-LEAVED ASTER. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). R# Astragalus canadensis L. CANADIAN MILK-VETCH. 1885, A. D. Pease (BUF). R# Astragalus neglectus (T.&G.) Sheld. COOPER'S MILK-VETCH. (As A. cooperi)
"Descending to the level of # Atriplex patula L. SPREADING ORACHE. Thickets, 1988. Second Sister (var. littoralis), 1987. Third Sister, by bridge (var. littoralis), 1988. var. hastata of Narrow-leaved forms keying to var. littoralis of Br. & Br. (SEASIDE ORACHE in Zander & Pierce, 1979) may fall within the scope of var. patula, as var. littoralis is a "strictly maritime diploid species" (Voss, 1985). # Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. Day, 1888. * Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. WINTER
CRESS. * Bellis perennis L. ENGLISH DAISY.
Zenkert, 1934. Here and there in the lawns on # Bidens cernua L. NODDING STICKTIGHT. First Sister, west end, 1987. Third Sister, 1988. # Bidens frondosa L. COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. Southern thickets, 1988. Second Sister west, 1987. # Bidens tripartita L. SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS. Day, 1888. Shrubby, weedy thicket facing the plunge pool by the gorge rim near Terrapin Point. Frequent along thicket margins, 1986. Barberry (Berberis) plants were reported
for * Berberis thunbergii DC. JAPANESE
BARBERRY. In 1909 the Superintendent planted this horticultural species on Luna Island and elsewhere in the Reservation as a substitute for an iron railing at the river margin - this shrub keeping people away from the dangerous banks by reason of its thorns, and stabilizing the bank (26 Ann Rep Comm, 1926). Native alternatives might include the raspberries, and perhaps Nine-bark (Physocarpus opulifolius, which forms dense thickets at the west end of the Second Sister. * Berberis vulgaris L. COMMON
BARBERRY. Five birches were reported blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann Rep Comm, 1890). Betula alba
may be the species reported for # Betula lenta L. BLACK BIRCH. Day, 1888. Reported by the Superintendent in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. # Betula lutea Michx.f. YELLOW
BIRCH. "Near the # Betula papyrifera Marsh. PAPER
BIRCH [ CANOE BIRCH ]. (As B. papyracea)
April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864; "near Reported by the Superintendent (as Canoe Birch) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. * Betula pendula Roth. EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH. Ballast, 1988. Second Sister, east end, north side, 1988. The White Birch of Goat Island of the second Commissioner's report is placed here. # Betula populifolia Marsh. GRAY BIRCH. Second Sister, far west end, 1988. Separated from B. pendula by tight white bark, short fruiting aments, no ciliations on the bract margins. P# Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.
RATTLESNAKE FERN. Day, 1888. David Douglas reported two species of this fern
on # Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. BEARDED SHORT-HUSK. Zenkert, 1934. * Brassica kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler.
CHARLOCK. * Brassica nigra (L.) KochBLACK
MUSTARD. Base of # Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED BROME-GRASS. Zenkert, 1934. RNY, R* Bromus erectus Huds. UPRIGHT BROME-GRASS. Culvert, southside, 1988. * Bromus inermis Leyss. HUNGARIAN BROME GRASS. Seepage, southwestern thickets, 1986. Abundant all along the crest, west end, along the fence. * fo. aristatus (Schur) Fern. BROME-GRASS. First Sister, east end, 1987. R* Butomus umbellatus L. FLOWERING
RUSH. Terrapin Point, 1986. Small limestone flat, northwest side of # Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)
Beauv. BLUEJOINT GRASS. Day, 1888. Flats above the # Campanula aparinoides Prush.
MARSH * Campanula rapunculoides L.
CREEPING BELLFLOWER. P# Campanula rotundifolia L.
HAREBELL. Day, 1888. Day indicated that the Harebell had disappeared from * Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Ballast, east end, 1988. # Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britt. PURPLE SPRING CRESS. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901. [ Cardamine hirsuta L. BITTER CRESS. Day, 1888. ] Excluded. # Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. R# Carex aquatilis Wahl. NORTHERN
WATER SEDGE. Johnson specimen, Zenkert, 1934. Flats above # Carex cephalophora Muhl. SOUTHERN SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988. # Carex digitalis Willd. SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1987. # Carex eburnea Boott
BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE. Torrey citing Dewey, 1843. "On the American side
of the Island, by the river, & above the Bridge found all out of season Carex
eburnea," August 22, 1864 ( RNY, R# Carex garberi Fern. GARBER'S SEDGE. 1987. First Sister, east end on dolomite flat, 1988. # Carex granularis Willd. MEADOW SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1987. The Carex viridula
(as C. oederi) of Provancher "near the Horse-shoe
Fall" on the Canadian side (Flore Canadienne), Day, 1888, may be this
species, as might be # Carex hystricina Muhl. PORCUPINE
SEDGE. # Carex lacustris Willd. LAKE-BANK SEDGE. "eastern side," Day, 1888. # Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gilly WOOLLY SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1987. # Carex laxiculmis Schw. SPREADING SEDGE. Day, 1888. # Carex laxiflora Lam.
LOOSE-FLOWERED SEDGE. var. blanda First Sister, wet west end, 1988. RNY#Carex molesta Mackenzie TROUBLESOME SEDGE. First Sister, east end, 1988. # Carex normalis Mackenzie. LARGER
STRAW SEDGE. Flats above R# Carex oligocarpa Schk. FEW-FRUITED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988. # Carex pedunculata Muhl. LONG-STALKED SEDGE. First Sister, west end, 1988. # Carex pseudo-cyperus CYPERUS-LIKE SEDGE. Second Sister, 1987. RA#Carex retroflexa Muhl. REFLEXED SEDGE. Day, 1888. # Carex rosea Schk. ROSE SEDGE.
Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. 1988. # Carex stipata Muhl. AWL-FRUITED
SEDGE. Flats above the # Carex stricta Lam. TUSSOCK SEDGE. "Shallow water," Aug. 10, 1918, Frank W. Johnson (BUF). # Carex vulpinoidea Michx. FOXTAIL SEDGE. First Sister, west end. # Carpinus caroliniana Walt.
AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Day, 1888. Base of * Carum carui L. CARAWAY. "On
the naked pasture on the head of the Island, an umbellifer, probably Carum
carui," June 1, 1865 ( A hickory (Carya) species is reported for # Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K.Koch
BITTERNUT # Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.
MOCKERNUT [ Castanea dentata
(Marsh.) Borkh. CHESTNUT. To date, no reports for this species have been
made, and no evidence has been found for its occurrence on Goat Island, even
though before the chestnut blight it formed an element in local forests where
it was "rather common" and grew on "morainic slopes and
ridges, also in sandy soil in the wooded tracts along Lakes Erie and
Ontario," Zenkert, 1934. Hooker and Gray made no note of its occurrence
on the island in 1877, but Day (1901) reported its presence in the * Castanea
mollissima Blume CHINESE CHESTNUT. Behind the old maintenance building in
the loop of the vehicular bridge road, central island, in horticultural
context, with Juglans regia (obs. 2001, det. R. H. Zander). [* Castanea sativa Mill. EURASIAN CHESTNUT. Great tree at the entrance to the Three Sisters, 1986. Tree on the north side by the maintenance shed, 1988. Correction (2002),
these trees are actually Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. (= Q. prinoides var.
acuminata (Michx.) Gl.). The tree facing the Three Sisters is
now gone but young sprouts occur on the First of the Three Sisters
from its acorns.] R# Castilleia coccinea (L.) Spreng. PAINTED CUP. Day, 1901. R# Celtis occidentalis L. HACKBERRY. Midst of the central woodlands, 1986, perhaps an escape, since several trees were noted on the crest of the Niagara River gorge below the Schoellkopf Geological Museum in a setting of horticultural plantings. Some of these trees have escaped into the gorge forest at the base of the gorge. Several planted, west end, 1988. Reported for RNY, R # Chelone glabra L. var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. TURTLEHEAD. Second Sister, west end, 1986. # Clematis virginiana L. VIRGIN'S BOWER. SW side of island, 1987. Second Sister, east end, "rather abundant," 1986; west end, 1986. * Catalpa bignonioides Walt. CATALPA. 1988. By pedestrian bridge, by the maintenance sheds, on the south side of the island by the entrance to the Three Sisters, aroung the restaurant near Terrapin Point. # Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. BLUE COHOSH. "Abundant," Day, 1888. Absent from the
1988 flora, although frequent in western P# Celastrus scandens L. CLIMBING
BITTERSWEET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.
Base of Reported for George Clinton collected a specimen of Phyllactinia guttata (fungi) from a plant of this species on October 13, 1870's. * Centaurea jacea L. BROWN KNAPWEED. "Ballast, east end," 1987. RNY, R* Cerastium semidecandrum L. SMALL MOUSE-EARED CHICKWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1986. First report for
western R* Cerastium viscosum L. CLAMMY MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888. * Cerastium vulgatum L. COMMON MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Day, 1888. Lawns, 1986. First Sister, east end flats, 1988. Third Sister, 1987. * Cercis canadensis L. REDBUD. * Chenopodium album L. LAMB'S
QUARTERS. Day, 1888. Garden bed, 1988. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of RNY, # Chenopodium hybridum L.
MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. "On the Island," Sept. 11, 1862 ( R* Chenopodium urbicum L.
NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. Green ( * Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
OX-EYE DAISY. Day, 1888. Ballast, 1985. Base of * Cichorium intybus L. CHICORY.
Throughout A species of Thistle (Cirsium) was
observed on the Second Sister, west end, 1988, and on the ballast of Goat
Island, east end, 1988; on * Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. CANADA
THISTLE. Day, 1888. Southwest side, wooded slopes facing the river, 1986.
Flats above the # Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. FIELD THISTLE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. # Cirsium muticum Michx. SWAMP THISTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). * Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
BULL THISTLE. Day, 1888. "Ballast ... at the eastern end of the
island," 1986. Southeastern thickets, 1988. Flats above the # Cicuta maculata L. WATER HEMLOCK. Day, 1888. # Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Day, 1888. "abundant in areas in the woods margins," 1984. 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1987. # Claytonia caroliniana Michx. BROAD-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. # Claytonia virginica L. NARROW-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Day, 1888. R* [ # ] Collinsia verna Nutt. BLUE-EYED MARY. "Introduced," Day, 1888. # Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. BASTARD TOAD FLAX. Day, 1888. * Convallaria majalis L.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Old planting at the pedestrian bridge, 1988. * Convolvulus arvensis L. FIELD BINDWEED. 1987. # Convolvulus epium L. HEDGE
BINDWEED. Thickets to the north of Terrapin Point and the crest of the # Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. HORSEWEED. (As Erigeron canadensis) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Just east of Terrapin Point, lawn edge, 1987. Second Sister, west end, mown lawn by path, 1987. The Dogwoods (Cornus) of # Cornus alternifolia L.f.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).
"Not uncommon in This species is frequent
and of maturity in wooded areas on the # Cornus amomum Mill. SILKY CORNEL. Day, 1888. P# Cornus # Cornus racemosa Lam. PANICLED DOGWOOD. (As Cornus paniculata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Ballast [ obs. 1988 ]. Southern thickets, river's edge, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, dolomite pavement [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, west end, "a tree in size" 1987. # Cornus rugosa Lam. ROUND-LEAVED
DOGWOOD. "Gathered some ... here and there on the * Cornus sanguinea L. BLOODTWIG
DOGWOOD. 1988. This horticultural shrub may be instead a variety of Cornus alba, although the berries appear black, as in C. sanguinea, rather than blue to white-blue, as in C. alba. The branches of these shrubs are purple or dull red, as in C. sanguinea, rather than "bright blood-red" as described for C. alba. # Cornus stolonifera Michx.
RED-OSIER DOGWOOD. Day, 1888. Abundant in thickets at the water's edge,
southwest, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1987. Base of * Coronilla varia L. CROWN VETCH.
Southern margins of the R# Corylus * Corylus avellana L. EUROPEAN
FILBERT. The "Wild Apple" reported for # Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. PEAR THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. # Crataegus coccinea L. SCARLET THORN. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. # Crataegus crus-galli L. COCKSPUR HAWTHORN.
"Not common in * Crataegus phaenopyrum Medic. # Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. HONEWORT. Day, 1888. R# Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf.
GREEN VIOLET. 1877. "near the center of # Cuscuta gronovii Willd. COMMON
DODDER. Thickets to the southwest, 1987. A species of this plant is abundant
at the base of * Cynoglossum officinale L. HOUND'S
TONGUE. Day, 1888. This weedy species is frequent on the American side in the
# Cyperus esculentus L. YELLOW NUT GRASS. Day, 1888. Single plantin wet ditch, east end, curbless area by road, 1987. # Cyperus odoratus L. FRAGRANT CYPERUS. Zenkert, 1934. # Cyperus rivularis Kunth. SHINING CYPERUS. "On the east side," Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats area, edge of grass mat, 1986. P# Cystopteris bulbifera (L.)
Bernh. BULBLET BLADDER FERN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Base of * Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS. North end lawns, 1987. Ballast, 1988. First Sister, east end, 1986. Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. R* Daphne mezereum L. MEZEREUM. "One individual, perhaps planted," Day, 1883. "Introduced and spreading," Day, 1888. "Not observed," Zenkert, 1934. * Daucus carota L. QUEEN ANNE'S
LACE. This species is frequent along paths and road margins throughout the P# Dennstaedtia punctilobula
HAY-SCENTED FERN. Base of Goat Island, here and there toward the # Dentaria diphylla Michx. TWO-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. Day, 1883. Day, 1888. "Notable for their abundance and beauty," Day, 1901. # Dentaria laciniata Muhl.
CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. April 29, 1862; May 9, 1864 ( R# Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED HAIR GRASS. Day, 1888. * Dianthus armeria L. DEPTFORD
PINK. July 23, 1865, "On Goat Island, American side, above the Bridge
... abundant & nearly accessible ..." ( # Dicentra canadensis (Goldie)
Walp. SQUIRREL CORN. April 25, 1863; May 9, 1864 ( # Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.
DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. April 29, 1862; May 12, 1864 ( Day (1888) predicted
the extermination of these species (as Diclytras) on * Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.)
Schreb. ex Muhl. SMALL CRAB-GRASS. * Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
LARGE CRAB-GRASS. One or the other of the next two species is
abundant at the base of RNY, R* Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.
SAND ROCKET. Woods, 1987. An occurrence of this or the following on RNY, R* Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. WALL ROCKET. "Base," 1986. * Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. COMMON TEASEL. "ballast on the eastern meadow," 1985. # Dirca palustris L. LEATHERWOOD.
Reported for the # Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. YELLOW MANDARIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. * Dodecatheon meadia L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. "Introduced," Day, 1888. R* Draba verna L. WHITLOW GRASS. "Introduced .... Hardly yet established," Day, 1883. "Perhaps not established," Day, 1888. First Sister, east end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, 1988. P# Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray MARGINAL SHIELD FERN. Day, 1888. * Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. BARNYARD GRASS. 1987. # Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.&S. CREEPING SPIKERUSH. First Sister, west end, 1988. # Elymus virginicus L. VIRGINIA WILD RYE. Third Sister, willow base, south side river's edge [ obs. 1988 ]. # Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. There are very few
beeches on David Douglas in his diary in 1823 reported two species of Orobanche "in dry places ... among leaves." # Epilobium ciliatum Raf. NORTHERN
WILLOW-HERB. 1986. First Sister, west end, 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. R# Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. WILLOW-HERB. Terrapin Point, 1986. * Epilobium hirsutum L. HAIRY WILLOW-HERB. Sept. 22, 1936, Mabel James (BUF). 1986. Second Sister, west end, 1988. * Epipactis helleborine (L.)
Crantz. HELLEBORINE ORCHID. Goat Island ... where originally introduced by
Day," Zenkert, 1934. 1984. Wooded crest, 1988. Flats above the # Equisetum arvense L. COMMON
HORSETAIL. Day, 1888. Slopes in south end of Probably a
collection from the First Sister, west end, 1988 and on # Equisetum variegatum Schleich. VARIEGATED SCOURING-RUSH. "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862; May 12, 1864 (Clinton Journal). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. # Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. PILEWORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Several plants in garden soil, front of Terrapin Point Restaurant, 1987. # Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. SLENDER WHITE-TOP. Second Sister, east end, 1988. # Erigeron philadelphicus L.
PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE. Rocky area by # Erigeron pulchellus Michx. POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. # Erigeron strigosus Muhl. DAISY FLEABANE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. "frequent in thickets on the south side," 1986. # Erythronium americanum Kerr. YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. Central woods, 1982. * Eucommia ulmoides
Oliver, HARDY RUBBER TREE. One of the collection of
exotic trees behind the stone maintenance building at the foot of the
vehicular bridge. After a decade of trying to identify this large, mature
tree, which has never flowered or fruited during that time, and which has no
distinguishing characteristics of an ordinary nature, its identify was
discovered by chance at the Missouri Botanical Garden, where a similar tree
was located. Among the unusual characteristics of the species is the fact
that it is the only lactiferous, specifically rubber-producing tree of the
north temperate zone (it derives from Twelve Euonymus
shrubs were planted on the denuded southern slopes of PR# Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
WAHOO or BURNING BUSH. "On Goat Island, Euonymus atropurpureus
in fruit, very pretty," Nov. 29, 1865 ( Reported by the Superintendent (as Burning Bush) in the second report of the Commissioners in 1886. The "Waahoo ... grow as though this were their chosen home of all the earth ... and ... is best content where left entirely to itself" (Chamberlin, 1892). The sixty Euonymus shrubs removed from the Goat Island "thicket" and planted in the Goat Island nursery in 1891 (8 Ann Rep Comm, 1892) were native and abundant, and were probably this species, as were perhaps the 216 other Euonymus plants mentioned. Mitchell (1986) in
his recent checklist of the plants of New York State reports this species as
a "rare introduction" in New York State, and Fernald (1950)
indicated that it is "cultivated and somewhat naturalized
northeastward" of its natural range. Mitchell has since informed me this
species is not now considered rare in Zenkert (1934)
indicated Euonymus atropurpureus was somewhat rare in western Euonymus americana
L., STRAWBERRY-BUSH, is native to western New York State in low woods and is
rare in the state, being a southern species reaching its northern limits in
the state. It is not reported for * Euonymus europaeus L.
SPINDLE-TREE. "Apparently naturalized on Goat Island, # Eupatorium maculatum L.
JOE-PYE-WEED. 1987. Terrapin Point, 1986. Base of # Eupatorium perfoliatum L. BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, west end, 1988. Second Sister, west end, alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ]. # Eupatorium purpureum L. LOWLAND PURPLE BONESET. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). This species has a rather confused history in the Niagara Frontier Region. Specimens with this name from the regionexist in the Clinton Herbarium, and the herbarium of the Queen Victoria Park School of Horticulture, as do published reports (Day, 1882; Cameron, 1895; Hamilton, 1943 for the parks in Niagara Falls, Ontario). It does not appear in the checklist for the Niagara Frontier Region by Zander and Pierce (1979). This species probably does exist locally and this name has been included in the statistical tabulations. The specimens in question will eventually be sent to a specialist in the genus at the National Herbarium (US). # Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. WHITE
SNAKE ROOT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. On
slopes facing the # Euphorbia maculata L. WARTWEED. Second Sister, east end, 1987. # Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. BEECH. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D.Hooker's American Journal). "Abundant," Day, 1888. Northern slopes just west of pedestrian bridge, "single tree and suckers," 1988, 2-3 more trunks at edge of central woods facing the maintenance shed. Second Sister, east end, "single tree," 1987; west end [ obs. 1988 ]. The timber [ on * Festuca elatior L. MEADOW FESCUE. Day, 1888. * Festuca ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch SHEEP FESCUE. Third Sister, dolomite boulder, 1986. # Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Day, 1888. Floerkea uligonosa Muhl. is an earlier name. Although not very
common any more in our immediate area, in 1862 Judge Clinton found it in * Forsythia suspensa Vahl. FORSYTHIA. Planted by entrance to pedestrian bridge, border of thicket, north slope, 1988. * Fragaria vesca L. (s.l.) STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. A species of Strawberry was observed on the northeast end of the Second Sister in 1988. # Fragaria virginiana Duchesne WILD STRAWBERRY. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal. Day, 1888. Northeastern thickets, 1988. When the Goat Island nursery was established in
1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891), 130 young Ash (Fraxinus) trees were transplanted
there "from the thicket on Chamberlin (1892)
mentioned that at the time of writing the Seedlings of Ash are more abundant in 1988 throughout the area than any other tree species. # Fraxinus Fraxinus [ americana-pensylvanica
] Second Sister, west end. Alluvium, 1988 [ obs. ] ]
# Fraxinus nigra Marsh. BLACK ASH. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. One tree of this species was blown down in the winter storm of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890). The disappearance
of this species may relate to its disappearance in western # Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. RED
ASH. Zenkert, 1934. "South end in thickets on the river's edge,"
1986. Base of * Galeopsis tetrahit L. HEMP-NETTLE. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). The variety bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. occurs in the Niagara Frontier Region (Zander & Pierce, 1979). * Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake
CILIATE GALINSOGA. "By crest of the One Bedstraw (Galium) species was observed on the First Sister, west end, but was not in identifiable condition, another occurred by the entrance to the maintenance facility, in wooded area, 1988. # Galium aparine L. CLEAVERS. Day, 1888. # Galium asprellum Michx. ROUGH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. # Galium boreale L. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. * Galium mollugo L. BEDSTRAW. "Introduced," Day, 1888. # Galium obtusum Bigel. BLUNT-LEAVED MARSH BEDSTRAW. Thickets, south side, 1986. # Galium trifidum L. var. tinctorium (L.) T.&G. STIFF MARSH BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. # Galium triflorum Michx. SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. Second Sister, west side, 1988; east side, 1988. # Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. Day, 1888. RNY, PRE# Gentiana procera Holm
SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN. Torrey, 1843. (As Gentiana detonsa)
Sept. 11, 1862, "On the right of the path to On the talus at Lady Theodora Guest, in 1895 noticed a "Pink
Crane's Bill" (Geranium) growing on the # Geranium maculatum L. WILD CRANE'S-BILL. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. R* Geranium pusillum L. SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE'S-BILL. Lawn, area where three roads meet near maintenance building, 1988. Second Sister, east end, dolomite flats, 1987. # Geranium robertianum L. HERB
ROBERT. June 26, 1862 ( # Gerardia purpurea L. PURPLE GERARDIA. Day, 1888. R#var. parviflora Benth. SMALL-FLOWERED PURPLE GERARDIA. Terrapin Point, 1987. Second Sister, east end, 1986. # Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. YELLOW AVENS. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west end, 1988. # Geum canadense Jacq. WHITE AVENS.
Day, 1888. Base of # Geum laciniatum Murr. ROUGH AVENS. (All reports use the earlier name G. virginianum L., which is now applied to a different species of Geum formerly known as G. flavum). Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. * Glechoma hederacea L.
GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. Day, 1888. Gleditsia triacanthos L.
HONEY-LOCUST. Planted in various places throughout # Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. NERVED MANNA-GRASS. Crest woods, 1987. First Sister, west end, 1987. Second Sister, west end, 1987. # Gnaphalium uliginosum L. LOW CUDWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). P# Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br. TALL LEAFY GREEN ORCHID. (As Platanthera) "About the flat by Terrapin bridge," July 5, 1862 (Clinton Journal). "Near the Horse-shoe Fall," Day, 1888. # Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. * Hedera helix L. ENGLISH IVY. # Helenium autumnale L. SNEEZEWEED. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. 1986. Terrapin Point, 1986. First Sister, east end, 1988; west end, 1988. Second Sister, east end, shrubby area, wet dolomite, 86121414. # Helianthus divaricatus L. WOODLAND SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888. # Helianthus strumosus L. PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. Day, 1888. * Hemerocallis fulva L. DAY LILY. Second Sister, east end, 1987. # Hepatica acutilobula DC. SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA. Day, 1888. Day, 1901. # Hepatica # Heracleum lanatum Michx. DOWNY COW PARSNIP. Day, 1888. RNY, R* Heracleum mantegazzianum
Som. & Lev. GIANT HOGWEED. "Dense thickets on the S side of the
island," 8705199. * Hieracium aurantiacum L. DEVIL'S PAINT-BRUSH. "Introduced," Day, 1888. R* Hieracium florentinum All. R# Hieracium gronovii L. HAIRY HAWKWEED. Day, 1888. * Hieracium pratense Tausch. KING-DEVIL. Ballast, 1987. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Second Sister, east end, 1987. # Hieracium venosum L. RATTLESNAKE-WEED. Day, 1888. # Houstonia canadensis Willd. FRINGED HOUSTONIA. Torrey, 1843. June 26, 1862, "On top of the bank" [ the west-facing crest, as it occurs elsewhere on the crest of the Niagara River Gorge ], (Clinton Journal). (As Houstonia purpurea var. ciliolata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888. # Hydrocotyle # Hydrophyllum virginianum L.
VIRGINIA WATERLEAF. Day, 1888. Populations of this plant may be found along
the crest of the Niagara Gorge, eastern side, and RNY, R# Hypericum kalmianum L.
KALM'S This is the only
known locality for the species in There are reports for this species from the Canadian side, on the talus: "Rochers au bas de la chute de Niagara " Provancher (Fl. Canad. p. 104), Day, 1888. * Hypericum perforatum L. COMMON
ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). Day, 1888.
# Hysterix patula Moench.
BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. # Impatiens biflora Walt. SPOTTED
TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. All along the wooded slope against the waterline to
the south, in seeps in the southwestern part of the # Impatiens pallida Nutt. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT. Day, 1888. This species is frequent in the Niagara River Gorge. * Inula helenium L. ELECAMPANE. Day, 1888. # Iris versicolor L. BLUE FLAG. Day, 1888. Second Sister, west, 1987. One walnut tree (Juglans) was reported blown down in 1886 during winter storms. # Juglans cinerea L. BUTTERNUT. Second Sister, west end, 1988. # Juglans nigra L. BLACK WALNUT. Sept.
19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). 1984. Tree just west of vehicular
bridge, 1988. Two trees in the meadow, east end, and in the picnic area to
the southwest, 1988. Behind restaurant, 1988 [ obs.
]. Southern thickets, 1988. Base of According to the second report of the Commissioners to the State Legislature in 1886 [ for 1885 ] is the mention made by the Superintendent that this tree predominated among the natural woods in "The area at the head of the reservation" by the old Port Day pier, just east of the boundary line of the reservation on the mainland. Lady Theodora Guest in 1895 noticed Black Walnut trees on the Three Sisters. This species is
among the trees being replanted on * Juglans regia
L. PERSIAN or ENGLISH WALNUT. Very mature tree behind old maintenance
building in loop of the vehicular bridge road, mown area amid some native
trees. Planted a long time ago. Coll. 2001 (BUF). # Juncus articulatus L. JOINTED
RUSH. Flats above the # Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.)
Buch. SHORT-HEADED RUSH. # Juncus bufonius L. TOAD RUSH. # Juncus dudleyi Wieg. # Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. COMMON RUSH. Second Sister, east end, few, 1988. # Juncus nodosus L. KNOTTED RUSH. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. # Juncus tenuis Willd. PATH RUSH.
Day, 1888. Base of # Juniperus communis L. LOW JUNIPER
[ COMMON JUNIPER ]. Goat
Island, George Engelmann (GEH at MO) August 1840; Goat Island, April
29, 1862 ( This is the Common
Juniper referred to in the # Juniperus virginiana L. RED
CEDAR. 1871. 1874. Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal).
"... and the banks of The Superintendent
of the Reservation indicated "The red cedars are dying out of late
years" in the second report of the Commissioners of 1886. Perhaps this
published concern for these trees accounts for the fine grove of this species
in the eastern meadow. Eleven red cedars were blown down in the winter storm
of 1889 (report of the Superintendent, 6 Ann.Rep. Comm., 1890), and two
January 13, 1890 (7 Ann Rep Comm, 1891). Nine red cedars were planted on the
denuded southern banks of Chamberlin (1892)
observed on R# Justicia Populations of this
lovely river plant (not a [ Larix sp. Several species of Larch of
maturity occur throughout Goat Island, growing in open stations where they
have been planted - no attempt has been made to identify these as they are
obviously introduced, and do not appear to be spreading. In 1891, one hundred
"Scotch larch" trees were procured for the #Larix decidua Mill. EUROPEAN LARCH. Central wood's edge,
northeast side facing entrance to pedestrian bridge, with Eucommia
ulmoides, near Picea sitchensis, apparently even-aged with these
horticultural trees. Native to the Alps and # Lathyrus ochroleucus CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. Day, 1888. # Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius
(Muhl.) Gray MYRTLE-LEAVED VETCHLING. On June 26, 1862, # Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. TALL BLUE LETTUCE. (As Lactuca leucophaea) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). # Lactuca canadensis L. WILD LETTUCE. (As Lactuca elongata) Sept. 19, 1877 (J. D. Hooker's American Journal). A species of Leersia was noted for # Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. RICE CUT-GRASS. First Sister, west end, 1988. # Leersia virginica Willd. WHITE GRASS. Day, 1888. # Lemna minor L. LESSER DUCKWEED. "Southwest end," 1986. * Leonurus cardiaca L. MOTHERWORT.
Day, 1888. First Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ].
Second Sister, west end [ obs. 1988 ]. Throughout
the wooded margins of * Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.
FIELD PEPPERGRASS. Ballast, 1987. # Lepidium virginicum L. COMMON
PEPPERGRASS. First of the * Ligustrum vulgare L. PRIVET.
"Ballast, east end," 1985. * Linaria vulgaris Hill
BUTTER-AND-EGGS. Base of # Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume
SPICEBUSH or SPICEBARK. " Reported for # Liriodendron tulipifera L. TULIP TREE. "One fine specimen is growing near the carriage way on the north side of the island," Day, 1888. Day, 1901. "Planted as an ornamental," 1986. Reported for * Lithospermum arvense L. CORN GROMWELL. Day, 1888. Zenkert, 1934. * Lithospermum officinale L. COMMON
GROMWELL. "A common weed on the |