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BOTANICAL EVALUATION OF THE GOAT ISLAND COMPLEX, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK |
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THE LICHEN FLORA Hale (1967) citing studies by Rydzak (1955) indicated that "low humidity and higher temperatures of cities alone can explain the loss of lichens. Dessiccation and lack of dew formation are characteristic of the urban microclimate, and lichens are subjected to abnormally rapid wetting and drying cycles." Elevated desiccation regimes due to forest depletion on Goat Island with its high wind factor may have contributed to loss of species diversity there. "The continual destruction of native trees in cities and replanting with lichen-free nursery stock effectively reduce the supply of vegetative propagules"; ... where old herbarium records of showy fruticose and foliose lichens made before the primary forests were cut down simply cannot be duplicated in secondary or regenerated forests. Atmospheric pollution is not a factor here at all nor could desiccation account for the loss" (Hale, 1967). Although showy lichen species were not evident on Goat Island specimens, still, the effect would be the same on more inconspicuous species (see discussion by Harris in this account). LICHENS: HISTORIC ACCOUNTS The following list of lichen specimens from Goat Island and the Three Sisters derives from nineteenth century collections in the Clinton Herbarium. These have been most recently revised by Dr. Richard C. Harris of the New York Botanical Garden, together with other specimens collected at localities such as Devil's Hole, Niagara Falls, and Whirlpool Woods. In 1883, under the editorship of David F. Day, the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences published its second installment of "The Plants of Buffalo and Vicinity" (Day, 1883). The lichens were treated in this edition. Miss Mary L. Wilson prepared the lichen reports based primarily on her own and George Clinton's collections. Not much is known of Wilson's work or activities outside of her contributions to this bulletin. Day introduced Miss Wilson as follows: "Early in the history of the Society, the investigation of our Lichens was generously undertaken by Miss Mary L. Wilson, then of our city, now of Haverhill, Mass. The success which attended her efforts in this difficult and neglected field is demonstrated by the very valuable collections of plants of that order, constituting a part of the Herbarium. Miss Wilson has now enhanced the value of her labors by preparing with her own hand the list of the Lichens of Buffalo which makes a part of the Catalogue" (Day, 1882). There is an envelope in the Clinton Herbarium addressed to her at 78 Niagara Street, Buffalo, apparently her residence before she moved to Massachusetts. Among the species listed in Miss Wilson's catalogue of lichens growing in the vicinity of Buffalo, Theloschistes chrysopthalmus L. was reported from Niagara Falls, as were Physcia ciliaris Ach. var. angustata Tuck., Placodium rupestre (Scop.) Nyl., Lecanora hagenii Ach., and Staurothele drummondii Tuck. The Lecanora specimen was reported earlier by Peck (1873) as new to New York State. No place names were given for any other species except two from Wyoming County, New York, two from Lime Lake in Cattaraugus County and one from Williamsville in Erie County. All of the other 193 species were presumably of sufficient general distribution as not to warrant reporting their localities. Again, this is indirect evidence of the unusual biological nature of the environs of Niagara Falls. Miss Wilson communicated with various natural historians, such as the American phycologist Francis Wolle to whom she sent specimens of algae and from whom she received algal collections (see section on phycology). Miss Wilson had involved herself much with the newly formed Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences of 1861 of which she was a member. Prior to 1880, she assisted in developing a field club associated with the Society. Subsequently she involved herself with curation of the initial conchological collections of the Society when its collections were housed at the Young Men's Association Building, Main Street, Buffalo (Robertson & Blakeslee, 1948). She worked actively to expand the Society's conchological representations by collection and exchange until they included about 6,000 species "or about one-quarter of the known kinds" (Robertson & Barcellona, 1939). Other botanical interests were to follow, so that by 1873, she had become the custodian of the Society's botany collections, her research interests tending toward cryptogams. Miss Wilson communicated with European botanists, from whom she received named specimens of European lichens to assist her in understanding the American flora (R. Harris, pers. comm.). As indicated on the notations of the labels listed below, she sought the assistance of the eminent North American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman (1817-1886) in the verification and determination of some of her specimens. Tuckerman was the first to write comprehensive treatises on the American lichen flora (Fink, 1906). He was "to lichenology what Asa Gray was to the study of our seed-plants." But Tuckerman also "aided others continually and much of his labor received no public recognition," such as the attention he afforded Wilson and her specimens from western New York State. The Buffalo Museum of Science, where the collections and archives of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences are kept, is presently organizing its archive collections, but so far there is little representation of her activities there. While examining the lichen books in the research library of the Museum, I was pleased to discover a copy of Tuckerman's Genera Lichenum (1872) with the following autographed dedication: "Miss Mary L. Wilson with the regards of the author."* This volume also bears notations in Wilson's handwriting. Inserted into a page of this book is a copy of Tuckerman's obituary and his photograph. The first line of Tuckerman's volume indicated something of his attitude toward those who sent him specimens: "This is a final report to the friendly correspondents of the author on the specimens which, for many years, they have sent to him for determination. And such determination implying a certain arrangement, the book is further a report upon what, after much labour, has commended itself to him as the best-ascertained, systematic disposition of the Lichens." In Tuckerman's later publication, the Synopsis of 1882, he cited specimens sent him by Wilson: Buellia dialyta (Nyl.) Tuck., Buellia schaereri DeNot., Lecanora verrucosa (Ach.) Laur. var. mutabilis Th.Fr., Physcia ciliaris (L.) DC., and Rinodina milliaria Tuck., Biatora decipiens, from Niagara Falls, a calcareous-loving lichen "more common westward, "was submitted, and two specimens of Graphis from Florida (G. leucopepla Tuckerm. and G. scolecitis Tuck.) Henry Willey (1824-1907) was a student of Tuckerman's, and helped verify or identify most of Wilson's determinations listed below. Willey was also a correspondent with George Clinton, who collaborated with Wilson in respect to determining Clinton's lichen collections, and, he also exchanged letters with Charles Peck, certain of whose New York State specimens Willey identified (Peck, 1874). In 1873 Clinton published a new species of fungi and named it after Willey, "a most active and enthusiastic lichenist," (Thelephora willeyi, Clinton in Peck, 1873). Upon his death, Willey's 10,000-specimen herbarium was sold to the Smithsonian Institution (Jennings, 1914; Fink, 1914), and it is perhaps there that additional collections from Niagara Falls and the Niagara Reservation may be sought. Clinton named several new mycological species after Mary Wilson: Puccinia Mariae-Wilsoni Clinton (Peck, 1872), Diderma Mariae-Wilsoni Clinton in Peck (1873). Peck named Aecidium Mariae-Wilsoni after her (Peck, 1870). The new species Phoma Mariae Clinton in Peck (1875), was dedicated to Miss Mary L. Wilson, as was perhaps Sphaeropsis Wilsoni Clinton in the same issue, Hendersonia Mariae Clinton and Septoria Wilsoni Clinton. See also Russula Mariae Peck (1872), and Pestalozzia Mariae Clinton in Peck (1874). Charles Peck had published lichen records Wilson had collected from western New York, primarily Buffalo, for example, in the Report on the State Museum of 1870 (23 lichens), 1872 (eight species of lichens), 1873 (eight species of lichens). In 1873-1874, Wilson donated thirty-five species of marine algae to the New York State Museum (Peck, 1874), for which she probably had paid a visit to the seaside away from her Buffalo home. In 1874-1875, she donated two specimens of lichens to the New York State Herbarium (Peck, 1875), nothing in the year 1875 (Peck, 1876), [none in 29-34 annual reports, [1876] 1878-1881. Her specimens of Lecidea russellii Tuck., Gyalecta cupularis Schaer, and Stereocaulon condensatum Hoffm. were reported from Niagara Falls, and Physcia ciliaris var. angustata Tuck. from Goat Island (Peck, 1870). LICHENS: HISTORIC Catalogue of Lichen Specimens from the Clinton Herbarium I acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Richard Harris, New York Botanical Garden, for reidentifying these historic specimens, bringing the nomenclature up to date.
Anaptychia setifera Raes. Goat Island, M. L. W. on packet top [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] [perhaps handwriting Mary L. Wilson] G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] 1871 (BUF). Anaptychia setifera Raes. Three Sisters, Niagara [handwriting of Mary L. Wilson] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] Mary L. Wilson 1870 (BUF). Anaptychia setifera Raes. Goat Island, [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988.] [perhaps handwriting G. W. Clinton] (BUF). Anaptychia setifera Raes. Goat Island [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988.] [perhaps handwriting Mary L. Wilson] G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] May 22, 1871 (BUF). Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann Goat Island, [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988.] [perhaps handwriting Mary L. Wilson] M. L. W. [Mary L. Wilson] 1871 (BUF). Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann Rocks in river, Goat I. just below the bridge to the First Sister [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1986.] [perhaps handwriting G.W.Clinton, Henry Willey] Nov. 8 (BUF). Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann Goat Island, opposite the First Sister [First det. may be handwriting of Henry Willey] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1986.] [perhaps handwriting G.W.Clinton] Nov. 5 (BUF). Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann Rocks in Niag. River near Goat Island & Sisters [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1986.] [Perhaps handwriting Mary L. Wilson] G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] Nov. 1870 (BUF). Caloplaca flavorubescens (Hudson) Laundon Goat Island. "12" "Took it, I suppose, partly because I was in despair, & partly because the tree was Ash." [Clinton's handwriting] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] Nov. 5 (BUF). Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. First "Sister," Niagara Falls [handwriting of Mary L. Wilson] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] "M.L.W." G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] Nov. 8, 1870 (BUF). Lecidea russula Ach. Goat Island. "12" "Took it, I suppose, partly because I was in despair, & partly because the tree was Ash." [Clinton's handwriting] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] Nov. 5 (BUF). Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. Goat Island. [Perhaps handwriting of Mary L. Wilson] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] Jan., 1870 (BUF). Mycobilimbia sabuletorum (Schreber) Hafellner The Second Sister. [Perhaps handwriting of G. W. Clinton] "8" [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1986] G. W. C. [George W. Clinton] Jan. 26 (BUF). Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory "Sisters" Niagara. "PD-" [Handwriting of Mary L. Wilson] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] R. S. C. June 1870 (BUF). Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr. "Sisters" Niagara Falls. [Perhaps handwriting of Mary L. Wilson] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] "The only 'inland' New York record." R.C.H. 1870 (BUF). Verrucaria calkinsiana Servit From a stone in the middle of Goat Island [handwriting of G. W. Clinton] [Det. Richard C. Harris, 1988] "14" Nov. 5 (BUF).
LICHENS: RECENT COLLECTIONS Catalogue of recent Lichen Specimens from the New York Botanical Garden The following specimens are representative of the current lichen flora of the Goat Island complex and are the result of collections by Dr. Richard Harris of the New York Botanical Garden (NY), whose aid was enlisted for this project. His summary of collections is appended to this list. These collections were made in the first two days of November, 1988. Arthonia lapadicola (Taylor) Branth & Rostrup North side Goat Island, on slope near water just E of Luna Is. bridge, on rock, Harris 22855 (NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Bacidia epixanthoides (Nyl.) Lettau First Sister west, on Mnium thomsonii, Harris 16341 (NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Bacidia granosa (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Goat Island, north side, on bank near water, on rock, Harris 22837 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16297 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 16348 (NY), Harris 22867 (NY), Harris 22869 (NY), Harris 22872 (NY), Harris 22874 (NY), Harris 22877 (NY). Second Sister, west end in central woods, on rock, Harris 22895 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 22903 (NY), Harris 22924 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22931 (NY). Bacidia inundata (Fr.) Koerber Goat Island, western half central forest, on small rock, Harris 22836 (NY). Bacidia sp. Goat Island, north side, on flat rock partially in water, Harris 22839 (NY). Second Sister, east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 22898 (NY). Luna Island, on rock, Harris 16326 (NY), Harris 16327 (NY), Harris 16328 (NY). Bacidia sp. Goat Island, north side, at base of Populus, Harris 22831, Harris 22841(NY). Bacidia sp. First Sister, east end, on Anomodon attenuatus, Harris 16413 (NY); east end, on lignum, Harris 16416 (NY). Second Sister, west end, on lignum, Harris 16375 (NY). Bacidia sp. Goat Island, north side, on lignum, Harris 22822 (NY); north side, on exposed roots of Acer, Harris 22826 (NY); north side, on lignum and old Hypoxylon, Harris 22828 (NY); north side, on old Hypoxylon, Harris 16921 (NY). Bacidia sp. Second Sister, west end, on decorticate stump, Harris 22893 (NY). Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) Massal. Goat Island, north side near Luna Island bridge, at 1 m on Robinia, Harris 22835 (NY); near Luna Island bridge, at base of Robinia, Harris 22850 (NY). Second Sister, west end, at base of Tilia, Harris 22885 (NY), Harris 16389 (NY); east end, Harris 16400 (NY). Third Sister, west end, at base of Salix, Harris 22934 (NY). Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr. Luna Island, on bark, Harris 16333 (NY). Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) Th. Fr. First Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22917 (NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. First Sister bridge, on mortar, Harris 22863 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 22866 (NY). Third Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22886 (NY); middle, south side, on rock, Harris 22989 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22991 (NY). Caloplaca feracissima Magn. Goat Island, north side, retaining wall at river's edge,Harris 22856 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16299 (NY). First Sister, east end, highest point, on rock, Harris 22916 (NY); east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 22929 (NY) Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Bridge to First Sister, Harris 22876 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 16417 (NY). Second Sister, west end, large boulder on south side, Harris 22912 (NY). Third Sister, east end, north side, on rock, Harris 22937(NY). Caloplaca sp. Second Sister, east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 22896 (NY), Harris 22906 (NY), Harris 22914 (NY). Caloplaca sp. Second Sister, west end, on ridge, south side, on rock, Harris 22888 (NY). Caloplaca sp. First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 22870 (NY). Candelaria concolor (Dickson) B. Stein Second Sister, west end, on Quercus, Harris 16387 (NY). Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. Goat Island, N end of bridge to Luna Island, on rock, Harris 22859 (NY). First Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 23028 (NY). Second Sister, east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 22898 (NY); Harris 22900 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 16409 (NY). Candelariella efflorescens Harris & Buck Second Sister, west end, on Salix, Harris 16377 (NY). Cladonia humilis (With.) Laundon - bourgeanic acid strain. Second Sister, west end, on rotten log, Harris 16383 (NY). Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. Base of Goat Island, on soil, Harris 16357 (NY). Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.) Arn. Third Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22887 (NY). Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig Goat Island, north side, on rock, Harris 22832 (NY). Goat Island, central woods, west side, near parking lot, on rock,Harris 22947 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 22868 (NY); Harris 22877 (NY); Harris 22878 (NY); Harris 22879 (NY). First Sister, east end, highest point, on rock, Harris 22916 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 16336 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 16420 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 16425 (NY). Second Sister, west end, in woods, on rock, Harris 22895 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 22942 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22922 (NY). Lecania perproxima (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Second Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22904 (NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. Goat Island, north side, retaining wall at river's edge, on rock,Harris 22860 (NY). Luna Island, on rock, Harris 22858 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 22868 (NY); east end, highest point, on rock, Harris 22916 (NY). Second Sister, east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 22900 (NY); east end, limestone flat, on rock near water, Harris 22908 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 22902 (NY). Caloplaca feracissima Magn. Goat Island, north side, retaining wall at river's edge, Harris 22856 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16299 (NY). Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. Goat Island, N end of bridge to Luna Island, on rock, Harris22859 (NY). Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig Goat Island, north side, on rock, Harris 22832 (NY); central woods, west side, near parking lot, on rock, Harris 22947 (NY). Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. Goat Island, north side, retaining wall at river's edge, on rock, Harris 22860 (NY). Lecanora umbrosa Degel. Third Sister, east end, north side, on rock, Harris 22940(NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert Second Sister, west end, south side, on big boulder, Harris 22901 (NY). Third Sister, middle, south side, on rock, Harris 22890 (NY); east end, north side, on rock, Harris 22936 (NY); east end, north side, on rock, Harris 22938 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 16432 (NY). Lepraria finkii (B. de Lesd. in Hue) R. C. Harris Goat Island, north side, at base of Betula, Harris 22819 (NY); north side, at base of Tilia, at river's edge, Harris 22821 (NY); north side near pedestrian bridge, on rock, Harris 22825 (NY); north side, at base of dead Ulmus, Harris 22829 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16305 (NY). Luna Island, at base of Ulmus, Harris 22842 (NY); on Quercus root over water, Harris 22847 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 22875 (NY), Harris 22875 (NY). Third Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22919 (NY). Lepraria lesdainii (Hue) R. C. Harris Second Sister, west end, in overhang of breakwater on north side,Harris 22927 (NY). Leptogium juniperinum Tuck. First Sister, west end, in rock crevice, Harris 16346 (NY) NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Leptogium tenuissimum (Dickson) Fr. Second Sister, west end, on soil among mosses, Harris 16381 (NY). Mycobilimbia sabuletorum (Schreber) Hafellner Goat Island, north side, rock at river's edge, Harris 22845 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16302 (NY), Harris 16312 (NY). First Sister, east end, on rock, Harris 22930 (NY); west end, on moss, Harris 16339 (NY), Harris 16422 (NY); west end, on rock, Harris 16428 (NY). Second Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 16393 (NY), Harris 22910 (NY), west end, on moss, Harris 22915 (NY). Parmelia sulcata Taylor Goat Island, north side, on Fraxinus at river's edge, Harris 22834 (NY). Third Sister, west end, on lignum, Harris 16437 (NY). Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl. Goat Island, edge of west parking lot, on Acer, Harris 22816 (NY). First Sister, west end, on mosses over rock, Harris 22864 (NY), Harris 22865 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22933 (NY). Second Sister, east end, at base of small Fraxinus, Harris 22913 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22922 (NY). Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Necker) Moberg Goat Island, edge of west parking lot, on Acer, Harris 22816 (NY). Along road, south side of west end of Goat Island, on bark,Harris 22820 (NY). Luna Island, on dead Ulmus, Harris 22843 (NY); on Ostrya, Harris 22851 (NY); on rock, Harris 22861 (NY). First Sister, east end, highest point, Harris 22916 (NY). Second Sister, west end, south side, on rock, Harris 22899 (NY); east end, on rock, Harris 22905 (NY). Third Sister, at base of Salix, Harris 22935 (NY). Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Moberg Second Sister, west end, on bark, Harris 16387 (NY). Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Oliver Goat Island, edge of west parking lot, on Acer, Harris 22816 (NY). Second Sister, east face of stone block at river's edge,Harris 22897 (NY). Third Sister, west end, at base of Salix, Harris 23943 (NY). Physcia millegrana Degel. Goat Island, parking area for Three Sisters, on bark, Harris 23941 (NY). Second Sister, west end, on Salix, Harris 16392 (NY). Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) Stainer Base of Goat Island, on rock, Harris 22884 (NY). Luna Island, on rock, Harris 16324 (NY). Terrapin Point, on rock, Harris 16443 (NY). Pyrenocollema strontianensis (Swinscow) R. C. Harris Luna Island, on rock, Harris 16317 (NY) GENUS AND SPECIES NEW TO NEW YORK STATE. Sarcogyne regularis Koerber First Sister, shore rock, Harris 22921 (NY). Verrucaria muralis Ach. Goat Island, north side, near water, on rock, Harris 22824 (NY); north side, small rocks in clay bank, Harris 22849 (NY); north side, on rock, Harris 16036 (NY), Harris 16303 (NY). Base of Goat Island, on rock, Harris 22880 (NY), Harris 22883 (NY). Terrapin Point, on rock, Harris 16443 (NY). First Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 22871 (NY); east end, along shore, on rock, Harris 23925 (NY). Second Sister, west end, on rock, Harris 23907 (NY); east end, limestone flat, on rock, Harris 23944 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Goat Island, north side, on small rock in clay bank, woodlandtaxon, Harris 22838 (NY); Harris 22846 (NY); Harris 22848 (NY). Goat Island, central woods, western half, on small rock, Harris 22854 (NY). Goat Island, north side, on small rock, woodland taxon, Harris 16308 (NY), Harris 16313 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Luna Island, Harris 22852 (NY). First Sister, west end, Harris 22869 (NY), Harris 22871 (NY), Harris 22879 (NY). First Sister, east end, Harris 22918 (NY); east end, on shore, Harris 22920 (NY). Second Sister, east end, Harris 22923 (NY). Third Sister, west end, north side, Harris 22939 (NY); east end, Harris 22892 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Base of Goat Island, Harris 16352 (NY). First Sister, east end, Harris 22928 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Base of Goat Island, Harris 22881 (NY), Harris 22882 (NY). Second Sister, east end, limestone flat, Harris 22914 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Goat Island, central woods, western half near parking lot, on small rock, Harris 22857 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Goat Island, central woods, western half, near parking lot, onsmall rock, Harris 22844 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Goat Island, north side, near Luna bridge, near water, Harris 22830 (NY). Verrucaria sp. Goat Island, north side, near Luna bridge, near water, Harris 22823 (NY). Verrucaria sp. First Sister, east end, on shore, rock, Harris 22926 (NY). Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arn. Luna Island, on dead Ulmus, Harris 22843a (NY). Goat Island, edge of west parking lot, at base of Fraxinus,Harris 22853 (NY). NON-LICHENIZED FUNGI Hysterium angustatum Alb. & Schw. Goat Island, western half central woods, on Fraxinus, Harris 22817 (NY), Harris 22818 (NY). * A poem is inscribed in Miss Wilson's handwriting on a back page of her autographyed copy of Tuckerman's Genera Lichenum mentioned above, and which indicates something of her general attitude: What shortens time for me? - Goethe |