*Xanthium strumarium
L. ORIENTAL COCKLEBUR. Ontario: (as X. canadense var. echinatum)
"Chippewa .... (Maclagan.)" Macoun (1884). (As Xanthium canadense)
"Above the Falls on the American side," Day (1888). (As X. orientale),
"... grows at several places in the Parks, and for the past several years
great clumps of this plant have been removed from the raspberry patch at the
School for Gardeners," Hamilton (1943). ). (As X.
orientale) "[Niagara]
Glen," sight record, Yaki (1970).
Xanthium canadense var. echinatum Gray.
"Chippewa, Ontario (Macoun, on the authority of Dr. Maclagan)," Day
(1888) and Ontario, Niagara Parks System, Cameron (1895) may be recognized as X.
strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & Gray, as
recognized by Mitchell (1986), who gives X. echinatum Murray as a
synonym. Heimburger
(1955) gave the synonym Xanthium chinense Mill. for the Macoun citation,
which would be X. strumarium var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq. according to Mitchell (1986).
New York: Buckhorn Island, SW part of park, W
of I90, near path along Niagara River from West River Parkway to Burntship
Creek, all along wet shores NW side, Eckel, Oct. 1, 1997 (BUF).