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MADCAPHORSE
A Revised Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Niagara Frontier Region
Flora of the Niagara Frontier Region, Third Supplement
by Patricia M. Eckel
CATALOGUE A - C

A - C

ABIES Mill. (Pinaceae)

Abies alba Michx. = Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

A. balsamea (L.) Mill., Balsam Fir, Canada Balsam, Blisters Image 2

Abies canadensis Michx. = Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

Abies nigra Poir. of Clinton's Journal (1864) = Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP

ABUTILON Mill. (Malvaceae)

Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby = Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

* A. theophrasti Medik., Velvet-leaf, Butter-print, Pie-marker, Indian Mallow

= A. avicennae Gaertn.

= A. abutilon (L.) Rusby

= Sida abutilon L.

Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. = Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

ACALYPHA L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. = A. virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider

A. virginica L., Three-seeded Mercury

var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider

= A. rhomboidea Raf.

var. virginica

ACER L. (Aceraceae)

* A. campestre L., Hedge-maple NEW

Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. = Acer saccharinum L.

Acer eriocarpum Michx. = Acer saccharinum L.

* A. ginnala Maxim., Amur Maple

= A. tataricum L. var. ginnala Maxim.

Acer glaucum Marsh. = Acer saccarinum L.

* A. negundo L., Box Elder, Ash-leaf Maple, Manitoba Maple Image 2

= A. negundo var. violaceum Mill.

= Negundo negundo (L.) Karst.

A. nigrum Michx.f., Black Maple

= A. saccharum var. nigrum (Michx.f.) Britt.

A. pensylvanicum L., Striped Maple, Moosewood, Green-striped Maple, Whistlewood Image 2 3

* A. platanoides L., Norway Maple Image 2

* A. pseudoplatanus L., Sycamore-maple NEW

A. rubrum L., Red Maple, Swamp Maple, Scarlet Maple

var. rubrum

var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex Koch, Three-lobed red maple.

= A. rubrum var. tridens Wood

A. rubrum x saccharinum = A. x freemanii Murr., Soft Maple, Hybrid Swamp Maple NEW

A. saccharinum L., Silver Maple, White Maple, River Maple

= A. dasycarpum Ehrh.

= A. eriocarpum Michx.

= A. glaucum Marsh.

Acer saccharinum Wang. = Acer saccharum Marsh.

A. saccharum Marsh., Sugar Maple, Rock Maple, Hard Maple Image 2 3 4

= A. saccharum var. schneckii Rehd.

= A. saccharinum Wang.

A. spicatum Lam., Mountain Maple

Acer tataricum L. var. ginnala Maxim. = Acer ginnala Maxim.

Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eat. = Asclepias viridiflora L.

ACHILLEA L. (Asteraceae)

A. millefolium L., Common Yarrow, Milfoil

     *var. millefolium

     *var. occidentalis DC., Woolly Milfoil

= A. asplenifolia of authors, not Vent.

= A. millefolium ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper

= A. lanulosa Nutt.

= A. occidentalis (DC.) Ref. ex Rydb.

= A. tomentosa Pursh

* A. ptarmica L., White Tansy Sneezeweed

Achillea tomentosa Pursh = Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.

ACINOS Mill. (Lamiaceae)

* A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, Mother of Thyme

= Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze

= Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele

ACORUS L. (Araceae)

A. americanus (Raf.) Raf., Calamus, Sweet Flag, Flagroot

= A. calamus of American authors, not L.

Acrostichum thelypteris L. = Thelypteris palustris Schott

ACTAEA L. (Ranunculaceae)

A. pachypoda Ell., White Baneberry, Doll's Eyes, White Cohosh Image 2

= A. alba of American authors, not (L.) Mill.

= A. spicata var. alba L.

A. pachypoda x spicata ssp. rubra, Baneberry NEW

= A. x ludovicii Boivin

= A. alba x rubra

= A. pachypoda x rubra

A. spicata L., Red Baneberry, Baneberry, Black Cohosh, Snakeberry Image 2

ssp. rubra (Ait.) Hultén

= A. rubra (Ait.) Willd.

= A. spicata var. rubra Ait.

Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. = Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt.

ADIANTUM L. (Pteridaceae)

A. pedatum L., Maidenhair Fern Image 2

Adicia fontana Lunell = Pilea fontana (Lunnell) Rydb.

Adicia pumila (L.) Raf. = Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray

ADLUMIA Raf. (Fumariaceae)

A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene ex BSP., Allegheny Vine, Mountain Fringe, Climbing Fumitory

= A. asiatica Ohwi

= A. cirrhosa Raf.

= Fumaria fungosa Ait.

= F. recta Raf.

AEGILOPS L. (Poaceae)

* A. cylindrica Host, Jointed Goatgrass NEW

AEGOPODIUM L. (Apiaceae)

* A. podagraria L., Goutweed, Goat's-foot

AESCULUS L. (Hippocastanaceae)

* A. hippocastanum L., Horse-chestnut Image 2 3 4 5

* A. glabra Willd., Ohio Buckeye NEW

AETHUSA L. (Apiaceae)

* A. cynapium L., Fool's Parsley NEW Image 2

AGALINIS Raf. (Scrophulariaceae)

A. paupercula (Gray) Britt., Small-flowered Purple Gerardia, False-foxglove, Gerardia

var. borealis Pennell

= Gerardia paupercula var. borealis (Pennell) Deam

= G. purpurea L. var. parviflora Benth.

A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf., Slender Gerardia

var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell

= Gerardia tenuifolia var. parviflora Nutt.

var. tenuifolia

= Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl

AGASTACHE Clayt. ex Gronov. (Lamiaceae)

A. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze, Yellow Giant Hyssop

= Lophanthus nepetoides (L.) Benth.

A. scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze, Purple Giant Hyssop

= A. scrophulariifolia var. mollis (Fern.) Heller

= A. urticifolia sensu House (1924), not (Benth.) Kuntze

= Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius (Willd.) Benth.

Ageratina altissima (L.) R. King & H. Robinson = Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.

AGRIMONIA L. (Rosaceae)

Agrimonia bicknellii of NY reports, not (Kearney) Rydb. ex Bickn. = Agrimonia pubescens Wallr.

* A. eupatoria L., Common Agrimony, Cocklebur

Agrimonia eupatoria of Ontario reports, not L. = Agrimonia striata Michx. (q.v.)

A. gyrosepala Wallr., Tall Hairy Agrimony, Agrimony, Cocklebur, Harvest Lice, Stickseed

A. parviflora Solander ex Ait., Small-flowered Agrimony, Agrimony, Cocklebur

A. pubescens Wallr., Soft Agrimony

= A.bicknellii of NY reports, not (Kearney) Rydb. ex Bickn.

= A. mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Britt.

A. rostellata Wallr., Agrimony NEW

A. striata Michx., Grooved Agrimony, Britton's Agrimony, Harvest Lice, Cocklebur

= A. eupatoria of Ontario reports, not L.

AGROPYRON Gaertn. (Poaceae)

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) Barkworth & D. Dewey

Agropyron caninum var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & Moore = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

* A. cristatum L., Crested Wheatgrass

           = A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes

Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes = Agropyron cristatum L.

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. littoreum Anderss. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. nemorale Anderss. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. var. pilosum Scribn. = Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski

Agropyron smithii Rydb. = Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve

Agropyron tenerum Vasey = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex Lewis = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) Barkworth & D. Dewey

Agropyron trachycaulum var. majus (Vasey) Fern. = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) Barkworth & D. Dewey

Agropyron trachycaulum var. novae-angliae (Scribn. ex Brainerd) Fern. = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

Agropyron trachycaulum var. unilaterale (Vasey) Malte = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

Agrypyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange = Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. trachycaulus

AGROSTEMMA L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Agrostemma coronaria L. = Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.

* A. githago L., Corn-Cockle, Corn-rose, Purple Cockle

= Lychnis githago (L.) Scop.

AGROSTIS L. (Poaceae)

Agrostis alba of authors, not L. = Agrostis gigantea Roth

Agrostis alba var. maritima (Lam.) G.F.W. Mey. = Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

Agrostis alba var. palustris (Huds.) Pers. = Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

* A. capillaris L., Rhode Island Bent, Colonial Bent

= A. tenuis Sibth.

= A. vulgaris With.

A. geminata Trin., Bentgrass, Hairgrass NEW

= A. scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen

* A. gigantea Roth, Redtop, Black Bent

= A. gigantea var. dispar (Michx.) Philipson

= A. stolonifera var. major (Gaud.) Farw.

= A. alba of authors, not L.

A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP., Hair-grass, Southern Hairgrass, Ticklegrass

Agrostis maritima Lam. = Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

Agrostis palustris Huds. = Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., Upland Bent, Autumn Bent NEW

= A. schweinitzii Trin.

A. scabra Willd., Hairgrass, Fly-away Grass, Ticklegrass NEW

= A. hyemalis var. tenuis (Tuckerman) Gleason

= A. peckii House

Agrostis schweinitzii Trin. = Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.

* A. stolonifera L., Creeping Bent, Carpet Bent

var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

= A. alba var. maritima (Lam.) G.F.W. Mey.

= A. alba var. palustris (Huds.) Pers.

= A. maritima Lam.

= A. palustris Huds.

= A. palustris var. stricta

= A. stolonifera var. compacta Hartm.

var. stolonifera

Agrostis tenuis Sibth. = Agrostis capillaris L.

AILANTHUS Desf. (Simaroubaceae):

* A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus, Copal Tree

= A. glandulosa Desf.

Aira cespitosa L. = Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.

Aira flexuosa L. = Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.

ALCEA L. (Malvaceae)

* A. rosea L., Garden Hollyhock

= Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.

ALCHEMILLA L. (Rosaceae)

* A. monticola Opiz, Lady's Mantle

= A. vulgaris of NY reports, not L.

ALISMA L. (Alismataceae)

A. gramineum Lej., Water Plantain, Grassy-leaved Water-plantain NEW

= A. geyeri Torr.

A. subcordatum Raf., Water-plantain Image 2

= A. plantago-aquatica of American authors in part, not L.; sensu Zenkert, 1934 p. 88.

= A. plantago-aquatica var. parviflorum (Pursh) Torrey (of Eaton & Schrot 1987 p.124).

= A. plantago-aquatica ssp. subcordatum (Raf.) Hultén

ALLIARIA Heist. ex Fabr. (Brassicaceae)

* A. petiolata (Bieb.) Cav. & Grande, Garlic Mustard, Hedge-garlic Image 2 3

= A. alliaria (L.) Britt.

= A. officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb.

= Erysimum alliaria L.

Allionia nyctaginea Michx. = Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.

ALLIUM L. (Liliaceae)

A. burdickii (Hanes) A. Jones, Wild Leek NEW

= A. tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes

A. canadense L., Wild Garlic, Wild Onion

* A. cepa L., Garden Onion NEW

A. cernuum Roth, Wild Onion

A. tricoccum Ait., Wild Leek, Ramp

Allium tricoccum var. burdickii = Allium burdickii (Hanes) A. Jones

* A. vineale L., Field Garlic, Scallion

Allosorus atropurpureus (L.) Kunze ex Presl. = Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link

ALNUS Mill. (Betulaceae)

* A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Black Alder, European Alder

= A. alnus (L.) Britt.

= A. vulgaris Hill

A. incana (L.) Moench, Speckled Alder, Hoary Alder

ssp. rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen, Hazel Alder

= A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng.

= A. serrulata (of Day, 1882)

ALOPECURUS L. (Poaceae)

A. aequalis Sobol, Short-awned Foxtail

= A. aristulatus Michx.

= A. geniculatus (of Day, 1882)

*A. geniculatus L., Marsh Foxtail, Water Foxtail NEW

= A. pallescens Piper

Alopecurus pallescens Piper = Alopecurus geniculatus L.

* Alopecurus pratensis L., Meadow Foxtail NEW

Alsine aquatica (L.) Britt. = Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench

Alsine marginata (DC. ex Lam. & DC.) Reichenb. = Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb.

Alsine media (L.) Druce = Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb.

Alsine rubra (L.) Crantz = Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl

ALTHAEA L. (Malvaceae)

* A. officinalis L., Marsh Mallow, White Mallow NEW

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. = Alcea rosea L.

ALYSSUM L. (Brassicaceae)

* A. alyssoides (L.) L., Yellow Alyssum

= A. calycinum L.

= Clypeola allyssoides L.

Alyssum incanum L. = Berteroa incana (L.) DC.

AMARANTHUS L. (Amaranthaceae)

* A. albus L., Tumbleweed, Pale Amaranth

= A. graecizans of some authors, not L.

A. blitoides S. Wats., Tumbleweed, Prostrate Amaranth

= A. graecizans of some authors, not L.

* A. blitum L., Purplish Amaranth, Livid Amaranth

= A. ascendens Loisel

= A. lividus L.

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. = Amaranthus hybridus L.

[* Amaranthus cruentus L., Blood Amaranth, Purple Amaranth. Zander and Pierce (1979) report this species as a synonym of A. hybridus L. Clemants (1992) recognized it as a species derived "probably through selective cultivation of A. hybridus." He does not, however, offer a record of its occurrence in western New York: excluded.]

Amaranthus graecizans of American authors in part, not L. = Amaranthus albus L.

Amaranthus graecizans of American authors in part, not L. = Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.

* A. hybridus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed, Wild Beet, Prince's-Feather

= A. chlorostachys Willd.

= A. incurvatus Ti ex Gren. & Godr.

= A. patulus Berol.

* A. hypochondriacus L., Prince's Feather NEW

Amaranthus incurvatus Ti ex Gren. & Godr. = Amaranthus hybridus L.

Amaranthus lividus L. = Amaranthus blitum L.

Amaranthus patulus Berol. = Amaranthus hybridus L.

* A. powellii S. Wats., Amaranth NEW

* A. retroflexus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed, Wild Beet, Redroot Amaranth

* A. rudis Sauer, Water-hemp NEW

           = Acnida tamariscinus Nutt.

           = Amaranthus tamariscinus (Nutt.) Wood

* A. spinosus L., Spiny Amaranth, Thorny Amaranth

* A. tuberculatus (Moq. ex DC.) Sauer, Rough-fruited Water-hemp, Tall Water-hemp NEW

           = A. altissimus Riddell

= Montelia tamariscina (Nutt.) A. Gray

AMBROSIA L. (Asteraceae)

A. artemisiifolia L., Common Ragweed, Ragweed, Hogweed, Bitterweed

= A. artemisiifolia varieties

= A. elatior L. var. artemisiifolia (L.) House

* A. coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray, Western Ragweed = Ambrosia psilostachya DC.

= Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Farw.

Ambrosia elatior L. var. artemisiifolia (L.) House = Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. = Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray

A. trifida L., Great Ragweed, Giant Ragweed, Great Ragweed, Buffalo-weed

= A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl.) Torr.& A. Gray

AMELANCHIER Medik. (Rosaceae)

Amelanchier amabilis Wieg. = Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC.

A. arborea (Michx.f.) Fern., Tree Shadbush, Serviceberry

Amelanchier arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles = Amelanchier laevis Wieg.

A. canadensis (L.) Medik., Canadian Shadbush, Serviceberry, Shadbush, Juneberry

= A. canadensis var. botryapium Torr. & A. Gray, sec. House 1924.

= A. canadensis var. oblongifolia Torr. & A. Gray

= A. oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Roemer

Amelanchier canadensis var. rotundifolia Torr. & A. Gray, sec. House 1924 = Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh.) DC.

A. humilis Wieg., Bush Juneberry

A. intermedia Spach, Serviceberry

= A. arborea x canadensis

A. laevis Wieg., Smooth Shadbush Image 2 3

= A. arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles

Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Roemer = Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.

A. sanguinea (Pursh.) DC., Round-leaved Juneberry

= A. amabilis Wieg.

= A. canadensis var. rotundifolia Torr. & A. Gray, sec. House 1924.

= A. sanguinea var. grandiflora (Wieg.) Rehd.

Amelanchier sanguinea var. grandiflora (Wieg.) Rehd. = Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC.

A. stolonifera Wieg., Serviceberry NEW

= A. spicata (Lam.) Koch in part

AMMOPHILA Host (Poaceae)

Ammophila arenaria (of authors) = Ammophila breviligulata Fern.

A. breviligulata Fern., Beach Grass, Dunegrass

= A. arenaria (of authors)

[Note: Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. of Gray's Manual ed 5 (1862) has Arundo L. and Psamma Beauv. as generic synonyms (p. 616). House (1924) gives Psamma as an earlier synonym of Ammophila, hence Ammophila arenaria Am. Auth., not A. arenaria (L.) Link, of Europe = Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, according to House.]

Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. = Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers.

AMPELOPSIS Michx. (Vitaceae)

* A. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv., Porcelain Berry NEW

Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. = Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch ex DC.

Amphicarpa of authors = Amphicarpaea

AMPHICARPAEA Ell. ex Nutt. (Fabaceae)

Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern. = Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu

Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don = Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu

Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Ell. = Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu

A. bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu, Hog Peanut

= A. monoica (L.) Ell.

= A. bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern.

= A. comosa (L.) G. Don

= Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze

= Glycine bracteata L.

= G. comosa L.

Amygdalus persica L. = Prunus persicaria (L.) Batsch

Anacharis canadensis (Rich. ex Michx.) Planch. = Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx.

Anacharis planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. = Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx.

ANAGALLIS L. (Primulaceae)

* A. arvensis L., Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor-man's-Weatherglass, Shepherd's-clock

ANAPHALIS DC. (Asteraceae)

A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Clarke, Pearly Everlasting Image 2

= Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br.

= A. margaritacea subspecies and varieties

Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl = Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.

ANCHUSA L. (Boraginaceae)

* A. arvensis (L.) Bieb., Small Bugloss

= Lycopsis arvensis L. of Zenkert (1934), Zander & Pierce (1979), Gleason (1952)

Anchusa myosotidiflora Lehm. = Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston

ANDROMEDA L. (Ericaceae)

Andromeda baccata Wang = Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch

Andromeda calyculata L. = Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench

Andromeda canescens Small = Andromeda glaucophylla Link.

A. glaucophylla Link., Bog Rosemary, Moorwort

= A. canescens Small

= A. polifolia L. ssp. glaucophylla (Link) Hultén

= A. polifolia L. var. angustifolia Ait.

= A. polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link.) DC.

= A. polifolia L. var. latifolia Ait.

= A. rosmarinifolia Pursh, not Gilib.

Andromeda rosmarinifolia Pursh, not Gilib. = Andromeda glaucophylla Link.

ANDROPOGON L. (Poaceae)

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. = Andropogon gerardii Vitm.

A. gerardii Vitm., Big Bluestem, Turkey-foot Image 2

= A. furcatus Muhl. of Zenkert 1934

Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. scoparius = Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash ssp. scoparium

Andropogon scoparius var. frequens Hubbard = Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash ssp. scoparium

Andropogon scoparius var. glaucescens House = Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash ssp. scoparium

Andropogon scoparius var. septentrionalis Fern. & Grisc. = Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash ssp. scoparium

A. virginicus L., Broomsedge

ANEMONE L. (Ranunculaceae)

Anemone aconitifolia Michx. = Anemone canadensis L.

Anemone acutiloba (DC.) Lawson = Hepatica nobilis Mill. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm.

A. canadensis L., Canada Anemone, Wind-Flower

= A. aconitifolia Michx.

= A. pennsylvanica L.

= A. dichotoma (of authors)

A. cylindrica Gray, Long-fruited Anemone, Thimbleweed, Thimble-head Anemone

Anemone dichotoma (of authors) = Anemone canadensis L.

Anemone groenlandica Oed. = Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.

Anemone hepatica (of authors) = Hepatica nobilis Mill. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm.

Anemone nemorosa var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh = Anemone quinquefolia L.

Anemone pennsylvanica L. = Anemone canadensis L.

A. quinquefolia L., Wood Anemone, Snowdrops

= A. nemorosa var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh

Anemone thalictroides L. = Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin

A. virginiana L., Thimbleweed, Tall Anemone

var. alba (Oakes) Wood

= A. riparia Fern.

           = A. virginiana var. riparia (Fern.) Boivin

var. virginiana

Anethum in part = Foeniculum according to A. Wood (no date) The American Botanist and Florist, Part IV

ANETHUM L. (Apiaceae)

Anethum foeniculum of Clinton's Journal, 1862, Oct. 9 = Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

* A. graveolens L., Dill Image 2

ANGELICA L. (Apiaceae)

A. atropurpurea L., Purple-stemmed Angelica, Alexanders Image 2 3

= A. atropurpurea var. occidentalis Fassett

= Archangelica. atropurpurea Hoffm.

A. venenosa (Greenway) Fern., Hairy Angelica, Deadly Angelica

= A. villosa (Walt.) BSP

= Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & A. Gray

Annona triloba L. = Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal

ANTENNARIA Gaertn. (Asteraceae)

Antennaria arnoglossa Greene = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria brainerdii Fern. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria canadensis Greene = Antennaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria fallax Greene and var. ambigens (Greene) Fern. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria howellii Greene, including both ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer and ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer = Antennaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br. = Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.& Hook.f. ex Clarke

Antennaria munda Fern. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

A. neglecta Greene, Everlasting, Pussy's-toes

= A. canadensis Greene

= A. grandis (Fern.) House

= A. howellii Greene

= A. howellii Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer

= A. howellii Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer

= A. neglecta ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer

= A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq.

= A. neglecta var. howellii (Greene) Cronq.

= A. neglecta var. randii (Fern.) Cronq.

= A. neglecta var. simplex Peck

= A. neodioica Greene

= A. neodioica Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins

= A. neodioica Greene var. chlorophylla Fern.

= A. oneidica Greene

= A. petaloidea Fern.

= A. petaloidea Fern. var. novaboracensis Fern.

= A. randii Fern.

= A. virginica of New York reports, not Stebbins

"Note: Under the International Rules of 1981, new combinations will have to be made here at the varietal level," (Mitchell 1986).

Antennaria neodioica Greene, including both ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins and var. chlorophylla Fern. = Antennaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria occidentalis Greene = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria oneidica Greene = Antennaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria parlinii Fern. and ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria parlinii var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria petaloidea Fern. and var. novaboracensis Fern. = Antenaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria petiolata Fern. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards., Everlasting, Pussy's-toes, Lady's Tobacco

= A. arnoglossa Greene

= A. brainerdii Fern.

= A. fallax Greene

= A. fallax Greene var. ambigens (Greene) Fern.

= A. munda Fern.

= A. occidentalis Greene

= A. parlinii Fern.

= A. parlinii Fern. ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins

= A. petiolata Fern.

= A. plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq.

= A. plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa (Greene) Cronq.

= A. plantaginifolia var. petiolata (Fern.) Heller

= A. solitaria Rydb.

"Note: Under the International Rules of 1981, new combinations will have to be made here at the varietal level," (Mitchell 1986).

Antennaria randii Fern. = Antennaria neglecta Greene

Antennaria solitaria Rydb. = Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

Antennaria virginica of New York reports, not Stebbins = Antennaria neglecta Greene

ANTHEMIS L. (Asteraceae)

* A. arvensis L., Corn Chamomile, Dog Fennel

= A. arvensis var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC.

= Chamemelum arvense (L.) Schreb.

* A. cotula L., Mayweed, Stinking Chamomile, Stinkweed, Dogweed, Dog Fennel

= Maruta cotula (L.) DC.

* A. tinctoria L., Yellow Chamomile, Dyer's Chamomile NEW

= Chamemelum tinctorium (L.) Schreb .

= Cota tinctoria (L.) Gay

ANTHOXANTHUM L. (Poaceae)

* A. odoratum L., Sweet Vernal Grass

ANTHRISCUS Pers. emend. Hoffm. (Apiaceae)

* A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Wild Chervil NEW = Chaerophyllum sylvestre L.

* A. cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Chervil NEW

Anychia divaricata Raf. = Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern.

Anychia polygonoides Raf. = Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern.

Apalanthe schweinitzii Planch. = Elodea canadensis Rich. ex Michx.

Apargia hispida (L.) Willd. = Leontodon hispidus L.

Apargia nudicaulis (of authors) = Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat

Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torrey & Asa Gray ex Asa Gray = Orobanche uniflora L.

APIOS Fabr. (Fabaceae)

A. americana Medik., Groundnut, Wild Bean, Potato-bean, Creek-potato Image 2

= A. tuberosa Moench

= Glycine apios L.

Apios tuberosa Moench = Apios americana Medik.

APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torrey (Orchidaceae)

A. hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt., Putty-root Orchid, Adam-and-Eve

APOCYNUM L. (Apocynaceae)

A. androsaemifolium L., Spreading Dogbane, Pink Dogbane, Indian Hemp Image 2

= A. androsaemifolium var. incanum A. DC.

= A. scopulorum Greene ex Rydb.

A. androsaemifolium x cannabinum = A. x floribundum Greene, Intermediate Dogbane, Indian Hemp

= A. medium Greene of Zenkert 1934

= A. x medium Greene

= A. milleri Britt.

A. cannabinum L., Clasping-leaved Dogbane, Indian Hemp, Dogbane Image 2 3

var. cannabinum

= A. cannabinum var. glaberrimum A. DC.

= A. cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) A. DC.

= A. pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br.

var. hypericifolium Gray

= A. sibiricum Jacq.

Apocynum medium Greene of Zenkert 1934 = [Apocynum androsaemifolium x cannabinum = A. x floribundum Greene]

Apocynum pubescens Mitchell ex R. Br. = Apocynum cannabinum L.

Apocynum scopulorum Greene ex Rydb. = Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. = Apocynum cannabinum L. var. hypericifolium Gray

AQUILEGIA L. (Ranunculaceae)

A. canadensis L., Wild Columbine, Red Columbine, Rock-Bells, Meetinghouses Image 2 3

= A. canadensis var. coccinea (Small) Munz

= A. coccinea Small

Aquilegia coccinea Small = Aquilegia canadensis L.

* A. vulgaris L., Garden Columbine, Blue or Purple Columbine

ARABIDOPSIS Heynh. (Brassicaceae)

* A. thaliana (L.) Heynh., Mouse-ear Cress

= Arabis thaliana L.

= Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown

= Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monn.

ARABIS L. (Brassicaceae)

Arabis billardieri DC. = Arabis caucasica Schlect. ex Willd.

Arabis brachycarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Britt. = [Arabis drummondii x holboellii = A. x divaricarpa A. Nels.]

Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl. = Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP

A. canadensis L., Sickle-pod

= A. falcata Michx.

* A. caucasica Schlect. ex Willd., Wall Rock-cress, Arrowleaf NEW

= A. albida Steven ex Bieb.

= A. alpina L. in part

= A. billardieri DC.

Arabis confinis "as to [Ontario] reports in part, not of S. Watson" is either A. divaricarpa, considered here a hybrid [Arabis drummondii x holboellii = A. x divaricarpa A. Nels.] or A. drummondii A. Gray according to Morton and Venn (1990).

Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray = Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gleason

Arabis divaricarpa A. Nels. = [Arabis drummondii x holboellii = A. x divaricarpa A. Nels.]

A. drummondii A. Gray, Drummond's Rock Cress

= Turritis stricta Graham, not Arabis stricta Huds. according to House, 1924 p.365

A. drummondii x holboellii = A. x divaricarpa A. Nels., Purple Rock-cress NEW

= A. brachycarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Britt.

Arabis falcata Michx. = Arabis canadensis L.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh., Tower Cress, Tower-Mustard

= A. perfoliata Lam.

= Turritis glabra L.

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop., Hairy Rock Cress

var. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Rollins

= A. hirsuta ssp. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Hultén

= A. pycnocarpa Hopk.

A. laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. ex Lam., Smooth Rock Cress

A. lyrata L., Lyre-leaved Rock Cress

= A. lyrata var. kamschatica Fisch. ex DC.

= Cardamine spathulata Michx.

Arabis perfoliata Lam. = Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.

Arabis perstellata var. shortii Fern. = Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gleason

Arabis pycnocarpa Hopk. = Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Rollins

Arabis rhomboidea Pers. = Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP

A. shortii (Fern.) Gleason, Short's Rock Cress, Toothed Rock-Cress

= A. dentate (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray

= A. perstellata var. shortii Fern.

Arabis stricta Huds., see Arabis drummondii A. Gray

Arabis thaliana L. = Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

ARALIA L. (Araliaceae)

A. hispida Vent., Bristly Sarsaparilla, Dwarf-Elder

A. nudicaulis L., Wild Sarsaparilla Image 2 3

A. racemosa L., Spikenard, Petty-Morrel, Life-of-Man

A. spinosa L., Hercules' Club, Devil's Walking-Stick, Angelica-Tree, Prickly-Ash Image 2 3

ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. (Viscaceae)

A. pusillum C. Peck, Dwarf Mistletoe

= Razoumofskya pusilla (C. Peck) Kuntze

Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. = Angelica atropurpurea L.

Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & A. Gray = Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern.

ARCTIUM L. (Asteraceae)

* A. lappa L., Great Burdock

= A. major Gaertn.

Arctium lappa var. tomentosa (Mill.) Gray = Arctium tomentosum Mill. excluded (Zander & Pierce 1979).

Arctium major Gaertn. = Arctium lappa L.

* A. minus (Hill.) Bernh., Common Burdock

= A. nemorosum of authors, not Lej. & Court.

Arctium nemorosum of authors not Lej. & Court. = Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.

Arctium tomentosum Mill., excluded (Zander & Pierce 1979).

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS L. (Ericaceae)

A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Bearberry, Sandberry, Hog-Cranberry, Mealberry, Kinnikinnik, Mountain Box Image 2

= A. uva-ursi varieties

ARENARIA L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Arenaria angustifolia Regel = Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl

Arenaria lateriflora L. = Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl

Arenaria leptoclados Reichenb. ex Guss. = Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

Arenaria marginata DC. ex Lam. & DC. = Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb.

Arenaria maritima Pall. = Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb.

Arenaria media L. = Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex Griseb.

Arenaria rubra L. = Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl

* A. serpyllifolia L., Thyme-leaved Sandwort

= A. leptoclados Reichenb. ex Guss.

= A. serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb. ex Guss.) Nymer

= A. serpyllifolia var. tenuior Mert. & Koch

= A. tenuior (Mert. & Koch) Gürke

Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb. ex Guss.) Nymer and var. tenuior Mert. & Koch = Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

Arenaria tenuior (Mert. & Koch) Gürke = Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

ARETHUSA L. (Orchidaceae)

A. bulbosa L., Dragon's Mouth Orchid, Swamp Pink

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. = Potentilla anserina L. ssp. anserina

Argentina babcockiana Rydb. = Potentilla anserina L. ssp. anserina

ARISAEMA Mart. (Araceae)

A. dracontium (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl., Green Dragon, Dragon-root

= Arum dracontium L.

= Muricauda dracontium (L.) Kunth

A. triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl., Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian-Turnip Image 2 3

ssp. stewardsonii (Britt.) Huttleston Stewardson's Jack-in-the-Pulpit

= A. stewardsonii Britt.

= A. triphyllum var. stewardsonii (Britt.) Stevens.

ssp. triphyllum

= A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume

= Arum triphyllum L.

ARISTIDIA L. (Poaceae)

* A. dichotoma L., Poverty Grass; Three-awn NEW

* A. oligantha Michx., Prairie Three-awn NEW

ARMORACIA Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb. (Brassicaceae)

Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. = Armoracia lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates

Armoracia armoracia (L.) Cockerell = Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb.

A. lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates, Lake Cress, River-Cress

= A. aquatica (Eaton) Wieg.

= Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray

= Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene

Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. = Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb.

* A. rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb., Horse-radish

= A. armoracia (L.) Cockerell

= A. lapathifolia Gilib.

= Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fries

Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson = Cacalia atriplicifolia L.

ARONIA Medik. (Rosaceae)

A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Red Chokeberry

= Mespilus arbutifolia L.

= Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f.

= P. arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa Michx.

Aronia arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Seym. = [Aronia arbutifolia x melanocarpa = A. x prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.]

Aronia arbutifolia var. nigra Willd. = Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.

A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell., Black Chokeberry

= A. arbutifolia var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Torr.

= A. arbutifolia var. nigra Willd.

= A. nigra (Willd.) Köhne

= Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx.

= Pyrus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx.

= P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.

Aronia nigra (Willd.) Köhne = Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.

A. arbutifolia x melanocarpa = A. x prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd., Purple Chokeberry

= A. arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Seym.

= A. atropurpurea Britt.

= A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder

= Mespilus prunifolia Marsh.

= Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea (Britt.) B. Robinson

= P. floribunda Lindl.

Aronia atropurpurea Britt. = [Aronia arbutifolia x melanocarpa = A. x prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.]

Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder = [Aronia arbutifolia x melanocarpa = A. x prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.]

ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. (Poaceae)

Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv., nom. nud. = Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex Presl & Presl

* A. elatius (L.) Beauv. ex Presl & Presl, Tall Oat-grass

= A. avenaceum Beauv., nom. nud.

= A. elatius var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner

ARTEMISIA L. (Asteraceae)

* A. abrotanum L., Southernwood, Old-Man

= A. procera Willd.

* A. absinthium L., Wormwood, Absinthe, Absinthium

* A. biennis Willd., Biennial Wormwood, Sage-Weed

A. campestris L., Tall Wormwood, Wild Sage

ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem.

= A. caudata Michx.

= A. canadensis of NY reports, not Michx. (and of Day, 1882)

Artemisia canadensis of NY reports, not Michx. (and of Day, 1882) = Artemisia campestris L. ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem.

Artemisia caudata Michx. = Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem.

Artemisia gnaphaloides Nutt. = Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana

* A. ludoviciana Nutt., Western Mugwort, White Sage, Western Mugwort, Cudweed

     * ssp. ludoviciana

= A. ludoviciana varieties including A. gnaphaloides Nutt.

Artemisia procera Willd. = Artemisia abrotanum L.

* A. vulgaris L., Common Mugwort, Felon-Herb

= A. vulgaris varieties

Arum dracontium L. = Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl.

Arum triphyllum L. = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl.

ASARUM L. (Aristolochiaceae)

A. canadense L., Wild ginger Image 2 3

= A. acuminatum (Ashe) Bickn.

= A. canadense var. acuminatum Ashe

= A. canadense var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw.

= A. canadense var. reflexum (Bickn.) B. Robinson

= A. reflexum Bickn.

ASCLEPIAS L. (Asclepiadaceae)

Asclepias bicknellii Vail = Asclepias exaltata L.

A. exaltata L., Poke Milkweed

= A. bicknellii Vail

= A. phytolaccoides Pursh

A. incarnata L., Swamp Milkweed Image 2

Asclepias intermedia Vail = Asclepias syriaca L.

Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh = Asclepias exaltata L.

A. quadrifolia Jacq., Four-leaved Milkweed

A. syriaca L., Common Milkweed Image 2 3 4

= A. cornuti Dec. in DC.

= A. intermedia Vail

A. tuberosa L., Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-Root, Orange Milkweed, Tuber-Root, Chigger-Flower, Indian-Paintbrush Image 2

var. interior (Woodson) Shinners

= A. tuberosa ssp. interior Woodson

= A. tuberosa var. tuberosa of NY reports

A. verticillata L., Whorled Milkweed

A. viridiflora L., Green Milkweed

= Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eat.

ASIMINA Adams (Annonaceae)

A. triloba (L.) Dunal, Pawpaw Image 2

= Annona triloba L.

ASPARAGUS L. (Liliaceae)

* A. officinalis L., Asparagus

Asperula odorata L. = Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.

Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. = Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott.

Aspidium boottii Tuckerm. = [Dryopteris cristata x intermedia = D. x boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw.

Aspidium campyloptera Kunze = Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson

Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. = Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray

Aspidium cristatum var. clintonianum D.C. Eat. = Dryopteris clintoniana (D. Eat. ex A. Gray) Dowell

Aspidium goldianum Hook. ex Goldie = Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. Gray

Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ex Willd. = Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray

Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. = Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray

Aspidium noveboracense (L.) Sw. = Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.

Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Muell.) Watt = Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs

Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton = Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray

Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. = Thelypteris palustris Schott

ASPLENIUM L. (Aspleniaceae)

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. = Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato

Asplenium angustifolium (of authors) = Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Broun

Asplenium ebeneum Ait. = Asplenium platyneuron (L.) BSP.

Asplenium filix-femina of Gray's Manual, ed. 7 = Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

A. platyneuron (L.) BSP., Ebony Spleenwort

= A. ebeneum Ait.

= A. platyneuron var. incisum (Howe ex Peck) B. Robinson

Asplenium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr. = Diplazium pycnocapon (Sprengel) M. Broun

A. rhizophyllum L., Walking Fern

= A. rhizophyllum of L. and other authors

= Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.

A. scolopendrium L., Hart's-tongue Fern

var. americanum (Fern.) Kartesz & Gandhi

= Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.

= P. scolopendrium var. americanum Fern.

Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. = Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato

A. trichomanes L., Maidenhair Spleenwort

= A. trichomanes var. quadrivalens D. Meyer

Asprella hystrix (L.) Humb. = Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix

Asprella hystrix var. bigelowiana Fern. = Elymus hystrix L. var. bigeloviana (Fern.) Bowden

ASTER L. (Asteraceae)

A. acuminatus Michx., Whorled Aster, Mountain Aster, Wood Aster

Aster aestivus Aiton was a synonym of A. longifolius Lam. according to House (1924) = Aster praealtus Poir., q.v.

Aster angustus (Lindl.) Torr. & A. Gray = Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A. Jones

Aster azureus Lindl. ex Hook. = Aster oolentangiensis Ridd.

A. borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov., Rush Aster, Bog Aster

= A. junciformis Rydb.

= A. tenuifolius (of Day, 1882), not Mitchell & Tucker (1997).

= Symphotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. & D. L"ve

Aster brachyactis Blake = Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A. Jones

Aster carmesinus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster castaneus Burgess ex Small = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster claytonii Burgess = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster concinnus Willd. = Aster laevis L. var. concinnus (Willd.) House

A. cordifolius L., Heart-leaved Aster, Blue Wood Aster

= A. cordifolius var. polycephalus Porter

= A. cordifolius var. racemiflorus Fern.

Aster cordifolius var. incisus Britt. = Aster lowrieanus Porter

Aster cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter = Aster lowrieanus Porter

Aster cordifolius var. lanceolatus Porter = Aster lowrieanus Porter

Aster cordifolius var. sagittifolius (Wedem. ex Willd.) A. Jones = Aster sagittifolius Wedem. ex Willd.

Aster corymbosus Ait. = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster crenifolius (Fern.) Cronq. = Aster novi-belgii L. var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones

A. divaricatus L., White Wood Aster

= A. carmesinus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

= A. castaneus Burgess ex Small

= A. claytonii Burgess

= A. corymbosus Ait.

= A. olivaceus Burgess

= A. scutiformis Burgess

= A. tenebrosus Burgess

A. dumosus L., Bushy Aster, Rice-button Aster NEW

= A. dumosus var. coridifolius [sic] (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray

= A. dumosus var. var. strictior Torr. & A. Gray

Aster eminens Willd. = Aster longifolius Lam.

A. ericoides L., White Heath Aster

= A. ericoides var. prostratus (Kuntze) Blake

= A. multiflorus Ait.

= A. multiflorus Ait. var. exiguus Fern.

= Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet

= Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal

Aster ericoides x novae-angliae = A. x amethystinus Nutt., Amethyst Wreath Aster NEW

Aster ericoides var. pringlei A. Gray = Aster pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (Gray) Blake

Aster faxonii Porter = Aster pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (Gray) Blake

Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter

A. infirmus Michx., Corn-leaved Aster, Cornel-leaved Aster

= Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene

Aster interior Wieg. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. interior (Wieg.) Semple & Chmiel.

Aster junceus Ait. = Aster longifolius Lam.

Aster junciformis Rydb. = Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov.

A. laevis L., Smooth Aster

var. laevis

= A. laevis var. amplifolius Porter

= A. laevis var. cyaneus (Hoffm.) Patterson

Aster laevis var. cyaneus (Hoffm.) Patterson = Aster laevis L.

A. lanceolatus Willd., Tall White Aster

var. interior (Wieg.) Semple & Chmielewski

= A. interior Wieg.

= A. lanceolatus x tradescantii of authors

= A. simplex var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq.

var. lanceolatus

= A. paniculatus Lam.

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt., Starved Aster, Calico Aster, White Woodland Aster

var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter

= A. hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC.

= A. tradescantii L.

= A. tradescantii L. var. saxatilis (Fern.) House

var. lateriflorus

= A. lateriflorus var. augustifolius Wieg.

= A. lateriflorus var. horizontalis (Desf.) Farw.

= A. miser Nutt.

= A. vimineus Lam.

= Solidago lateriflora L.

= Symphotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. L"ve

Aster longifolius of some NY reports, not Lam. = Aster praealtus Poir.

A. lowrieanus Porter, Lowrie's Aster

= A. cordifolius var. incisus Britt.

= A. cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter

= A. cordifolius var. lanceolatus Porter

= A. lowrieanus var. incisus (Britt.) Porter

= A. lowrieanus var. lanceolatus Porter

= A. plumarius Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

Aster lucidulus (A. Gray) Wieg. = Aster puniceus var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray

A. macrophyllus L., Large-leaved Aster

var. macrophyllus

= A. roscidus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

= A. violaris Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

Aster miser Nutt. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt.

Aster multiflorus Ait. = Aster ericoides L.

Aster multiflorus var. exiguus Fern. = Aster ericoides L.

A. nemoralis Ait., Bog Aster NEW

A. novae-angliae L., New England Aster

= A. novae-angliae f. geneseensis House

= A. novae-angliae var. roseus DC.

= A. roseus Desf. of Gray's Manual, 5th Ed. p. 235

= Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet

= Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener

A. novi-belgii L., New York Aster

var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones, Late-flowering Aster

= A. crenifolius (Fern.) Cronq.

= A. tardiflorus L.

Aster olivaceus Burgess = Aster divaricatus L.

A. ontarionis Wieg., Ontario Aster NEW

A. oolentangiensis Ridd., Sky-blue Aster

= A. azureus Lindl. ex Hook

= A. shortii of NY reports, not Lindl.

Aster paniculatus Lam. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. lanceolatus

A. patens Ait., Late Purple Aster

= A. patens var. phlogifolius (Muhl.) Nees

Aster patens var. phlogifolius (Muhl.) Nees = Aster patens Ait.

A. paternus Cronq., White-topped Aster

= Conyza asteroides L.

= Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) BSP.

A. pilosus Willd., Hairy Aster, Heath Aster

var. pilosus

= A. ericoides of some authors, not L.

= A. ericoides var. villosus (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray

var. pringlei (A. Gray) Blake

= A. ericoides var. pringlei A. Gray

= A. faxonii Porter

= A. pilosus var. demotus Blake

= A. pringlei (A. Gray) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown

Aster plumarius Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster lowrieanus Porter

A. praealtus Poir., Willow-leaved Aster

= A. aestivus Aiton was a synonym of A. longifolius Lam. according to House (1924)

= A. longifolius of some NY reports, not Lam.

= A. salicifolius Ait., not Lam. (of Zenkert, 1934)

A. prenanthoides Muhl., Crooked-stemmed Aster

= Aster prenanthoides var. porrectifolius Porter

Aster pringlei (Gray) Britt. ex Britt. & Brown = Aster pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (Gray) Blake

Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray = Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) Boiv.

A. puniceus L., Purple-stemmed Aster

NOTE: Aster vimineus Willd. = Aster puniceus var. vimineus Gray in Gray's Manual of Botany, 5th edition p. 234, thought to be a shade form of

A. puniceus.

var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray, Cornel-leaf Aster NEW

= A. firmus Nees.

= A. lucidulus (A. Gray) Wieg.

var. puniceus

= A. puniceus var. compactus Fern.

= A. puniceus var. demissus Lindl.

= Symphotrichum puniceum (L.) A. & D. L"ve

Aster roscidus Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus

Aster roseus Desf. of Gray's Manual, 5th Ed. p. 235 = Aster novae-angliae L.

A. sagittifolius Wedem. ex Willd., Arrow-leaved Aster

= A. cordifolius var. sagittifolius (Wedem. ex Willd.) A. Jones

= A. urophyllus of NY reports, not Lindl., "fide A. Cronquist, who saw the type specimens," (Mitchell & Tucker 1997)

Aster salicifolius Ait., not Lam. (of Zenkert, 1934) = Aster praealtus Poir.

Aster salicifolius Willd. not Lam. = Aster longifolius Lam.

A. schreberi Nees, Large-leaf Aster, Schreber's Aster NEW

= A. curvescens Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

= A. glomeratus (Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

Aster scutiformis Burgess = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster shortii Lindl. = Aster oolentangiensis Ridd. (Note in Ontario these are separate (Morton & Venn, 1990)

Aster simplex Willd. = Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. simplex (Willd.) A. Jones

Aster simplex var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. = Aster lanceolatus var. interior (Wieg.) Semple & Chmiel.

Aster tardiflorus L. = Aster novi-belgii L. var. tardiflorus (L.) A. Jones; there is an Aster x tardiflorus L. = A. cordifolius x A. puniceus reported for Ontario by Morton and Venn (1990) "reject., reports need confirmation."

Aster tenebrosus Burgess = Aster divaricatus L.

Aster tenuifolius (of Day, 1882) = Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov.

Aster tradescantii L. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter

Aster tradescantii L. var. saxatilis (Fern.) House = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter

A. umbellatus Mill., Flat-topped White Aster

var. umbellatus

= Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees

= D. umbellata var. flexicaulis House

= D. umbellata var. oneidica House

A. undulatus L., Wavy-leaved Aster

= A. undulatus var. loriformis Burgess ex Britt. & Brown

Aster urophyllus Lindl. = Aster sagittifolius Wedem. ex Willd.

Aster vimineus Lam. = Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. "Note: The type specimen [of A. vimineus] is apparently a garden hybrid, so this binomial will not stand for our native plants," (Mitchell 1986).

Aster vimineus Lam. is treated as a synonym of A. lateriflorus by Semple and Heard (1987) and Morton and Venn (1990).

Aster vimineus Willd. = Aster puniceus var. vimineus Gray in Gray's Manual of Botany, 5th edition p. 234.

Aster violaris Burgess ex Britt. & Brown = Aster macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus

ASTRAGALUS L. (Fabaceae)

A. canadensis L., Canadian Milkvetch

= A. carolinianus of authors, not L.

           = Phaca canadensis (L.) Kuntze

Astragalus cooperi A. Gray = Astragalus neglectus (Torr. & A. Gray) Sheldon

* A. glycyphyllos L., European Milk-vetch, Fitsroot

A. neglectus (Torr. & A. Gray) Sheldon, Cooper's Milk-vetch,

           = A. cooperi A. Gray

= Phaca neglecta Torr. & A. Gray

ATHYRIUM Roth (Dryopteridaceae)

Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels = Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato

Athyrium angustifolium (Michx.) Milde = Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Broun

Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl = Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. of authors in part = Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens

var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson, Northern Lady-fern, Upland Lady-fern

= Aspidium angustum Willd.

= Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl

= A. asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. of authors in part

= A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw.

= A. filix-femina var. michauxii (Sprengel) Farwell

Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii (Sprengel) Farwell = Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw. = Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. (not Eat.) = Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw (excluded)

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. var. michauxii Mett. = Athyrium filia-femina var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson

Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr. = Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Broun

Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. = Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) Kato

Atragene americana Sims. = Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC.

ATRIPLEX L. (Chenopodiaceae)

Atriplex angustifolia Sm. = Atriplex patula L.

Atriplex deltoides Babington = Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC.

Atriplex hastata sensu Aellen, not L. = Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC.

Atriplex littoralis L. = Atriplex patula L.

Atriplex oppositifolia DC. = Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC.

A. patula L., Spreading Orache, Seaside Orach or Atriplex, Spearscale

= A. angustifolia Sm.

= A. littoralis L.

= A. patula var. hastata A. Gray

= A. patula var. littoralis (L.) A. Gray

* A. prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC., Orach, Spearscale NEW

= A. deltoides Babington

= A. hastata sensu Aellen, not L.

= A. oppositifolia DC.

= A. triangulais Willd.

* A. rosea L., Red Orach, Rosy Orach, Tumble-weed, Tumbling Orach NEW

           = A. spatiosa A. Nelson

Atriplex spatiosa A. Nelson = Atriplex rosea L.

Atriplex triangulais Willd. = Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC.

Atropa pysalodes L. = Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

AUREOLARIA Raf. (Scrophulariaceae)

A. flava (L.) Farw., Yellow False Foxglove

var. flava

= A. glauca (Eddy) Raf.

= Gerardia flava L.

= G. integrifolia A. Gray

= G. quercifolia Pursh

var. macrantha Pennell, Large-flowered False Foxglove

= Gerardia flava var. macrantha (Pennell) Fern.

A. pedicularia (L.) Raf., Lousewort False Foxglove, Cutleaf False-Foxglove

= A. pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell

= Gerardia pedicularia L.

Aureolaria pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell = Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf.

A. virginica (L.) Pennell, Downy False Foxglove

= Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP.

AVENA L. (Poaceae)

* A. fatua L., Oats

* ssp. fatua, Wild Oats NEW

* ssp. sativa (L.) Thell.

= A. sativa L.

Avena sativa L. = Avena fatua L. ssp. sativa (L.) Thell.

Avena striata (of authors) = Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen

Azalea nudiflora L. (of Day, 1882) = Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais

AZOLLA Lam. (Azollaceae)

Azolla filiculoides of NY reports, not Lam. ex Lam. et al. = Azolla caroliniana Willd.

A. caroliniana Willd., Mosquito Fern, Water-Fern Image 2

= Azolla filiculoides of NY reports, not Lam. ex Lam. et al.

BALSAMITA Mill. (Asteraceae)

* B. major Desf., Costmary, Mint-Geranium

= B. vulgaris Willd.

= Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill.

= C. balsamita var. tanacetoides Boiss

= Tanacetum balsamita L.

Balsamita vulgaris Willd. = Balsamita major Desf.

BAPTISIA L. (Fabaceae)

B. lactea (Raf.) Thieret, Prairie False-Indigo NEW

= B. leucantha Torr. & A. Gray

Baptisia leucantha Torr. & A. Gray = Baptisia lactea (Raf.) Thieret

B. tinctoria (L.) Vent., Wild Indigo, Rattleweed, Horsefly-weed

= B. tinctoria var. crebra Fern.

= B. tinctoria var. projecta Fern.

= Sophora tinctoria L.

BARBAREA R.Br. ex Ait. (Brassicaceae)

* B. verna (Mill.) Aschers, Early Wintercress, Winter Belle-Isle, Land-Cress NEW Image 2

= Campe verna (Mill.) Heller

= Erysimum vernum Mill.

* B. vulgaris R. Br., Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket, Creesy-Greens Image 2 3

= B. stricta Andrz. ex Bess.

= B. taurica DC.

= B. vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz & Presl) Fries

= B. vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray

= Campe barbarea (L.) Wight

= C. barbarea (L.) Wight var. hirsuta (Weihe.) House

= C. stricta (Andrz. ex Bess.) Wight

= Erysimum barbarea L.

BARTONIA Muhl. ex Willd. (Gentianaceae)

B. virginica (L.) BSP., Yellow Bartonia, Screwstem

BASSIA All. (Chenopodiaceae)

* B. scoparia (L.) A. Scott, Kochia, Summer Cypress

= Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth ex Schrad.

Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz = Ranunculus longirostris Godr.

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch. = Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill.

BECKMANNIA Host (Poaceae)

Beckmannia eruciformis (of American authors) = Beckmannia syzigachne ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.) Koy. & Kaw.

* B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Beckman's Grass, Slough-Grass

ssp. baicalensis (Kusn.) Koy. & Kaw.

= B. eruciformis (L.) Host

BELLIS L. (Asteraceae)

* B. perennis L., English Daisy, Lawn Daisy

Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees = Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume

Benzoin odoriferum Nees & ed 2 of Gray's Manual = Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume

BERBERIS L. (Berberidaceae)

Berberis aquilifolium Pursh. = Mahonia aquilifolium (Pursh) Nutt.

* B. thunbergii DC., Japanese Barberry

* B. vulgaris L., Common Barberry

BERTEROA DC. (Brassicaceae)

* B. incana (L.) DC., Hoary Alyssum NEW

= Alyssum incanum L.

= Berteroa obliqua of NY reports, not (Sibth. & Sm.) DC.

= B. mutabilis of NY reports, not (Vent.) DC.

BERULA Koch (Apiaceae)

B. erecta (Huds.) Cov., Wild Parsnip, Water-Parsnip

= B. erecta (Huds.) Cov. var. incisa (Torr.) Cronq.

= B. pusilla (Nutt.) Fern.

= B. angustifolia (of American authors)

BETULA L. (Betulaceae)

Betula alba var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach = Betula populifolia Marsh.

B. alleghaniensis Britt., Yellow Birch Image 2

= B. alleghanensis ("corrected spelling by Britton in Britt. & Brown, 1903"), Mitchell & Tucker 1997.

= B. alleghaniensis var. macrolepis (Fern.) Brayshaw

= B. carpinifolia Michx.

= B. excelsa Poir

= B. lutea Michx. f.

= B. lutea var. alleghaniensis (Britt.) Ashe

Betula carpinifolia Michx. = Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

Betula excelsa Poir = Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

Betula glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason = Betula pumila L.

B. lenta L., Black Birch, Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch

Betula lutea Michx.f. = Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

Betula lutea Michx. f. var. alleghaniensis (Britt.) Ashe = Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

B. nigra L., River Birch, Red Birch NEW

B. papyrifera Marsh., Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch Image 2 3

= B. papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fern.

= B. papyrifera var. pensilis Fern.

B. populifolia Marsh., Gray Birch, Gire Birch, Old Field Birch, White Birch

= B. alba var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach

B. pumila L., Swamp Birch

= B. glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason

= B. pumila var. glandulifera Regel

BIDENS L. (Asteraceae)

* B. aristosa (Michx.) Britt., Western Tickseed, Beggar-Ticks, Sticktights

= B. aristosa var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wund.

= B. polylepis Blake

Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. = Megalodonta beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene

* B. bipinnata L., Spanish Needles

B. cernua L., Nodding Sticktight, Bur-Marigold

= B. cernua varieties

Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. = Bidens laevis (L.) BSP

Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. = Bidens tripartita L.

B. connata Muhl. ex Willd., Beggar-ticks, Stick-tights

= B. connata var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw.

B. coronata (L.) Britt., Tickseed Sunflower

= B. coronata varieties

= B. coronata var. trichosperma (Michx.) Fern.

= B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britt.

= B. trichosperma var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britt.

= Coreopsis trichosperma Michx.

B. frondosa L., Common Beggar-ticks

= B. frondosa varieties

B. laevis (L.) BSP., Smooth Beggar-ticks

= B. chrysanthemoides Michx.

Bidens polylepis Blake = Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt.

Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. = Bidens coronata (L.) Britt.

Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britt. = Bidens coronata (L.) Britt.

B. tripartita L., Swamp Beggar-ticks

= B. comosa (A. Gray) Wieg.

B. vulgata Greene, Tall Beggar-ticks

Bilderdykia cilinode (Michx.) Greene = Polygonum cilinode Michx.

Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort. = Polygonum convolvulus L.

Blechnum virginicum L. = Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.

Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. ex Britt. = Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl.

Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. ex Britt. = Platanthera grandiflora (Bidel.) Lindl.

Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw. = Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl.

Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rybd. ex Britt. = Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl.

BLEPHILIA Raf. (Lamiaceae)

B. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth., Wood Mint

Blitum bonus-henricus Reichenb. = Chenopodium bonus-henricus L.

Blitum capitatum L. = Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers.

Blitum maritimum Nutt. = Chenopodium rubrum L.

Boebera papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. = Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc.

BOEHMERIA Jacq. (Urticaceae)

B. cylindrica (L.) Sw., False Nettle

= B. cylindrica var. drummondiana (Wedd.) Wedd.

BORAGO L. (Boraginaceae)

* B. officinalis L., Borage

BOTRYCHIUM Sw. (Ophioglossaceae)

Botrychium ternatum var. lunarioides (Michx.) D.C. Eat. = Botrychium lunarioides (Michx.) Sw. (excluded by Zander & Pierce 1979)

Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fern. = Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Pease & Moore

B. dissectum Spreng., Dissected Grape Fern, Autumn Grapefern; see note below under Botrychium lunarioides.

= B. dissectum var. elongatum Gilb. & Haberer

= B. dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute

= B. ternatum Sw. var. dissectum (Spreng.) D. Eaton

= B. obliquum Muhl.

= B. obliquum var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer

= B. obliquum var. dissectum (Spreng.) Prantl

Botrychium dissectum x multifidum = Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House

Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute = Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense (Gilb.) CLute = Botychium oneidense (Gilb.) House

B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Aongstr., Lance-leaved Grape Fern

var. angustisegmentum Pease & Moore

= Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fern.

B. lunaria (L.) Sw., Moonwort

= B. lunaria var. onondagense (Underw.) House

= B. onondagense Underw.

Botrychium lunaria var. onondagense (Underw.) House = Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. = Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr.

Botrychium lunarioides Swartz of Gray's 5th edition of the manual has two varieties: var. obliquum (=Botychium obliquum Muhl.) and var. dissectum (=Botrychium dissectum Muhl.) (p.672). George Clinton used these names in his collecting diary. These ferns today are probably Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

B. matricariifolium (A.Br. ex Doell) A. Br. ex Koch, Matricary Grape Fern, Daisy-Leaf Grape Fern

= B. neglectum Wood

B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr., Intermediate Leather Grape Fern, Leather-leaved Grapefern

= B. matricariae (Schrank) Spreng.

= B. multifidum var. intermedium (D. Eat.) Farw.

           = B. silaifolium Presl

= B. ternatum var. intermedium D.C. Eat.

Botrychium multifidum var. oneidense (Gilb.) Farw. = Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House

Botrychium neglectum Wood = Botrychium matricariifolium (A.Br. ex Doell) A. Br. ex Koch

Botrychium obliquum Muhl. = Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum (Spreng.) Prantl = Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

Botrychium obliquum var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer = Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

Botrychium obliquum var. oneidense (Gilbert) Waters = Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) Waters

B. oneidense (Gilbert) House, Oneida Grape Fern

= B. dissectum var. oneidense (Gilb.) Clute

= B. dissectum x multifidum

= B. multifidum var. oneidense (Gilb.) Farw.

= B. obliquum var. oneidense (Gilbert) Waters

Botrychium onondagense Underw. = Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

Botrychium silaifolium Presl = Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr.

B. simplex E. Hitchc., Little Grape Fern, Least Moonwort, Dwarf Grape-fern

= B. simplex var. laxifolium Clausen, not (Clausen) Fern.

= B. simplex var. tenebrosum (A. Eaton) Clausen

= B. tenebrosum A. Eaton

Botrychium tenebrosum A. Eaton = Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc.

Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum (Spreng) D.C. Eat. = Botrychium dissectum Spreng.

Botrychium ternatum var. intermedium D.C. Eat. = Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr.

B. virginianum (L.) Sw., Rattlesnake Fern

BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. (Asteraceae)

* B. ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb., Rayless Aster

ssp. angusta (Lindl.) A. Jones

= Aster brachyactis Blake

= Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britt.

BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. (Poaceae)

Brachyelytrum aristatum (Pers.) R.& S. = Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.

Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. of Gray's 5th ed. = Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.

Brachyelytrum aristosum (Michx.) Trel. = Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.

B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., Bearded Short-husk, Brachyelytrum

= Dilepyrum erectum (Schreb.) Farw.

= Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. in Roth ex Spreng.

= Brachyelytrum aristatum (Pers.) R.& S.

= B. aristatum Beauv. of Gray's 5th ed

= B. aristosum (Michx.) Trel.

Brachyelytrum erectum var. glabratum (Vasey ex Millsp.) T. Koyama & Kawano = Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker

Brachyelytrum erectum var. septentrionale Babel = Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker

B. septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker, Northern Shorthusk NEW

= B. erectum var. septentrionale Babel

= B. erectum var. glabratum (Vasey ex Millsp.) T. Koyama & Kawano

BRASENIA Schreb. (Cabombaceae)

Brasenia peltata Pursh = Brasenia schreberi Gmel.

B. schreberi Gmel., Water Shield, Purple Wen-dock

= B. peltata Pursh

BRASSICA L. (Brassicaceae)

Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh. = Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassica arvensis var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) Wheeler = Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassica campestris L. = Brassica rapa L.

Brassica eruca L. = Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.

* B. juncea (L.) Czern., Indian Mustard, Brown Mustard, Chinese Mustard, Curly Mustard

= B. japonica Thunb.

= B. juncea varieties

Brassica kaber (DC.) L. Wheeler = Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler = Sinapis arvensis L.

* B. nigra (L.) Koch, Black Mustard

= Sinapis nigra L.

* B. oleracea L., Cabbage, Kale, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, Brussels Sprouts NEW

= B. sylvestris (L.) Mill.

* B. rapa L., Field Mustard, Turnip, Bok Choy, Chinese Cabbage NEW

= B. campestris L

= B. rapa ssp. oleifera DC.

Brassica sinapistrum Boiss. = Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill. = Brassica oleracea L.

BRIZA L. (Poaceae)

* B. media L., Quaking Grass

Bromelica striata (Michx.) Farw. = Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen

BROMUS L. (Poaceae)

Bromus altissimus Pursh = Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc.

B. ciliatus L., Fringed Brome-grass

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans (L.) Gray = Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.

* B. commutatus Schrad., Fringed Brome, Hairy Chess

* B. erectus Huds., Upright Brome-grass, Hungarian Brome

* B. hordeaceus L., Soft Chess

= B. mollis of authors, not L.

Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc. = Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc.

* B. inermis Leyss., Hungarian Brome-grass, Smooth Brome, Awnless Brome

= B. inermis var. divaricatus Rohl.

* B. japonicus Thunb. ex Murr., Japanese Brome-grass, Japanese Chess

B. kalmii Gray, Kalm's Brome-grass

B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc., Canada Brome, Tall Wood Chess

= Bromus altissimus Pursh

= Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc.

Bromus mollis of authors, not L. = Bromus hordeaceus L.

Bromus nottowayanus Fern. reported for southern Ontario by Wagnon (1952) "with mapped records from the Niagara Peninsula [Regional Municipality of Niagara] and at the eastern end of Lake Ontario (probably within New York State)" is said to be closely related to B. pubescens, the sheaths densely pubescent at the summit, "but has a 5-nerved upper glume and may be the result of hybridization of that species with B. altissimus or even B. kalmii" (Dore & McNeill 1980). Morton and Venn (1990) indicate that B. nottowayanus is probably B. pubescens as does Voss (1972). Not noted for New York State by Mitchell and Tucker (1997).

* B. pubescens Muhl. ex Willd., Canada Brome Grass

= B. ciliatus var. purgans (L.) Gray

= B. purgans of authors, not L.

Bromus purgans L. = Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.

* B. racemosus L., Smooth Brome-grass, Soft Chess

* B. secalinus L., Cheat, Chess

* B. sterilis L., Barren Brome-grass

* B. tectorum L., Downy Brome-grass

Brunella (orth. var.) = Prunella L.

BRUNNERA Stev. (Boraginaceae)

* B. macrophylla (Adams) I. M. Johnston, Siberian Bugloss, Garden Forget-me-not NEW

= Anchusa myosotidiflora Lehm.

= Myosotis macrophylla Adams

BUCHNERA L. (Scrophulariaceae)

B. americana L., Bluehearts

BUDDLEJA L. (Buddlejaceae)

* B. davidii Franch., Summer Lilac, Butterfly-bush, Buddleja NEW

BUGLOSSOIDES Moench (Boraginaceae)

* B. arvense (L.) Johnst., Corn Gromwell, Bastard Alkanet = Lithospermum arvense L.

BULBOSTYLIS Kunth (Cyperaceae)

B. capillaris (L.) Clarke, Sand-rush NEW

=Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray

= Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.

= S. capillaris var. cryptostachys Fern.

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. = Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

BUTOMUS L. (Butomaceae)

* B. umbellatus L., Flowering Rush

CACALIA L. (Asteraceae)

C. atriplicifolia L., Orache-leaved Indian-plantain, Pale Indian-plantain, Wild Collard

= Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson

C. suaveolens L., Indian Plantain, Sweet-scented Indian-plantain

CAKILE Mill. (Brassicaceae)

Cakile americana Nutt. (of local authors) = Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. ssp. edentula

C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook., Sea- rocket, Shore-rocket

ssp. edentula

ssp. lacustris Fern.

= C. edentula ssp. lacustris (Fern.) Hultén

CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. (Poaceae)

Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. of Gray's Manual ed 5 = Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, q.v.

C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Bluejoint Grass, Canada Bluejoint Grass

var. canadensis

= C. canadensis var. robusta Vasey

= C. hyperborea Lange

Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange = Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. canadensis

CALAMINTHA Mill. (Lamiaceae)

C. arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners, Low Calamint, Calamint

= C. nuttallii Benth.

= Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House

= Hedeoma arkansana Nutt.

= Micromeria glabella of Ontario reports, not of Benth.

= Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq.

= S. glabella var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson

= S. glabella of Ontario reports, not of (Michaux) Briq.

= S. glabra (Nutt.) Fern.

= Calamintha glabella var. nuttallii (Benth.) Gray

Calamintha clinopodium Benth. in DC. = Clinopodium vulgare L.

Calamintha glabella var. nuttallii (Benth.) Gray = Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners

Calamintha nuttallii Benth. = Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners

CALAMOVILFA (A. Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southw. (Poaceae)

* C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn., Great Lakes Sandreed, Dunegrass

var. magna Scribn. & Merr.

CALLA L. (Araceae)

C. palustris L., Wild Calla, Water-arum

CALLITRICHE L. (Callitrichaceae)

Callitriche anceps Fern. = Callitriche heterophylla Pursh

C. heterophylla Pursh, Large Water-starwort

= C. anceps Fern.

C. palustris L., Water-starwort

= C. verna L.

Callitriche verna L. = Callitriche palustris L.

CALOPOGON R. Br. ex Ait. (Orchidaceae)

Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. ex Ait. = Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP.

C. tuberosus (L.) BSP., Grass Pink Orchid

= C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. ex Ait.

= Calthea pulchella (Salisb.) Salisb., not (Willd.) Salisb.

CALTHA L. (Ranunculaceae)

C. palustris L., Marsh Marigold, Cowslip Image 2 3 4

= C. flabellifolia Pursh

= C. palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray

= C. palustris var. radicans (Forst.) Hartm.

= C. radicans Forst.

Calthea pulchella (Salisb.) Salisb., not (Willd.) Salisb. = Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP.

CALYPSO Salisb. (Orchidaceae)

Calypso borealis Salisb. = Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes

C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes, Calypso Orchid, Fairyslipper Image 2

= C. borealis Salisb.

= Cytherea bulbosa (L.) Salisb.

CALYSTEGIA R. Br. (Convolvulaceae)

Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don = Calystegia hederacea Wallich

* C. hederacea Wallich, Japanese Bindweed

= Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don

= C. pubescens Lindl.

= Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb.

= C. japonicus Thunb.

= C. wallichianus Spreng.

Calystegia pubescens Lindl. = Calystegia hederacea Wallich

C. sepium (L.) R. Br., Hedge Bindweed, Wild Morning-Glory, Trailing Hedge-Bindweed

* ssp. sepium (L.) R. Br.

= Convolvulus nashii House

= C. sepium var. communis R. Tryon

= C. sepium var. sepium

C. spithamea (L.) Pursh, Low Bindweed

= Convolvulus spithameus L.

CAMELINA Crantz (Brassicaceae)

* C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC., Small-fruited False Flax

* C. sativa (L.) Crantz, False Flax, Dutch Flax, Gold-of-Pleasure

CAMPANULA L. (Campanulaceae)

C. americana L., Tall Bellflower

= Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small

C. aparinoides Pursh, Marsh Bellflower

= C. aparinoides var. grandiflora Holz

= C. aparinoides var. uliginosa (Rydb.) Gleason

= C. uliginosa Rydb.

* Campanula glomerata L., a rare introduction in New York state is excluded from our flora by Zander and Pierce (1979).

* C. rapunculoides L., Creeping Bellflower

= C. rapunculoides var. ucranica (Bess.) Koch

C. rotundifolia L., Harebell, Bluebell

Campanula uliginosa Rydb. = Campanula aparinoides Pursh

Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small = Campanula americana L.

Campe barbarea (L.) Wight = Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Campe barbarea (L.) Wight var. hirsuta (Weihe) House = Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Campe stricta (Andrz. ex Bess.) Wight = Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Campe verna (Mill.) Heller = Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link = Asplenium rhizophyllum L.

CANNABIS L. (Cannabaceae)

Cannabis indica Lam. = Cannabis sativa L.

* C. sativa L., Hemp, Marijuana

= C. indica Lam.

= C. sativa ssp. indica (Lam.) Small & Cronq.

Capnoides flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) Kuntze = Corydalis flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) DC.

Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. ex Roemer = Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.

CAPSELLA Medik. (Brassicaceae)

* C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Shepherd's Purse, Pick-pocket Image 2

= Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt.

= Capsella bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crépin

= Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.

Carara didyma (L.) Britt. = Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

CARDAMINE L. (Brassicaceae)

Cardamine arenicola Britt. = Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz

C. bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP, Bulbous Spring Cress

= Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl.

= A. rhomboidea Pers.

= Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.

C. concatenata (Michx.) Schwein., Cut-leaved Toothwort Image 2 3

= Dentaria concatenata Michx.

= D. laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.

C. concatenata x diphylla = C. x maxima (Nutt.) Wood, Large Toothwort

= Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood

= Dentaria diphylla x laciniata

= D. diphylla x maxima

= D. x incisa K. Schum.

= D. x incisifolia Eames

= D. laciniata x maxima

= D. maxima Nutt.

C. diphylla (Michx.) Wood, Two-leaved Toothwort

= Dentaria diphylla Michx.

C. douglassii Britt. (not Torr.), Purple Spring-cress

= C. rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr.

* C. flexuosa With., Rock-cress NEW

Cardamine flexuosa of some NY reports, not With. = Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz OR Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.

* Cardamine hirsuta L. in New York is a rare introduction, excluded by Zander and Pierce (1979).

Cardamine hirsuta sensu Torrey's NY Flora, not L. = Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.

Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood = [Cardamine concatenata x diphylla = C. x maxima (Nutt.) Wood]

Cardamine parviflora (of American authors) = Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola (Britt.) O. E. Schulz

C. parviflora L., Small-flowered Bitter Cress, Small-flowered Bittercress

var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz

= C. arenicola Britt.

= C. flexuosa of some NY reports, not With.

= C. parviflora var. parviflora (of American authors)

= C. virginica Michx.

C. pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd., Pennsylvania Bitter Cress

= C. flexuosa of some NY reports, not With.

= C. hirsuta sensu Torrey's NY Flora, not L.

= C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw.

Cardamine pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw. = Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.

C. pratensis L., Cuckoo-flower

= C. palustris Peterm. ex Rabenh.

= C. pratensis var. palustris Wimm. & Graeb.

= C. pratensis ssp. palustris (Wimm. & Graebn.) Clausen

Cardamine rhomboidea DC. = Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) BSP

Cardamine rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr. = Cardamine douglassii Britt. (not Torr.)

C. rotundifolia Michx., Round-leaved Cress Image 2

Cardamine spathulata Michx. = Arabis lyrata L.

Cardamine virginica Michx. = Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz

CARDARIA Desv. (Brassicaceae)

* Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Hoary Cress

= Lepidium draba L.

CARDUUS L. (Asteraceae)

* C. acanthoides L., Bristle-thistle

Carduus mariana L. = Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

* C. nutans L., Nodding Thistle, Musk-thistle

CAREX L. (Cyperaceae)

Carex abacta Bailey = Carex michauxiana Boeckl.

Carex anceps Muhl. = Carex laxiflora Lam. var. laxiflora

Carex aestivalis Curtis ex A. Gray, Summer-sedge

Carex alata Torr., Broad-winged Sedge

C. albicans Willd. ex Spreng., Sedge

var. albicans

= C. artitecta Mackz.

= C. nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii (A. Gray) Gleason

= C. varia of old NY reports, not Muhl. ex Willd.

var. emmonsii (Dewey ex Torrey) Rettig, Emmons' Sedge

           = C. emmonsii Dewey ex Torrey

C. albursina Sheldon, White Bear Sedge

= C. laxiflora var. latifolia Boott

C. alopecoidea Tuckerm., Fox-sedge

C. amphibola Steud.

var. turgida Fern., Gray Sedge

= C. grisea Wahl.

= C. grisea auct. non Wahlenb.

= C. corrugata Fern.

Carex angustata Boott, according to Gray's Manual, ed 5, 1867 = Carex stricta Lam.

Carex angustior Mackenzie ex Rydb. = Carex echinata Murr.

C. annectens (Bickn.) Bickn.

var. annectens NEW

var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. NEW

           = C. brachyglossa Mackenzie

C. appalachica Webber & Ball NEW

= C. radiata (Wahlenberg) Small, "formerly C. radiata sensu Mackenzie"

= C. rosea var. radiata (Wahlenberg) Dewey

C. aquatilis Wahl., Northern Wate-sedge

= C. aquatilis var. altior (Rydb.) Fern.

= C. substricta (Kuekenth) Mackenzie ex Rydb.

C. arctata Boott ex Hook., Drooping Wood-sedge

C. argyrantha Tuckerm., Hay-sedge

= C. foenea of some old NY reports, not Willd.

Carex artitecta Mackz. = Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans

Carex asa-grayi Bailey = Carex grayi Carey

C. atherodes Spreng., Wheat-ear Sedge

C. atlantica Bailey

ssp. atlantica, Prickly Bog-sedge

= C. atlantica var. incomperta (Bickn.) Herm.

= C. incomperta Bickn.

ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek, Howe's Sedge

           = C. howei Mackenzie

C. aurea Nutt., Golden-fruited Sedge

Carea aurea Nutt. in part = Carex garberi Fern.

C. backii Boott, Back's Sedge

= C. durifolia Bailey

C. bebbii (Bailey) Olney ex Fern., Bebb's Sedge

Carex bicolor (of authors) = Carex garberi Fern.

C. blanda Dewey, Charming Sedge

= C. laxiflora var. blanda (Dewey) Boott

Carex brachyglossa Mackenzie = Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg.

C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie ex Lunell, Common Fescue-sedge

C. bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd., Brome-like Sedge

C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. ex Lam., Brownish Sedge

var. brunnescens

C. buxbaumii Wahl., Brown Sedge

= C. polygama Schk.

C. canescens L., Silvery Sedge

= C. canescens var. disjuncta Fern.

= C. canescens var. subloliacea Laest.

= C. curta Good., according to Gray, 1967, Manual ed 5

C. careyana Torr. ex Dewey, Carey's Sedge

Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. = Carex echinata Murr.

C. cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey, Thin-leaved Sedge

= C. sparganioides var. cephaloidea (Dewey) Carey

C. cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd., Southern Sedge

Carex chlorophila Mackenzie = Carex viridula Michx.

C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L.f., Creeping Sedge

C. communis Bailey, Fibrous-rooted Sedge

C. comosa Boott, Bristly Sedge

C. complanata Torr. & Hook., Northern Hirsute Sedge

= C. hirsuta Willd., see Gray's Manual ed 5 p. 588

= C. hirsutella Mackenzie

= C. triceps (of authors)

C. conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd., Field-sedge

Carex convoluta Mackenzie = Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd.

Carex corrugata Fern. = Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern.

C. crawei Dewey ex Torr., Crawe's Sedge

C. crinita Lam., Sickle-sedge

= C. crinita var. brevicrinis Fern.

= C. crinita var. minor Boott

= C. crinita var. porteri (Olney) Fern.

= C. crinita var. simulans Fern.

= C. nigromarginata var. minor (Boott) Gleason

Carex crinita var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. = Carex gynandra Schwein.

Carex cristata (of authors) = Carex cristatella Britt. ex Britt. & Brown

C. cristatella Britt. ex Britt. & Brown, Crested Sedge

= C. cristata (of authors)

C. cryptolepis Mackenzie, Small Yellow Sedge

= C. flava var. fertilis M. Peck

= C. oederi Michx. according to House, 1924, p. 195

Carex curta Good., according to Gray, 1967, Manual ed 5 = Carex canescens L.

C. debilis Michx., Rudge's Sedge

var. rudgei Bailey

= C. flexuosa Muhl. ex Willd.

C. deweyana Schwein., Dewey's Sedge

C. diandra Schrank, Lesser Panicled Sedge

= C. teretiuscula var. major Koch

C. digitalis Willd., Slender Wood Sedge

Carex dioica L. of authors in part = Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej.

C. disperma Dewey, Soft-leaved Sedge

= C. tenella Schk.

Carex disticha (of Day, 1882) = Carex sartwellii Dewey

Carex durifolia Bailey = Carex backii Boott

C. eburnea Boott ex Hook., Bristle-leaved Sedge

C. echinata Murr., Prickly Sedge

= C. angustior Mackenzie ex Rydb.

= C. cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn.

= C. leersii Willd. of Zander & Pierce (1979)

= C. muricata of American authors, not L.

= C. muricata L. var. angustata Carey

= C. muricata L. var. cephalantha (Bailey) Wieg. & Eames

Carex elachycarpa Fern. = Carex sterilis Willd.

Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr. = Carex albicans var. emmonsii (Dewey ex Torrey) Rettig.

C. emoryi Dewey ex Torrey, Emory's Sedge NEW

= C. stricta var. elongata (Bock) Gleason

C. festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd., Fescue Sedge

= C. straminea of some old NY reports, not Schkuhr ex Willd.

= C. straminea Willd. var. festucacea Boott

Carex filiformis of authors, not L. = Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén

C. flaccosperma Dewey, Sedge NEW

var. glaucodea (Tuckerman ex Olney) Kuk., Blue-green Sedge

           = C. glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney

Carex flaccidula Steudel, sec. Macdonald 1990 = C. radiata (Wahl.) Small (not Dewey)

C. flava L., Yellow Sedge

= C. flava var. laxior (Kuk.) Gleason

= C. laxior (Kuk.) Mackenzie

Carex flava var. fertilis Peck = Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie

Carex flexuosa Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei Bailey

Carex foenea (of authors) = Carex argyrantha Tuckerm.

C. folliculata L., Long Sedge

C. formosa Dewey, Handsome Sedge NEW

C. garberi Fern., Garber's Sedge

= C. aurea Nutt. in part.

= C. bicolor (of authors)

= C. garberi ssp. bifaria (Fern.) Hultén

= C. hassei Bailey

Carex glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney = Carex flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea (Tuckerman ex Olney) Kuk.

C. gracilescens Steud. NEW

C. gracillima Schwein., Graceful Sedge

C. granularis Muhl. ex Willd., Meadow Sedge

var. granularis

var. haleana (Olney) Porter

= C. shriveri Britt.

C. grayi Carey, Gray's Sedge

= C. asa-grayi Bailey

= C. asa-grayi Bailey var. hispidula (Gray) Bailey

= C. grayi var. hispidula Gray

Carex grayi var. hispidula Gray = Carex grayi Carey

Carex grisea Wahl. = Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern.

Carex gymnocrates of authors = Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej.

C. gynandra Schwein., Nodding Sedge

= C. crinita var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr.

C. gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej., Northern Bog-sedge

= C. dioica L. of authors in part

= C. gymnocrates of authors

Carex hassei Bailey = Carex garberi Fern.

[Carex haydenii Dewey, Hayden's Sedge NEW

Rarity Status: State; E TNC Rank: G5 S1: according to Young

(1998) this species is of possible occurrence in Niagara Co. due to

unconfirmed report, oral, published or otherwise.]

Carex hirsuta Willd., see Gray's Manual ed 5 p. 588 = Carex aomplanata Torr. & Hook., q.v.

Carex hirsutella Mackenzie = Carex complanata Torr. & Hook.

C. hirtifolia Mackenzie, Pubescent Sedge

= C. pubescens Muhl.

C. hitchcockiana Dewey, Hitchcock's Sedge

Carex howei Mackenzie = Carex atlantica Bailey ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek

[Carex hyalinolepis Steud., Sedge

There are unconfirmed reports of this species from Cattaraugus

Co. (Young 1998).]

C. hystericina Muhl. ex Willd., Porcupine-sedge

= C. hystricina of authors

Carex hystricina of authors = Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd.

Carex incomperta Bickn. = Carex atlantica Bailey ssp. atlantica

C. interior Bailey, Inland Sedge

C. intumescens Rudge, Bladder-sedge

= C. intumescens var. fernaldii Bailey

Carex irregularis Schwein. = Carex viridula Michx.

C. jamesii Schwein., James' Sedge

= C. steudelii Kunth

C. lacustris Willd., Lake-bank Sedge

= C. riparia (of authors)

= C. riparia var. lacustris (Willd.) Kuekenth

C. laevivaginata (Kuekenth) Mackenzie ex Britt. & Brown, Smooth-sheathed Sedge

C. lanuginosa Michx., Woolly Sedge

= C. lasiocarpa ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) Clausen & Wahl.

= C. lasiocarpa var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gleason

C. lasiocarpa Ehrh., Slender Sedge

ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén

= C. lasiocarpa var. americana Fern.

= C. filiformis auct. not of L.

Carex lasiocarpa ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) Clausen & Wahl. = Carex lanuginosa Michx.

Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Fern. = Carex lasiocarpa ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén

Carex lasiocarpa var. latifolia (Boeck.) Gleason = Carex lanuginosa Michx.

C. laxiculmis Schwein., Spreading Sedge

= C. retrocurva Dewey in Wood

C. laxiflora Lam., Loose-flowered Sedge

var. laxiflora

= C. anceps Willd.

Carex laxiflora var. blanda (Dewey) Boott = Carex blanda Dewey

Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott = Carex albursina Sheldon

Carex laxior (Kuk.) Mackenzie = Carex flava L.

Carex leersii Willd. of Zander & Pierce (1979) = Carex echinata Murr.

C. leptalea Wahl., Bristle-stalked Sedge

= C. polytrichoides Muhl. ex Willd.

C. leptonervia (Fern.) Fern., Northern Woodland-sedge

C. limosa L., Mud-sedge

C. lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey, Hop-like Sedge

C. lupulina Muhl. ex Willd., Hop-sedge

= C. x macounii Dewey

= C. lupulina var. pedunculata Gray

Carex lupulina var. pedunculata Gray = Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd.

C. lurida Wahl., Sallow Sedge

= C. lurida var. exundans Bailey ex Britt. & Brown

= C. lurida var. pedunculata Gray

= C. tentaculata Muhl. ex Willd.

Carex x macounii Dewey = Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd.

C. meadii Dewey, Mead's Sedge NEW

C. michauxiana Boeckl., Michaux's Sedge

= C. abacta Bailey

Carex miliacea Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex prasina Wahl.

Carex mirabilis Dewey = Carex normalis Mackenzie

C. molesta Mackenzie, Troublesome Sedge

C. muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd., Muhlenberg's Sedge

var. muhlenbergii

Carex muricata of some authors, not L. see Carex spicata Huds.

Carex muricata L. (of Zenkert, 1934) = Carex echinata Murr.

Carex muricata var. angustata Carey = Carex echinata Murr.

Carex muricata L. var. cephalantha (Bailey) Wieg. & Eames = Carex echinata Murr.

Carex muricata var. sterilis (Willd.) Gleason, not Carey = Carex sterilis Willd.

Carex nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii (A. Gray) Gleason = Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans

Carex nigromarginata var. minor (Boott) Gleason = Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita

C. normalis Mackenzie, Larger Straw-sedge

= C. mirabilis Dewey

C. novae-angliae Schwein., New England Sedge

Carex oederi Michx. according to House, 1924, p. 195 = Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie

Carex oederi var. pumila (Cos. & Germ.) Fern. = Carex viridula Michx.

C. oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd., Few-fruited Sedge

C. oligosperma Michx., Few-seeded Sedge

C. pallescens L., Pale Sedge

= C. pallescens var. neogea Fern.

Carex pallescens var. neogea Fern. = Carex pallescens L.

C. pauciflora Lightf., Few-flowered Sedge

C. paupercula Michx., Bog-sedge

var. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern.

           = C. magellanica ssp. irrigua (Wahl.) Hultén

In Zenkert, C. paupercula is a synonym of C. magellanica of Macoun's Cat. of Can. Pl. (p. 110).

var. pallens Fern.

C. pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd., Long-stalked Sedge

C. pensylvanica Lam., Pennsylvania Sedge

C. plantaginea Lam., Plantain-leaved Sedge

C. platyphylla Carey, Broad-leaved Sedge

Carex polygama Schk. = Carex buxbaumii Wahl.

Carex polytrichoides Muhl. ex Willd. = Carex leptalea Wahl.

C. prairea Dewey ex Wood, Prairie Sedge

C. prasina Wahl., Drooping Sedge

= C. miliacea Muhl. ex Willd.

C. projecta Mackenzie, Necklace Sedge

C. pseudocyperus L., Cyperus-like Sedge

Carex pubescens Muhl. = Carex hirtifolia Mackenzie

C. radiata (Wahl.) Small (not Dewey), Sedge

= C. flaccidula Steudel, sec. Macdonald 1990

= C. rosea of some authors, not Willd.

= C. rosea auct. Ontario reports in large part (Morton & Venn 1990)

Carex retrocurva Dewey in Wood = Carex laxiculmis Schwein.

C. retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd., Reflexed Sedge

C. retrorsa Schwein., Retrorse Sedge

Carex riparia (of authors) = Carex lacustris Willd.

Carex riparia var. lacustris (Willd.) Kuekenth = Carex lacustris Willd.

C. rosea Schkuhr ex Willd., Rose Sedge

= C. convoluta Mackenzie, "see note under C. radiata"

C. rostrata Stokes ex With., Beaked Sedge

var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey

= Carex utriculata Boott in Hook.

C. rugosperma Mack. NEW

C. sartwellii Dewey, Sartwell's Sedge

= C. disticha (of Day, 1882)

C. scabrata Schwein., Rough Sedge

C. schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein., Schweinitz's Sedge

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