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BFNA Title: Cryphaeaceae |
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CRYPHAEACEAE Schimper William
D. Reese Plants small to medium in size, mostly dull,
with creeping primary stems bearing spreading to pendent branches, mostly
brownish-green. Stems irregularly branched; paraphyllia lacking;
pseudoparaphyllia lacking; axillary hairs 2--4 per axil, of 1--2 short
proximal cells with brownish walls and 1--3 elongate distal cells. Branches
short to elongate, simple to much-branched, terete. Leaves spirally
inserted, imbricate, rapidly spreading when moistened, mostly
ovate-acuminate, margins entire, or serrate distally, apex mostly acute;
costa single; medial cells rhomboidal to fusiform, smooth to prorulose; alar
cells rounded to quadrate. Sexual condition autoicous. Perigonia
gemmiform, small, axillary. Perichaetia gemmiform, axillary or
terminal on branches. Seta single, very short. Capsule
immersed, erect, symmetric, stomates scanty, proximal; annulus usually
revoluble; operculum conic-rostrate; peristome mostly double, pale; exostome
of 16 teeth; endostome of 16 small linear segments or lacking, cilia lacking.
Calyptra mitrate or subcucullate, smooth to papillose. Spores
spherical, mostly granular to papillose, sometimes smooth. Genera 8--10, species ca.
60--70 (2 genera, 5 species in the flora): worldwide, primarily tropical and
subtropical regions. The Cryphaeaceae are defined
by the combination of creeping primary stems with firm spreading-erect
branches, immersed capsule, corticolous habitat, dull aspect, and pale
peristome. The vegetative leaves of many of the species of this family are
very similar. The Cryphaeaceae as treated here comprise only Cryphaea
and Schoenobryum. Several closely related genera in the family occur
outside of the flora area (cf. H. Akiyama 1990; M. G. Manuel 1981). Other
genera of the flora area, e.g., Alsia, Dendroalsia, and Forsstroemia,
have been included in the concept of the Cryphaeaceae by various authors,
e.g., M. R. Crosby and R. E. Magill (1981), but are here assigned to other
families: Alsia and Dendroalsia in the Leucodontaceae and Forsstroemia
in the Leptodontaceae. SELECTED REFERENCES Akiyama,
H. 1990. Morphology and taxonomic significance of dormant branch primordia,
dormant buds, and vegetative reproductive organs in the suborders
Leucodontineae and Neckerineae (Musci, Isobryales). Bryologist 93: 395--408.
Crosby, M. R. and R. E. Magill. 1981. A Dictionary of Mosses. Monographs in
Systematic Botany from the 1. Perichaetia lateral;
peristome double (single in C. ravenelii) . . . . 1. Cryphaea 1. Perichaetia terminal;
peristome single . . . . 2. Schoenobryum 1. CRYPHAEA
F. Weber, Tabula Calyptratarum Operculatarum, Musc. Frondos. Gen. 3. 1814 •
Greek, cryph, hidden; referring to the immersed sporophytes Plants small, dull, green to glaucous- or
brownish-green. Branches mostly short, slender, wiry, simple or irregularly
branched; axillary hairs 3--4 per axil, with 1(--2) short proximal cells and
2--3 elongate distal cells. Leaves tightly imbricate when dry, mostly
wide-spreading when moist, concave, margins plane or somewhat recurved
proximally; medial cells smooth or prorulose abaxially, especially distally,
mostly smooth adaxially. Perichaetia lateral on branches; interior
leaves mostly more or less awned, the awns usually denticulate-roughened. Peristome
mostly double, exostome teeth narrowly triangular, papillose; endostome
segments narrow, papillose, sometimes indistinct or lacking. Calyptra
mostly conic, sometimes almost cucullate, smooth to papillose. Species ca. 50--60 (4 in the
flora): worldwide, mostly tropical and subtropical regions. Plants of Cryphaea grow
in thin or dense colonies, with the slender, often inconspicuous branches
standing out from the substrate. The dull, wiry aspect of the spreading,
mostly simple branches is characteristic. SELECTED REFERENCE Manuel, M.
G. 1973. Studies in Cryphaeaceae I. A revision of the genus Cryphaea
in North America North of Mexico. Bryologist 76: 144--162. 1. Leaf apex rounded to
bluntly acute; peristome single, exostome teeth joined in pairs . . . . 4. Cryphaea
ravenelii 1. Leaf apex acute to
acuminate; peristome double, exostome teeth single. 2.
Costa ending in leaf acumen, percurrent or nearly so; leaf apices acuminate .
. . . 3. Cryphaea nervosa 2.
Costa ending at midleaf or above, but not percurrent; leaf apices acute. 3.
Interior perichaetial leaves mostly 1.6--1.9 mm, their awns about 1/5--1/4
length of expanded portion of leaf; costa stout, often 2-fid at tip; plants
common, widespread in eastern and southeastern U.S . . . . 2. Cryphaea
glomerata 3.
Interior perichaetial leaves mostly 2.5--2.8 mm, their awns about 1/2 length
of expanded portion of leaf; costa slender, not 2-fid at tip; plants rare, in
the flora area known only from southern 1. Cryphaea filiformis (Hedwig) Bridel,
Musc. Recent. Suppl. 4: 139. 1819 Neckera filiformis Hedwig, Sp. Musc. 202. 1801; Cryphaea
floridensis H. A. Crum; Cryphaea glomerata var. scabra
Grout Branches mostly elongate, often branched. Leaves
narrowly acute to short-acuminate, wide-spreading when wet, mostly 1.3--1.6
mm; costa ending in base of acumen, often laterally spurred, not 2-fid at
tip. Interior perichaetial leaves mostly 2.5--2.8 mm; awns distinct,
strongly denticulate, about 1/2 length of expanded portion of leaf. Peristome
double; exostome teeth single; endostome segments slenderly triangular. Calyptra
conic. Spores papillose. Capsules mature Mar.--Apr.
Twigs and branches of trees and shrubs, in humid forests; 0 m; Fla.; Mexico;
West Indies; Central America. Vegetatively, C. filiformis
is rather similar to C. glomerata, but the branches of the former are
generally longer and the interior perichaetial leaves are much longer and
have proportionally longer awns. Although A. J. Grout (1934) wrote that the
capsules of C. filiformis are often at the tips of stems and branches,
this is not correct; he was misled by a mixed collection that included Schoenobryum
concavifolium in addition to C. filiformis. In S. concavifolium
the perichaetia are terminal. Cryphaea filiformis was attributed to 2. Cryphaea
glomerata Sullivant in A. Gray, Man. N. U.S. Bot. ed. 2, 656. 1856 Branches short to elongate, mostly simple. Leaves
broadly acute, wide-spreading when wet, mostly 0.8--1.2 mm; costa ending at
midleaf or in base of acumen, often laterally spurred and often more or less
2-fid at tip. Interior perichaetial leaves mostly 1.6--1.9 mm; awn
usually distinct, denticulate, about 1/5--1/4 length of expanded portion of
leaf. Peristome double; exostome teeth single; endostome segments
linear, slender. Calyptra broadly conic. Spores smooth or
papillose. Capsules mature Sept.--June.
Twigs, branches, and trunks of shrubs and trees, on logs, rarely on rock, in
humid forests; 0--1000 m; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Md.,
Mass., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.C., Ohio, Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va. Cryphaea glomerata often grows mixed with C. nervosa,
but the two can be easily distinguished under low magnification by the more
narrowly pointed and plicate-appearing leaves of C. nervosa. The
ranges of C. glomerata and the subtropical C. filiformis
overlap in southern 3. Cryphaea
nervosa (Hooker & Wilson) J. K. A. Müller, Linnaea 19: 211. 1846 Daltonia nervosa Hooker & Wilson in T. Drummond,
Musci Amer. So. States 100. 1841 Branches short or elongate, mostly simple. Leaves
acuminate, wide-spreading when wet, mostly 1.0--1.2 mm; costa percurrent or
nearly so, not spurred, not 2-fid at tip. Interior perichaetial leaves
mostly 1.6--1.9 mm; awn usually distinct, denticulate, about 1/5--1/4 length
of expanded portion of leaf. Peristome double; exostome teeth single;
endostome segments irregularly linear. Calyptra subcucullate to
cucullate. Spores papillose. Capsules mature Dec.--Apr.
Twigs, branches, and trunks of trees in humid forests, sometimes in swamp
forests; 0--1060 m; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex. Plants of C. nervosa
generally grow in more humid habitats than those of C. glomerata, a
species with which its plants are often intermingled. The narrowly pointed
leaves of C. nervosa make it easy to recognize in the field. The costa
is often so prominent that the leaves of dry plants appear to be plicate. 4. Cryphaea
ravenelii Branches short to elongate, mostly simple. Leaves
rounded to bluntly acute, ascending when wet, mostly 1 mm; costa ending in
base of acumen, often laterally spurred and often 2-fid at tip. Interior
perichaetial leaves mostly 1.6--1.8 mm, apiculate or with short rough awn
to about 1/6--1/4 length of expanded portion of leaf. Peristome
single; exostome teeth mostly joined in pairs; endostome lacking. Calyptra
narrowly conic-subcucullate. Spores papillose. Capsules mature Apr., May. Trunks
and branches of saplings and living and dead trees, exposed roots, forests;
to 330 m; Cryphaea ravenelii is rare. Although similar at first
glance to C. glomerata, it can be easily distinguished by its blunt
leaf apices and paired exostome teeth. Further, the interior perichaetial
leaves of C. glomerata have a greater tendency to be awned than those
of C. ravenelii. Cryphaea ravenelii occupies the same habitats
as C. glomerata and the two species have often been collected growing
together. 2. SCHOENOBRYUM
Dozy & Molkenboer, Musc. Frond. Ined. Archip. Indici fasc. 6: 183. 1848 •
Greek, schoeno, a rope, and bryo, moss; referring to the
perceived ropelike appearance of the stems, especially when dry Plants small, dull, brownish-green, sometimes
with reddish tinge. Branches mostly short, irregularly branched;
axillary hairs 2--3 per axil, with 1 short proximal cell with brownish walls
and 1--3 elongate distal cells. Leaves tightly imbricate when dry,
spreading when moist, concave, margins plane to revolute; medial cells smooth
to prorulose. Perichaetia terminal on branch tips, interior leaves
awned. Peristome single, exostome teeth papillose. Calyptra
conic, somewhat papillose distally. Species ca. 24 (1 in the
flora): nearly worldwide (but not SELECTED REFERENCE Manuel, M.
G. 1977. Studies in Cryphaeaceae IV. New combinations in Schoenobryum.
Bryologist 80: 522-524. 1. Schoenobryum concavifolium ( Orthotrichum concavifolium Branches elongate, usually branched. Leaves
broadly acute to short-acuminate, wide-spreading when wet, mostly 1 mm,
margins plane; costa sometimes laterally spurred, rarely 2-fid at tip. Interior
perichaetial leaves mostly 2--2.3 mm, awns distinct, nearly smooth to
denticulate, about 1/5 length of expanded portion of leaf. Exostome teeth
narrowly triangular. Spores granular. Capsules mature Apr. Twigs,
branches, and tree trunks in humid forests; 0 m; Fla.; Mexico; West Indies;
Central America; South America; Asia. Schoenobryum concavifolium is very rare in the flora area, where
it is known only from a few specimens from Editor's note: Rao (2001) has
recently published a paper of relevance to the floral representation of this
family. OTHER REFERENCES Buck, W. R. 1994. Three
additions to the United States moss flora. Bryologist 97: 89-90. Grout, A. J. 1934.
Cryphaeaceae. In: A. J. Grout, ed. Moss Flora of North America, North of
Mexico. Vol. 3, pp. 222--226. Newfane, Vt. and New York. Rao, P. 2001. Taxonomic
studies on Cryphaea (Cryphaeaceae, Bryopsida). 3. Revision of
European, African, Australian and Oceanian, and American species.
Bryobrothera 7: 37--111. Reese, W. D. 1995. Campylostelium
saxicola new to Indiana, Cryphaea ravenelii new to Virginia,
comments on Cryphaea filiformis and Schoenobryum concavifolium
in Florida, a note on A. J. Grout's North American Musci Perfecti number
218, and an observation on O. E. Jenning's illustration for Ptychomitrium
incurvum. Evansia 12: 157--160. Sharp, A. J. H. Crum and P. M.
Eckel. 1994. The Moss Flora of Mexico. 2 vols. New York. |
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