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BFNA Title: Stereophyllaceae |
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XX. STEREOPHYLLACEAE W. R. Buck & William R. Buck and Robert R. Ireland Plants medium to moderately large, in thin to
dense, often glossy, flat mats. Stems prostrate,
complanate to terete, simple or sparingly and irregularly branched; cortical
cells small and thick-walled in cross section, or rarely with an outer layer
of large thin-walled cells subtended by small thick-walled cells, internally
with large, thin-walled cells; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous or less commonly
foliose; rhizoids in clusters below leaf insertions, sometimes on base of
costa or adjacent cells on dorsal surface of leaves, smooth or papillose;
axillary hairs with a single brown basal cell and 2--6 hyaline apical cells. Leaves erect to wide-spreading,
usually imbricate when dry, lanceolate to ovate, flat to somewhat concave,
obtuse to long-acuminate, symmetric or rarely asymmetric, nondecurrent,
margins plane or incurved, entire to serrulate beyond leaf middle; costa
single, extending 1/3--3/4\x leaf length (rarely absent in some leaves);
distal laminal cells linear to rhomboidal, thin- or thick-walled, smooth or
rarely 1-papillose over the lumina or prorulose at distal ends on abaxial
surface; alar cells differentiated, usually in large areas, quadrate to
rectangular, often unequally distributed on either side of costa but always
covering the adaxial surface of the costa, collenchymatous. Specialized asexual reproduction
unknown. Sexual condition usually
autoicous, sometimes dioicous. Seta
solitary, straight, long, smooth. Capsule
cernuous or erect, straight or slightly arcuate; exothecial cells thin-
or thick-walled; annulus differentiated and deciduous, or undifferentiated;
operculum conic to short-rostrate; peristome double, exostome teeth on outer
surface cross-striolate or with papillae in horizontal rows below, papillose
above, ± projecting on inner surface; endostome with a high or low basal
membrane, the segments keeled, shorter than or almost as long as the teeth,
cilia present or absent. Calyptra cucullate,
smooth, naked. Spores spherical to
ovoid, minutely papillose. Genera 8, about 28 species (3
genera, 3 species in the flora); occurring mostly at low elevations in
subtropical and tropical regions; selected references
Buck, W. R. and R. R. Ireland. 1985. A reclassification of the
Plagiotheciaceae. Nova Hedw. 41: 89--125. Grout, A. J. 1945. A revision of
the North American species of Stereophyllum
and Pilosium, with descriptions of
some South American species. Bryologist 48: 60--70. 1. Leaves similar throughout stems and branches;
costa strong, extending 1/3--3/4\x leaf length; capsules cernuous or erect;
exothecial cells not or scarcely collenchymatous; spores 9--27 \um
.............................1. Stereophylloideae, p. XX 1. Leaves dimorphic, dorsal leaves
symmetric, oblong-ovate, differentiated alar cells few, lateral leaves
cultriform, oblong-lanceolate, differentiated alar cells numerous; costae
weak, rarely reaching 1/3\x leaf length, present only on lateral leaves;
capsules cernuous; exothecial cells collenchymatous; spores 7--9\um
……………………………………………............................2. Pilosioideae, p. XX XXa.
Stereophyllaceae subfam. Stereophylloideae M. Fleischer, Musci Fl. Buitenzorg 4: 1158. 1923
"Stereophylleae." Stems complanate to terete, simple or sparingly and irregularly
branched; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous or foliose; rhizoids smooth or
papillose; axillary hairs with a single brown basal cell and 2--6 hyaline
apical cells. Leaves similar
throughout stems and branches, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to long-acuminate,
mostly symmetric; costa single, extending 1/3--3/4\x the leaf length; distal
cells linear to rhomboidal, thin- or thick-walled, smooth or 1-papillose over
the lumina or prorulose at upper ends on abaxial surfaces; alar cells
differentiated, numerous, quadrate to rectangular, collenchymatous, mostly
unequally distributed. Capsule cernuous
or erect, straight or slightly arcuate; exothecial cells thin- or
thick-walled; annulus present and deciduous, or absent; operculum conic to
short-rostrate. Genera 7 (2 in the flora):
tropical and south temperate. 1. Leaves abruptly acute to obtuse;
leaf cells ± isodiametric, 1-papillose over lumina, sometimes smooth
..........................................................................1. Stereophyllum 1. Leaves acuminate; leaf cells
elongate, smooth or minutely prorulose on abaxial surface
.........................................................................................................2.
Entodontopsis 1.
STEREOPHYLLUM Mitten, J. Linn. Soc. Bot.. Suppl. 1: 117. 1859 * [Greek, stereos, thick and phyllos, leaf] Glossophyllum (Müller Hal.) Hampe; Hypnum sect. Glossophyllum Müller Hal. Plants medium-sized, in loose to dense dull
mats, complanate to subjulaceous, pale- to yellow-green, sometimes brown-tinged.
Stems creeping, simple or
sparingly and irregularly branched; cortical cells small, thick-walled,
central strand lacking or poorly developed; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous;
rhizoids smooth, in clusters below leaf insertions on abaxial surface of stems;
axillary hairs with a single brown basal cell and 4 hyaline, elongate apical
cells. Stem and branch leaves
similar, erect-spreading when moist, usually imbricate and somewhat contorted
when dry, complanate or somewhat concave, close, stiff, smooth, oblong-ovate
to nearly lingulate, abruptly acute to obtuse, sometimes apiculate,
symmetric, nondecurrent; margins plane, entire or serrulate near apex; costa
single, extending 2/3--3/4\x the leaf length, stout, bulging on abaxial leaf
surface; cells often thick-walled, distal to median cells rhomboidal,
typically 1-papillose over cell lumina on both surfaces, sometimes smooth,
walls not porose; alar regions distinctly differentiated, cells quadrate,
rectangular or oblate, collenchymatous, extending across adaxial surface of
costa. Sexual condition autoicous,
often producing sporophytes; perigonia scattered along stems, bracts ovate,
acute, costate, cells firm-walled, rhomboidal throughout, smooth; perichaetia
at bases of stems, leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, especially above,
costate, cells thick-walled, linear-flexuose above, thin-walled and
rectangular below, smooth. Seta smooth,
elongate, straight to somewhat flexuose, orange to reddish brown. Capsule cernuous or rarely erect,
straight or slightly arcuate, orange to brown, smooth, ellipsoidal to ovoid,
contracted below mouth when dry; exothecial cells thin-walled; annulus of
2--3 rows of small, firm-walled cells, persistent; operculum short-rostrate, sometimes
oblique; peristome double, exostome teeth bordered, shouldered, outer surface
cross-striolate below, papillose above, inner surface projecting; endostome
finely papillose, basal membrane high, segments keeled, perforate, almost as
long as the teeth, cilia 1--3, shorter than the segments. Spores spherical to ovoid, papillose.
Species 2 (1 in the flora): North,
Central and South America, West Indies, Asia, Africa, 1.
Stereophyllum radiculosum (Hooker)
Mitten, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 542. 1869 Hookeria radiculosa
Hooker, Musci Exot. 1: 51. 1818; Hypnum
wrightii (Sullivant) Sullivant; Omalia
wrightii Sullivant in A. Gray; Pterygophyllum indicum Bélanger; Stereophyllum
indicum (Bélanger) Mitten; S. radiculosulum
(Müller Hal.) A. Jaeger; S. wrightii (Sullivant) Renauld &
Cardot Stems to 3 cm, 1--2 mm wide. Leaves 1.0--2.5
x 0.4--1.2 mm; upper cells 14--38 x 7--9 \um; alar cells 9--19 x 9--14 \um,
often many on one side of costa and few on the other. Seta 0.6--1.2 cm. Capsule
0.7--1.8 mm; operculum 0.5--0.7 mm. Spores
12--24 \um. Oak woods or occasionally swamps,
bases of trees, exposed roots, stumps, logs or sometimes on limestone; 0--100
m; Ala., Fla., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America;
Africa; Asia; Australia (Queensland). Stereophyllum radiculosum is immediately recognized by the dull,
complanate plants with simple or sparingly branched stems, by singly costate
leaves with a prominent costa that bulges on the dorsal surface, by abruptly
acute to obtuse leaf apices, and by short, rhomboidal leaf cells, usually
with a single papilla over the lumina on both surfaces of the leaves. 2. ENTODONTOPSIS Brotherus in H. G. A.
Engler & K. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(3): 895. 1907 * [Greek, entos, inside, odon, tooth, opsis, appearance] Hypnum subgen. Complanato-hypnum
Hampe Plants medium-sized, in thin to dense glossy
mats, complanate to julaceous, light green to yellowish or brownish green. Stems creeping, simple or sparingly
and irregularly branched; cortical cells small, thick-walled, central strand
lacking or poorly developed; rhizoids smooth, in clusters below leaf
insertions on abaxial surface of stems; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous;
axillary hairs with a single brown basal cell and 3--6 hyaline apical cells. Stem and branch leaves similar, stiff
to lax, close to distant, erect spreading when moist, usually imbricate and
somewhat contorted when dry, sometimes homomallous toward substrate, flat to
concave, smooth, rarely wrinkled, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-ovate,
ovate-lanceolate or sometimes lingulate, acuminate, acute or obtuse,
symmetric or asymmetric, nondecurrent; margins plane or incurved below
middle, serrate to serrulate distally, serrulate to entire proximally,
sometimes entire throughout; costa single, 1/3--1/2\x leaf length; cells
thin-walled, distal cells broadly fusiform with tapering ends, sometimes with
short, rhomboidal distal cells in obtuse leaves, mostly smooth, occasionally
prorulose at upper ends on abaxial surface, walls not porose; alar regions
strongly differentiated, cells quadrate, rectangular or oblate, large, often
many on one side of costa and few on other, collenchymatous, extending over
adaxial surface of costa. Sexual
condition autoicous, often producing sporophytes; perigonia scattered
along stems, bracts ovate, ecostate; perichaetia at bases of stems, leaves
ovate, acuminate, entire to serrulate, cells linear-rhomboidal above, laxly
rectangular proximally, costate to ecostate within a single perichaetium. Seta smooth, elongate, straight to
somewhat flexuose, orange to reddish brown. Capsule erect, inclined or cernuous, straight or slightly
arcuate, orange to brown, smooth, cylindric, ellipsoidal or ovoid, often
contracted below mouth when dry; exothecial cells thin-walled; annulus of
2--3 rows of firm-walled cells, often falling with the operculum; operculum
conic to short-rostrate; peristome double, exostome teeth bordered,
shouldered, outer surface cross-striolate basally, papillose distally, inner
surface strongly to scarcely projecting; endostome smooth or papillose, basal
membrane high to low, segments keeled, perforate, somewhat shorter than the
teeth, cilia 1--3, sometimes rudimentary, shorter than the segments. Spores spherical to ovoid, papillose.
Species ca. 17 (1 in the flora):
North, Central and South America, West Indies, Asia, 1.
Entodontopsis leucostega
(Bridel) W. R. Buck & Leskea leucostega
Bridel, Bryol. Univ. 2: 333. 1827; Stereophyllum
leucostegum (Bridel) Mitten Plants in loose or dense, glossy mats,
complanate-foliate to subjulaceous, pale- to yellow-green, brownish green
with age. Stems to 3 cm, 1--3 mm
wide; axillary hairs with a single short brown basal cell and 3 elongate
hyaline apical cells. Stem and branch
leaves 1--2 x 0.4--0.8 mm, flat or sometimes slightly concave,
ovate-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, rarely acute; margins plane or
incurved below the middle, entire or serrulate near the apex; costa
1/2--3/4\x leaf length; cells smooth or minutely prorulose on abaxial
surfaces, median cells 47--165 x 7--9 \um; alar cells quadrate to
short-rectangular, sometimes oblate, 14--33 x 11--24 \um. Seta yellowish to reddish brown,
0.5--0.8 cm. Capsule orange to
reddish brown, 0.8--1.5 mm, contracted below mouth when dry; operculum
obliquely conic to short-rostrate, 0.2--0.5 mm. Spores 15--27 \um. Woods, rotten logs, exposed tree
roots; 0--100 m; Fla.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America;
Asia; Africa. Entodontopsis
leucostega is recognized
by the glossy, complanate-foliate plants with erect-spreading, narrow,
acuminate leaves, by the elongate laminal cells with tapering ends that are
smooth or sometimes prorulose on the abaxial surface and by the erect or
inclined to cernuous capsules. A. J. Grout (1945) revised the North and
Central American species, placing them in the genus Stereophyllum. XXb.
Stereophyllaceae subfam. Pilosioideae W. R. Buck & Stems complanate, irregularly branched; pseudoparaphyllia
filamentous; rhizoids smooth; axillary hairs with a single brown basal cell
and 3 hyaline apical cells. Leaves dimorphic,
obtuse to short-acute, abaxial leaves oblong-ovate, symmetric, lateral leaves
oblong-lanceolate, cultriform; costa single in lateral leaves, weak, lacking
in dorsal leaves; distal cells linear, thin-walled, smooth; alar cells
differentiated in lateral leaves, numerous, large, oblong, colored, abaxial
leaves with few differentiated cells, small, quadrate to subquadrate. Capsules cernuous, symmetric;
exothecial cells collenchymatous; annulus undifferentiated; operculum
short-rostrate. Genus 1: Neotropical. 1. PILOSIUM (Müller Hal.) M. Fleischer, Musci Fl. Buitenzorg 4: 1158. 1923 *
[Greek, pilos, cap; Latin, ium, quality or nature of] Stereophyllum sect. Pilosium Müller Hal., Flora 83: 340. 1897 Plants medium-sized, in dense glossy mats,
complanate, yellowish green. Stems
creeping, irregularly branched; cortical cells small, thick-walled, central
strand lacking; rhizoids in clusters below leaf insertions on abaxial surface
of stems and branches; pseudoparaphyllia filamentous. Leaves dimorphic, somewhat stiff, close, wide-spreading, somewhat
curled when dry, curled downward when moist, flat to slightly concave,
non-plicate, obtuse to short-acute, non-decurrent, abaxial leaves
oblong-ovate, symmetric, lateral leaves oblong-lanceolate, cultriform;
margins plane, entire to serrulate, especially distally; costa single in
lateral leaves, weak, rarely extending 1/3\x length of leaf, lacking in
abaxial leaves; cells thin-walled, distal and median cells linear, smooth,
heavily chlorophyllose, non-porose; alar cells differentiated in lateral
leaves, numerous, large, oblong, colored, porose, extending across adaxial
surface of costa, abaxial leaves with few differentiated cells, small,
quadrate to subquadrate. Sexual
condition autoicous, often producing sporophytes; perigonia scattered
along stems, bracts ovate, ecostate; perichaetia scattered along stems, often
in pairs, leaves ovate to lanceolate, deeply erose, ecostate, cells linear. Seta smooth, long, straight,
orange-red. Capsule cernuous,
symmetric, orange-red, smooth, short-cylindric, contracted under mouth when
dry; exothecial cells collenchymatous; annulus undifferentiated; operculum
short-rostrate; peristome double, exostome teeth bordered, outer surface
cross-striolate below, papillose above, inner surface projecting; endostome
papillose, basal membrane high, segments keeled, perforate, shorter than the
teeth, cilia single, shorter than the segments. Spores spherical, papillose. Species 1: North, Central and
South America, 1.
Pilosium chlorophyllum (Hornschuch)
Müller Hal., Flora 83: 340. 1897 Hypnum chlorophyllum Hornschuch,
Fl. Bras. 1(2): 89. 1840; Stereophyllum
chlorophyllum (Hornschuch) Mitten Plants in dense, glossy mats, complanate,
yellowish green. Stems to 6 cm,
2--4 mm wide, irregularly branched. Leaves
dimorphic, abaxial leaves 1.3--1.6 x 0.6--0.9 mm, oblong-ovate,
symmetric, lateral leaves 1.5--2 x 0.6--1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, cultriform;
margins plane, entire to serrulate, especially distally; costa single in
lateral leaves, extending a short distance above base, lacking in abaxial
leaves; median cells 89--146 x 7--12 \um; alar cells strongly differentiated
in lateral leaves, colored, oblong, 24--89 x 14--28 \um, weakly
differentiated in abaxial leaves, quadrate to subquadrate, 12--24 x 9--12
\um. Seta 1.5--1.8 cm. Capsule 0.8--1.2 mm; operculum
0.4--0.6 mm. Spores 7--9 \um. Forested sheltered gorge, rotten
logs, exposed tree roots; 635--730 m; known from a single collection in our
range, NC.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; northern South America. Pilosium
chlorophyllum is
rarely confused with the other species in the Stereophyllaceae. It is
distinctive because of its glossy, complanate plants that have dimorphic
leaves; the abaxial ones symmetric, oblong-ovate, with neither a costa nor a
distinctive alar region of differentiated cells; and the lateral ones
cultriform, oblong-lanceolate, with a short, weak costa scarcely reaching
1/3\x leaf length, and a large area of enlarged, colored alar cells on one
side of the costa. The cernuous, short-cylindric capsules have
collenchymatous exothecial cells and the spores, 7--9 \um in diameter, are
smaller than the other members of the family. |
