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BFNA Title: Hypnaceae |
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HYPNACEAE
Schimper Wilfred B. Schofield † William R. Buck Robert R. Ireland Plants small to robust, forming lax to dense wefts
or mats, creeping, suberect, or erect, dark to yellow-green, golden or orange,
sometimes reddish brown or nearly black, often lustrous. Stems 0.5--20 cm, branching irregularly to regularly pinnate or 2-pinnate,
with or without a 1-stratose hyalodermis, central strand present or absent;
pseudoparaphyllia filamentous, foliose or lacking; rhizoids smooth or
papillose, often in clusters proximal to juncture of leaves on adaxial surface
of stems and branches; axillary hairs with 1--2(--4 ) short, brown basal
cells and 1--several elongate, hyaline distal cells. Stem and branch leaves similar or less commonly differentiated,
straight to homomallous, often falcate-secund, occasionally complanate or
julaceous, typically ovate-lanceolate, often asymmetric, sometimes linear,
lanceolate, or triangular, obtuse to acuminate, occasionally plicate,
sometimes decurrent; margins entire or toothed, often plane, occasionally
recurved proximally or sometimes throughout; costa short and double to
obscure or absent; laminal cells mostly linear medially and distally, varying
from hexagonal to elongate-sinuose, smooth or distally sometimes prorulose at
distal ends on abaxial surface; alar cells usually differentiated, often
quadrate to short-rectangular, sometimes enlarged and inflated, colored or similar
in color to other cells, excavate or plane. Specialized asexual reproduction sometimes by leafy propagula or
filamentous gemmae clustered in leaf axils. Sexual condition autoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous. Seta elongate, smooth. Capsule inclined to horizontal,
sometimes erect, cylindric or ovoid, usually smooth, often constricted below
mouth when dry and empty; operculum conic or rostrate; peristome usually
double, exostome teeth 16, cross-striate basally, papillose distally;
endostome basal membrane high, rarely low, usually free or sometimes fused to
the exostome, segments 16, cilia 1--3, nodose, rarely rudimentary or lacking.
Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked,
rarely hairy. Spores spherical to
oval, mostly finely papillose, rarely smooth. Genera 60 (20
in the flora), cosmopolitan, most diverse in subtropics and tropics. The Hypnaceae is
a taxonomically problem-filled family both in the genera included and the
species ascribed to various genera. The family once held a high proportion of
pleurocarpous species; but as genera are monographed, they are often placed
in other families. The distinctive
hypnoid peristome has been used as a significant feature, but this is not
entirely reliable. SELECTED
REFERENCES Buck, W.R. and B.
Goffinet. 2000. Morphology and classification of
mosses. In: A. J. Shaw and B.
Goffinet, eds. Bryophyte Biology. Pp. 71--123. l. Stems with
a hyalodermis, although sometimes indistinct. 2. Leaf cells covered with granular
cuticular papillae on abaxial surface; plants large, yellowish green; leaves
undulate.…….……… 2. Buckiella, p. xx 2. Leaf cells lacking granular
cuticular papillae; plants smaller; leaves not undulate. 3. Pseudoparaphyllia present,
foliose…………………….10. Hypnum (in
part), p. xx. 3. Pseudoparaphyllia absent. 4.
Leaves entire to minutely serrulate; asexual propagula often present as
clusters of cylindric or fusiform
brood bodies of 2--6 smooth cells in leaf axils of stems and branches ..………………………..….…..…11.
Isopterygiopsis, p. xx 4.
Leaves serrulate to serrate; asexual propagula absent . . . . . 8. Herzogiella, p. xx 1. Stems
without a hyalodermis. 5.
Leaf cells prominently prorulose on abaxial surface near midleaf. 6. Leaf cells prorulose at both ends;
leaves ± straight . 4. Chryso-hypnum, p. xx 6. Leaf cells prorulose only at distal
ends; leaves falcate ..... 5. Ctenidium,
p. xx 5. Leaf cells smooth or inconspicuously
prorulose at leaf apex or base. 7. Basal row of leaf cells with a large
prorula at proximal end; plants restricted to 7. Basal row of leaf cells smooth;
plants distributed otherwise. 8. Leaves with bluntly obtuse to
broadly rounded apices, ecostate……………… 1. Bryocrumia,
p. xx 8. Leaves acute to acuminate, rarely
subobtuse, usually costate. 9. Lateral and dorsal leaves strongly
differentiated in shape. 10. Laminal cells thin-walled, at least
those of the lateral leaves relatively short ….… 20. Vesicularia, p. xx 10. Laminal cells thick-walled and
porose, elongate . . 7. Gollania, p. xx 9. Lateral and dorsal leaves not
particularly differentiated. 11.
Branches with brood branchlets at tips ......…. 14. Platygyrium, p. xx 11. Branches without brood branchlets
at tips. 12. Apical leaf cells shorter than
those at midleaf ………………. 7. Taxiphyllum
(in part), p. xx 12. Apical leaf cells as long as or
longer than those at midleaf. [Ed.
note: Key shifted to left] 13.
Plants with filamentous 1-seriate pseudoparaphyllia, these rarely 2-seriate
at base ……..…………12. Isopterygium,
p. xx 13.
Pseudoparaphyllia foliose or absent. 14. Distal laminal cells ca. 4--6:1;
plants mostly on soil, rocks or bases of trees ………………………………… 9. Homomallium, p. xx 14. Distal laminal cells longer; plants
on various substrates but if cells somewhat short
then usually epiphytic. 15. Leaves long-triangular, widest at
base; alar cells scarcely differentiated; plants mostly 15. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, widest beyond
base; alar cells mostly differentiated; plants mostly temperate. 16. Plants robust, plumose, suberect,
pinnately branched and forming fronds; leaves strongly plicate ………………16. Ptilium, p. xx 16. Plants medium-sized, if robust, not
plumose, prostrate, irregularly branched; leaves smooth, weakly plicate or
undulate. 17. Plants with elongate, asexual
reproductive bodies in clusters in leaf axils………………..15. Pseudotaxiphyllum, p. xx 17. Plants lacking clustered asexual
reproductive bodies. 18. Branches usually strong curled when
dry; capsules erect; exostome teeth smooth...17. Pylaisia, p. xx 18. Branches not curled when dry;
capsules suberect to curved; exostome teeth mostly cross-striolate. 19. Plants with appressed leaves and often
terete branches when dry…………...19. Tripterocladium,
p. xx 19. Plants with erect to spreading
leaves when dry, often falcate. 20. Plants complanate, leaves sometimes
upturned, margins entire; capsules suberect .... 3. Callicladium, p. xx 20. Plants not complanate or if so,
leaf margins serrulate to serrate; capsules curved. 21. Stems usually pinnately or
irregularly branched, rarely subjulaceous; leaves usually spreading from an erect
base..10. Hypnum (in part), p. xx 21. Stems simple or sparingly and irregularly
branched, sometimes julaceous or subjulaceous; leaves complanate-foliate ………..
18. Taxiphyllum (in part), p. xx |