GENERAL LITERATURE

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |Z

Back to Home


Articles or books by two or more authors are cited as follows. When there are two authors, citation is alphabetical after the second author's name. When there are three or more authors, references are cited in the body of the text as (e.g.) Chase et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, and are listed following these sometimes alphabetically qualified dates of publication immediately after all the single- or two-authored articles by the first author.

Aagard, J. A., Olmstead, R. G., Willis, J. H., & Phillips, P. C. 2005. Duplication of floral regulatory genes in Lamiales. American J. Bot. 92: 1284-1293.

Aagesen, L., & Sanso, A. M. 2003. The phylogeny of the Alstroemeriaceae, based on morphology, rps16 intron, and rbcL sequence data. Syst. Bot. 28: 47-69.

Abbasi, M. [et al. 2005], Goodwin, S. B., & Scholler, M. 2005. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution of Puccinia graminis, the black stem rust: New insights based on rDNA sequence data. Mycoscience 46: 241-247.

Abbe, E. C. 1935. Studies in the phylogeny of the Betulaceae. I. Floral and inflorescence anatomy and morphology. Bot. Gaz. 97: 1-67.

Abbe, E. C. 1974. Flowers and inflorescences of the "Amentiferae". Bot. Review 40: 159-261.

Abbott, J. R. 2011. Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the Flora of North America. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5: 125-137.

Abdallah, M. S. 1967. The Resedaceae: A taxonomical revision of the family. Meded. Landbouwhoog. Wageningen 67(8): 1-98, fig. 2-17. [Reprint: Belmontia N.S. 8, 1978.]

Abdallah, M. S., & de Wit, H. C. D. 1978. The Resedaceae: A taxonomical revision of the family (final instalment). Meded. Landbouwhoog. Wageningen 78(14): 96-416, fig. 1, 18-91. [Reprint: Belmontia N.S. 8, 1978.]

Abdelgaleil, S. A. M., & Hashinaga, F. 2007. Allelopathic potential of two sequiterpene lactones from Magnolia grandiflora L. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35: 737-742.

Abdel Khalik, K. [et al. 2008], Abd El-Ghani, M., & El Kordy, A. 2008. Fruit and seed morphology in Galium (Rubiaceae) and its importance for taxonomic identification. Act. Bot. Croatica 67: 1-20.

Abe, J. P. 2005. An arbuscular mycorrhizal genus in the Eriaceae. Inoculum 56(4): 6.

Abele, D., Rudolph, B., Thiede, J., & Schirarend, C. 2005. Phylogeny of the genus Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. based on morphological and molecular data. Pp. 111-116, in Raynal-Roques, A., Roguenant, A., & Prat, D. (eds), Proceedings of the 18th World Orchid Conferemnce. Naturalia Publications, Turriers, France.

Abercrombie, J. M. [et al. 2011], O'Meara, B. C., Moffatt, A. R., & Williams, J. H. 2011. Developmental evolution of flowering plant pollen tube cell walls: callose synthase (CalS) gene expression pattern. EvoDevo 2011, 2:.14.

Abrahamson W. G., & Weis A. E. 1997. Evolutionary Ecology Across Three Trophic levels: Goldenrods, Gallmakers, and Natural Enemies. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Abrahamson, W. G. [et al. 1998], Melika, G., Scrafford, R., & Csóka, G. 1998. Gall-inducing insects provide insights into plant systematic relationships. American J. Bot. 85: 1159-1165.

Abrams, M. D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience 42: 346-353.

Abrams, M. D. 1996. Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States. Ann. Sci. Forest. 53: 487-512.

Abrams, M. D. 2003. Where has all the white oak gone? BioScience 53: 927-939.

Abrouk, M. [et al. 2010], Murat, F., Pont, C., Messing, J., Jackson, S., Faraut, T., Tannier, F., Plomion, C., Cooke, R., Feuillet, C., & Salse, J. 2010. Palaeogenomics of plants: Synteny-based models of extinct ancestors. Trends Plant Sci. 15: 479-487.

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. [et al. 2011], van Welzen, P. C., Adema, F., & van der Ham, R. W. J. M. 2011. Sapindaceae. Pp. 357-407, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants. X. Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Acevedo-Rosas, R. [et al. 2004], Cameron, K., Sosa, V., & Pell, S. 2004. A molecular phylogenetic study of Graptopetalum (Crassulaceae) based on ETS, ITS, rpl16 and trnL-F nucleotide sequences. American J. Bot. 91: 1099-1104.

Achille, F. [et al. 2006], Motley, T. J., Lowry, P. P. II, & Jérémie, J. 2006. Polyphyly in Guettarda L. (Rubiaceae, Guettardeae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 103-121.

Ackerley, D. 2009. Conservatism and diversification of plant functional traits: Evolutionary rates versus phylogenetic signal. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, suppl. 2: 19699-19706.

Ackerman, J. D. 1985. Euglossine bees and their nectar hosts. Pp. 225-233, in D'Arcy, W. G., & Correa, M. D. (eds), The Botany and Natural History of Panama. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Ackermann, M., & Weigend, M. 2006. Nectar, floral morphology and pollination syndrome in Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae (Cornales). Ann. Bot. 98: 503-514.

Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 33: 95-203.

Ackery, P. R. 1991. Hostplant utilization by African and Australian butterflies. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 44: 335-351.

Ackery, P. R., & Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

Acosta, M. C. [et al. 2006], Ordóñez, A. del V., Cocucci, A. A., & Moscone, E. A. 2006. Chromosome reports in South American Nicotaneae (Solanaceae), with particular reference to Nierembergia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 634-646.

Acosta, J. M. [et al. 2009], Perreta, M., Amsler, A., & Vegetti, A. C. 2009. The flowering unit in the synflorescences of Amaranthaceae. Bot. Rev. 75: 365-376.

Adachi, J. [et al. 1995], Kosuge, K., Denda, T., & Watanabe, K. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of the Berberidaceae based on partial sequences of the gapA gene. Pp. 351-353, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Adam, H. [et al. 2007], Jouannic, S., Morcillo, F., Verdeil, J.-L., Duval, Y., & Tregear, J. W. 2007. Determination of flower structure in Elaeis guineensis: Do palms use the same homeotic genes as other species? Ann. Bot. 100: 1-12.

Adamec, L. 2009. Ecophysiological investigation on Drosophyllum lusitanicum: Why doesn't the plant dry out? Carniv. Plant Newsl. 38: 71-74.

Adamec, L. 2011. Functional characteristics of traps of aquatic carnivorous Utricularia species. Aquatic Bot. 95: 226-233.

Adammec, L. 2012. News in ecophysiological research on aquatic Utricularia traps. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 41: 92-104.

Adamec, L. [et al. 2006], Kohout, P., & Benes, K. 2006. Root anatomy of three carnivorous plant species. Carniv. Plant Newsl. 35: 19-22.

Adams, D. G. 2002. Cyanobacteria in symbiosis with hornworts and liverworts. Pp. 117-135, in Rai, A. N., Bergman, B., & Rasmussen, U. (eds), Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Adams, D. G., & Duggan, P. S. 2008. Cyanobacteria–bryophyte symbioses. J. Experim. Bot. 59: 1047-1058.

Adams, D. G. [et al. 2006], Bergman, B., Nierzwicki-Bauer, S. A., Rai, A. N., & Schubler, A. 2006. Cyanobacterial-plant symbioses. Pp. 331-363, in Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H., & Stackebrandt, E. (eds), The Prokaryotes, Vol. 1. Springer, New York.

Adams, K. L., & Palmer, J. D. 2003. Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: Gene loss and transfer to the nucleus. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 380-395.

Adams, K. L., & Wendel, J. F. 2005. Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 135-141.

Adams, K. L. [et al. 2001], Rosenblueth, M., Qiu, Y.-L., & Palmer, J. D. 2001. Multiple losses and transfers to the nucleus of two mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase genes during angiosperm evolution. Genetics 158: 1289-1300.

Adams, K. L. [et al. 2002a], Daly, D. O, Whelan, J., & Palmer, J. D. 2002a. Genes for two mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in flowering plants are derived from their chloroplast or cytosolic counterparts. Plant Cell 14: 931-943.

Adams, K. L. [et al. 2002b], Qiu, Y.-L., Stoutemyer, M., & Palmer, J. D. 2002b. Punctuated evolution of mitochondrial gene content: High and variable rates of mitochondrial gene loss and transfer to the nucleus during angiosperm evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 9905-9912.

Adams, J. E. 1949. Studies in the comparative anatomy of the Cornaceae. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 65: 219-244.

Adams, J. M. [et al. 2011], Ahn, S., Ainuddin, N., & Lee, M.-L. 2011. A further test of a palaeoecological thermometer: Tropical rainforests have more herbivore damage than temperate forests. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 164: 60-66.

Adams, L. G. 1987. Philydraceae. Pp. 40-45, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 35. Hydatellaceae to Liliaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Adams, P. B. 2011. Systematics of Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae) with special reference to Australian taxa. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 166: 105-126.

Adams, R. P. 2010. Junipers of the World: The Genus Juniperus, ed. 3. Trafford, Bloomington, IN.

Adams, S. P. [et al. 2001], Hartman, T. P. V., Lim, K. Y., Chase, M. W., Bennett, M. D., Leitch, I. J., & Leitch, A. R. 2001. Loss and recovery of Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat sequences 5'-(TTTAGGG)n-3' in the evolution of a major radiation of flowering plants. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 268: 1541-1546.

Adamson, R. S. 1958a. The South African species of Aizoaceae. IV. Mollugo, Pharnaceum, Coelanthum and Hypertelis. J. South African Bot. 24: 11-65.

Adamson, R. S. 1958b. The South African species of Aizoaceae. V. Corbichonia. J. South African Bot. 24: 67-69.

Adie, H., & Lawes, M. J. 2011. Podocarps in Africa: Temperate zone relicts or rainforest survivors? Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 79-100.

Adjoud-Sadadou, D., & Halli-Hargas, R. 2000. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on aged Eucalyptus. Mycorrhiza 9: 287-290.

Adlassnig, W. [et al. 2011], Peroutka, M., & Lendl, T. 2011. Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: Composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Ann. Bot. 107: 181-194.

Adsersen, A. [et al. 2007], Smitt, U. W., Simonsen, H. T., Christensen, S. B., & Jaroszewski, J. W. 2007. Prenylated acetophenones from Melicope obscura and Melicope obtusifolia ssp. obtusifolia var. arborea and their disribution in Rutaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol 35: 447-453.

Aedo, C. [et al. 2005], Navarro, C., & Alarcón, M. L. 2005. Taxonomic revision of Geranium sections Andina and Chilensia (Geraniaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 149: 1-68. 2005.

Agarwal, M. [et al. 2005], Gupta, S., & Painuly, V. 2005. Xylotomic study of the family Sapindaceae: Microstructure, systematics and ecological trends. Indian Forester 131: 1024-1040.

Agarwal, S. 1963a. Morphological and embryological studies in the family Olacaceae - I. Olax L. Phytomorph. 13: 185-196.

Agarwal, S. 1963b. Morphological and embryological studies in the family Olacaceae - II. Strombosia Blume. Phytomorph. 13: 345-356.

Agerbirk, N., & Olsen, C. E. 2012. Glucosinolate structures in evolution. Phytochem. 77: 16-45.

Agerbirk, N. [et al. 2008], Warwick, S. I., Hansen, P. R., & Olsen, C. E. 2008. Sinapis phylogeny and evolution of glucosinolates and specific nitrile degrading enzymes. Phytochem. 69: 2937-2949.

Agrawal, A. A., & Fishbein, M. 2006. Plant defense syndromes. Ecology 87:(Supplement, 7) S132-S149.

Agrawal, A. A., & Fishbein, M. 2008. Phylogenetic escalation and decline of plant defense strategies. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 10057-10060.

Agrawal, A. A., & Konno, K. 2009. Latex: A model for understanding mechanisms, ecology, and evolution of plant defense against herbivory. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 40: 311-331.

Agrawal, A. A. [et al. 2009a], Salminen, J.-P., & Fishbein, M. 2009a. Phylogenetic trends in phenolic metabolism of milkweeds (Asclepias): Evidence for escalation. Evolution 63: 663-673.

Agrawal, A. A. [et al. 2009b], Fishbein, M., Halitschke, R., Hastings, A. P., Rabosky, D. L., & Rasmann, S. 2009b. Evidence for adaptive radiation from a phylogenetic study of plant defenses. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18067-18072.

Agrawal, A. A. [et al. 2009c], Fishbein, M., Jetter, R., Salminen, J.-P., Goldstein, J. B., Freitag, A. E., & Sparks, J. P. 2009. Phylogenetic ecology of leaf surface traits in the milkweeds (Asclepias spp.): Chemistry, ecophysiology, and insect behavior. New Phytol. 183: 848-867.

Agrawal, A. A. [et al. 2012], Petschenka, G., Bingham, R. A., Weber, M. G., & Rasmann, S. 2012. Toxic cardenolides: Chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions. New Phytol. 194: 28-45.

Agrawal, J. S. 1952. The embryology of Lilaea subulata H.B.K. with a discusion on its systematic position. Phytomorph. 2: 15-29.

Aguilar-Meléndez, A. [et al. 2009], Morrell, P. L., Roose, M. L., & Kim, S.-C. 2009. Genetic diversity and structure in semiwild and domesticated chiles (Capsicum anuum; Solanaceae) from Mexico. American J. Bot. 96: 1190-1202.

Aguilar-Ortigoza, C. J., & Sosa, V. 2004. The evolution of toxic phenolic compounds in a group of Anacardiaceae genera. Taxon 53: 357-364.

Ahimsa-Müller, A. A. [et al. 2007], Markert, A., Hellwig, S., Knoop, V., Steiner, U., Drewke, C., & Leistner, E. 2007. Clavicipitaceous fungi associated with ergoline-containing Convolvulaceae. J. Natural Prod. 70: 1955-1960.

Ahlquist, T. K. [et al. 2009], Howard, J. M., Farrugia, F. T., & Wojciechowski, M. F. 2009. A genus-level phylogeny of the inverted-repeat lacking clade of legumes. P. 201, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Ahmad, S. M. [et al. 2009], Hoot, S. B., Qazi, P. H., & Verma, V. 2009. Phylogenetic patterns and genetic diversity of Indian Tinospora species based on chloroplast sequence data and cytochrome P450 polymorphisms. Plant Syst. Evol. 281: 87-96.

Ahmed, S. [et al. 2009], Compton, S. G., Butlin, R. K., & Gilmartin, P. M. 2009. Wind-borne insects mediate directional pollen transfer between desert fig trees 160 kilometers apart. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 20342-20347.

Ahonen, L. [et al. 2003], Muaona, J., & Piippo, S. 2003. Inferring the phylogeny of the Lejeunaceae (Jungermanniopsida): A first appraisal of molecular data. Bryologist 106: 297-308.

Ahrendt, L. W. A. 1961. Berberis and Mahonia, a taxonomic revision. J. Linnean Soc. (Bot.) 57: 1-410.

Aiba, S. [et al. 2007], Hanya, G., Tsujino, R., Takyu, M., Seino, T., Kimura, K., & Kitayama, K. 2007. Comparative study of additive basal area of conifers in forest ecosystems along elevational gradients. Ecol. Res., 22: 439-450.

Aïnouche, A.-K., & Bayer, R. J. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in Lupinus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. American J. Bot. 86: 590-607.

Aïnouche, A.-K. [et al. 2004], Bayer, R. J., & Misset, M.-T. 2004. Molecular phylogeny, diversification and character evolution in Lupinus (Fabaceae), with special attention to Mediterranean and African lupines. Plant Syst. Evol. 246: 211-222.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1953 [1952]. On the Dioncophyllaceae, a remarkable new family of flowering plants. Kew Bull. 6: 327-347.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1954. Pentaphragmataceae. Pp. 517-528, in Van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 4. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1958. "Unrelated" foodplants? Entomol. Monthly Mag. 94: 232.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1965. On a new species of the genus Silvianthus Hook. f., and on the family Carlemanniaceae. Kew Bull. 19: 507-512.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1966. Willis, J. C. A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, Ed. 7, revised by H. K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Airy Shaw, H. K. 1973. Willis, J. C. A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, Ed. 8, revised by H. K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Airy Shaw, H. K. [et al. 1973], Cutler, D. E., & Nilsson, S. 1973. Pottingeria, its taxonomic position, anatomy and palynology. Kew Bull. 28: 97-104.

Aitzen, M. A. [et al. 2012], Sabatino, M., & Tylianakis, J. M. 2012. Specialization and rarity predict norandom loss of interactions from mutualistic networks. Science 335: 1486-1489.

Aitzetmüller, K. 1995. Fatty acid patterns of Ranunculaceae seed oils. Pp. 229-240, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Aitzetmüller, K. 1996. An unusual fatty acid pattern in Eranthis seed oil. Lipids 31: 201-205.

Aitzetmüller, K., & Vosmann, K. 1998. Cyclopropenoic fatty acids in gymnosperms: The seed oil of Welwitschia. J. American Oil Chemists' Soc. 75: 1761-1765.

Aitzetmüller, K., [et al. 1997], Tsevegsüren, N., & Vosmann, K. 1997. A new allenic fatty acid in Phlomis (Lamiaceae) seed oil. European J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 99: 74-78.

Aitzetmüller, K., [et al. 1999], Tsevegsüren, N., & Werner, G. 1999. Seed oil fatty acid patterns of the Aconitum-Delphinium-Helleborus complex (Ranunculaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 215: 37-47.

Ajani, Y. [et al. 2008], Ajani, A., Cordes, J. M., Watson, M. F., & Downie, S. R. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences reveals relationships within five groups of Iranian Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. Taxon 57: 383-401.

Aker, S., & Healy, W. 1990. The phytogeography of the genus Alstroemeria. Herbertia 46: 76-87.

Akhani, H. [et al. 2007], Edwards, G., & Roalson, E. H. 2007. Diverficiation of the Old World Salsoleae a.l. (Cheniopodiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 931-956.

Akhmetzhanova, A. A. [et al. 2012], Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Onipchenko, V. G., Cornwell, W. K., Agafonov, V. A., Selivanov, I., & Cornelissen, J. H. C. 2012 A rediscovered treasure: mycorrhizal intensity database for 3000 vascular plant species across the former Soviet Union. Ecology 93: 2012. [Ecological Archives E093-059].

Akiyama, K. [et al. 2010], Ogasawara, S., Ito, S., & Hayashi, H. 2010. Structural requirements of strigolactones for hyphal branching in AM fungi. Plant Cell. Physiol. 51: 1104-1117.

Alakonya, A. [et al. 2012], Kumar, R., Koenig, D., Kimura, S., Townsley, B., Runo, S., Garces, H. M., Kang, J., Yanez, A., David-Schwartz, R., Machuka, J. & Sinha, N. R. 2012. Interspecific RNA interference of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS-Like disrupts Cuscuta pentagona plant parasitism. Plant Cell 24: 3153-3166.

Albach, D. C. 2008. Further arguments for the rejection of paraphyletic taxa: Veronica subgen. Pseudolysimachium (Plantaginaceae). Taxon 57: 1-6.

Albach, D. C., & Meudt, H. M. 2010. Phylogeny of Veronica in the Southern and Northern hemispheres based on plastid, nuclear ribosomal and nuclear low-copy DNA. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 54: 457-471.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 1998], Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Olmstead, R. G. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of Asteridae s.l. based on sequences of four genes. American J. Bot. 85(6, suppl.): 111-112.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2001a], Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. 2001a. Patterns of embryological and biochemical evolution in the Asterids. Syst. Bot. 26: 242-262.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2001b], Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E., & Olmstead, R. G. 2001b. Phylogenetic analysis of Asterids based on sequences of four genes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 163-212. 2001.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2001c], Soltis, D. E., Chase, M. W., & Soltis, P. S. 2001c. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiosperm Hydrostachys. Taxon 50: 781-805.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2004a], Martínez-Ortega, M. M., Fischer, M. A., & Chase, M. W. 2004a. A new classification of the tribe Veroniceae - problems and a possible solution. Taxon 53: 429-452.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2004b], Gotfredsen, C. H., & Jensen, S. R. 2004b. Iridoid glucosides of Paederota lutea and the relationships between Paederota and Veronica. Phytochem. 65: 2129-2134.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2004c], Martínez-Ortega, M. M., & Chase, M. W. 2004c. Veronica: Parallel morphological evolution and phylogeography in the Mediterranean. Plant Syst. Evol. 246: 177-194.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2005a], Meudt, H. M., & Oxelman, B. 2005a. Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae. American J. Bot. 92: 297-315.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2005b], Utteridge, T., & Wagstaff, S. J. 2005b. Origin of Veroniceae (Plantaginaceae, formerly Scrophulariaceae) on New Guinea. Syst. Bot. 30: 412-423.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2005c], Jensen, S. R., Özgökce, F., & Grayer, R. J. 2005c. Veronica: Chemical characters for the support of phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 33: 1087-1106.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2007], Li, H.-Q., Zhao, N., & Jensen, S. R. 2007. Molecular systematics and phytochemistry of Rehmannia (Scrophulariaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35: 293-300.

Albach, D. C. [et al. 2009], Yan, K., Jensen, S. R., & Li, H. Q. 2009. Phylogenetic placement of Triaenophora (formerly Scrophulariaceae) with some implications for the phylogeny of Lamiales. Taxon 58: 749-756.

Albers, F., & Meve, U. 2001. A karyological survey of Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae, and evolutionary considerations within Apocynaceae s.l. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 624-656.

Albers, F., & Meve, U. (eds.). 2002. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Asclepiadaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Albers, F., & Becker, M. 2020. Phylogeny and speciation in succulent Geraniaceae (Geraniales). Schumannia 6: 59-67. [Biodivers. Ecol. 3.]

Albers, F. [et al. 2006], & van der Walt, J. J. A. 2006. Geraniaceae. Pp. 157-167, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Albert, B. [et al. 2010], Matamoro-Vidal, A., Raquin, C., & Nadot, S. 2010. Formation and function of a new pollen aperture pattern in angiosperms: The proximal sulcus of Tillandsia leiboldiana (Bromeliaceae). American J. Bot. 97: 365-368.

Albert, B. [et al. 2011], Ressayre, A., & Nadot, S. 2011. Correlation between pollen aperture pattern and callose deposition in late tetrad stage in three species producing atypic pollen grains. American J. Bot. 98: 189-196.

Albert, V. A. 1994. Cladistic relationships of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae) from congruent morphological and molecular data. Lindl;eyana 9: 115-132.

Albert, V. A., & Stevenson, D. W. 1996. Morphological cladistics of the Nepenthales. American J. Bot. 83(6, suppl.): 135.

Albert, V. A., & Struwe, L. 1997. Phylogeny and classification of Voyria (saprophytic Gentianaceae). Brittonia 49: 466-479.

Albert, V. A. [et al. 1992], Williams, S. F., & Chase, M. W. 1992. Carnivorous plants: Phylogeny and structural evolution. Science 257: 1491-1494.

Albert, V. A. [et al. 1998], Gustaffson, M. H. G., & Dilaurenzio, L. 1998. Ontogenetic systematics, molecular developmental genetics, and the angiosperm petal. Pp. 349-374 in Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., & Doyle, J. J. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Plants, II. New York, Kluwer.

Albrecht, D. E. [et al. 2010], Owens, C. T., Weiller, C. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2010. Generic concepts in Ericaceae-Styphelioideae- the Monotoca group. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 320-332.

Albrizio, M. [et al. 1994], de Gara, L., de Benedetto, C., Arrigoni, O, Gallerani, R. 1994. Investigations of the coxII intron structure in the mitochondrial genomes of angiosperms. Plant Sci. 100: 179-186.

Alcantara, S., & Lohmann, L. G. 2010. Evolution of floral morphology and pollination system in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). American J. Bot. 97: 782-796.

Alcantara, S., & Lohmann, L. G. 2011. Contrasting phylogenetic signals and evolutionary rates in floral traits of Neotropical lianas. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 102: 378-390.Aldasoro, J. J. [et al. 2001], Navarro, C., Vargas, P., & Aedo, C. 2001. Anatomy, morphology, and cladistic analysis of Monsonia L. (Geraniaceae). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 59: 75-100.

Aldasoro, J. J. [et al. 2005], Aedo, C., & Navarro, C. 2005. Phylogenetic and phytogeographical relationships in Maloideae (Rosaceae) based on morphological and anatomical characters. Blumea 50: 3-32.

Alder, L. S. 2000. Alkaloid uptake increases fitness in a hemiparasitic plant via reduced herbivory and increased pollination. American Naturalist 156: 92-99.

Alder, L. S. 2002. Host effects on herbivory and pollination in a hemiparasitic plant. Ecology 83: 2700-2710.

Alder, L. S. 2003. Host species affects herbivory, pollination, and reproduction in experiments with parasitic Castilleja. Ecology 84: 2083-2091.

Alder, L. S., & Wink, M. 2001. Transfer of quinolizidine alkaloids from hosts to hemiparasites in two Castilleja-Lupinus associations: Analysis of floral and vegetative tissues. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 29: 551-561.

Alejandro, G. C. D. [et al. 2005], Razafimandimbison, S. G., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2005. Polyphyly of Musssaenda inferred from ITS and trnT-F data and its implications for generic limits in Mussaendeae (Rubiaceae). American J. Bot. 92: 544-555.

Alejandro, G. C. D. [et al. 2011], Meve, U., Mouly, A., Thiv, M., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the Philippine endemic Villaria Rolfe (Rubiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 296: 1-20.

Alexander, I. J. 1989. Mycorrhizas in tropical forests. Pp. 169-188, in Proctor, J. (ed.), Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savanna Ecosystems. Oxford, Blackwell.

Alexander, I. J. 2006. Ectoycorrhizas - out of Africa? New Phytol. 172: 589-591.

Alexander, I. J., & Lee, S. S. 2005. Mycorrhizas and ecosystem processes in tropical rain forest: Implications for diversity. Pp. 165-203, in Burslem, D. F. R. P., Pinard, M. A., & Hartley, S. E. (eds). Biotic Interactions in the Tropics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Alexeyeva, N. 2008. Genus Iris L. (Iridaceae) in the Russia. Turczaninowia 11(2): 5-68. [In Russian.]

Alford, M. H. 2003. Claves para los géneros de Flacourtiaceae de Perú y del Nuevo Mundo. Arnaldoa 10(2): 19-38.

Alford, M. H. 2006. Gerrardinaceae: A new family of African flowering plants unresolved among Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales. Taxon 55: 959-964.

Alford, M. H. [et al. 2009], Brantley, R. J., Hernández, C. L., & Samarakoon, T. 2009. What are the closest relatives of Salix and Populus? Pp. 166-167, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Algeo, T. J., & Scheckler, S. E. 1998. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: Links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes and marine anoxic events. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. 353: 113-130.

Ali, S. S. [et al. 2012], Yu, Y., Pfosser, M., & Wetschnig, W. 2012. Inferences of biogeographical histories within subfamily Hyacinthoideae using S-DIVA and Bayesian binary MCMC analysis implemented in RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies). Ann. Bot. 109: 95-107.

Alice, L. A, & Campbell, C. S. 1999. Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences. American J. Bot. 86: 81-97.

Aliscioni, S. S. [et al. 2003], Giussani, L. M., Zuloaga, F. O., & Kellogg, E. A. 2003. A molecular phylogeny of Panicum (Poaceae: Paniceae): Tests of monophyly and phylogenetic placement within the Panicoideae. American J. Bot. 90: 796-821.

Alkhalaf, I. A. [et al. 2009], Hübener, T., & Porembski, S. 2009. Prey spectra of aquatic Utricularia species (Lentibulariaceae) in northeastern Germany: The role of planktonic algae. Flora 204: 700-708.

Alkhalaf, I. A. [et al. 2011], Hübener, T., & Porembski, S. 2011. Microalgae trapped by carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae): Analysis, attributes and structure of the microalgae trapped. Plant Divers. Evol. 129: 125-138.

Allan G. J. [et al. 2004], Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A., Boerner, E., & Zimmer, E. A. 2004. Evidence for the geographic origin and classification of Canary Island Lotus (Fabaceae: Loteae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 32: 123-138.

Allen, A. A. 1960. Foodplants of Gymnetrini (Col., Curculionidae), etc., as an indication of botanical affinities. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 96: 48.

Allen, A. A. 1961. The foodplants of Phalonia degreyana McLach. (Lep., Phaloniidae) as further evidence of affinity between the Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 96: 214.

Allen, A. P. [et al. 2002], Brown, J. H., & Gillooly, J. F. 2002. Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science 297: 1545-1548.

Allen, M. F. (ed.). 1992. Mycorrhizal Functioning. An Integral Plant-Fungal Process. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Allessino Leck, M., & Schütz, W. 2005. Regeneration of Cyperaceae, with particular reference to seed ecology and seed banks. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 7: 95-133.

Allison, I., & van Wyk, B.-E. 1997. A revision of the genus Anginon (Apiaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 17: 561-577.

Almeda, F. 1997. Chromosomal observations on the Alzateaceae (Myrtales). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 305-308.

Almeda, F. [et al. 2009], Alvear, M., Penneys, D. S., & Michelangeli, F. A. 2009. Colombia, a major center of diversity for neotropical Melastomataceae. P. 202, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Almeida, E. A. B., & Danforth, B. N. 2009. Phylogeny of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) inferred from four nuclear genes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 50: 290-309.

Alpert, P., & Oliver, M. J. 2002. Drying without dying. Pp. 3-43, in Black, M., & Pritchard, H. W. (eds), Dessication and Survival in Plants. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

Alrich, P., & Higgins, W. 2008. Illustrated Dictionary of Orchid Genera. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Al-Shammary, K. I. A., & Gornall, R. J. 1994. Trichome anatomy of the Saxifragaceae s.l. from the southern hemisphere. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 114: 99-131.

Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1984. The genera of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 343-373.

Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1991. The genera of Boraginaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. Suppl. Ser. 1: 1-169.

Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2012. A generic and tribal synopsis of Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 61: 931-954.

Al-Shehbaz, I. A. [et al. 2006], Beilstein, M. A., & Kellogg, E. A. 2006. Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): An overview. Plant Syst. Evol. 259: 89-120

Althoff, D. M. [et al. 2006], Segraves, K. A., Leebens-Mack, J., & Pellmyr, O. 2006. Patterns of speciation in the yucca moths: Parallel species radiations within the Tegeticula yuccasella species complex. Syst. Biol. 55: 398-410.

Althoff, D. M. [et al. 2012], Leebens-Mack, J., & Pellmyr, O. 2012. Geographic isolation trumps coevolution as a driver of yucca and yucca moth diversification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 62: 898-906.

Al-Turki, T. A. [et al. 2003], Swarupanadan, K., & Wilson, P. G. 2003. Primary vasculature in Chenopodiaceae: A re-interpretation and implications for systematics and evolution. Proc. Linnean Soc. London 143: 337-374.

Alvarado-Cárdenas, L. O. 2009. Systemática del género Bdallophytum (Cytinaceae). Acta Bot. Mexicana 87: 1-21.

Álvarez, A., & Cameron, K. M. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Precottiinae s.l. and their close allies (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. American J. Bot. 96: 1020-1040. 2009.

Alvarez, A., & Köhler, E. 1987. Morfologiá de polen de las Agavaceae y algunos géneros afines. Grana 26: 25-46.

Álvarez, I., & Wendel, J. F. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 417-434.

Álvarez-Buylla, E. R. [et al. 2010], Ambrose, B. A., Flores-Sandoval, E., Englund, M., Garay-Arroyo, A., Garciá-Ponce, B., de la Torre-Bárcena, E., Espinosa-Matiás, S., Martínez, E., Piñeyro-Nelson, A., Engström, P., & Meyerowitz, E. M. 2010. B-function expression in the flower center underlies the homeotic phenotype of Lacandonia schismatica (Triuridaceae). Plant Cell 22: 3543-3559.

Alverson, A. J. [et al. 2010], Wei, XX., Rice, D. W., Stern, D. B., Barry, K., & Palmer, J. D. 2010. Insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genome size from complete sequences of Citrullus lanatus and Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 27: 1436-1448.<

Alverson, W. S. [et al. 1998], Karol, K. G., Baum, D. A., Chase, M. W., Swensen, S. M., McCourt, R., & Systma, K. J. 1998. Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. American J. Bot. 85: 876-887.

Alverson, W. S. [et al. 1999], Whitlock, B. A., Nyffeler, R., Bayer, C., & Baum, D. A. 1999. Phylogeny of core Malvales: Evidence from ndhF sequence data. American J. Bot. 86: 1474-1486.

Amaral, M. C. E. 1991. Phylogenetische Systematik der Ochnaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 105-196.

Amaral, M. C. E., & Bittrich, V. 1998. Ontogenia inicial do androceu de espécias de Ochnaceae subfam. Sauvagesioideae através sa análise em microscopia electrônica de varredura. Revista Brasilica Bot. 21: 269-273.

Amaral, M. C. E., & Bittrich, V. 2005. Ochnaceae. Pp. --, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. . Springer, Berlin.

Amaral, M. M., & Mello-Silva, R. 2005. The role of spatial constraint on the ontogenesis of stomata: A case in Velloziaceae. P. 213, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Amaral, M. M. do, & Mello-Silva, R. de. 2008. Ontogenesis of stomata in Velloziaceae: Paracytic versus tetracytic? Revista Brasiliera Bot. 31: 529-536.

Amarasinghe, V., & Watson, L. 1988. Comparative ultrastructure of microhairs in grasses. Bot J. Linnean Society 98: 303-319.

Amarasinghe, V., & Watson, L. 1990. Taxonomic significance of microhair morphology in the genus Eragrostis Beauv. (Poaceae). Taxon 39: 59-65.

Ambrose, B. A. [et al. 2000], Lerner, D. R., Ciceri, P., Padilla, C. M., Yanofsky, M. F., & Schmidt, R. J. 2000. Molecular and genetic analyses of the Silky gene reveal conservation in floral organ specification between eudicots and monocots. Molecular Cell 5: 569-579.

Ambrose, B. A. [et al. 2006], Espinosa-Matís, S., Vázquez-Santana, S., Márquez-Guzmán, J., & Alvarez-Buylla, E. R. 2006. Comparative developmental series of the Mexican triurids support a euanthial interpretation for the unusual reproductive axes of Lacandonia schismatica (Triuridaceae. American J. Bot. 93: 15-35.

Ambrose, J. D. 1975. Comparative Anatomy and Morphology of the Melanthioideae (Liliaceae). Ph. D. Dissertation, Cornell University.

Ambrose, J. D. 1980. A re-evaluation of the Melanthioideae (Liliaceae) using numerical analyses. Pp. 65-81, pl. 1-2, in Brickell, C. D., Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Petaloid Monocotyledons. Academic Press, London.

Ameka, K. G. [et al. 2002], Pfeifer, E., & Rutishauser, R. 2002. Developmental morphology of Saxicolella amicorum and S. submersa (Podostemaceae: Podostemoideae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 139: 255-273.

American Chemical Society. 1997-2004. SciFinder Scholar, 2002 edition. ACS, Washington, DC.

Amico, G. C. [et al. 2007], Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D. L. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships and ecological speciation in the mistletoe Tristerix (Loranthaceae): The influence of pollinators, dispersers, and hosts. American J. Bot. 94: 558-567.

Amporpan, L., & Armstrong, J. E. 2002. Floral ontogeny of Salpiglossis (Solanaceae) and the oblique gynoecium. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129: 85-95.

Anantaswamy Rau, M. 1940. An embryological study of Suriana maritima Linn. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 11: 100-106.

Anderberg, A. A. 1992. The circumscription of the Ericales, and their cladistic relationships to other families of "higher" dicotyledons. Syst. Bot. 17: 660-675.

Anderberg, A. A. 1991a. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). Opera Bot. 104: 1-195.

Anderberg, A. A. 1991b. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 176: 75-123.

Anderberg, A. A. 1991c. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Plucheeae (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 176: 145-177.

Anderberg, A. A. 1993. Cladistic interrelationships and major clades of the Ericales. Plant Syst. Evol. 184: 207-231.

Anderberg, A. A. 2004. Primulaceae. Pp. 313-319, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Anderberg, A. A., & Ståhl, B. 1994. Phylogenetic interrelationships in the order Primulales, with special emphasis on the family circumscriptions. Canadian J. Bot. 73: 1699-1730.

Anderberg, A. A., & Swenson, U. 2003. Evolutionary lineages in Sapotaceae (Ericales): A cladistic analysis based on ndhF sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 763-773.

Anderberg, A. A., & Zhang, X. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyrillaceae and Clethraceae (Ericales) with special emphasis on the genus Purdiaea Planch. Organisms Divers. Evol. 2: 127-137.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 1998], Zhang, X., & Källersjö, M. 1998. Phylogenetic interrelationships in the Primulales inferred from rbcL sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 211: 93-102.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2000], Zhang, X., & Källersjö, M. 2000. Maesaceae, a new primuloid family in the order Ericales s.l. Taxon 49: 183-187.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2001], Peng, C.-I., Trift, I., & Källersjö, M. 2001. The Stimpsonia problem; evidence from DNA sequences of plastid genes atpB, ndhF and rbcL. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 123: 369-376.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2002], Rydin, C., & Källerjö, M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s.l.: Analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. American J. Bot. 89: 677-687.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2005], Eldenäs, P., Bayer, R. J., & Englund, M. 2005. Evolutionary relationships in the Asteraceae tribe Inuleae (incl. Plucheae) evidenced by DNA sequences of ndhF; with notes on the systematic positions of some aberrant genera. Organisms Divers. Evol. 5: 135-146.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2006], Baldwin, B. G., Bayer, R. G., Breitwieser, J., Jeffrey, C., Dillon, M. O., Eldenäs, P., Funk, V., Garcia-Jacas, N., Hind, D. J. N., Karis, P. O., Lack, H. W., Nesom, G., Nordenstam, B., Oberprieler, C., Panero, J. L., Puttock, C., Robinson, H., Stuessy, T. F., Susanna, A., Urtubey, E., Vogt, R., Ward, J., ä Watson, L. E. 2006. Asteraceae. Pp. 61-588, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Anderberg, A. A. [et al. 2007], Manns, U., & Källerjö, M. 2007. Phylogeny and floral evolution of the Lysimachieae (Ericales, Myrsinaceae): Evidence from ndhF sequence data. Willdenowia 37: 407-421.

Anderson, B. 2005. Adaptations to foliar absorption of faeces: A pathway to plant carnivory. Ann. Bot. 95: 757-761.

Anderson, C., Anderson, W. R., & Davies, C. C. 2006 onwards. Malpighiaceae (herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/malpigh).

Anderson, C. L., Bremer, K., & Friis, E. M. 2005. Dating phylogenetically basal eudicots using rbcL sequences and multiple fossil reference points. American J. Bot. 92: 1737-1748.

Anderson, E. D, & Owens, J. N. 2006. Analyzing the reproductive biology of Taxus - should it be included in Coniferales? Pp. 235-238, in Mill, R. R. (ed.), IV International Conifer Conference. [ISIS Acta Horticulturae 615.]

Anderson, E. F. 2001. The Cactus Family. Timber Press, Oregon.

Anderson, G. J., & Symon, D. 1988. Insect foragers of Solanum flowers in Australia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 842-852.

Anderson, J. A. R. 1963. The flora of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei, including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies. Gard. Bull. Singapore 20: 131–228, map, pl. 1-10.

Anderson, J. M., & Anderson, H. M. 2003. Heyday of the Gymnosperms: Systematics and Biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Anderson, J. M. [et al. 2007], Anderson, H. M., & Cleal, C. J. 2007. Brief history of the gymnosperms: Classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. Strelitzia 20: 1-280.

Anderson, J. T. [et al. 2011], Nuttle, T., Saldaña Rojas, J. S., Pendergast, T. H., & Flecker, A. S. 2011. Extremely long-distance seed dispersal by an overfished Amazonian frugivore. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 278: 3329-3335.

Anderson, M. 1997. Grafting succulents. Cactus Succulent J. 69: 17-25.

Anderson, W. R. 1980. Cryptic self-fertilization in the Malpighiaceae. Science 207: 892-893.

Andersson, A. 1931. Studien über die Embryologie der Familien Celastraceae, Oleaceae und Apocynaceae. Lunds Univ. Årsskr. n.f., avd 2, 27(7): 1-112, fig. 1-4.

Andersson, F. (ed.). 2005. Ecosystems of the World. 6. Coniferous Forests. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Andersson, L. 1976. The synflorescence of the Marantaceae. Organization and descriptive terminology. Bot. Notis. 129: 39-48.

Andersson, L. 1981. The neotropical genera of Marantaceae. Circumscription and relationships. Nordic. J. Bot. 1: 218-245.

Andersson, L. 1998. Heliconiaceae, pp. 226-230, Marantaceae, 278-293, Musaceae, 296-300, and Strelitziaceae, 451-454, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Andersson, L. 2002. Relationships and generic circumscriptions in the Psychotria complex. Syst. Geogr. Plants 72: 167-202.

Andersson, L., & Andersson, S. 2000. A molecular phlyogeny of Tropaeolaceae and its systematic implications. Taxon 49: 721-736.

Andersson, L., & Antonelli, A. 2005. Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina. Taxon 54: 17-28.

Andersson, L., & Chase, M. W. 2001. Phylogenetic clasification of Marantaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 135: 275-287.

Andersson, L., & Rova, J. H. E. 1999. The rps16 intron and the phylogeny of the Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 214: 161-186.

Andersson, L. [et al. 2006], Kocsis, M., & Eriksson, R. 2006. Relationships of the genus Azorella (Apiaceae) and other hydrocotyloids inferred from sequence variation in three plastid markers. Taxon 55: 270-280.

Andersson, S. 2006. On the phylogeny of the genus Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) as inferred from ITS and plastid matK sequences. Taxon 55: 125-137.

André, D. 1956. Contributions à l'étude morphologique du cône femelle de quelques Gymnospermes (Céphalotaxacées, Juniperoïdées, Taxacées). Naturalia Monspelensia sér. bot. 8: 3-35.

Andreasen, K., & Baldwin, B. G. 2001. Unequal evolutionary rates between annual and perennial lineages of chekcer mallow (Sidalcea, Malvaceae): evidence from 18S-26S rDNA internal and external transcribed spacers. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18: 936-944.

Andreasen, K., & Bremer, B. 1996. Phylogeny of the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 119-138.

Andreasen, K., & Bremer, B. 2000. Combined phylogenetic analysis in the Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae: Morphology, nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. American J. Bot. 87: 1731-1748.

Andrews, E. S. [et al. 2007], Theis, N., & Adler, L. S. 2007. Pollinator and herbivore attraction to Cucurbita floral volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 33: 1682-1691.

Andrews, H. N. 1963. Early seed plants. Science 142: 925-931.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. [A.P.G.] 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531-553.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. [A.P.G.] 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 399-436.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. [A.P.G.] 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 105-121.

Angyalossy, V. [et al. 2008], Botaânico, M. P., & Tavares, M. 2008. Revisiting the secondary growth in palms. Pp. 47-48, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Aniszewski, T. 2007. Alkaloids - Secrets of Life. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Anjum, N. A. [et al. 2012], Ahmad, I., Pereira, M. E., Duarte, A. C., Umar, S., & Khan, N. A. (eds.). 2012. The Plant Family Brassicaceae Contribution towards Phytoremediation. Springer, Dordrecht. [Environmental Pollution vol. 21.]

Anke, S. [et al. 2004], Niemüller, D., Moll, S., Hänsch, R., & Ober, D. 2004. Polyphyletic origin of pyrrolizidine alkaloids within the Asteraceae. Evidence from differential tissue expression of homospermine synthase. Plant Physiol. 136: 4037-4047.

Anonymous. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/b98/check98.htm.

Anton, A. M., & Cocucci, A. E. 1984. The grass megagametophyte and its possible phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 146: 117-121.

Antonelli, A. 2008. Higher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae subfam. Lobelioideae: Molecular signal overshadows morphology. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 1-18.

Antonelli, A. 2009. Have giant lobelias evolved several times indeopendently? Life form shifts and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan and highly diverse subfamily Loeblioideae (Campanulaceae). BMC Biology 7: 82 - see http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/82

Antonelli, A., & Sanmartín, I. 2011. Mass extinction, gradual cooling, or rapid radiation? Reconstructing the spatiotemporal evolution of the ancient angiosperm genus Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) using empirical and simulated approaches. Syst. Bio. 60: 596-615.

Antonelli, A. [et al. 2009], Nylader, J. A. A., Persson, C., & Sanmartin, I. 2009. Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on neotropical plant evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 9749-9754.

Antonelli, A. [et al. 2010], Humphreys, A. M., Lee, W. G., & Linder, H. P. 2010. Absence of mammals and the evolution of New Zealand grasses. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 278: 695-701.

Antonov, A. S. [et al. 2000], Troitsky, A. V., Samigullin, T. K., Bobrova, V. K., Veliejo-Roman, K. M., & Martin, W. 2000. Early events in the evolution of angiosperms deduced from cp rDNA ITS 2-4 sequence comparisons. Pp. 210-214, in Liu, Y.-H., Fan, H.-M., Chen, Z.-Y., Wu, Q.-G. & Zeng, Q.-W. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, May 18-22, 1998, Guangzhou, China. Science Press, Beijing.

Ao, C. Q. 2008. Pre-zygotic embryological characters of Platycrater arguta, a rare and endangered species endemic to East Asia. J. Plant Biol. 51: 116-121.

Aoki, S. [et al. 2004], Uehara, K., Imafuku, M., Hasebe, M., & Ito, M. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of basal angiosperms inferred from APETALA3- and PISTILLATA-like MADS-box genes. J. Plant Res. 117: 229-244.

A.P.G. [= Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.] 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531-553.

A.P.G. [= Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] II. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 399-436.

A.P.G. [= Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 105-121.

Appanah, S. 1998. Root symbiosis and nutrition. Pp. 99-114, in Appanah, S., & Turnbull, J. M. (eds), A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, Ecology and Silviculture. CIFOR.

Appel, O. 1996. Morphology and systematics of the Scytopetalaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 121: 207-227.

Appel, O. 2004. Scytopetalaceae. Pp. 426-430, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Appel, O., & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2002. Cruciferae, pp. 75-174, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Appel, O., & Bayer, C. 1998. Flagellariaceae. Pp. 208-211, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Appel, O., & Bayer, C. 2002. Tovariaceae, pp. 397-399, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Apple, M. E. [et al. 2005], Thee, C. I., Smith-Longozo, V. L., Cogar, C. R., Wells, C. E., & Nowak, R. S. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa roots varies with precipitation and season in the Mojave desert. Symbiosis 39: 131-135.

Appelhans, M. S. [et al. 2011], Smets, E., Razamfimandimbison, S. G., Haevermans, T., van Marle, E. J., Couloux, A., Rabarison, H., Randrianarivelojosia, M., & Keßler, P. J. A. 2011. Phylogeny, evolutionary trends and classification of the Spathelia-Ptaeroxylon clade: Morphological and molecular insights. Ann. Bot. 107: 1259-1277.

Applequist, W. L., & Wallace, R. S. 1999. An ndhF phylogeny of the Portulacaceous cohort: re-examination of evolution within a group of related familie[s.] P. 429, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Applequist, W. L., & Wallace, R. S. 2000. Phylogeny of the Madagascan endemic family Didiereaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 221: 157-166.

Applequist, W. L., & Wallace, R. S. 2001. Phylogeny of the portulacaceous cohort based on ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 26: 406-419.

Applequist, W. L., & Wallace, R. S. 2003. Expanded circumscription of Didiereaceae and its division into three subfamilies. Adansonia Sér. 3, 25: 13-16.

Applequist, W. L. [et al. 2006], Wagner, W. L., Zimmer, E. A., & Nepokroeff, M. 2006. Molecular evidence resolving the systematic position of Hectorella (Portulacaceae). Syst. Bot. 31: 310-319.

Araújo, E. F. de [et al. 2003], de Queiroz, L. P., & Machado, M. A. 2003. What is Citrus? Taxonomic implications from a study of cp-DNA evolution in tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae). Organisms Divers. Evol. 3: 55-62.

Arakaki, M. [et al. 2011], Christin, P.-A., Nyffeler, R., Lendel, A., Eggli, U., Ogburn, R. M., Spriggs, E., Moore, M. J., & Edwards, E. J. 2011. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major suculent lineages. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 8379-8384.

Arber, A. 1919. Studies on intrafascicular cambium in monocotyledons (III and IV). Ann. Bot. 33: 459-465.

Arber, A. 1920. Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Arber, A. 1925. Monocotyledons: A Morphological Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Arber, A. 1934. The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo, and Grass. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Arber, A. 1937. Studies in flower structure. III. On the 'corona' and androecium in certain Amaryllidaceae. Ann. Bot. 1: 293-304.

Arbo, M. M. 2006. Turneraceae. Pp. 458-466, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Arbo, M. M. 2008. Estudios sistemáticos en Turnera (Turneraceae). IV. Series Leiocarpae, Conciliatae, y Sessiliflorae. Bonplandia 17: 107-334.

Arbo, M. M., & Espert, S. M. 2009. Morphology, phylogeny and biogeography of Turnera L. (Turneraceae). Taxon 58: 457-467.

Archambault, A., & Strömvik, M. V. 2012. Evolutionary relationships in Oxytropis species, as estimated from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences point to multiple expansions into the Arctic. Botany 90: 770-779.

Archibald, S. B. [et al. 2010], Bossert, W. H., Greenwood, D. R., & Farrell, B. D. 2010. Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects. Paleobiol. 36: 374-398.

Arditti, J. 1967. Factors affecting the germination of orchid seeds. Bot. Rev. 33: 1-97.

Arditti, J., & Ghani, A. K. A. 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytol. 145: 367-421.

Arditti, J. {et al. 2012], Elliott, J., Kitching, I. J., & Wasserthal, L. T. 2012. 'Good Heavens what insect can suck it' - Charles Darwin, Angraecum sesquipedale and Xanthpan morgani praedicta. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 403-432.

Arekal, G. D. 1963. Embryological studies in Canadian respresentatives of the tribe Rhinantheae, Scrophulariaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 41: 267-2302.

Arekal, G. D., & Nagendran, C. R. 1975. Embryo sac of Hydrobryopsis sessilis (Podostemaceae) - origin, organization and significance. Bot. Notis. 128: 332-338.

Arekal, G. D., & Nagendran, C. R. 1977a. Female gametophytes of Zeylanidium (Podostemaceae). A clarification. Phytomorphology 27: 123-129.

Arekal, G. D., & Nagendran, C. R. 1977b. The female gametophyte in two Indian genera of Tristichoideae (Podostemaceae): A reinvestigation. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 86: 287-294.

Arekal, G. D., & Ramaswamy, S. N. 1980. Embryology of Eriocaulon hookerianum Stapf and the systematic position of Eriocaulaceae. Bot. Notis. 133: 295-309.

Arekal, G. D., & Shivamurthy, G. R. 1976. "Seed" germination in Balanophora abbreviata. Phytomorph. 26: 135-138.

Arènes, J. 1957. Répartition géographique des Malpighiacées vivantes et fossiles (1). Compte Rendue Séances Somm. Soc. Biog. 290: 81-108.

Arens, N. C., Strömberg, C., & Thompson, A. 1998. Virtual paleobotany laboratory.

Argent, G. 2006. Rhododendrons of Subgenus Vireya. Royal Horticultural Society, [London].

Argout, X. [et al. 2010], Salse, J., Aury, J. M., Guiltinan, M. J., Droc, G., Gouzy, J., Allegre, M., Chaparro, C., Legavre, T., Maximova, S. N., Abrouk, M., Murat, F., Fouet, O., Poulain, J., Ruiz, M., Roguet, Y., Rodier-Goud1, M., Barbosa-Neto, J. F., Sabot, F., Kudrna, D., Ammiraju, J. S. S., Schuster, S. C., Carlson, J. E., Sallet, E., Schiex T., Dievart1, A., Kramer1, M., Gelley, L., Shi, Z., Bérard, A., Viot, C., Boccara, M., Risterucci, A. M., Guignon, V., Sabau, X., Axtell, M., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., Brown, S., Bourge, M., Golser, W., Song, X., Clement, D., Rivalan, R., Tahi, M., Akaza, J. M., Pitollat, B., Gramacho, K., D’Hont, A., Brunel, D., Infante, D., Kebe, I., Costet, P., Wing, R., McCombie, W. R., Guiderdoni, E., Quetier, F., Panaud, O., Wincker, P., Sidibe-Bocs, S. & Lanaud, C. 2010. the genome of Theobroma cacao. Nature Genetics 43: 101-10.

Argue, C. L. 1980. Pollen morphology in the genus Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significance. American J. Bot. 67: 68-87.

Argue, C. L. 1981. The taxonomic implications of pollen morphology in some South American species of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae). American J. Bot. 68: 200-205.

Arias, T., & Pires, J. C. 2012. A fully resolved phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications. Taxon 61: 980-988.

Arias, T., & Williams, J. H. 2008. Embryology of Manekia naranjoana (Piperaceae) and the origin of tetrasporic, 16-nucleate female gametophytes in Piperales. American J. Bot. 95: 272-285.

Aris-Brosou, S. 2003. Least and most powerful phylogenetic tests to elucidate the origin of seed plants in the presence of conflicting signals under misspecified models. Syst. Biol. 52: 781-793.

Armbruster, W. S. 1984. The role of resin in angiosperm pollination: Ecological and chemical considerations. American J. Bot. 71: 1149-1160.

Armbruster, W. S. 1996. Evolution of floral morphology and function: An integrative approach to adaptation, constraint, and compromise in Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Pp. 241-272, in Lloyd, D. G., & Barrett, S. C. H. (eds), Floral Biology: Studies in Floral Evolution in Animal-Pollinated Plants. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Armbruster, W. S. 2012. Evolution and ecological implications of "specialized" pollinator reqards. Pp. 44-67, in Patiny, S. (ed.), Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Armbruster, W. S., & Muchhala, N. 2009. Associations between floral specialization and species diversity: Cause, effect, or correlation? Evol. Ecology 23: 159-179.

Armbruster, W. S. [et al. 1994], Edwards, M. E., & Debevec, E. M. 1994. Character displacement generates assemblage structure of western Australian triggerplants (Stylidium). Ecology 75: 315-329.

Armbruster, W. S. [et al. 2002], Debevec, E. M., & Willson, M. F. 2002. Evolution of syncarpy in angiosperms: Theoretical and phylogenetic analyses of the effects of carpel fusion on offspring quantity and quality. J. Evol. Biol. 15: 657-672.

Armbruster, W. S. [et al. 2009], Lee, J., & Baldwin, B. G. 2009. Macroevolutionary patterns of defense and pollination in Dalechampia vines: Adaptation, exaption, and evolutionary novelty. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18085-18090.

Armstead, I. [et al. 2007], Donnison, I., Aubry, S., Harper, J., Hörtensteiner, S., James, C., Mani, J., Moffet, M., Ougham, H., Roberts, L., Thomas, A., Weeden, N., Thomas, H., & King, I. 2007. Cross-species identification of Mendel's I locus. Science 315: 73.

Armstrong, J. E. 1985. The delimitation of Bignoniaceae and Scrophulariaceae based on floral anatomy, and the placement of problem genera. American J. Bot. 72: 755-766.

Armstrong, J. E. 1988. The suppression and loss of androecial primordia and their affect on corolla form in Scrophulariaceae. American J. Bot. 75(abstracts): 17-18.

Armstrong, J. E. 1992. Lever action anthers and the forcible shedding of pollen in Torenia (Scrophulariaceae). American J. Bot. 79: 34-40.

Armstrong, J. E., & Douglas, A. W. 1989. The ontogenetic basis for corolla aestivation in Scrophulariaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 378-389.

Armstrong, J. E., & Tucker, S. C. 1986. Floral development in Myristica (Myristicaceae). American J. Bot. 73: 1131-1143.

Arnal, C. 1945. Recherches Morphologiques et Physiologiques sur la Fleur des Violacées. Thèses, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Dijon.

Arnaud-Haond, S. [et al. 2012], Duarte, C. M., Diaz-Almela, E., Marbà, N., Sintes, T., & Serrão, E. A. 2012. Implications of extreme life span in clonal organisms: Millenary clones in meadows of the threatened seagrass Posidonia oceanica. PLoS ONE 7(2): e30454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030454

Arnold, A. E. 2008. Endophytic fungi: Hidden components of tropical community ecology. Pp. 254-271, in Carson, W. F., & Schnitzer, S. A. (eds), Tropical Forest Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell.

Arnold, A. E., & Engelbrecht, B. M. J. 2007. Fungal endophytes nearly double minimum leaf conductance in seedlings of a neotropical tree species. J. Trop. Ecol. 23: 369-372.

Arnold, A. E., & Lutzoni, F. 2007. Diversity and host range of foliar fungal endophytes: Are tropical leaves biodiversity hotspots? Ecology 88: 541-549.

Arnold, A. E. [et al. 2001], Maynard, Z., & Gilbert, G. S. 2001. Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: Patterns of abundance and diversity. Mycol. Res. 105: 1502-1507.

Arnold, A. E. [et al. 2009a], Miadlikowska, J., Uren, J. M., del Olmo-Ruiz, M, Hoffman, M. T., Gaya, E., & Lutzoni, F. 2009. Evolutionary perspectives on the origins of endophytic fungi. P. 15, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Arnold, A. E. [et al. 2009b], Miadlikowska, J., Higgins, K. L., Sarvate, S. D., Gugger, P., Way, A., Hofstetter, V., Kauf, F., & Lutzoni, F. 2009b. A phylogenetic estimation of trophic transition networks for ascomycetous fungi: Are lichens cradles of symbiotrophic fungal diversification? Syst. Biol. 58: 283-297.

Arora, N. 1953. The enbryology of Zizyphus rotundifolia Lamk. Phytomorph. 3: 88-98.

Arrington, J. M. 2004. Systematics of the Cistaceae. Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biology, Duke University.

Arrington, J. M., & Kubitzki, K. 2002. Cistaceae, pp. 62-70, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Arroyo, M. T. K. 1981. Breeding systems and pollination biology in Leguminosae. Pp. 723-769, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 2.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Arroyo, S. C. 1982. Anatomia vegetativa de Ixiolirion Fisch. ex Herb. (Liliales) y su significado taxonomia. Parodiana 1: 271-286.

Arroyo, S. C., & Cutler, D. F. 1984. Evolutionary and taxonomic aspects of the internal morphology in Amaryllidaceae from South America and Southern Africa. Kew Bull. 39: 467-498.

Arruda, E., & Melo-de-Pinna, G. F. 2010. Wide-band tracheids (WBTs) of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic stems in species of Cactaceae. J. Torrey Bot. Club 137: 16-29.

Artabe, A. E., & Stevenson, D. W. 1999. Fossil Cycadales from Argentina. Bot. Review 65: 219-238.

Asai, T. 1934. Über das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung der Wurzelpilze in den Landpflanzen. Japanese J. Bot. 7: 107-150.

Aserse, A. A. [et al. 2012], Räsänen, L. A., Aseffa, F., Hailemariam, A., & Lindström, K. 2012. Phylogenetically diverse groups of Bradyrhizobium isolated from nodules of Crotalaria spp., Indigofera spp., Erythrina brucei and Glycine max growing in Ethiopia. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 595-609.

Ashburner, M. 1998. Speculation on the subject of alcohol dehydrogenase and its properties in Drosophila and other flies. BioEssays 20: 949-954.

Ashton, P. S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Pp. 237-552, in van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 9(2). Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague.

Ashton, P. S. 2002. Dipterocarpaceae, pp. 182-197, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Ashton, P. S. [et al. 1988], Givnish, T. J., & Appanah, S. 1988. Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: New insights into floral indiction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the seasonal tropics. American Naturalist 132: 44-66.

Asim, M. [et al. 2010], Hussien, H., Poveda, L., Arnason, J. T., & Durst, T. 2010. Triterpenoids from the bark of Ruptiliocarpon caracolito. Phytochem 71: 1418-1422,

Askgaard, A. [et al. 2008], Stauffer, F. W., Hodel, D. R., & Barfod, A. S. 2008. Floral structure in the neotropical palm genus Chamaedorea (Arecoideae, Arecaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 65: 197-210.

Asmussen, C. B., & Chase, M. W. 2001. Coding and non-coding plastid DNA in palm systematics. American J. Bot. 88: 1103-1117.

Asmussen, C. B., & Liston, A. 1998. Chloroplast DNA characters, phylogeny, and classification of Lathyrus (Fabaceae). American J. Bot. 85: 387-401.

Asmussen, C. B. [et al. 2000], Baker, W. J., & Dransfield, J. 2000. Phylogeny of the palm family (Arecaceae) based on rps16 intron and trnL-trnF plastid DNA sequences. Pp. 525-535, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Asmussen, C. B. [et al. 2006], Dransfield, J., Deickmann, V., Barfod, A. S., Pintaud, J.-C., & Baker, W. J. 2006. A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): Evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 15-38.

Atkins, S. 2004. Verbenaceae. Pp. 449-468 in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Aubréville, A. 1964. Les Sapotacées: Taxonomie et phytogéographie. Adansonia Mém. 1: 1-157.

Aubréville, A. 1974a. Les origines des Angiospermes (1re partie). Adansonia Sér. 2, 14: 5-27.

Aubréville, A. 1974b. Origines polytopiques des Angiospermes tropicales (2e partie). Adansonia Sér. 2, 14: 145-198.

Austin, A. T., & Ballaré, C. L. 2010. Dual role of lignin in plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 4618-4622.

Austin, D. F. 1998. Parallel and convergent evolution in the Convolvulaceae. Pp. 201-234, in Mathew, P., & Sivadasan, M. (eds) Diversity and Taxonomy of Tropical Flowering Plants. Mentor, Calicut.

Auvray, G. [et al. 2010], Harris, D. J., Richardson, J. E., Newmnan, M. F., & Särkinen, T. E. 2010. Phylogeny and dating of Aframomum (Zingiberaceae). Pp. 287-305, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Avella, T. [et al. 1988], Dechamps, R., & Bastin, M. 1988. Fluorescence studies of 10,610 woody species from the Tervuren (Tw) collection, Belgium. IAWA Bull. N.S. 9: 346-352.

Avino, M. [et al. 2009], Tortoriello, G., & Caputo, P. 2009. A phylogenetic analysis of Dipsacaceae based on four DNA regions. Plant Syst. Evol. 279: 69-86.

Avise, J. C., & Liu, J.-X. 2011. On the temporal inconsistencies of Linnean ranks. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 102: 707-714.

Avise, J. C., & Mitchell, D. 2007. Time to standardize taxonomies. Syst. Biol. 56: 130-133.

Axelrod, D. I. 1959. Poleward migration of early angiosperm flora. Science 130: 203-207.

Axelrod, D. I. 1983. Biogeography of oaks in the Arcto-Tertiary province. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 629-657.

Axsmith, B. J. [et al. 1998], Naylor, T. N., & Taylor, E. L. 1988. Anatomically preserved leaves of the conifer Notophytum krauselii (Podocarpaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica. American J. Bot. 85: 704-713.

Ayasse, M. [et al. 2011], Stökl, J., & Francke, W. 2011. Chemical ecology and pollinator-driven speciation in sexually deceptive orchids. Phytochem. 72: 1489-1494.

Ayensu, E. S. 1972. Dioscoreales. In C. R. Metcalfe (ed.), Anatomy of the Monocotyledons, Vol. 6. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Ayensu, E. S. 1973a. Biological and morphological aspects of Velloziaceae. Biotropica 5: 135-149.

Ayensu, E. S. 1973b. Phytogeography and evolution of the Velloziaceae. Pp. 105-119, in Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S., & Duckworth, D. (eds), Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Ayensu, E. S., & Stern, W. L. 1964. Systematic anatomy and ontogeny of the stem in Passifloraceae. Contrib. United States National Herb. 34(3): 45-73.

Ayers, T. J. 1997. Three new species of Lysipomia (Lobeliaceae) endemic to the páramos of southern Ecuador. Brittonia 49: 433-440.

Ayers, T. J., & Haberle, R. 1999. Systematics of Cyphocarpus (Campanulaceae): Placement of an evolutionary enigma. P. 196, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Ayerza, R., Jr., & Coates, W. 2005. Chia: Rediscovering a Forgotten Crop of the Aztecs. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Ayres, D. C., & Loike, J. D. 1990. Lignans: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Azhaguvel, P., & Komatsuda, T. 2007. A phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence of a marker linked to the brittle rachis locus indicates a diphyletic origin of barley. Ann. Bot. 100: 1009-1015.

Azuma, H., & Tobe, H. 2011. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): Family circumscription and infrafamilial relationships. J. Plant Res. 124: 349-357.

Azuma, H. [et al. 1999], Thein, L. B., & Kawano, S. 1999. Floral scents, leaf volatiles and thermogenic flowers in Magnoliaceae. Plant Species Biol. 14: 121-127.

Azuma, H. [et al. 2000], Thein, L. B., & Kawano, S. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Magnolia based on chloroplast DNA sequence data (trnK intron, psbA-trnH and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer regions) and floral scent chemistry. Pp. 219-227, in Liu, Y.-H., Fan, H.-M., Chen, Z.-Y., Wu, Q.-G. & Zeng, Q.-W. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, May 18-22, 1998, Guangzhou, China. Science Press, Beijing.

Azuma, H. [et al. 2001], Garciá-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., & Thien, L. B. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: The biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions. American J. Bot. 88: 2275-2285.

Azuma, T. [et al. 2000], Kajita, T., Yokoyama, J., & Ohashi, H. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Salix (Salicaceae) based on rbcL sequence data. American J. Bot. 87: 67-75.

Azuma, H. [et al. 2011], Chalermgrin, P., & Noteboom, H. P. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on plastid DNA sequences with special emphasis on some species from continental Southeast Asia. Thai Forest Bull. 39: 148-165.

, A. M. [et al. 2011a], Duponnois, R., Diabaté, M., & Dreyfus, B. 2011a. Les champignons ectomycorhiziens des arbres forestiers en Afrique de l’Ouest: méthodes d’étude, diversité, écologie, utilisation en foresterie et comestibilité. Institut pour le Recherche et Developpment, Marseille.

Bâ, A. M. [et al. 2011b], Duponnois, R., Moyersoen, B., & Diédhiou, A. G. 2012 [= 2011b]. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of tropical African trees. Mycorrhiza 22: 1-29.

Baas, P. 1972. Anatomical contributions to plant taxonomy. II. The affinities of Hua Pierre and Afrostyrax Perkins et Gilg. Blumea 20: 161-192.

Baas, P. 1973. Epidermal leaf characters of the Malesian Icacinaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 22: 329-359.

Baas, P. 1974. Stomatal types in Icacinaceae. Additional observations on genera outside Malesia. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 23: 193-200.

Baas, P. 1975. Vegetative anatomy and the affinities of Aquifoliaceae, Sphenostemon, Phelline, and Oncotheca. Blumea 22: 311-407.

Baas, P. 1984. Vegetative anatomy and taxonomy of Berberidopsis and Streptothamnus (Flacourtiaceae). Blumea 30: 39-44.

Baas, P., & Wheeler, E. A. 2011. Wood anatomy and climate change. Pp. 141-155, in Hodkinson, T. R., Jones, M. B., Waldren, S., & Parnell, J. A. N. (eds), Climate Change, Ecology and Systematics. Cambridge University, Cambridge.

Baas, P. [et al. 1979], Geesink, R., Van Heel, W. A., & Muller, J. 1979. The affinities of Plagiopteron suaveolens Griff. (Plagiopteraceae). Grana 18: 69-89.

Baas, P. [et al. 1982], van Oosterhoud, E., & Scholtes, C. J. L. 1982. Leaf anatomy and classification of the Olacaceae, Octoknema and Erythropalum. Allertonia 3: 155-210.

Baas, P. [et al. 1988], Esser, P. M., van der Westen, M. E. T., & Zandee, M. 1988. Wood anatomy of the Oleaceae. IAWA Bull. 9: 103-182.

Baas, P. [et al. 2000], Wheeler, E., & Chase, M. 2000. Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 134: 3-17.

Baas, P. [et al. 2001], Jansen, S., & Smets, E. 2001. Vegetative anatomy and affinities of Dirachma socotrana (Dirachmaceae). Syst. Bot. 26: 231-241.

Baas, P. [et al. 2003], Jansen, S., & Wheeler, E. A. 2003. Ecological adaptations and deep phylogenetic splits - evidence and questions from the secondary xylem. Pp. 221-240, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Babcock, E. B. 1947. The Genus Crepis, Part One. The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Distribution and Evolution of Crepis. University of California Publications 21, University of California Press, Berkeley.

Bachelier, J. B., & Endress, P. K. 2007a. Comparative floral morphology in the clade of Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae and gynoecium structural diversity in Spondioideae (Anancardiaceae). P. 179, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Bachelier, J. B., & Endress, P. K. 2007b. Development of inflorescences, cupules, and flowers in Amphipterygium and comparison with Pistacia (Anacardiaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1237-1253.

Bachelier, J. B., & Endress, P. K. 2008a. Floral structure of Kirkia wilmsii: Implications for the systematic relationship of Kirkiaceae and the Anacardiaceae-Burseraceae clade (Sapindales). Pp. 42-43, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Bachelier, J. B., & Endress, P. K. 2008b. Floral structure of Kirkia (Kirkiaceae) and its position in Sapindales. Ann. Bot. 102: 539-550.

Bachelier, J. B., & Endress, P. K. 2009. Comparative floral morphology and anatomy of Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae (Sapindales) with a special focus on gynoecium structure and evolution. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 499-571.

Bachelier, J. B. [et al. 2011], Endress, P. K., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. 2011. Comparative floral structure and development in Nitrariaceae (Sapindales) and systematic implications. Pp. 181-217, in Wanntorp, L., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. (eds), Flowers on the Tree of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 80.]

Bachelier, J. B., & Friedman, W. E. 2011. Female gamete competition in an ancient angiosperm lineage. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 12360-12365.

Backlund, A. 1996. Phylogeny of the Dipsacales. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Backlund, A., & Bremer, B. 1997. Phylogeny of the Asteridae s. str based on rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Dipsacales. Plant Syst. Evol. 207: 225-254.

Backlund, A., & Bremer, K. 1998. To be or not to be - principles of classification and monotypic plant families. Taxon 47: 391-401.

Backlund, A., & Donoghue, M. J. 1996. Morphology and phylogeny of the order Dipsacales. Pp. 1-27, in Backlund, A., Phylogeny of the Dipsacales. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala

Backlund, A., & Nilsson, S. 1997. Pollen morphology and the systematic position of Triplostegia (Dipsacales). Taxon 46: 21-31.

Backlund, A., & Moritz, T. 1998. Phylogenetic implications of an expanded valepotriate distribution in the Valerianaceae. Biochem. Syst. Evol. 26: 309-335.

Backlund, A., & Pyck, N. 1998. Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. Taxon 47: 657-661.

Backlund, M. [et al. 2000], Oxelman, B., & Bremer, B. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on ndhF and rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. American J. Bot. 87: 1029-1043.

Backlund, M. [et al. 2007], Bremer, B., & Thulin, M. 2007. Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae). Taxon 56: 315-328.

Badillo, V. M. 1971. Monografia de la familia Caricaceae. Asociación de Profesores, Maracay.

Bahali, D. D. [et al. 2004], Sanjappa, M., & Rath, S. P. 2004. Geographical distribution of Iridaceae in India. Indian Forester 27: 251-256.

Bai, C. [et al. 2012], Alverson, W. S., Follansbee, A., & Waller, D. W. 2012. New reports of nuclear DNA content for 407 vascular plant taxa from the United States. Ann. Bot.

Bai, Y., & Lindhout, P. 2007. Domestication and breeding of tomatoes: What have we gained and what can we gain in the future? Ann. Bot. 100: 1085-1094.

Bailey, C. D. [et al. 1997], Doyle, J. J., Kajita, T., Nemoto, T., & Ohashi, H. 1997. The chloroplast rpl2 intro and ORF184 as phylogenetic markers in the legume tribe Desmodieae. Syst. Bot. 22: 133-138.

Bailey, C. D. [et al. 2006a], Koch, M. A., Mayer, M., Mummenhorf, K., Okane, S. L., Jr., Warwick, S. I., Windham, M. D., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2006a. A global nrDNA ITS phylogeny for the Brassicaceae. Pp. 205-206, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Bailey, C. D. [et al. 2006b], Koch, M. A., Mayer, M., Mummenhorf, K., Okane, S. L., Jr., Warwick, S. I., Windham, M. D., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2006b. Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 2142-2160.

Bailey, I. W. 1944. The development of vessels in angiosperms and its significance in morphological research. American J. Bot.31: 421-428.

Bailey, I. W. 1954. Contributions to Plant Anatomy. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass.

Bailey, I. W. 1956. Nodal anatomy in retrospect. J. Arnold Arbor. 37: 269-287.

Bailey, I. W., & Howard, R. A. 1941. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. I-IV. J. Arnold Arbor. 22: 125-132, pl. I-IV [Anatomy of the node and internode], 171-187, pl. I-V [Vessels], 432-442, pl. I-III [Imperfect tracheary elements and xylem parenchyma], 556-568, pl. I-IV [Rays of the secondary xylem.]

Bailey, I. W., & Nast, C. G. 1945a. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae VII. Summary and conclusions. J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 37-47.

Bailey, I. W., & Nast, C. G. 1945b. Morphology and relationships of Trochodendron and Tetracentron I. Stem, root, and leaf. J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 149-154, pl. 1-6.

Bailey, I. W., & Swamy, B. G. L. 1948. Amborella trichopoda Baill. A new type of vesselless dicotyledon. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 245-254, pl. 1-5.

Bailey, I. W., & Swamy, B. G. L. 1949. The morphology and relationships of Austrobaileya. J. Arnold Arbor. 230: 211-226, pl..

Bailey, I. W., & Thompson, W. A. 1918. Additional notes upon the angiosperms Tetracentron, Trochodendron, and Drimys, in which vessels are absent from the wood. Ann. Bot. 32: 503-512.

Baillon, H. E. 1866-1892. Histoire des plantes, vols. 1-11. L. Hachette, Paris.

Baillon, H. E. 1877. Sur l'organogénie floral et la graine des Garrya. Bull. Soc. Linnean Paris 1: 139.

Bainard, J., & Newmaster, S. 2010a. Endopolyploidy in bryophytes widespread in mosses and absent in liverworts. J. Bot. Article ID 316356.

Bainard, J., & Newmaster, S. 2010b. Widespread endopolyploidy in mosses. P. 30, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Baker, A. J. M., & Brooks, R. R. 1989. Terrestrial higher plants which accumulate metallic elements - a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery 1: 81-126.

Baker, G. [et al. 1959], Jones, L. H. P., & Wardrop, I. D. 1959. Cause of wear in sheep's teeth. Nature 184: 1583-1584.

Baker, H. G. 1948. Dimorphism and monomorphism in the Plumbaginaceae. I. A survey of the family. Ann. Bot. N.S. 12: 209-219. 1948.

Baker, H. G. 1953. Dimorphism and monomorphism in the Plumbaginaceae. II. Pollen and stigmata in the genus Limonium. Ann. Bot. N.S. 17: 433-445.

Baker, H. G., & Baker, I. 1979. Starch in angiosperm pollen grains and its evolutionary significance. American J. Bot. 66: 591-600.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 1999a], Dransfield, J., Harley, M. M., & Bruneau, A. 1999a. Morphology and cladistic analysis of subfamily Calamoideae (Palmae). Pp. 305-323, in Henderson, A., & Borschenius, F. (eds), Evolution, Variation, and Classification of Palms [= Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 83: 307-324.] New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 1999b], Asmussen, C. B., Barrow, S. C., Dransfield, J., & Hedderson, T. A. 1999b. A phylogenetic study of the palm family (Palmae) based on chlorplast DNA sequences from the trnL-trnF region. Plant Syst. Evol. 219: 111-126.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2000a], Hedderson, T. A., & Dransfield, J. 2000a. Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Calamoideae (Palmae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps16 intron sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 14: 195-217.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2000b], Hedderson, T. A., & Dransfield, J. 2000b. Molecular phylogenetics of Calamus (Palmae) and related rattan genera based on5S nrDNA spacer sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 14: 218-231.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2000c], Hedderson, T. A., & Dransfield, J. 2000c. Phylogeny, character evolution, and a new classification of the calamoid palms. Syst. Bot. 25: 297-322.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2006], Zona, S., Heatubun, C. D., Lewis, C. E., Maturbongs, R. A., & Norup, M. V. 2006. Dransfieldia (Arecaceae) - a new palm genus from western New Guinea. Syst. Bot. 31: 61-69.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2009], Savolainen, V., Asmussen-Lange, C. B., Chase, M. W., Dransfield, J., Forest, F., Harley, M. M., Uhl, N. W., & Wilkinson, M. 2009. Complete generic-level phylogenetic analysis of palms (Arecaceae) with comparisons of supertree and supermatrix approaches. Syst. Biol. 58: 240-256.

Baker, W. J. [et al. 2011], Norup, M. V., Clarkson, J. J., Couvreur, T. L. P., Dowe, J. L., Lewis, C. E., Pintaud, J. C., Savolainen, V. Wilmot, T. & Chase, M. W. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships among arecoid palms (Arecaceae: Arecoideae). Ann. Bot. 108: 1417-1432.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 1998], Vassiliades, D. D., & Morton, C. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of Biebersteinia Stephan (Geraniaceae) inferred from rbcL and atpB sequence comparisons. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 127: 149-158.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 1999], Culham, A., & Gibby, M. A. 1999. Phylogenetics and diversification in Pelargonium Pp. 353-374, in Hollingsworth, P. M., Bateman, R. M., & Gornall, R. J. 9eds), Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 2000], Culham, A., Pankhurst, C. E., & Gibby, M. 2000. Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). American J. Bot. 87: 727-734.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 2004], Culham, A., Hettiarachi, P., Touloumenidou, T., & Gibby, M. 2004. Phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Taxon 53: 17-28.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 2005], Culham, A., Marais, E. M., & Gibby, M. 2005. Nested radiation in Cape Pelargonium. Pp. 75-100, in Bakker, F. T., Chatrou, L. W., Gravendeel, B., & Pelser, P. B. (eds), Plant Species-Level Systematics: New Perspectives on Pattern and Process. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggel, Liechtenstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 143.]

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 2006a], Breman, F., & Merckx, V. 2006a. DNA sequence evolution in fast-evolving mitochondrial DNA nad1 exons in Geraniaceae and Plantaginaceae. Taxon 55: 887-896.

Bakker, F. T. [et al. 2006b], van Gemerden, B. S., & Achoundong, G. 2006b. Molecular systematics of African Rinorea Aubl. (Violaceae). Pp. 33-44, in Ghazanfar, S. A., & Beentje, H. (eds), Taxonomy and Ecology of African Plants, Their Conservation and Sustainable Use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Bakker, M. E. 1992. Oil and Mucilage Cells in Dicotyledons: Ontogeny, Ultrastructure, Distribution, and Systematic Value. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Bakker, M. E. 2000a. Annonaceae, Neotropical Genera and Species. CD-ROM (Windows and Macintosh). Springer, Amsterdam.

Bakker, M. E. 2000b. Annonaceae, Genera Worldwide. CD-ROM (Windows and Macintosh). Springer, Amsterdam.

Baldwin, B. G., & Wessa, B. L. 2000. Origin and relationships of the tarweed-silversword lineage (Compositae-Madiinae). American J. Bot. 87: 1890-1908.

Baldwin, B. G. [et al. 2002], Wessa, B. L., & Panero, J. L. 2002. Nuclear rDNA evidence for major lineages of helenioid Heliantheae (Compositae). Syst. Bot. 27: 161-198.

Baldwin, B. G. [et al. 2011], Kalisz, S., & Armbruster, W. S. 2011. Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification, biogeography, and floral evolution of Collinsia and Tonella (Plantaginaceae). American J. Bot. 98: 731-753.

Balfour, E. E., & Philipson, W. R. 1962. The development of the primary vascular system in certain dicotyledons. Phytomorph. 12: 110-143.

Balgooy, M. M. J. 1997. Malesian Seed Plants. Volume 1 - Spot Characters. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Balgooy, M. M. J. 1998. Malesian Seed Plants. Volume 2 - Portraits of Tree Families. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Balgooy, M. M. J. 2001. Malesian Seed Plants. Volume 3 - Portraits of Non-tree Families. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Balke, M. [et al. 2008], Gómez-Zurita, J., Ribera, I., Viloria, A., Zillikens, A., Steiner, J., García, M., Hendrich, L., & Vogler, A. P. 2008. Ancient associations of aquatic beetles and tank bromeliads in the neotropical forest canopy. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 6356-6361.

Ballard, H. E. [et al. 1998], Sytsma, K. J., & Kowall, R. R. 1998. Shrinking the violets: Phylogenetic relationships of infrageneric groups in Viola (Violaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 23: 439-458.

Ballard, H. E. [et al. 2009], Wahlert, G. A., de Paula-Souza, J., & Feng, M. 2009. Molecular phylogenetic relationships, infrafamilial groups, and a proposed classification for the violet family (Violaceae). P. 188, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Balslev, H. 1996. Flora neotropica. Monograph 68. Juncaceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Balslev, H. 1998. Juncaceae. Pp. 252-259, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Bänfer, G. [et al. 2006], Moog, U., Fiala, B., Mohamed, M., Weising, K., & Blattner, F. R. 2006. A chloroplast genealogy of myrmecophytic Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) in Southeast Asia reveals hybridization, vicariance and long-distance dispersals. Mol. Ecol. 15: 4409-4424.

Banks, H. [et al. 2011], Moat, J., & Lewis, G. 2011. Why package pollen in groups? P. 275, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Banks, J. A. [et al. 2011], Nishiyama, T., Hasebe, M., Bowman, J. L., Gribskov, M., dePamphilis, C., Albert, V. A., Aono, N., Aoyama, T., Ambrose, B. A., Ashton, N. W., Axtell, M. J., Barker, E., Barker, M. S., Bennetzen, J. L., Bonawitz, N. D., Chapple, C., Cheng, C., Correa, L. G., Dacre, M., DeBarry, J., Dreyer, I., Elias, M., Engstrom, E. M., Estelle, M., Feng, L., Finet, C., Floyd, S. K., Frommer, W. B., Fujita, T., Gramzow, L., Gutensohn, M., Harholt, J., Hattori, M., Heyl, A., Hirai, T., Hiwatashi, Y., Ishikawa, M., Iwata, M., Karol, K. G., Koehler, B., Kolukisaoglu, U., Kubo, M., Kurata, T., Lalonde, S., Li, K., Li, Y., Litt, A., Lyons, E., Manning, G., Maruyama, T., Michael, T. P., Mikami, K., Miyazaki, S., Morinaga, S., Murata, T., Mueller-Roeber, B., Nelson, D. R., Obara, M., Oguri, Y., Olmstead, R. G., Onodera, N., Petersen, B. L., Pils, B., Prigge, M., Rensing, S. A., Riaño-Pachón, D. M., Roberts, A. W., Sato, Y., Scheller, H. V., Schulz. B., Schulz, C., Shakirov, E. V., Shibagaki, N., Shinohara, N., Shippen, D. E., Sørensen, I., Sotooka, R., Sugimoto, N,. Sugita, M., Sumikawa, N., Tanurdzic, M., Theissen, G., Ulvskov, P., Wakazuki, S., Weng, J. K., Willats, W. W., Wipf, D., Wolf, P. G., Yang, L., Zimmer, A. D., Zhu, Q., Mitros, T., Hellsten, U., Loqué, D., Otillar, R., Salamov, A., Schmutz, J., Shapiro, H., Lindquist, E., Lucas, S., Rokhsar, D., & Grigoriev, I. V. 2011. The Selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science 332: 960-963.

Banks, H., & Klitgaard, B. B. 2000. Palynological contribution to the systematics of detarioid legumes. Pp. 79-106, in Herendeen, P., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Banks, H., & Lewis, G. P. 2009. Pollen morphology of the Dimorphandra group (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Grana 48: 19-26.

Banks, H. [et al. 2003], Klitgaard, B. B., Lewis, G. P., Crane, P. R., & Bruneau, A. 2003. Pollen and the systematics of the tribes Caesalpinieae and Cassieae. Pp. 95-122, in Klitgaard, B. B., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10. Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Banks, H. [et al. 2006], Feist-Burkhart, S., & Klitgaard, B. B. 2006. The unique pollen morphology of Duparquetia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Developmental evidence of aperture orientation using confocal microscopy. Ann. Bot. 98: 107-115.

Banks, H. [et al. 2008], Klitgaard, B. B., Claxton, F., Forest, F., & Crane, P. R. 2008. Pollen morphology of the family Polygalaceae (Fabales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 253-289.

Banks, H. [et al. 2010], Himanen, I., & Lewis, G. P. 2010. Evolution of pollen, stigmas and ovule numbers at the caesalpinioid-mimosoid interface (Fabaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 162: 594-615.

Bannan, M. W. 1934. Origin and cellular character of xylem rays in gymnosperms. Bot. Gaz. 96: 260-281.

Barabé, D., & Lacroix, C. 2008a. Developmental morphology of the flower of Anthurium jenmanii: A new element in our understanding of basal Araceae. Botany 86: 45-52.

Barabé, D., & Lacroix, C. 2008b. Developmental morphology of the flower of Anaphyllopsis americana and its relevance to our understanding of basal Araceae. Botany 86: 1467-1473.

Barabé, D. [et al. 2004a], Lacroix, C., Bruneau, A., Archambault, A., & Gibernau, M. 2004a. Floral development and phylogenetic position of Schismatoglottis (Araceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 173-189.

Barabé, D. [et al. 2004b], Lacroix, C., Chouteau, M., & Gibernau, M. 2004b. On the presence of extracellular calcium oxalate crystals on the inflorescences of Araceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 146: 181-190.

Barabé, D. [et al. 2011], Lacroix, C., & Gibernau, M. 2011. Floral development of Urospatha: Merosity and phylogeny of the Lasioideae (Araceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 296: 41-50.

Baranov, P. A. 1957. Coleorrhiza in Myrtaceae. Phytomorph. 7: 237-243.

Baranova, M. 1972. Systematic anatomy of the leaf epidermis in the Magnoliaceae and some related families. Taxon 21: 447-469.

Baranova, M. 1983. On the laterocytic stomatype in angiosperms. Brittonia 35: 93-102.

Baranova, M. 1987. Historical development of the present classification of morphological types of stomates. Bot. Review 53: 53-79.

Baranova, M. 2004a. The stomatal apparatus of Takhtajania perrieri (Capuron) M. Baranova & J.-F. Leroy (Winteraceae). Kew Bull. 59: 141-144.

Baranova, M. 2004b. The epidermal structure of Austrobaileya (Austrobaileyaceae) - a further comment. Kew Bull. 59: 489-491.

Baranova, M. A., & Jeffrey, C. 2006. Leaf anatomy and the systematics of the Rhizophoraceae sensu lato. Bot. Zhurn. 91: 1787-1815.

Barba Montoya, J. A. [et al. 2011], Magallón Puebla, S., & Trejo Salazar, R. 2011. Understanding arid neotropical biodiversity: The timinhg and diversification rates of tribe Pachycereae (Cactaceae, Caryophyllales. P. 162, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Barbehenn, R. V., & Constabel, C. P. 2011. Tannins in plant-herbivore interactions. Phytochem. 72: 1489-1494.

Barber, J. [et al. 2008], Diazgranados, M., & Hoch. P. C. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Ludwigia (Onagraceae) reconstructed from multiple nuclear and cpDNA markers. P. 86, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Barbour, M. G. 1970. Is any angiosperm an obligate halophyte? American Midl. Natural. 85: 105-120.

Bárcenas, R. T. [et al. 2011], Yesson, C., & Hawkins, J. A. 2011. Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae. Cladistics 27: 470-489.

Barclay, R. S. [et al. 2010], McElwain, J. C., & Sageman, B. B. 2010. Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Ocean Anoxic Event 2. Nature Geosci. 3: 205-208.

Baretta-Kuipers, T. 1976. Comparative wood anatomy of Bonnetiaceae, Theaceae and Guttiferae. Leiden Bot. Ser. 3: 76-101.

Baretta-Kuipers, T. 1981. Wood anatomy of Leguminosae: Its relevance to taxonomy. Pp. 677-705, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Barfod, A. S. [et al. 2011], Hagen, M., & Borchsenius, F. 2011. Twenty five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae). Ann. Bot. 108: 1503-1516.

Barfuss, M. [et al. 2004], Samuel, M. R., & Till, W. 2004. Molecular phylogeny in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on six cpDNA markers: An update. J. Brom. Soc. 54: 9-17.

Barfuss, M. [et al. 2005], Samuel, M. R., Till, W., & Stuessy, T. F. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. American J. Bot. 92: 337-351.

Barfuss, M. H. J. [et al. 2011], Till, W., & Samuel, R. 2011. Systematics, evolution and phylogeography of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) and related genera. P. 189, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Barker, M. S. [et al. 2008], Kane, N. C., Matvienko, M., Kozik, A., Michelmore, R. W., Knapp, S. J., & Rieseberg, L. H. 2008. Multiple paleopolyploidizations during the evolution of the Compositae reveal parallel patterns of duplicate gene retention after millions of years. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 2445-2455.

Barker, M. S. [et al. 2009], Vogel, H., & Schranz, M. E. 2009. Paleopolyploidy in Brassicales: Analyses of the Cleome transcriptome elucidate the history of genome duplications in Arabidopsis and other Brassicales. Genome Biol. Evol. 2009, 391-399.

Barker, M. S. [et al. 2010], Graham, S. W., & Rieseberg, L. H. 2010. Comparative gymnosperm transcriptomics P. 21, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Barker, N. P. 2005. A review and survey of basicarpy, geocarpy, and amphicarpy in the African and Madagascan flora. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 445-462.

Barker, N. P. [et al. 2002], Weston, P. H., Rourke, J. P., & Reeves, G. 2002. The relationships of the southern African Proteaceae as elucidated by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data. Kew Bull. 57: 867-883.

Barker, N. P. [et al. 2007a], Galley, C., Verboom, G. A., Mafa, P., Gilbert, M., & Linder, H. P. 2007a. The phylogeny of the austral grass subfamily Danthonioideae: Evidence from multiple data sets. Plant Syst. Evol. 264: 135-156.

Barker, N. P. [et al. 2007b], Weston, P. H., Rutschmann, F., & Sauquet, H. 2007b. Molecular dating of the 'Gondwanan' plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break-up of Gondwana. J. Biogeog. 34: 2012-2027.

Barker, W. R. 1982. Evolution, adaptation and biogeography in arid Australian Scrophulariaceae. Pp. 341-350, in Barker, W. R., & Greenslade, P. J. M. (eds), Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia. Peacock Publications, Frewville, South Australia.

Barker, W. R. 1991. A taxonomic revision of Mazus Lour. (Scrophulariaceae) in Australasia. Pp. 85-94, in Banks, M. R., Smith, S. J., Orchard, A. E., & Kantvilas, G. (eds), Aspects of Tasmanian Botany: A Tribute to Winifred Curtis. Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.

Barker, W. R. 20--. Celastraceae subfam. Stackhousioideae: A conspectus, keys, typifications, and new taxa and combinations. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.

Barker, W. R. [et al. 2012], Nesom, G. L., Beardsley, P. M., & Fraga, N. S. 2012. A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscription for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations. Phytoneuron 2012-39: 1-60.

Barkley, F. A. 1937. A monographic study of Rhus and its immediate allies in North and Central America, including the West Indies. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 265-498.

Barkman, J. J. 1988. New systems of plant growth forms and phenological plant types. Pp. 9-44, in Werger, M. J. A., van der Aart, P. J. M., During, H. J., & Verhoeven, J. T. A. (eds), Plant Form and Vegetation Structure: Adaptation, Plasticity and Relation to Herbivory. SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague.

Barkman, T. J. [et al. 2000], McNeal, J. R., Chenery, G., & Depamphilis, C. 2000. Evolutionary genomic analyses converge on basal angiosperm phylogeny. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 112.

Barkman, T. J. [et al. 2004], Lim, S.-H., Salleh, K. M., & Nais, K. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world's largest flower. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 787-792.

Barkman, T. J. [et al. 2007], McNeal, J. R., Lim, S.-H., Coat, G., Croom, H. B., Young, N. D., & dePamphilis, C. W. 2007. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. BMC Evol. Biol. 2007, 7: 248.

Barkman, T. J. [et al. 2008], Bendinksby, M., Lim, S.-H., Salleh, K. M., Nais, J., Madulid, D., & Schumacher, T. 2008. Accelerated rates of floral evolution at the upper size limit for flowers. Curr. Biol. 18: 1508-1513.

Barkworth, M. E. 2000. Changing perceptions of the Triticeae. Pp. 110-120, in Jacobs, S. W. L., & Everett, J. (eds), Grasses: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Barkworth, M. E. [et al. 2008], Arriaga, M. O., Smith, J. F., Jacobs, S. W. L., Valdés-Reyna, J., & Bushman, B. S. 2008. Molecules and morphology in South American Stipeae (Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 33: 719-731.

Barlow, B. A. 1983. Biogeography of Loranthaceae and Viscaceae. Pp. 19-46, in Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds), The Biology of Misteltoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Barlow, B. A. 1997. Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401, in C. Kalkman et al. (eds.), Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Barlow, B. A., & Wiens, D. 1977. Host-parasite resemblance in Australian mistletoes: The case for cryptic mimicry. Evolution 31: 69-84.

Barlow, P. W. 1986. Adventitious roots of whole plants: Their forms, functions, and evolution. Pp. 67-110, in Jackson, M. B. (ed.), New Root Formation in Plants and Cuttings. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

Baroux, C. [et al. 2002], Spillane, C., & Grossniklaus, U. 2002. Evolutionary origin of the endosperm in flowering plants. Genome Biol. 2002, 3(9): reviews 1026.1-1026.5.

Barow, M., & G. Jovtchev, G. 2007. Endopolyploidy in plants and its analysis by flow cytometry. Pp. 349-372, in Dolezel, J. Greilhuber, J., & Suda, J., Eds., Flow Cytometry with Plant Cells. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

Barraclough, T. G., & Reeves, G. 2005. The causes of speciation in plant lineages: Species-level DNA trees in the African genus Protea. Pp. 31-46, in Bakker, F. T., Chatrou, L. W., Gravendeel, B., & Pelser, P. B. (eds), Plant Species-Level Systematics: New Perspectives on Pattern and Process. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggel, Liechtenstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 143.]

Barraclough, T. G., & Savolainen, V. 2001. Evolutionary rates and species diversity in flowering plants. Evolution 55: 677-683.

Barraclough, T. G. [et al. 1996], Harvey, P. H., & Nee, S. 1996. Rate of rbcL gene sequence evolution and species diversification in flowering plants (angiosperms). Proc. Royal Soc. B 263: 589-591.

Barraclough, T. G. [et al. 1998], Barclay, M. V. L., & Vogler, A. P. 1998. Species richness: Does flower power explain beetle-mania? Curr. Biol. 8: 843-845.

Barradas, M. M. 1973. Morfologia do fruto e da semente de Caryocar brasiliense (piqui) em várias fases de desenvolvimento. Revista Biol. 9: 69-84.

Barreda, V. [et al. 2010a], Palazzesi, L., Tellería, M. C., Katinas, L., & Crisci, J. V. 2010a. Fossil pollen indicates an explosive radiation of basal asteracean lineages and allied families during Oligocene and Miocene times in the Southern hemisphere. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 160: 102-110.

Barreda, V. [et al. 2010b], Palazzesi, L., Tellería, M. C., Katinas, L., Crisci, J. V., Bremer, K., Passala, M. G., Corsolini, R., Rodríguez Brizuela, R., & Bechis, F. 2010b. Eocene Patagonia fossils of the daisy family. Science 329: 1621.

Barreda, V. [et al. 2012], Palazzesi, L., Katinas, L., Crisci, J. V., Tellería, M. C., Bremer, K., Passala, M. G., Bechis, F., & Corsolini, R. 2012. An extinct Eocene taxon of the daisy family (Asteraceae): Evolutionary, ecological and biogeographical implications. Ann. Bot. 109: 127-134.

Barrett, C., & Davis, J. 2011. A phylogeny of the monocots, based on plastid genomes and additional genes of the plastid [sic] and mitochondrial genomes. Pp. 288-289, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Barrett, C. [et al. 2012a], Davis, J., Leebens-Mack, J., Stevenson, D., Conran, J., & Zomlefer, W. 2012a. Plastid genomes and deep relationships among the commelinid monocots. Pp. 199-200 , in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Barrett, C. F. [et al. 2010], Freudenstein, J. V., Taylor, D. L., & Kõljalg, U. 2010. Rangewide analysis of fungal associations in the fully mycoheterorophic Corallorhiza striata complex (Orchidaceae) reveals extreme specificity on ectomycorrhizal Tomentella (Thelephoraceae) across North America. American J. Bot. 97: 628-643.

Barrett, R. L., & Dixon, K. W. 2001. A revision of the genus Calectasia (Calectasiaceae) with eight new species described from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 411-448.

Barrett, S. C. H., & Graham, S. W. 1997. Adaptive radiation in the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae: Insights from phylogenetic analysis. Pp. 225-258, in Givnish, T. J. & Sytsma, K. J. (eds.), Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Barrett, S. C. H. [et al. 2000], Wilken, D. H., & Cole, W. W. 2000. Heterostyly in the Lamiaceae: The case of Salvia brandegeei. Plant Syst. Evol. 223: 211-219.

Barriera, C. [et al. 2006], Savolainen, V., & Spichiger, R. 2006. Phellinaceae. Pp. 608-610, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Barringer, K. 2004. A revision of Gibsoniothamnus L. O. Williams (Schlegeliaceae). Brittonia 56: 213-237.

Barron, A. R. [et al. 2011], Purves, D. W., & Hedin, L. O. 2011. Facultative nitrogen fixation by canoopy legumes in a lowland tropical forest. Oecologia 165: 511-520.

Barroso, G. M. [et al. 1999], Morim, M. P., Peixoto, A. L., & Ichaso, C. L. F. 1999. Frutos e sementes: morfologia aplicada à systemática de dicotiledoneas. Editora UFV, Uiniversidade Federal de Viçosa.

Barth, F. 1896. Anatomie comparée de la tige et de la feuille des Trigoniacées et les Chailletiacées (Dichapétalées). Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 484-520.

Barth, F. G. 1985. Insects and Flowers: Biology of a Partnership. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Barthélémy, D., & Caraglio, Y. 2007. Plant architecture: A dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Ann. Bot. 99: 375-407.

Barthelmess, A. 1935. Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Blatstellung und Stelenbau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Koniferen. Bot. Arch. 37: 207-260.

Barthlott, W. 1983. Biogeography and evolution in neo- and paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae). Sonderb. Naturwiss Vereins Hamburg 7: 241-248. [in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Dispersal and Distribution: An International Sympsoium. Paul Parey, Hamburg.]

Barthlott, W. 1994. Epicuticular wax ultrastructure and systematics. Pp. 75-86, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Barthlott, W., & Ehler, N. 1977. Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie det Epidermis-Oberflächen von Spermatophyten. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 19: 1-105.

Barthlott, W., & Fröhlich. 1983. Micromorphologie und Orientierungsmuster epicuticular Wachs-Kristalloide: Ein neues systematisches Merkmal bei Monokotylen. Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 171-185.

Barthlott, W., & Hunt, D. R. 1993. Cactaceae. Pp. 161-196, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Barthlott, W., & Hunt, D. R. 2000. Seed-Diversity in the Cactaceae, Subfamily Cactoideae. [Succulent Plant Research, Vol. 5.] David Hunt, Privately Published.

Barthlott, W., & Theisen, I. 1995. Epicuticular wax structure and classification of Ranunculiflorae. Pp. 39-45, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. (Plant Syst. Evol. (suppl.) 9).

Barthlott, W., & Voit, G. 1979. Mikromorphologie der Samenscalen und Taxonomie der Cactaceae: ein raster-elektronenmikroskopischer Überblick. Plant Syst. Evol. 132: 205-229.

Barthlott, W. [et al. 1996], Neinhuis, C., Jetter, R., Bourauel, T., & Riederer, M. 1996. Waterlily, poppy, or sycamore: On the systematic position of Nelumbo. Flora 191: 169-174.

Barthlott, W. [et al. 1998], Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., & Wilhelmi, H. 1998. Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 126: 237-260.

Barthlott, W. [et al. 2003], Theisen, I., Borsch, T., & Neinhuis, C. 2003. Epicuticular waxes and vascular plant systematics: Integrating micromorphological and chemical data. Pp. 189-206, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Barthlott, W. [et al. 2009], Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & Korotkova, N. 2009. A torch in the rain forest: Thermogenesis of the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11: 499-505.

Bartisch, I. V., & Svenson, U. 2004. Elaeagnaceae. Pp. 131-134, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Bartisch, I. V. [et al. 2005], Swenson, U., Munzinger, J., & Anderberg, A. A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships among New Caledonian Sapotaceae (Ericales): Molecular evidence for generic polyphyly and repeated dispersal. American J. Bot. 92: 667-673.

Bartisch, I. V. [et al. 2010], Antonelli, A., Richardson, J. E., & Swenson, U. 2010. Vicariance or long-distance dispersal: Historical biogeography of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae). J. Biogeogr.

Bartlett, M., & Specht, C. 2009. CYCLOIDEA-like genes and the evolution of floral symmetry in the Zingiberales. P. 89, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Bartlett, M., & Specht, C. 2010. Evidence for the involvement of GLOBOSA-like gene duplications and expression divergence in the evolution of floral morphology in the Zingiberales. New Phytol. 187: 521-541.

Bartlett, M., & Specht, C. 2011. Changes in the expression pattern of the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-like genes in the Zingiberales provide a mechanism for evolutionary shifts in symmetry across the order. American J. Bot. 98: 227-243.

Basak, R. K., & Subramanyam, K. 1966. Pollen grains of some species of Nepenthes. Phytomorph. 16: 334-338.

Bascompte, J., & Jordano, P. 2007. Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 38: 567-593.

Bascompte, J. [et al. 2003], Jordano, P., Melian, C. J., & Olesen, J. M. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 9383-9387.

Basinger, J. F., & Christophel, D. C. 1985. Fossil flowers and leaves of the Ebenaceae from the Eocene of southern Australia. Canadian J. Bot. 63: 1825-1843.

Basinger, J. F., & Dilcher, D. L. 1984. Ancient bisexual flowers. Science 224: 511-513.

Basinger, J. F. {et al. 2007], Greenwood, D. R., Wilson, P. G., & Christophel, D. C. 2007. Fossil flowers and fruits of capsular Myrtaceae from the Eocene of South Australia. Canadian J. Bot. 85: 204-215.

Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. 2007. A revision of Martin's seed classification system, with particular reference to his dwarf-seed type. Seed Sci. Res. 17: 11-20.

Baskin J. M., & Baskin C. C. 2004. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci. Res. 14: 1-16.

Baskin J. M. {et al. 2000], Baskin C. C., & Li, X. 2000. Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biol. 15: 139–152.

Bastide, J., & Viladomat, F. 2002. Alkaloids of Narcissus. Pp. 141-214, in Hanks, G. R. (ed.), Narcissus and Daffodil. Taylor & Francis, London.

Bastos, J. K. [et al. 1999], Kaplan, M. A. C., & Gottleib, O. R. 1999. Drimane-type sesquiterpenoids as chemosystematic markers of Canellaceae. J. Brazilian Chem. Soc. 10: 136-139.

Bateman, R. M. 2009. Evolutionary classification of European orchids: The crucial importance of maximising explicit evidence and minimising authoritarian speculation. J. Europäischer Orchid. 41: 243-318.

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 1998], Crane, P. R., DiMichele, W. A., Kenrick, P. R., Rowe, N. P., Speck, T., & Stein, W. E. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: Phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29: 263-292.

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 2006a], Devey, D., Fay, M. F., Hawkins, J. A., Malmgren, S., & Rudall, P. J. 2006a. Conflicting species concepts in the controversial insect-mimicking Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys. Pp. 206-207, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 2006b], Hilton, J., & Rudall, P. J. 2006b. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic context of the angiosperms: Contrasting the 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches used to infer the likely characteristics of the first flowers. J. Experim. Bot. 57: 3471-3503

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 2009], James, K. E., Luo, Y.-B., Lauri, R. K., Fulcher, T., Cribb, P. J., & Chase, M. W. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics and morphological reappraisal of the Platanthera clade (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) prompts expansion of the generic limits of Galearis and Platanthera. Ann. Bot. 104: 431-445.

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 2011a], Bradshaw, E., Devey, D. S., Glover, B. J., Malmgren, S., Sramkó, G., Thomas, M. M., & Rudall, P. J. 2011a. Species arguments: Clarifying competing concepts of species delimitation in the pseudo-copulatory orchid genus Ophrys. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 165: 336-347.

Bateman, R. M. [et al. 2011b], Hilton, J., & Rudall, P. J. 2011b. Spatial separation and developmental divergence of male and female reproductive units in gymnosperms, and their relevance to the origin of the angiosperm flower. Pp. 8-48, in Wanntorp, L., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. (eds), Flowers on the Tree of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 80.]

Bates, D. M. [et al. 1990], Robinson, W. R., & Jeffrey, C. (eds). 1990. Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Bate-Smith, E. C. 1962. The phenolic constitutents of plants and their taxonomic significance. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 58: 95-173.

Bate-Smith, E. C. 1973. Chemotaxonomy of Geranium. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 67: 347-359.

Bate-Smith, E. C. 1984. Age and distribution of galloyl esters, iridoids and certain other repellents in plants. Phytochem. 23: 945-950.

Bate-Smith, E. C., & Metcalfe, C. R. 1957. Leuco-anthocyanins. 3. The nature and systematic distribution of tannins in dicotyledonous plants. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 55: 669-705.

Bate-Smith, E. C. [et al. 1975], Ferguson, I. K., Hutson, K., Jensen, S. R., Nielsen, B. J., & Swain, T. 1975. Phytochemical interrelationships in the Cornaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 3: 79-89.

Bather, F. A. 1927. Biological classifications: Past and future. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 83: lxiii-civ.

Báthori, M. [et al. 1987], Máthé, I., Jr., Solymosi, P., & Szendrei, K. 1987. Phytoecdysteroids in some species of Caryophyllaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Acta Bot. Hungarica 33: 377-385.

Battaglia, E. 1971. The embryo sac of Podostemaceae - an interpretation. Caryologia 24: 403-420.

Batten, D. J. 1989. Systematic relationships between Normapolles pollen and the Hamamelidae. Pp. 9-21, in Crane, P. R., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Batygina, T. B. et al. (eds.). 1985. Comparative Embryology of Flowering Plants: Brunelliaceae-Tremellaceae. NAUKA, Leningrad. [In Russian.]

Batygina, T. B. 1987. Comparative Embryology of Flowering Plants: Davidiaceae-Asteraceae. NAUKA, Leningrad. [In Russian.]

Batygina, T. B. 1990. Comparative Embryology of Flowering Plants: Butomaceae-Lemnaceae. NAUKA, Leningrad. [In Russian.]

Batygina, T. B. (ed.). 2002. Embryology of Flowering Plants, Terminology and Concepts. Volume 1. Generative Organs of Flower. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH).

Batygina, T. B. (ed.) 2006. Embryology of Flowering Plants, Terminology and Concepts. Volume 2. Seed. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH).

Batygina, T. B. (ed.) 2009. Embryology of Flowering Plants, Terminology and Concepts. Volume 3. Reroductive Systems. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH).

Bauch, J. W. [et al. 1971], Liese, W., & Schultze, R. 1971. The morphological variability of the bordered pit membranes in gymnosperms. Wood Sci. Technol. 6: 165-184.

Bauer, U. [et al. 2008], Bohn, H. F. & Federle, W. 2008. Harmless nectar source or deadly trap: Nepenthes pitchers are activated by rain, condensation and nectar. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 275: 259-265.

Baum, B. R. [et al. 2009], Edwards, T., & Johnson, D. A. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships among diploid Aegilops species inferred from 5S rDNA units. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 53: 34-44.

Baum, D. A., & Donoghue, M. J. 2002. Transference of function, heterotopy and the evoution of plant development. Pp. 52-69, in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor & Francis, London.

Baum, D. A., & Hileman, L. C. 2006. A developmental genetic model for the origin of the flower. Pp. 3-27, in Ainsworth, C. (ed.), Flowering and its Manipulation. Blackwell, Oxford. [Annual Plant Reviews 20.]

Baum, D. A., & Smith, S. D. 2012. Tree Thinking. An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology. Roberts & Co., Greenwood Village, Co.

Baum, D. A. [et al. 1998], Alverson, W. S., & Nyffeler, R. N. 1998. A durian by any other name: Taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers Bot. 3: 317-332.

Baum, D. A. [et al. 2002], Yen, A., Whitlock, B. A., Alverson, W. S., Nyffeler, R., Smith, S. D., & Oldham, R. L. 2002. Mode, locus and tempo of evolution in Malvoideae and Bombacoideae (Malvaceae s.l.): Evidence from multiple DNA sequences. P. 114, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Baum, D. A. [et al. 2004], Smith, S. D., Yen, A., Alverson, W. S., Nyffeler, R., Whitlock, B. A., & Oldham, R. L. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American J. Bot. 91: 1863-1871.

Baum, H., & Leinfellner, W. 1953. Die ontogenetischen Abänderungen des diplophyllen Grundbaues der Staubblätter. Oesterreichische Bot. Zeit. 199: 91-135.

Baumann-Bodenheim, M. G. 1954. Prinzipien eines Fruchtsystems der Angiospermen. Bull. Soc. Bot. Suisse 64: 94-112.

Bausher, M. G. [et al. 2006], Singh, N. D., Lee, S.-B., Jansen, R. K., & Daniell, H. 2006. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var. 'Ridge Pineapple': Organization and phylogenetic relationships to other angiosperms. BMC Plant Biol. 6: 21.

Bawa, B. 1970. Theaceae, Haloragaceae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 75-77, 226-229.

Bawa, K. S. 1980. Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae). Evolution 34: 467-474.

Bayer, B. 2009. [On Haworthia.] Haworthia suppl. 1-40.

Bayer, C. 1994. Zur Inflorescenzmorphologie der Malvales. J. Cramer, Berlin. [Dissert. Bot. 212.]

Bayer, C. 1999. The bicolor unit - homology and transformation of an inflorescence structure unique to core Malvales. Plant Syst. Evol. 214: 187-198.

Bayer, C. 2002. Diegodendraceae, pp. 175-177, Muntingiaceae, pp. 315-319, Neuradaceae, pp. 325-328, Sarcolaenaceae, pp. 345-352, and Sphaerosepalaceae, pp. 359-362, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C. 2004. Dirachmaceae. Pp. 122-124, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C. 2006. Huaceae, pp. 191-193, and Peridiscaceae, pp. 297-300, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C., & Appel, O. 1996. Occurrence and taxonomic significance of ruminate endosperm. Bot. Review 62: 301-310.

Bayer, C., & Appel, O. 1998. Joinvilleaceae. Pp. 249-251, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C., & Appel, O. 2002. Akaniaceae, pp. 21-24, Bataceae, pp. 30-32, Limnanthaceae, pp. 220-224, Pentadiplandraceae, pp. 329-331, and Tropaeolaceae, pp. 400-404, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C., & Kubitzki, K. 2002. Malvaceae, pp. 225-311, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C. [et al. 1998a], Kubitzki, K., & Rudall, P. J. 1998a. Asteliaceae. Pp. 141-145, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C. [et al. 1998b], Kubitzki, K., & Rudall, P. J. 1998b. Hanguanaceae. Pp. 223-225, Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, C. [et al. 1998c], Chase, M. W., & Fay, M. F. 1998c. Muntingiaceae, a new family of dicotyledons with Malvalean affinities. Taxon 47: 37-42.

Bayer, C. [et al. 1999], Fay, M. F., de Bruijn, A. Y., Savolainen, V., Morton, C. M., Kubitzki, K., & Chase, M. W. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: A combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 129: 267-303.

Bayer, E. 1998. Alstroemeriaceae. Pp. 79-82, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Bayer, R. J. [et al. 1996], Hufford, L., & Soltis, D. E. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships in Sarraceniaceae based on rbcL and ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 21: 121-134.

Bayer, R. J. [et al. 2000], Puttock, C. F., &Kelchner, S. A. 2000. Phylogeny of South African Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) based on two noncoding chloroplast sequences. American J. Bot. 87: 259-272.

Bayer, R. J. [et al. 2009], Mabberley, D. J., Morton, C., Miller, C. H., Sharma, I. K., Pfeil, B. E., Rich, S., Hitchcock, R., & Syskes, S. 2009. A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences. American J. Bot. 96: 668-685.

Baylis, G. T. S. 1975. The magnolioid mycorrhiza and mycotrophy in root systems derived from it. Pp. 373-389, in Sanders, F. E., Mosse, B., & Tinker, P. B. (eds). Endomycorrhizas: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the University of Leeds, 22-25 July 1974. Academic Press, London.

Bay-Smidt, M. G. K. [et al. 2011], Jäger, A. K., Krydsfeldt, K., Meerow, A. W., Stafford, G. I., van Staden, J., & Rønsted, N. 2011. Phylogenetic selection of target species in Amaryllidaceae tribe Haemantheae for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and affinity to serotonin reuptake transport protein. South African J. Bot. 77: 175-183.

Beard, J. S. 1946. The mora forests of Trinidad, British West Indies. J. Ecol. 33: 173-192.

Beardsley, P. M., & Barker, W. R. 2005. Patterns of evolution in Australian Mimulus and related genera (Phrymaceae [or] Scrophulariaceae): A molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 61-73.

Beardsley, P. M., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Mimulus and tribe Mimuleae (Lamiales). American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 113.

Beardsley, P. M., & Olmstead, R. G. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: The placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma. American J. Bot. 89: 1093-1102.

Beardsley, P. M. [et al. 2001], Schoenig, S., & Olmstead, R. G. 2001. Radiation of Mimulus (Phrymaceae) in western North America: Evolution of polyploidy, woodiness, and pollination syndromes. P. 100, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Beardsley, P. M. [et al. 2004], Schoenig, S., Whittall, J. B., & Olmstead, R. G. 2004. Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae). American J. Bot. 91: 474-489.

Beattie, A. J. 1985. The Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant Mutualisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Beaufort-Murphy, H. T. 1983. The seed surface morphology of the Gesneriaceae utilizing the scanning electron microscope and a new system for diagnosing seed morphology. Selbyana 6: 220-422.

Beaufort-Murphy, H. T. 1984. Shoot and root formation obtained on selected species of the Gesneriaceae through tissue-culture. Selbyana 7: 274-280.

Beaulieu, J. M. [et al. 2007a], Moles, A. T., Leitch, I. J., Bennett, M. D., Dickie, J. B., & Knight, C. A. 2007a. Corrrelated evolution of genome size and seed mass. New Phytol. 173: 422-437.

Beaulieu, J. M. [et al. 2007b], Leitch, I. J., & Knight, C. A. 2007b. Genome size evolution in relation to leaf strategy and metabolic rates revisited. Ann. Bot. 99: 495-505.

Beaulieu, J. M. [et al. 2008], Leitch, I. J., Patel, S., Pendharkar, A., & Knight, C. A. 2008. Genome size is a strong predictor of cell size and stomatal density in angiosperms. New Phytol. 179: 975-986.

Beaulieu, W. T. [et al. 2012], Ryan, K. L., Panaccione, D. G., Miller, R. E., & Clay, K. 2012. Cosmopolitan distribution of ergot alkaloids produced by Periglandula, clavicaipitaceous symbionts of the Convolvulaceae. P. 133, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Beaumont, A. [et al. 2009], Edwards, T. J., Manning, J., Maurin, O., Rautenbach, M., Motsi, M. C., Fay, M. F., Chase, M. W., & van der Bank, M. 2009. Gnidia (Thymelaeaceae) is not monophyletic: Taxonomic implications for Thymelaeoideae and a partial new generic taxonomy for Gnidia. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 402-417.

Beaumont, J. [et al. 1985], Cutler, D. F., Reynolds, T., & Vaughan, J. G. 1985. The secretory tissue of aloes and their allies. Israel J. Bot. 35: 265-282.

Beauvisage, G. C. E. 1889. L'inuline dans les Ionidium. Étude anatomique du faux ipécacuanha blanc du Brésil (Ionidium ipecacuanhaBull. Soc. Bot. Lyon ?

Beauvisage, L. 1920. Étude anatomique de la famille des Ternstroemiacées. E. Arrault, Tours.

Beaver, R. A. 1989. Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. Pp. 121-143, in Wilding, N., Collins, N. M., Hammond, P. M., & Webber, J. F. (eds), Insect-Fungus Relationships. Academic Press, London.

Becerra, J. X. 1997. Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use. Science 276: 253-256.

Becerra, J. X. 2003. Synchronous coadaptation in ancient case of herbivory. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 12804-12807.

Becerra, J. X. 2005. Timing the origin and expansion of the Mexican tropical dry forest. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 10919-10923.

Becerra, J. X. 2007. The impact of herbivore-plant coevolution on plant community structure. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 7483-7488.

Becerra, J. X. [et al. 2001], Venable, D. L., Evans, P. H., & Bowers, W. S. 2001. Interactions between chemical and mechanical defences in the plant genus Bursera and their implications for herbivores. American Zool. 41: 865-876.

Becerra, J. X. [et al. 2009], Noge, K., & Venable, D. L. 2009. Macroevolutionary chemical escalation in an ancient plant-herbivore arms race. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18062-18066.

Becerra, J. X. [et al. 2012], Noge, K., Olivier, S., & Venable, D. L. 2012. The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae. Taxon 61: 333-343.

Bechtel, A. 1921. The floral anatomy of the Urticales. American J. Bot. 8: 386-410.

Beck, C. B. 1962. Reconstructions of Archaeopteris and further reconsiderations of its phylogenetic position. American J. Bot. 49: 373-382.

Beck, C. B. 1981. Archaeopteris and its role in vascular plant evolution. Pp. 193-220, in Niklas, K. J. (ed.), Paleobotany, Paleoecology, and Evolution, Praeger, New York.

Beck, C. B. [et al. 1982], Schmid, R., & Rothwell, G. W. 1982. Stelar morphology and the primary vascular system of seed plants. Bot. Review 48: 691-815, 913-931 [references].

Becker, A. [et al. 2000], Winter, K.-U., Meyer, B., Saedler, H., & Theissen, G. 2000. MADS-box gene diversity in seed plants 300 million years ago. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 1425-1434.

Becker, B., & Marin, B. 2009. Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes. Ann. Botany 103: 999-1004.

Becker, C. 1895. Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Portulacaceen. M. Ernst, Munich.

Becking, J. H. 1965. Nitrogen fixation and mycorrhiza in Podocarpus root nodules. Plant and Soil 23: 213-226.

Beckles, D. M. [et al. 2001], Smith, A. M., & ap Rees, T. 2001. A cytosolic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a feature of graminaceous endosperms, but not of other starch-storing organs. Plant Physiol. 125: 818-827.

Bécquer-Granados, E. R. [et al. 2008], Neubig, K. M., Judd, W. S., Michelangeli, F. A., Abbott, J. R., & Penneys, D. S. 2008. Preliminary molecular phylogenetic studies in Pachyanthus (Miconieae, Melastomataceae). Bot. Review 74: 37-52.

Bedell, H. G. 1980. A taxonomic and morphological re-evaluation of Stegnospermaceae (Caryophyllales). Syst. Bot. 5: 419-431.

Bedford, D. J. [et al. 1986], Le, A. T., Macfarlane, T. D., Henderson, R. J. F., & George, A. S. 1986. Xanthorrhoeaceae. Pp. 88-171, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 46. Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Beentje, H. 2012. The Kew Plant Glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms, Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Beerling, D. J. 2005a. Leaf evolution: Gases, genes and geochemistry. Ann. Bot. 96: 345-352.

Beerling, D. J. 2005b. Evolutionary responses of land plants to atmospheric CO2. Pp. 114-132, in Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., & Dearing, M. D. (eds), A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Springer, New York. [Ecological Studies 177.]

Beerling, D. J., & Berner, R. A. 2005. Feedback and the coevolution of plants and atmospheric CO2. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 1302-1305.

Beerling, D. J., & Franks, P. J. 2010. The hidden cost of transpiration. Nature 464: 495-496.

Beerling, D. J. [et al. 2001], Osborne, C. P., & Chaloner, W. G. 2001. Evolution of leaf form in land plants linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeozoic era. Nature 410: 352-354.

Behie, S. W. [et al. 2012], Zelisko, P. M., & Bidochka, M. J. 2012. Endophytic insect-parasitic fungi translocate nitrogen directly from insects to plants. Science 336: 1576-1577.

Behnke, H.-D. 1969. Die Siebröhren Plastid der Monocotyledonen: Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Feinbau und Verbreitung eines charakterischen Plastidentyps. Planta 84: 174-184.

Behnke, H.-D. 1972. Sieve tube plastids in relation to angiosperm systematics - an attempt towards a classification by ultrastructural analysis. Bot. Rev. 38: 155-197.

Behnke, H.-D. 1974. Sieve-element plastids of Gymnospermae: Their ultrastructure in relation to systematics. Pl. Syst. Evol. 123: 1-12.

Behnke, H.-D. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Ultrastructure. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 647-663.

Behnke, H.-D. 1976. Ultrastructure of sieve-element plastids in Caryophyllales (Centrospermae), evidence for the delitation and classification of the order. Plant Syst. Evol. 126: 31-54.

Behnke, H.-D. 1981a. Siebelement-Plastiden, Phloem-Protein und Evolution der Blütenpflanzen: II. Monokotyledonen. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. 94: 647-662.

Behnke, H.-D. 1981b. Swartzia: Phloem ultrastructure supporting its inclusion into Leguminosae-Papilionoideae. Isleya 2: 13-16.

Behnke, H.-D. 1981c. Sieve element characters. Nordic J. Bot. 1: 381-400.

Behnke, H.-D. 1986. Sieve element characters and the systematic position of Austrobaileya (Austrobaileyales) - with comments to the distinction and definition of sieve cells and sieve-tube members. Plant syst. Evol. 152: 101-121.

Behnke, H.-D. 1988a. Sieve element plastids, phloem protein, and the evolution of flowering plants: III. Magnoliidae. Taxon 37: 699-733.

Behnke, H.-D. 1978b. Sieve-element plastids and systematic relationships of Rhizophoraceae, Anisophylleaceae, and allied groups. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1387-1409.

Behnke, H.-D. 1989. Sieve-element plastids, phloem proteins, and the evolution of flowering plants IV. Hamamelidae. Pp. 105-128, in Crane, P. R., and Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, vol. 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Behnke, H.-D. 1990a. Cycads and gnetophytes. Pp. 89-101, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

Behnke, H.-D. 1990b. Sieve elements in internodal and nodal anastomoses of the monocotyledon liana Dioscorea. Pp. 161-178, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

Behnke, H.-D. 1991a. Distribution and evolution of forms and types of sieve-element plastids in the dicotyledons. Aliso 13: 167-182.

Behnke, H.-D. 1991b. Non-dispersive protein bodies in sieve elements: A survey and review of their origin, distribution and taxonomic significance. IAWA Bull. N.S. 12: 143-175.

Behnke, H.-D. 1993. Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of the Caryophyllales including Barbeuia, Corrigiola, Lyallia, Microtea, Sarcobatus, and Telephium. Plant Syst. Evol. 186: 231-243.

Behnke, H.-D. 1994a. Sieve-element plastids: Their significance for the systematics and evolution of the order. Pp. 87-121, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Behnke, H.-D. 1994b. Sieve-element plastids, nuclear crystals, and phloem proteins in the Zingiberales. Bot. Acta 107: 3-11.

Behnke, H.-D. 1995a. P-type sieve element plastids and the systematics of the Arales (sensu Cronquist 1988) - with S-type plastids in Pistia. Plant Syst. Evol. 195: 87-119.

Behnke, H.-D. 1995b. Sieve-element plastids, phloem proteins, and the evolution of Ranunculanae. Pp. 25-37, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Behnke, H.-D. 1997. Sarcobataceae - a new family of Caryophyllales. Taxon 46: 495-507.

Behnke, H.-D. 1999. P-type sieve-element plastid present in members of the tribes Triplareae and Coccolobeae (Polygonaceae) renew the links between the Polygonales and the Caryophyllales. Plant Syst. Evol. 214: 15-27.

Behnke, H.-D. 2000. Forms and sizes of sieve-element plastids and evolution of the monocotyledons. Pp. 163-163-188, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Behnke, H.-D. 2001. Sieve-element plastids and evolution of monocotyledons with emphasis on Melanthiaceae sensu lato and Aristolochiaceae-Asaroideae, a putative dicotyledon sister group. Pp. 16-17, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Behnke, H.-D. 2003. Sieve-element plastids and evolution of monocotyledons with emphasis on Melanthiaceae sensu lato and Aristolochiaceae-Asaroideae, a putative dicotyledon sister group. Bot. Review 68: 524-544.

Behnke, H.-D., & Barthlott, W. 1983. New evidence from ultrastructural and micromorphological fields in angiosperm classification. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 43-66.

Behnke, H.-D., & Paliwal, G. S. 1973. Ultrastructure of phloem and its development in Gnetum gnemon, with some observations on Ephedra campylopoda. Protoplasma 78: 305-319.

Behnke, H.-D., & Pop, L. 1981. Sieve-element plasttids and crystalline p(hloem)-protein in Leguminosae: Micromorphological characters as an aid in the circumscription of the family and subfamilies. Pp. 707-715, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, vol. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Behnke, H.-D. [et al. 1983a], Pop, L., & Sivarajan, V. V. 1983a. Sieve-element plastids of Caryophyllales: Additional investigations with special reference to Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 109-115.

Behnke, H.-D. [et al. 1983b], Mabry, T. J., Neumann, P., & Bathlott, W. 1983b. Ultrastructural, micromorphological and phytochemical evidence for a "central position" of Macarthuria (Molluginaceae) within the Caryophyllales. Plant Syst. Evol. 143: 151-161.

Behnke, H.-D. [et al. 1996], Kiritsis, U., Patrick, S. J., & Kenneally, K. F. 1996. Form-Pfs plastids, stem anatomy and systematic affinity of Stylobasium Desf. (Stylobasiaceae). A contribution to the knowledge of sieve element plastids in the Rutales and Sapindales. Bot. Acta 109: 346-359.

Behnke, H.-D. [et al. 2000], Treutlein, J., Wink, M., Kramer, K., Schneider, C., & Kao, P. C. 2000. Systematics and evolution of Velloziaceae, with special reference to sieve-element plastids and rbcL sequence data. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 134: 93-129.

Beier, B.-A. [et al. 2003], Chase, M. A., & Thulin, M. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Plant Syst. Evol. 240: 11-39.

Beier, B.-A. [et al. 2004], Nylander, J. A. A., Chase, M. A., & Thulin, M. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the desert plant genus Fagonia (Zygophyllaceae) inferred by parsimony and Bayesian model analysis. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 33: 91-108.

Beilstein, M. A. [et al. 2006], Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Kellogg, E. A. 2006. Brassicaceae phylogeny and trichome evolution. American J. Bot. 93: 607-619.

Beilstein, M. A. [et al. 2008], Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Mathews, S., & Kellogg, E. A. 2008. Brassicaceae phylogeny inferred from phytochrome A and ndhF sequence data: Tribes and trichomes revisited. American J. Bot. 95: 1307-1327.

Beilstein, M. A. [et al. 2010], Nagalingum, N. S., Clements, M. D., Manchester, S. R., & Mathews, S. 2010. Dated molecular phylogenies indicate a Miocene origin for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 18724-18728.

Beimforde, C. [et al. 2011], Schäfer, N., Dörfelt, H., Nascimbene, P. C., Singh, H., Heinrichs, J., Reitner, J., Rana, R. S., & Schmidt, A. R. 2011. Ectomycorrhizas from a Lower Eocene angiosperm forest. New Phytol. 192: 988-996, doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011-03868.x

Bekaert, M. [et al. 2102], Edger, P. P., Hudson, C. M., Pires, J. C., & Conant, G. C. 2012. Metabolic and evolutionary costs of herbivory defense: Systems biology of glucosinolate synthesis. New Phytol. 193:

Belcher, C. M. [et al. 2010], Yearsley, J. M., Hadden, R. M., McElwain, J. C., & Rain, G. 2010. Baseline intrinsic flammability of earth's ecosystems estimated from paleoatmospheric oxygen over the past 350 million years. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 22448-22453.

Bell, A. D., & Bryan, A. 1991. Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bell, A. D., & Bryan, A. 2008. Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology, "New Edition". Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Bell, A. D., & Dines, T. D. 1995. Branching patterns in the Solanaceae. Pp. 157-172, in Hoch, P. C., & Stephenson, A. G. (eds), Experimental and Molecular Approaches to Plant Biosystematics. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Bell, A. K. [et al. 2009], Roberts, D. L., Hawkins, J. A., Rudall, P. J., Box, M. S., & Bateman, R. M. 2009. Comparative micromorphology of nectariferous and nectarless labellar spurs in selected clades of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 369-387.

Bell, C. D. 2004. Preliminary phylogeny of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 340-350.

Bell, C. D., & Donoghue, M. J. 2000. Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 171.

Bell, C. D., & Donoghue, M. J. 2003. Phylogeny and biogeography of Morinaceae (Dipsacales) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Organisms Divers. Evol. 3: 227-237.

Bell, C. D., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005a. Dating the Dipsacales: Comparing models, genes, and evolutionary implications. American J. Bot. 92: 284-296.

Bell, C. D., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005b. Phylogeny and biogeography of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) with special reference to the South American valerians. Organisms Divers. Evol. 5: 147-159.

Bell, C. D. [et al. 2001], Edwards, E. J., Kim, S.-T., & Donoghue, M. J. 2001. Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 481-499.

Bell, C. D. [et al. 2005], Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2005. The age of the angiosperms: A molecular timescale without a clock. Evolution 59: 1245-1258.

Bell, C. D. [et al. 2010], Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2010. The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited. American J. Bot. 97: 1296-1303.

Bell, C. D. [et al. 2012], Kutschker, A., & Arroyo, M. T. K. 2012. Phylogeny and diversification of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) in the southern Andes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 724-737.

Bell, E. A. [et al. 1968], Lackey, J. A., & Polhill, R. M. 1968. Systematic significance of canavanine in the Papilionoideae (Faboideae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 6: 201-212.

Bell, N. E., & Hyvönen, J. 2010. Phylogeny of the moss class Polytrichopsida (Bryophyta): Generic level structure and incongruent gene tress. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 55: 381-398.

Bell, N. E. [et al. 2007], Quandt, D., O'Brien, T. J., & Newton, A. E. 2007. Taxonomy and phylogeny in the earliest diverging pleurocarps: Square holes and bifurcating pegs. The Bryologist 110: 533-560.

Bell, T. L., & Ojeda, F. 1999. Underground storage in Erica species of the Cape floristic region - differences between seeders and resprouters. New Phytol. 144: 143-152.

Bell, T. L. [et al. 2000], Stock, W. D., & Linder, H. P. 2000. Ecophysiological investigations of the distribution of Poaceae and Restionaceae in the Cape floristic region, South Africa. Pp. 267-278, in Jacobs, S. W. L., & Everett, J. (eds), Grasses: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Bellefroid, E. [et al. 2010], Rambe, S. K., Leroux, O., & Viane, R. L. L. 2010. The base number of ‘loxoscaphoid’ Asplenium species and its implication for cytoevolution in Aspleniaceae. Ann. Bot. 106: 157-171.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2002a], González, F., & Romero de Pérez, G. 2002a. Morfología del androeceo, tapete y ultrastructura del pollen de Siparuna aspera (Ruiz & Pavón) A. DC. (Siparunaceae). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 26(99): 155-167.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2002b], Chase, M. W., Olmstead, R., Rønsted, N., & Albach, D. 2002b. The páramo endemic Aragoa is the sister genus of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): Evidence from plastid rbcL and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data. Kew Bull. 57: 585-597.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2004], Rudall, P. J., González, F., & Fernández-Alonso, J. L. 2004. Floral morphology and development in Aragoa (Plantaginaceae) and related members of the order Lamiales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 723-738.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2006], Vaslois-Cuesta, H., & González, F. 2006. Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. (Aristolochiaceae): Desarrollo y mofolgía de la flor más larga del mundo. Rev. Acad. Colombiano Cienc. 30: 181-194.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2007], Hawkins, J. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae. Ann. Bot. 100: 1491-1505. [Reprinted with original pagination, figures improved - see Ann. Bot. 101: 483 et seq. 2008.]

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2009], Bruneau, A., Forest, F., & Hawkins, J. A. 2009. Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data. Syst. Bot. 34: 102-114.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2010], Hawkins, J. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2010. Floral ontogeny in Polygalaceae and its bearing on the homologies of keeled flowers in Fabales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 482-498.

Bello, M. A. [et al. 2102], Rudall, P. J., & Hawkins, J. A. 2012. Combined phylogenetic analyses reveal interfamilial relationships and patterns of floral evolution in the eudicot order Fabales. Cladistics 28: 393-421.

Bellstedt, D. U. [et al. 2008], van Zyl, L., Marais, E. M., Bytebier, B., de Villiers, C. A., Makwarela, A. M., & Dreyer, L. L. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and biogeography of southern African members of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) based on three plastid regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 932-949.

Bellusci, F. [et al. 2008], Pellegrino, G., Palermo, A. M., & Musacchio, A. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships in the orchid genus Serapias L. based on noncoding regions of the chloroplast genome. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 986-991.

Beltran, I. C., & Kiew, K. 1984. Cytotaxonomic studies in the Zingiberaceae. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 541-559.

Bena, G. 2001. Molecular phylogeny supports the morphologically based taxonomic transfer of the "medicagoid" Trigonella species to the genus Medicago L. Plant Syst. Evol. 229: 217-236.

Bendiksby, M. [et al. 2010], Schumacher, T., Gussarova, G., Nais, J., Mat-Salleh, K., Sofiyanti, N., Madulid, D., Smith, S. A., & Barkman, T. 2010. Elucidating the evolutionary history of the Southeast Asian, holoparasitic, giant-flowered Rafflesiaceae: Pliocene vicariance, morphological convergence and character displacement. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 57: 620-633.

Bendiksby, M. [et al. 2011], Thorbek, L., Scheen, A.-C., Lindqvist, C., & Ryding, O. 2011. An updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae. Taxon 60: 471-484.

Benedict, J. 2011. Using fruit and seed characters of Zingiberales to understand character evolution and phylogeny. P. 196, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Benedict, J. C. [et al. 2008], Pigg, K. B., & DeVore, M. L. 2008. Hamawilsonia boglei gen. et sp. nov. (Hamamelidaceae) from the Late Paleocene Almont flora of central North Dakaota. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 687-700.

Benedict, J. C. [et al. 2011], DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. 2011. Prunus and Oemleria (Rosaceae) flowers from the late Early Eocene Republic flora of northeastern Washington stste. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 948-958.

Bengtsson, J. 1998. Which species? What kind of diversity? Which ecosystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Appl. Soil Ecol. 10: 191-199.

Benitez-Vieyra, S. [et al. 2007], Hempel de Ibarra, N., Wertlen, A. M., & Cocucci, A. A. 2007. How to look like a mallow: Evidence of floral mimicry between Turneraceae and Malvaceae. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 274: 2239-2248.

Benko-Iseppson, A. M., & Morawetz, W. 2000. Viburnales: Cytological features and a new circumscription. Taxon 49: 5-16.

Benko-Iseppson, A. M., & Wanderley, M. G. L. 2002. Cytogenetic studies on Brazilian Xyris species (Xyridaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 138: 245-252.

Benlloch, R. [et al. 2007], Berbel, A., Serrano-Mislata, A., & Madueño, F. 2007. Floral initiation and inflorescence architecture: A comparative view. Ann. Bot. 100: 659-676.

Benn, S. J., & Lemke, D. E. 1991. Taxonomy of Neotessmannieae (Tiliaceae). American J. Bot. 78(6, suppl): 166-167.

Bennek, C. 1958. Die morphologische Beurteilung der Staub- und Blümenblatter der Rhamnaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 77: 423-457, pl. 19-27.

Bennett, J. R., & Mathews, S. 2006. Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from Phytochrome A. American J. Bot. 93: 1039-1051.

Bennett, M. D. 2004. Perspectives on polyploidy - ancient and neo. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 82: 411-423.

Bennett, M. D., & Leitch, I. J. 2005. Genome size evolution in plants. Pp. 89-162, in Gregory, T. R. (ed.), The Evolution of the Genome. Elsevier, New York.

Bennett, M. D., & Leitch, I. J. 2007. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms: 583 new estimates. Ann. Bot. 80: 169-196.

Bennett, M. D., & Leitch, I. J. 2010. Plant DNA C-values Database.

Bennetzen, J. L. 2007. Patterns in grass genome evolution. Curr. Opinion Plant Biol. 10: 176-181.

Bennetzen, J. L., & Hake, S. C. (eds). 2009. Handbook of Maize: Its Biology. Springer, New York.

Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B. F. 1975a. Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. I. Introduction, Parnassioideae and Brexioideae. American J. Bot. 62: 176-185.

Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B. F. 1975b. Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. II. Saxifragoideae and Iteoideae. American J. Bot. 62: 661-675.

Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B. F. 1975c. Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. III. Kirengeshomoideae, Hydrangeoideae and Escallonioideae. American J. Bot. 62: 676-687.

Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B. F. 1975d. Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. IV. Baueroideae and conclusions. American J. Bot. 62: 688-694.

Benson, M. 1894. Contributions to the embryology of the Amentiferae. Trans. Linnean Soc., Ser. 2, 3: 409-424, pl. 67-72.

Benson, M. [et al. 1906], Sandy, E., & Berridge, E. 1906. Contributions to the embryology of the Amentiferae - Part II. Carpinus betulus. Trans. Linnean Soc., Ser. 2, 7: 37-44, pl. 6.

Bentham, G. 1856. Notes on Loganiaceae. J. Proc. Linnean Soc. Bot. 1: 62-114.

Bentley, K. W. 1998. The Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Harwood, Australia.

Benzing, D. H. 1967a. Developmental patterns in stem primary xylem of woody Ranales. I. Species with unilacunar nodes. American J. Bot. 54: 805-813.

Benzing, D. H. 1967b. Developmental patterns in stem primary xylem of woody Ranales. II. Species with trilacunar and multilacunar nodes. American J. Bot. 54: 813-820.

Benzing, D. H. 1976. Bromeliaceae trichomes: Structure, function, and ecological significance. Selbyana 1: 330-348.

Benzing, D. H. 2000. Bromeliaceae: Profile of an Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Benzing, D. H., & Burt, K. M. 1970. Foliar permeability among twenty species of the Bromeliaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 97: 269-279.

Benzing, D. H. [et al. 1983), Friedman, W. E., Peterson, G., & Renfrow, A. 1983. Shootlessness, velamentous roots, and the pre-eminence of Orchidaceae in the epiphytic biotope. American J. Bot. 70: 121-133.

Benzing, D. H. [et al. 1985], Givnish, T. J., & Bermudes, D. 1985. Absorbtive trichomes in Brocchinia reducta (Bromeliaceae) and their evolutionary and systematic significance. Syst. Bot. 10: 81-91.

Berenbaum, M. R. 1983. Coumarins and caterpillars: A case for co-evolution. Evolution 37: 163-179.

Berenbaum, M. R. 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35: 319-343.

Berenbaum, M. R. 1995. Chemistry and oligophagy in the Papilionidae. Pp. 27-38, in Scriber, J. M., Tsubaki, Y, & Lederhouse, R. C. (eds), Swallowtail Butterflies: Their Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida.

Berenbaum, M. R. 1999. Furanocoumarins as potent chemical defenses. Department of Entomology - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://www.life.uiuc.edu/berenbaum/newpage1.htm

Berenbaum, M. R. 2001. Chemical mediation of coevolution: Phylogenetic evidence for Apiaceae and associates. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 45-59.

Berenbaum, M. R., & Feeney, P. 1981. Toxicity of angular furanocoumarins to swallowtail butterflies: Escalation in a coevolutionary arms race? Science 212: 927-929.

Berenbaum, M. R., & Feeney, P. 2008. Chemical mediation of host-plant specialization: The papilionid paradigm. Pp. 3-19, in Tilmon, K. J. (ed.), Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation: The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Berenbaum, M. R., & Passoa, S. 1999. Generic phylogeny of North American Depressariinae (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) and hypotheses about coevolution. Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 92: 971-986.

Berenbaum, M. R., & Zangerl, A. R. 1998. Chemical phenotype matching between a plant and its insect herbivore. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 13743-13748.

Berenbaum, M. R., & Zangerl, A. R. 2008. facing the future of plant-insect interaction research: Le retour à la "raison d'être". Plant Physiol. 146: 804-811.

Berendse, F., & Scheffer, M. 2009. The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery'. Ecol. Letters 12: 865-872.

Berg, C. C. 1978. Cecropiaceae a new family of the Urticales. Taxon 27: 39-44.

Berg, C. C. 2005. Moraceae diversity in a global perspective. Biol. Skr. 55: 423-440. [Pp. 423-440, in Friis, I., & Balslev, H. (eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns - Local, Regional and Global Dimensions. Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.]

Berg, R. Y. 1962. Contribution to the comparative embryology of the Liliaceae: Scoliopus, Trillium, Paris and Medeola. Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo, I. Math. Naturvidensk. Kl. n.s. 4: 1-36.

Berg, R. Y. 1967 [= 1968]. Megegametogenesis and seed development in Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae). Phytomorph. 17: 223-233.

Berg, R. Y. 1975. Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants. Australian J. Bot. 23: 475-508.

Berg, R. Y. 1978. Development of ovule, embryo sac, and endosperm in Brodiaea (Liliales). Norwegian J. Bot. 25: 1-7.

Berg, R. Y. 1996. Development of ovule, embryo sac, and endosperm in Dipterospermum and Dichelostemma (Alliaceae) relative to taxonomy. American J. Bot. 83: 790-801.

Berg, R. Y. 2003. Development of ovule, embryo sac, and endosperm in Triteleia (Themidaceae) relative to taxonomy. American J. Bot. 90: 937-948.

Berg, R. Y. 2009. Embryo sac, endosperm, and seed of Nemophila (Boraginaceae) relative to taxonomy, with a remark on embryogeny in Pholistoma. American J. Bot. 96: 565-579.

Berg, R. Y., & Maze, J. R. 1966. Contribution to the embryology of Muilla, with a remark on the taxonomic position of the genus. Madroño 18: 143-151.

Berger, A. [et al. 2012], Fasshuber, H., Schinnerl, J., Brecker, L., & Greger, H. 2012. Various types of tryptamine-iridoid alkaloids from Palicourea acuminata (= Psychotria acuminata). Phytochem. Lett.

Berger, B. A., & Sytsma, K. J. 2010. The Myrtales: Dating, character evolution and a new family. Pp. 118-119, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Bergh, N. G., & Linder, H. P. 2009. Cape diversification and repeated out-of-southern-Africa dispersal in paper daisies (Asteraceae-Gnaphalieae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 5-18.

Bergman, B. 2002. Nostoc-Gunnera symbiosis. Pp. 207-232, in Rai, A. N., Bergman, B., & Rasmussen, U. (eds), Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Bergthorsson, U. [et al. 2003], Adams, K. L., Thomason, B., & Palmer, J. D. 2003. Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. Nature 424: 197-201.

Bergthorsson, U. [et al. 2004],, Richardson, A. O., Young, G. J., Goertzen, L. R., & Palmer, J. D. 2004. Massive horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes from diverse land plant donors to the basal angiosperm Amborella. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 17747-17752.

Berlin, B. 1992. Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Bernardello, G. 2007. A systematic survey of floral nectaries. Pp. 19-128, in Nicolson, S. W., Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. (eds), Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, New York.

Bernards, M. A. 2002. Demystifying suberin. Canadian J. Bot. 80: 227-240.

Barnáth, J. 1998. Poppy: The Genus Papaver. Harwood Academic, Australia.

Bernays, E. A., & Chapman, R. F. 1994. Host Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Berner, R. A. 2003. The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition. Nature 426: 323-326.

Berner, R. A. 2005. The rise of trees and how they changed Paleozoic atmospheric CO2, climate, and geology. Pp. 1-7, in Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., & Dearing, M. D. (eds), A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Springer, New York. [Ecological Studies 177.]

Bernhard, A. 1999a. Floral structure, development, and systematics in Passifloraceae and in Abatia (Flacourtiaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 135-150.

Bernhard, A. 1999b. Floral structure and development of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) and its systematic position. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 131: 103-113.

Bernhard, A. 1999c. Paropsieae - the woody Passifloreae: A comparative study of flower morphology and development in Passifloraceae. P. 420, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Bernhard, A., & Endress, P. 1999. Androecial development and systematics in Flacourtiaceae s.l. Plant Syst. Evol. 215: 141-155.

Bernhardt, P., & Goldblatt, P. 2006. The role of phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of pollination mechanisms in Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Pp. 434-444, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 434-444.]

Bernhardt, P., & Weston, P. H. 1996. The pollination ecology of Persoonia (Proteaceae) in eastern Australia. Telopea 6: 775-804.

Bernhardt, P. [et al. 2003], Sage, T., Weston, P., Azuma, H., Lam, M., Thien, L. B., & Bruhl, J. 2003. The pollination of Trimenia moorei (Trimeniaceae): Floral volatiles, insect/wind pollen vectors and stigmatic self-incompatibility in a basal angiosperm. Ann. Bot. 92: 445-458.

Berry, F., & Kress, J. 1991. Heliconia: An Identification Guide. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Berry, P. E. [et al. 2001], Savolainen, V., Sytsma, K. J., Hall, J. C., & Chase, M. W. 2001. Lissocarpa is sister to Diospyros (Ebenaceae). Kew Bull. 56: 725-729.

Berry, P. E. [et al. 2005], Hipp, A., Wurdack, K. J., van Ee, B., & Riina, R. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of the giant genus Croton and tribe Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using ITS and trnL-trnF sequence data. American J. Bot. 92: 1520-1534.

Bersillon, G. 1955. Recherches sur les Papavéracées: contribution a l'étude du développement des dicotylédones herbacées. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér 11, 16: 225-447, pl. 1-2.

Bertin, C. [et al. 2007], Weston, L. A., Huang, T., Jander, G., Owens, T., Meinwald, J., & Schroeder, F. C. 2007. Grass roots chemistry: meta-Tyrosine, an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 16964-16969.

Bertioli, D. J. [et al. 2008], Moretzsohn, M. C., Madsen, L. H., Sandal, N., Leal-Bertioli, S. C., Guimaräes, P. M., Hougaard, B. K., Fredslund J., Schauser L., Nielsen, A. M., Sato, S., Tabata, S., Cannon, S. B., & Stougaard, J. 2009. An analysis of synteny of Arachis with Lotus and Medicago sheds new light on the structure, stability and evolution of legume genomes. BMC Genomics 10: 45.

Bertrand, Y. [et al. 2006], Pleijel, F., & Rouse, G. W. 2006. Taxonomic surrogacy in biodiversity assessments, and the meaning of Linnaean ranks. Syst. Biodiv. 4: 149-159.

Besnard, G. [et al. 2009a], de Casas, R. R., Christin, P.-A., & Vargas, P. 2009. Phylogenetics of Olea (Oleaceae) based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences: Tertiary climatic shifts and lineage differentiation times. Ann. Bot. 104: 143-160.

Besnard, G. [et al. 2009b], Muasya, A. M., Russier, F., Roalson, E. H., Salamin, N., & Christin, P.-A. 2009b. Phylogenomics of C4 photosynthesis in sedges (Cyperaceae): Multiple appearances and genetic convergence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 1909-1919.

Besseger, C. [et al. 2008a], Hopp, E., & Fortunato, R. H. 2008a. Testing the monophyly of infrageneric taxa within the genus Mimosa (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) based on cp-DNA sequence data. P. 100, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Besseger, C. [et al. 2008b], Hopp, E., & Fortunato, R. H. 2008b. Toward a phylogeny of Mimosa (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae): A preliminary analysis of southern South American species based on chloroplast DNA sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 567-579.

Beutler, J. A. [et al. 1989], Alvarado-Lindner, A. B., McCloud, T. G., & Cragg, G. M. 1989. Distribution of phorbol ester bioactivity in the Euphorbiaceae. Phytotherapy Res. 3: 188-192.

Beutler, J. A. [et al. 1996], Alvarado-Lindner, A. B., & McCloud, T. G. 1996. Further studies on phorbol ester bioactivity in the Euphorbiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 53-533.

Bews, J. W. 1927. Studies in the ecological evolution of angiosperms. New Phytol. 26: 1-21, 65-84, 129-148, 209-278, 273-294.

Bhandari, N. N. 1963. Embryology of Pseudowintera colorata - a vesselless dicotyledon. Phytomorph. 13: 303-316.

Bhandari, N. N. "1966" [= 1977]. Studies in the family Ranunculaceae. IX. Embryology of Adonia Dill. ex Linn. Phytomorph. 16: 578-587.

Bhandari, N. N., & Venkataraman, R. 1968. Embryology of Drimys winteri. J. Arold Arb. 49: 509-524.

Bhandari, N. N., & Vohra, S. C. A. 1983. Embryology and affinities of Viscaceae. Pp. 69-86, in Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds), The Biology of Mistletoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Bharathan, G. 1996. Does the monocot mode of leaf development characterise all monocots? Aliso 14: 271-279.

Bharathan, G. [et al. 1994], Lambert, G., & Galbraith, D. W. 1994. Nuclear DNA content of monocotyledons and related taxa. American J. Bot. 81: 381-386.

Bharathan, G. [et al. 2001], Raz, L., & Wilkin, P. 2001. The true yams, Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae): Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast nucleotide sequences. P. 154, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Bharathan, G. [et al. 2002], Goliber, T. E., Moore, C., Kessler, S., Pham, T., & Sinha, N. R. 2002. Homologies in leaf form inferred from KNOXI expression during deelopment. Science 296: 1858-1860.

Bhargava, H. R. 1934. Contribution to the morphology of Mollugo nudicaulis, Lamk. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 1: 271-278.

Bhatnagar, S. P., & Johri, B. M. 1983. Embryology of Loranthaceae. Pp. 47-67, in Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds), The Biology of Misteltoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Bhatnagar, S. P., & Kapil, R. N. 1982. Seed development in Daphniphyllum with a discussion on taxonomic position of Daphniphyllaceae. Phytomorph. 32: 66-81.

Bhatnagar, S. P., & Uma, M. C. 1969. The structure of style and stigma in some Tubiflorae. Phytomorph. 19: 99-109.

Bianchi, G. [et al. 1993], Gamba, A., Limiroli, R., Pozzi, N., Elster, R., Salamini, F., & Bartels, D. 1993. The unusual sugar composition in leaves of the resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia. Physiol. Plant. 87: 223–226.

Bianciotto, V. [et al. 2003], Lumini, E., Bonfante, P., & Vandamme, P. 2003. 'Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum' gen. nov., sp. nov., an endosymbiomnt of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Internat. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53: 121-124.

Bianconi, G. V. [et al. 2006], Mikich, S. B., Teixeira, S. D., & Maia, B. H. L. N. S. 2007 [= 2006]. Attraction of fruit-eating bats with essential oils of fruitsd: A potential tool for forest restoration. Biotropica 39: 136-140.

Bidartondo, M. I. 2005. The evolutionary ecology of myco-heterotrophy. New Phytol. 167: 335-352.

Bidartondo, M. I., & Bruns, T. D. 2001. Extreme specificity in epiparasitic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): Widespread phylogenetic and geographic structure. Mol. Ecol. 10: 2285-2295.

Bidartondo, M. I., & Bruns, T. D. 2002. Fine-level mycorrhizal specifity in the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): Specificity for fungal species groups. Mol. Ecol. 11: 557-569.

Bidartondo, M. I., & Duckett, J. G. 2010 [= 2009]. Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort-fungal symbioses. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 277: 485-492.

Bidartondo, M. I., & Read, D. J. 2008. Fungal specifity bottlenecks during orchid germination and development. Mol. Ecol. 17: 3707-3716.

Bidartondo, M. I. [et al. 2003], Bruns, T. D., Weiß, M., Sérgio, C., & Read, D. J. 2003. Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 270: 835-842.

Bidartondo, M. I. [et al. 2011], Read, D. J., Trappe, J. M., Merckx, V., Ligrone, R., & Duckett, J. G. 2011. The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi. Biol Lett. 7: 574-547.

Bieleski, R. L., & Briggs, B. G. 2005. Taxonomic patterns in the distribution of polyols within the Proteaceae. Australian J. Bot. 53: 205-217.

Bieleski, R. L., & Wilcox, M. D. (eds). 2009. Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium. The International Dendrology Society, Dunedin.

Bierhorst, D. W. 1968. On the Stromatopteridaceae (fam. nov.) and on the Psilotaceae. Phytomorph. 18: 232-268.

Bierhorst, D. W. 1977. The systematic position of Psilotum and Tmesipteris. Brittonia 29: 3-13.

Bierhorst, D. W., & Zamora, P. M. 1965. Primary xylem elements and element associations of angiosperms. American J. Bot. 52: 657-710.

Biesboer, D. D., & Mahlberg, P. G. 1981. Laticifer starch grain morphology and laticifer evolution in Euphorbia (Euphorbiacaeae). Nordic J. Bot. 1: 447-457.

Biffin, E., & Craven, L. 2011. Sorting out Syzygium: Progress and prospects for one of the most species rich of angiosperm genera. P. 327, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Biffin, E., & Lowe, A. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Podocarpaceae: Lead evolution, biogeography and the angiosperm radiation. P. 194, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Biffin, E. [et al. 2006], Craven, L. A., Crisp, M. D., & Gadek, P. A. 2006. Molecular systematics of Syzygium and allied genera (Myrtaceae): Evidence from the chloroplast genome. Taxon 555: 79-94.

Biffin, E. [et al. 2007], Harrington, M. G., Crisp, M. D., Craven, L. A., & Gadek, P. A. 2007. Structural partitioning, paired-sites models and evolution of the ITS transcript in Syzygium and Myrtaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 43: 124-139.

Biffin, E. [et al. 2010a], Lucas, E. J., Craven, L. A., Ribeiro da Costa, I., Harrington, M. G., & Crisp, M. D. 2010a. Evolution of exceptional species richness among lineages of fleshy-fruited Myrtaceae. Ann. Bot. 106: 79-93.

Biffin, E. [et al. 2010b], Hill, R. S., & Lowe, A. J. 2010b. Did kauri (Agathis: Araucariaceae) really survive the Oligocene drowning of New Zealand. Syst. Biol. 59: 594-602.

Biffen, E. [et al. 2011a], Conran, J. G., & Lowe, A. J. 2011a. Podocarp evolution: A molecular phylogenetic perspective. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 1-20. [Turner, B. L., & Cernusak, L. A. (eds). 2011. Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.]

Biffin, E. [et al. 2011b], Brodribb, T. J., Hill, R. S., Thomas, P., & Lowe A. J. 2012 [= 2011b]. Leaf evolution in Southern Hemisphere conifers tracks the angiosperm ecological radiation. Proc. R. Soc. B 279: 341-348, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0559

Bigalke, H. 1933. Die Blattspodogramme der Urticaceae und ihre Verwendbarkeit für Systematik. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 21: 1-56, tab. 1-5.

Bigazzi, M. 1984. The occurrence of intranuclear inclusions in the Labiatae, Verbenaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Caryologia 37: 269-292.

Bigazzi, M. 1986. Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations on fibrillar intranuclear inclusions in the family Campanulaceae. Caryologia 39: 199-210.

Bigazzi, M. 1989a. Utrastructure of nuclear inclusions and the separation of Verbenaceae and Oleaceae (incl. Nyctanthes). Plant Syst. Evol. 163: 1-12.

Bigazzi, M. 1989b. Occurrence, ultrastructure and developmental features of nuclear inclusions in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae). II. Tubular inclusions. Caryologia 42: 329-343.

Bigazzi, M. 1993. A survey on the intra[nu]clear inclusions in the Schrophulariaceae [sic] and their systematic significance. Nordic J. Bot. 13: 19-31.

Bigazzi, M. 1995. Investigation on occurrence and ultrastructure of the proteinaceous nuclear inclusions (PNIs) in the Bignoniaceae, with special reference to geographic distribution patterns. Caryologia 48: 211-223.

Bigazzi, M., & Selvi, F. 1998. Pollen morphology in the Boragineae (Boraginaceae) in relation to the taxonomy of the tribe. Plant Syst. Evol. 213: 121-151.

Bigazzi, M., & Selvi, F. 1999. Stigma form and surface in the tribe Boragineae (Boraginaceae): Micromorphological diversity, relationships with pollen, and systematic relevance. Canadian J. Bot. 78: 388-408.

Bigelow, N. H. [et al. 2003), Brubaker, L. B., Edwards, M. E., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Anderson, P. M., Andreev, A. A., Bartlein, P. J., Christensen, T. R., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J. O., Lozhkin, A. V., Matveyeva, N. V., Murray, D. F., McGuire, A. D., Razzhivin, V. Y., Ritchie, J. C., Smith, B., Walker, D. A., Gajewski, K., Wolf, V., Holmqvist, B. H., Igarashi, Y., Kremenetskii, K., Paus, A., Pisaric, M. F. J., & Volkova, V. S. 2003. Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 1. Vegetation changes north of 55°N betwenn the last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene, and present. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, (D19, 8170), 11.

Bills, G. F., & Polishook, J. D. 1994. Microfungi from decaying leaves of Heliconia mariae (Heliconiaceae). Brenesia 41-42: 27-43.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. [et al. 2007], Cardillo, M., Jones, K. E., MacPhee, R. D. E., Beck, R. M. D., Grenyer, R., Price, S. A., Vos, R. A., Gittleman, J. L., & Purvis, A. 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.

Bioinformatics Working Group. 1998 onwards. Flowering Plant Gateway. Version 15 March 2002. Texas A&M University. http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm

Bioinformatics Working Group. 2000 onwards. Vascular Plant Image Gallery. Version 15 March 2002. Texas A&M University. http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/gallery.htm

Birch, A. N. E. [et al. 1989], Simmonds, M. S. J., & Blaney, W. M. 1989. Chemical interactions between bruchids and legumes. Pp. 781-809, in Stirton, C. H., & Zarucchi, J. L. (eds), Advances in Legume Biology. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis. [Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 29.]

Birch, J. L. [et al. 2008], Morden, C., & Keeley, S. C. 2008. A preliminary phylogeny of Astelia (Asteliaceae): Implications for identifying pathways of long-distance dispersal in the Pacific. P. 199, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Birch, J. L. [et al. 2009], Keeley, S. C., & Morden, C. W. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships in the Asteliaceae with an emphasis on the genus Astelia. P. 167, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Birch, J. L. [et al. 2011], Morden, C., & Keeley, S. C. 2011. Austral origins and Pacific radiations: The historical biogeography of Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae). Pp. 293-294, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Birch, J. L. [et al. 2011], Keeley, S. C., & Morden, C. W. 2012. Molecular phylogeny and dating of Asteliaceae (Asparagales): Astelia s.l. evolution provides insight into the Oligocene history of New Zealand. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 102-115.

Bird, D. A. [et al. 2003], Franceschi, V. R., & Faccini, P. J. 2003. A tale of three cell types: Alkaloid biosynthesis is localized to sieve elements in opium poppy. Plant Cell 15: 2626-2635.

Birouste, M. [et al. 2012], Kazakou, E., Blanchard, A., & Roumet, C. 2012. Plant traits and decomposition: Are the relationships for roots comparable to those for leaves. Ann. Bot. 109: 463-472.

Biswas, C., & Johri, B. M. 1997. The Gymnosperms. Springer, Berlin.

Bittrich, V. 1986. Untersuchungen zu Merkmalbestand, Gliederung und Abgrenzung der Unterfamilie Mesembryanthemoideae (Mesembryanthaceae FENZL). Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 21: 5-116.

Bittrich, V. 1993. Achatocarpaceae, pp. 35-36, Caryophyllaceae, 206-236, and Halophytaceae, pp. 320-321, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Bittrich, V., & Amaral, M. C. E. 1986. Flower morphology and pollination biology of some Clusia species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela). Kew Bull. 51: 681-694.

Bittrich, V., & Ihlenfeldt, H.-D. 1984. Morphologie früher Keimungstadien bei Mesembryanthemaceae: Eine Anpassung an aride Umweltbedingungen. Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 19: 123-139.

Bittrich, V., & Kühn, U. 1993. Nyctaginaceae. Pp. 473-485, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Bjorå, C. S. [et al. 2008], Kwembeya, E. G., & Nordal, I. 2008. Crinum jasonii (Amaryllidaceae): A new endemic pan species of the Luangwa valley in Zambia with notes on different seed structures in the genus. Kew Bull. 61: 569-577.

Bjorholm, S. [et al. 2006], Svenning, J.-C., Baker, W. J., Skov, F., & Balslev, H. 2006. Historical legacies in the geographical diversity patterns of New World palm (Arecaceae) subfamilies. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 113-125.

Bjornstad, I. 1970. Comparative embryology of Asparagoideae-Polygonatae, Liliaceae. Nytt Mag. Bot. 17: 169-207.

Blackmore, S., & Barnes, S. H. 1995. Garside's rule and the microspore tetrads of Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunningham and Dryandra polycephala Bentham (Proteaceae). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 85: 111-121.

Blackmore, S., & Cannon, M. J. 1983. Palynology and systematics of Morinaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 40: 207-226.

Blackmore, S. [et al. 1984], van Helvoort, H. A. M., & Punt, W. 1984. On the terminology, origins and functions of caveate pollen in Compositae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 43: 293-301.

Blackmore, S. [et al. 1995], Stafford, P., & Persson, V. 1995. Palynology and systematics of Ranunculiflorae. Pp. 71-82, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Blackmore, S. [et al. 2009], Wortley, A. H., Skvarla, J. J., & Robinson, H. 2009. Evolution of pollen in Compositae. Pp. 101-130, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds.), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T.

Blackwell, M. 2011. The fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species? American J. Bot. 98: 426-438.

Blake, S., & Fay, J. M. 1997. Seed production by Glibertiodendron dewevrei in the Nouabalé National Park, Congo, and its implications for large mammals. J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 885-891.

Blake, S. T. 1972. Idiospermum (Idiospermaceae), a new genus and family for Calycanthus australiensis. Contrib. Queensland Herb. 12: 1-37.

Blanc, G., & Wolfe, K. H. 2004. Widespread paleopolyploidy in model plant species inferred from age distributions of duplicate genes. Plant Cell 16: 1667-1678.

Blanc, G. [et al. 2003], Hokamp, K., & Wolfe, K. H. 2003. A recent polyploidy superimposed on older large-scale duplications in the Arabidopsis genome. Genome Res. 13: 137-144.

Blanc, P. 1986. Edification d'arbres par croissance d'établissement de type monocotylédonien: l'exemple de Chloranthaceae. Pp. 101-123, in Colloque international sur l'arbre, Naturalia Monspeliensia, numéro hors série.

Blanc, P., & Andraos, K. 1983. Remarques sur la dynamique de croissance dans le genre Piper L. (Piperaceae) et les genres affines. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Natur. Paris, Sér. 4, Sect. B, Adansonia 5: 259-282.

Blanc, P., & Andraos, K. 1984. Remarques sur la dynamique de croissance dans le genre Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae). Bull. Mus. National Hist. Natur. Paris, Sér. 4, Sect. B, Adansonia 6: 41-56.

Blanco, M. A., & Barboza, G. 2005. Pseudocopulatory pollination in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by fungus gnats. Ann. Bot. 95: 763-772.

Blanco, M. A. [et al. 2007], Carnevali, G., Whitten, W. M., Singer, R. B., Koehler, S., Williams, N. H., Ojeda, I., Neubig, K. M., & Endara, L. 2007. Generic realignments in Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae). Lankesteria 7: 515-537.

Blarer, A. [et al. 2000], Nickrent, D., Bänziger, H., Endress, P. K., & Qiu, Y.-L. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among genera of the parasitic family Rafflesiaceae s.l. based on nuclear ITS and SSU rDNA, mitochondrial LSU and SSU rDNA, atp1 and matR sequences. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 171.

Blarer, A. [et al. 2002], Nickrent, D., & Endress, P. K. 2002. Comparative floral anatomy of Apodanthes, Pilostyles, and Berlinianche (Apodanthaceae). P. 9, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum. [Abstracts, Botanical Society of America, etc., Madison, Wisconsin.]

Blarer, A. [et al. 2004], Nickrent, D., & Endress, P. K. 2002. 2004. Comparative floral structure and systematics in Apodanthaceae (Rafflesiales). Plant Syst. Evol. 245: 119-142.

Blaser, H. W. 1944. Studies in the morphology of the Cyperaceae. II. The prophyll. American J. Bot. 31: 53-64.

Bläsing, O. E. [et al. 2000], Westhoff, P., & Svensson, P. 2000. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Flaveria, a conserved serine residue in the carboxy-terminal part of the enzyme is a major determinant for C4-specific characteristics. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 27917-27923.

Blein, T. [et al. 2008], Pulido, A., Vialette-Guiraud, A., Nikovics, K., Morin, H., Hay, A., Johansen, I. E., Tsiantis, M., & Laufs, P. 2008. A conserved molecular framework for comopound leaf development. Science 322: 1835-1839.

Blein, T. [et al. 2010], Hasson, A., & Laufs, P. 2010. Leaf development: What it needs to be complex. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13: 75-82.

Bliss, B. J., & Suzuki, J. Y. 2012. Genome size in Anthurium evolved in the context of karyoptypes and phenotypes. AoB Plants 2012: pls006; doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls006

Bliss, L. C. 1979. Arctic heathlands. Pp. 415-424, in Specht, R.L. (ed.), Heathlands and Related Shrublands. Descriptive Studies. Ecosystems of the World, vol. 9A. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Bloembergen, S. 1952. A critical study in the complex-polymorphous genus Schima (Theaceae). Reinwardtia 2: 133-183.

Blunden, G. [et al. 1973], Yi, Y., & Jewers, K. 1973. The comparative leaf anatomy of Agave, Beschorneria, Doryanthes and Furcraea species (Agavaceae: Agaveae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 66: 157-179.

Blunden, G. [et al. 1974], Kyi, A., & Jewers, K. 1974. The comparative stem and root anatomy of Goniothalamus andersonii, G. macrophyllus, G. malayanus and G. velutinus (Annonaceae) from the peat swamps of Sarawak. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 68: 209-225.

Blunden, G. [et al. 1996], Yang, M.-H., Yuan, Z.-X., Smith. B. E., Patel, A. V., Cegarra, J. A., Málthé, L., & Janicsák, G. 1996. Betaine distribution in the Labiatae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 24: 71-81.

Blunden, G. [et al. 1999], Yang, M.-H., Janicsák, G., Málthé, L., & Carabot-Cuervo, A. 1999. Betaine distribution in the Amaranthaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 87-92.

Blyth, A. 1958. Origin of primary extraxylary stem fibers in dicotyledons. Univ. California Publ. Bot. 30: 145-232, pl. 1-23.

Boas, F. 1913. Beiträge zur Anatomie und Systematik der Simarubaceen. Beitr. Bot. Centralbl. 29(1): 303-356.

Boatwright, J. S. [et al. 2008a], Savolainen, V., van Wyk, B.-E., Schutte-Vlok, A. L., Forest, F., & van der Bank, M. 2008. Systematic position of the anomalous genus Cadia and the phylogeny of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae). Syst. Bot. 33: 133-147.

Boatwright, J. S. [et al. 2008b], Le Roux, M. M., Wink, M., Tilney, P. M., & van Wyk, B.-E. 2008b. Systematics of the tribe Crotalarieae and a new generic classification for Lebeckia (Fabaceae). P. 101, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Boatwright, J. S. [et al. 2008c], Le Roux, M. M., Wink, M., Morozova, T., & van Wyk, B.-E. 2008c. Phylogenetic relationships of tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae) inferred from DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Bot. 33: 752-761.

Boatwright, J. S. [et al. 20010], Wink, M., & van Wyk, B.-E. 2011. The generic concept of Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae): Reinstatement of the genera Euchlora, Leobordea, and Listia and the new genus Ezoloba. Taxon 60: 1261-177.

Bobrov, A. V. F. C., & Melikian, A. P. 2006. A new class of coniferophytes and its system based on the structure of the female reproductive organs. Komarovia 4: 47-115.

Bobrov, A. V. F. C. [et al. 2005], Endress, P. K., Melikian, A. P., Romanov, M. S., Sorokin, A. N., & Bejerano, A. P. 2005. Fruit structure of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 148: 265-274.

Bobrov, A. V. F. C. [et al. 2009], Melikian, A. P., & Romanov, M. S. 2009. Morphogeny of Fruits in Magnoliophyta. Moscow. [In Russian.]

Bobrov, A. V. F. C. [et al. 2012a], Dransfield, J., Romanov, M. S., & Romanova, E. S. 2012a. Gynoecium and fruit histology and development in Eugeissona (Calamoideae: Arecaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 168: 377-394.

Bobrov, A. V. F. C. [et al. 2012b], Lorence, D. H., Romanov, M. S., & Romanova, E. S. 2012b. Fruit development and pericarp structure in Nypa fruticans Wurmb (Arecaceae): A comparison with other palms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 751-766.

Bocherens, H. [et al. 1993], Friis, E. M., Mariotti, A., & Pedersen, K. R. 1993. Carbon isotope abundance in Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil plants: Palaeoecological implications. Lethaia 26: 347-358.

Boddy, L., & Watkinson, S. C. 1995. Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution. Canadian J. Bot. 73: S1377-S1383.

Boeckler, C. A. [et al. 2011], Gershenzon, J., & Unsicker, S. P. 2011. Phenolic glyciosides of the Salicaceae and their role as anti-herbivore defenses. Phytochem. 72: 1497-1509.>

Boerjan, W. [et al. 2003], Ralph, J., & Baucher, M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 519-546.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1977. Development of ovule and testa in Rutaceae I: Ruta, Zanthoxylum, and Skimmia. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 26: 193-211.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1980. Development of ovule and testa of Linum usitatissimum L. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 29: 17-32.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1984. Ovule and seed structure in Datiscaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 33: 419-429.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1985a. The ovules and seed of Humiria balsamifera (Aubl.) St. Hil. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 34: 183-191.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1985b. Development of ovule and seedcoat in Averrhoa (Oxalidaceae) with some notes on related genera. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 34: 413-424.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1988. The seed structure and taxonomic relationships of Hypseocharis Remy. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 37: 111-120.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1989. Ovule and seed development in Droseraceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 38: 295-311.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1990. Ovule and seed development of Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavon. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 389-401.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1994. Ovules and seed characters of Balanites aegyptiaca and the classification of the Linales-Geraniales-Polygalales assembly. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 43: 15-25.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1997. Seed structure and phylogenetic relationships of the Geraniales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 119: 277-291.

Boesewinkel, F. D. 1999. Ovules and seeds of Tremandraceae. Australian J. Bot. 47: 769-781.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Been, W. 1979. Development of the ovule and testa of Geranium pratense L. and some other representatives of the Geraniaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 28: 335-348.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Bouman, F. 1980. Development of ovule and seed-coat of Dichapetalum mombuttense Engl. with notes on other species. Acta bot. Neerlandica 29: 103-115.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Bouman, F. 1984. The seed: Structure. Pp. 567-646, in Johri, B. M. (ed.), Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer, Berlin.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Bouman, F. 1991. The development of bi- and unitegmic ovules and seeds in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 87-104.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Bouman, F. 1997. Ovules and seeds of Dirachma socotrana (Dirachmaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 205: 195-204.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & de Lange, A. 1983. Development of ovule and seed in Begonia squamulosa Hook. f. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 32: 417-425.

Boesewinkel, F. D., & Venturelli, M. 1987. Ovule and seed structure in Vochysiaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 547-566.

Boeshore, I. 1920. The morphological continuity of the Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae. Contrib. Bot. Lab. Univ. Pennsylvania 5: 139-177, pl. 12-16.

Boggs, C. L. [et al. 1981], Smiley, J. T., & Gilbert, L. E. 1981. Patterns of pollen exploitation by Heliconius butterflies. Oecologia 48: 284-289.

Bogle, A. L. 1969. The genera of the Portulacaceae and Basellaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 566-598.

Bogle, A. L. 1970. The genera of the Molluginaceae and Aizoaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 431-462.

Bogle, A. L. 1986. The floral morphology and vascular anatomy of the Hamamelidaceae subfamily Liquidambaroideae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 325-347.

Bogler, D. J. 1998. Nolinaceae. Pp. 392-396, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Bogler, D. J., & Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004. Molecular systematic studies in Cycads: Evidence from trnL intron and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Bot. Review 70: 260-273.

Bogler, D. J., & Simpson, B. B. 1996. Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation. American J. Bot. 83: 1225-1235.

Bogler, D. J. [et al. 1995], Neff, J. L., & Simpson, B. B. 1995. Multiple origins of the yucca-yucca moth association. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 6864-6867.

Bogler, D. J. [et al. 2006], Pires, J. C., & Francisco-Ortega, J. 2006. Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: Implications of molecular data for classification. Pp. 313-328, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 313-328.]

Bogner, J. 2011. Acoraceae. Pp. 1-13, in Noteboom, H. P. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 20. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Bogner, J., & Hesse, M. 2005. Zamioculcadoideae, a new subfamily of Araceae. Aroideana 28: 3-20.

Bogner, J., & Mayo, S. J. 1998. Acoraceae. Pp. 7-10, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Bogner, J., & Petersen, G. 2007. The chromosome numbers of the aroid genera. Aroideana 30: 82-90.

Bogner, J. [et al. 2007], Johnson, K. R., Kvacek, Z, & Upchurch. G. R., Jr. 2007. New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America. Zitteliana A47: 133-147.

Bogner, J. [et al. 2011], Hoffman, G. L., & Aulenback, K. R. 2005. A fossilized aroid infructescence, Albertarum pueri gen. nov et sp. nov., of Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) age from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of southern Alberta, Cana. Canadian J. Bot. 83: 591-598.

Böhle, U.-R. [et al. 1996], Hilger, H. H., & Martin, W. F. 1996. Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 11740-11745.

Bohlmann, F. [et al. 1973], Burkhardt, T., & Zdero, C. 1973. Naturally Occuring Acetylenes. Academic Press, London.

Bohlmann, J. [et al. 1998], Meyer-Gauen, G., & Croteau, R. 1998. Plant terpenoid synthases: Molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 4126-4133.

Bohm, B. A. 1988. The minor flavonoids. Pp. 329-388, in J. B. Harborne (ed.), The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980. Chapman and Hall, London.

Bohm, B. A. 1998. Introduction to Flavonoids. Harwood, Australia.

Bohm, B. A., & Chan, J. 1992. Flavonoids and affinities of Greyiaceae with a discussion of the occurrence of B-ring deoxyflavonoids in dicotyledonous families. Syst. Bot. 17: 272-281.

Bohm, B. A., & Stuessy, T. F. 2001. Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae). Springer, Vienna.

Bohm, B. A. [et al. 1985], Nicholls, K. W., & Bhat, U. G. 1985. Flavonoids of the Hydrangeaceae Dumortier. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 13: 441-445.

Bohm, B. A. [et al. 1986], Donevan, L. S., & Bhat, U. G. 1986. Flavonoids of some species of Bergenia, Francoa, Parnassia and Lepuropetalon. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 14: 75-77.

Bohm, B. A. [et al. 1999], Yang, J. Y., Page, J. E., & Soltis, D. S. 1999. Flavonoids, DNA and relationships of Itea and Pterostemon. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 79-83.

Böhme, S. 1998. Bromelienstudien III. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Bau, Lage und systematischer Verwertbarkeit der Septalnektarien von Bromeliaceen. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 62: 1-154.

Bohn, H. F., & Federle, W. 2004. Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 14138-14143.

Bohs, L. 2005. Major clades in Solanum based on ndhF sequence data. Pp. 27-49, in Keating, R. C., Hollowell, V. C., & Croat, T. B. (eds), A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: The Legacy of a Taxonomist. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Bohs, L. 2007. Phylogeny of the Cyphomandra clade of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ITS sequence data. Taxon 46: 1012-1026.

Bohs, L. [et al. 2007], Weese, T., Myers, N., Lefgren, V., Thomas, N., van Wagenen, A., & Stern, S. 2007. Zygomorphy and heteranthy in Solanum in a phylogenetic context. Pp. 201-223, in Spooner, D. M., Bohs, L., Giovannoni, J., Olmstead, R. G., & Shibata, D. (eds), Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. ISHA Section Root and Tuber Crops. [Acta Hortic. 745.]

Bohte, A., & Drinnan, A. 2005a. Floral development and systematic position of Arillastrum, Allosyncarpia, Stockwellia and Eucalyptopsis (Myrtaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 251: 53-70.

Bohte, A., & Drinnan, A. 2005b. Ontogeny, anatomy and systematic significance of ovular structures in the 'eucalypt group' (Eucalypteae, Myrtaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 255: 17-39.

Boke, N. H. 1964. The cactus gynoecium: A new interpretation. American J. Bot. 51: 598-610.

Bolin, J. E. [et al. 2006a], Tennakoon, K. U., Musselman, L. J., & Maas, E. 2006a. Germination and seedling development of the highly modified root holoparasite Hydnora triceps. P. 92, in Botany 2006. Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Bolin, J. E. [et al. 2006b], Tennakoon, K. U., Musselman, L. J., & Maas, E. 2006b. The generalist pollination syndrome of the root holoparasite Hydnora africana and a test of a selective insect trapping mechanism. P. 361, in Botany 2006. Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Bolin, J. E. [et al. 2009], Maas, E., & Musselman, L. J. 2009. Pollination biology of Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) in Namibia: Brood site mimicry with insect imprisonment. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 157-163.

Bolinder, K. [et al. 2012], Alex-Andersson, R., Ickert-Bond, S. M., Ehrlén, J., & Rydin, K. 2012. Cenozoic evolution in Ephedra: Did a shift from biotic to abiotic pollination drive diversification? P. 27, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Bolmgren, K., & Eriksson, O. 2005. Fleshy fruits - origins, niche shifts, and diversification. Oikos 109: 255-272.

Bolmgren, K., & Eriksson, O. 2010. Seed mass and the evolution of fleshy fruits in angiosperms. Oikos

Bond, W. J. 1989. The tortoise and the hare: Ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 36: 227-249.

Bond, W. J. 2008. What limits trees in C4 grasslands and savannas? Ann. Review Ecol. Syst. 39: 641-659.

Bond, W. J., & Midgley, G. F. 2000. A proposed CO2-controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biol. 6: 865-869.

Bond W. J., & Midgley J. J. 1995. Kill thy neighbor: An individualistic argument for the evolution of flammability. Oikos 73: 79–85.

Bond W. J., & Midgley J. J. 2012. Fire and the angiosperm revolutions. Internat. J. Pl. Sci. 173: 569-583.

Bond, W. J., & Scott, A. C. 2010. Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous. New Phytol. 188: 1137-1150.

Bond, W. J. [et al. 1991], Yeaton, R., & Stock, W. D. 1991. Myrmecochory in Cape fynbos. Pp. 448-462, in Huxley, C. R., & Cutler, D. F. (eds), Ant-Plant Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Bond, W. J. [et al. 2003], Midgley, G. F., & Woodward, F. I. 2003. The importance of low atmospheric CO2 and fire im promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biol. 9: 973-982.

Bond, W. J. [et al. 2005], Woodward, F. I., & Midgley, G. F. 2005. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytol. 165: 525-538.

Bone, R. E. [et al. 2012], Strijk, J. S., Fritsch, P. W., Buerki, S, Strasberg, D., Thébaud, C., & Hodkinson, T. R. 2012. Phylogenetic inference of Badula Juss. (Primulaceae), a rare and threatened genus endemic to the Mascarene archipelago. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 284-296.

Bones, A. M., & Rossiter, J. T. 2006. The enzymic and chemically induced decomposition of glucosinolates. Phytochem. 67: 1053-1067.

Bonfante, P., & Anca, I.-A. 2009. Plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria: A network of interactions. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 63: 363-383.

Bonfante, P., & Genre, A. 2010. Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant-fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature Communic. doi/10.1038/ncomms1046

Bonfante, P., & Selosse, M.-A. 2010. A glimpse into the past of land plants and of their mycorrhizal affairs: From fossils to evo-devo. New Phytol. 186: 267-270.

Bonnier, G. 1879. Les Nectaires. Études critique, anatomique et physiologique. Ann. Sci. Natur. Bot. Sér. 6, 8: 5-212, pl. 1-8.

Bonsen, K. J., & ter Welle, B. J. H. 1983. Comparative wood and leaf anatomy of the Cecropiaceae (Urticales). Bull. Mus. National Hist. Natur. Paris, Sér. 4, Sect. B, Adansonia 5: 151-177.

Bonsen, K. J., & ter Welle, B. J. H. 1984. Systematic wood anatomy and affinities of the Urticaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105: 49-71.

Bontemps, C. [et al. 2010], Elliott, G. N., Simon, M. F., Dos Reis, F. B. Jr., Gross, E., Lawton, R. C., Neto, N. E., Loureiro, M. de F., de Faria, S. M., Sprent, J. I., James, E. K., & Young, J. P. W. 2010. Burkholderia species are ancient symbionts of legumes. Mol. Ecol. 19: 44-52.

Bopp, M., & Capesius, I. 1998. A molecular approach to bryophyte systematics. Pp. 79-88, in Bates, J. W., Ashton, N. W., & Duckett, J. G. (eds), Bryology for the Twenty-First Century. British Bryological Society, Leeds.

Boppré, M. 1986. Insects pharmacophagously utilizing defensive plant chemicals (pyrrolizidine alkaloids). Naturwiss. 73: 17-26.

Boppré, M. 2005. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Apocynaceae. P. 398, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Bor, J., & Bouman, F. 1974. Development of ovule and integuments in Euphorbia milii and Codiaeum variegatum. Phytomorph. 24: 280-296.

Bor, J., & Kapil, R. N. 1975 Euphorbia gemiculata - ovule to seed. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 24: 257-268.

Borba, E. L. [et al. 2011], Barbosa, A, R., de Melo, M. C., Gontijo S. L., & de Oliveira, H. O. 2011. Mating systems in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): Evolutionary and systematic implications. Lankasteriana 11: 207-221.

Borchsenius, F. [et al. 2012], Suárez, L. S. S., & Prince, L. M. 2012. Molecular phylogeny and redefined generic limits of Calathea (Marantaceae). Syst. Bot. 37: 620-635.

Borg, A. J., & Schönenberger, J. 2011. Comparative floral development and structure of the black mangrove genus Avicennia and related taxa in the Acanthaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 330-340.

Borg, A. J. [et al. 2006], McDade, L. A., & Schönenberger, J. 2006. Molecular systematics and patterns of morphological evolution in Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). P. 208, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Borg, A. J. [et al. 2006], McDade, L. A., & Schönenberger, J. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). Taxon 57: 811-822.

Bornstein, A. J. 1991. The Piperaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. Suppl. Ser. 1: 349-366.

Borrell, B. J. 2005. Long tongues and loose niches: Evolution of euglossine bees and their nectar flowers. Biotropica 37: 664-669.

Borsch, T. 1998. Pollen types in the Amaranthaceae. Morphology and evolutionary significance. Grana 37: 129-142.

Borsch, T., & Barthlott, W. 1998. Structure and evolution of metareticulate pollen. Grana 37: 68-78.

Borsch, T., & Soltis, P. S. 2008. Nymphaeales - the first globally diverse clade? Taxon 57: 1051.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2000], Hilu, K. W., Wilde, V., Neinhuis, C., & Barthlott, W. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences reveals Amborella as basalmost angiosperm. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 115.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2003], Hilu, K. W., Quandt, D., Wilde, V., Neinhuis, C., & Barthlott, W. 2003. Non-coding plastid trnT-trnF sequences reveal a well resolved phylogeny of basal angiosperms. J. Evol. Biol. 16: 558-576.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2005], Löhne, C., Müller, K., Hilu, K. W., Wanke, S., Worberg, A., Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., & Quandt, D. 2005. Towards understanding basal angiosperm diversification: Recent insights using rapidly evolving genomic regions. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 92: 85-110.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2007], Hilu, K. W., Wiersema, J. H., Löhne, C., Barthlott, W., & Wilde, V. 2007. Phylogeny of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae): Evidence from substitutions and microstructural changes in the chloroplast trnT-trnF region. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 639-671.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2008], Löhne, C., & Wiersema, J. H. 2008. Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: Integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052-1081.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2009], Korotkova, N., Raus, T., Lobin, W., & Löhne, C. 2009. The petD group II intron as a species level marker: Utility for tree inference and species identification in the diverse genus Campanula (Campanulaceae). Willdenowia 39: 7-33.

Borsch, T. [et. al. 2012], Löhne, C., Mbaye, M. S., & Wiersma, J. 2012. Towards a complete species tree of Nymphaea: Shedding further light on subgenus Brachyceras and its relationships to the Australian water-lilies. Telopea 13: 193-217.

Bortenschlager, S. 1967. Vorläufige Mitteilungen zur Pollenmorphologie in der Familie der Geraniaceen und ihre systematische Bedeutung. Grana Palynol. 7: 400-468.

Borwein, B. [et al. 1949], Coetsee, M. L., & Krupko, S. 1949. Development of the embryo sac of Restio dodii and Elegia racemosa. J. South African Bot. 15: 1-12, pl. 1-4.

Bos, J. J. 1998. Dracaenaceae. Pp. 238-240, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Bosser, J. 1990. Les sous-espèces de Grevea madagascariensis Baillon (Montiniaceae) à Madagascar et en Afrique. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Paris sér 4, sect. B, Adansonia 12: 109-112.

Botanicus Digital Library, 2006 onwards. [A source for much older literature.]

Botha, C. E. J. 2005. Interaction of phloem and xylem during phloem loading: Functional symplasmic roles for thin- and thick-walled sieve tubes in monocotyledons. Pp. 115-130, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Botha, C. E. J., & Evert, R. F. 1978. Observations of preferential feeding by the aphid, Rophalosiphon maidis on abaxial phloem of Cucurbita maxima. Protoplasma 96: 75-80.

Botha, C. E. J. [et al. 1975], Evert, R. F., & Walmsley, R. D. 1975. Observations of the penetration of the phloem in leaves of Nerium oleander (Linn.) by stylets of the aphid, Aphis nerii (B. de F.). Protoplasma 86: 309-319.

Botha, C. E. J. [et al. 1977], Malcolm, S. B., & Evert, R. F. 1977. An investigation of preferential feeding habit in four Asclepiadaceae by the aphid, Aphis nerii B. de F. Protoplasma 92: 1-19.

Botkin, D. B., & Simpson, L. G. 1990. Biomass of the North American boreal forest. Biogeochemistry 9: 161-194.

Boto, L. 2010. Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: Facts and challenges. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 277: 819-827.

Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. [et al. 2008], Salamin, N., Savolainen, V., Forest, F., van der Bank, M., Chase, M. W., & Hodkinson, T. R. 2008. Large multi-gene phylogenetic trees of the grasses (Poaceae): Progress towards complete tribal and generic level sampling. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 488-505.

Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. [et al. 2009], Verboom, G. A., Hodkinson, T. R., Salamin, N., Francois, O., Chongaile, G. N., & Savolainen, V. 2009. The origins and diversification of C4 grasses and savanna-adapted ungulates. Global Change Biol. 15: 2397-2417.

Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. [et al. 2010a], Verboom, G. A., Savolainen, V., & Hodkinson, T. R. 2010a. Biogeography of the grasses (Poaceae): A phylogenetic approach to reveal evolutionary history in geographical space and geological time. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 162: 543-557.

Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. [et al. 2010b], Maurin, O., Hurter, J., & van der Bank, M. 2010b. The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): An emphasis on African acacias. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 57: 495-508.

Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. [et al. 2010c], Savolainen, V., & Hodkinson, T. R. 2010c. Diversification of the grasses (Poaceae): A phylogenetic approach to reveal macro-evolutionary patterns. Pp. 451-475, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Boucher, F. C. [et al. 2011], Thuiller, W., Roquet, C., Douzet, R., Aubert, S., Alvarez, N., & Lavergne, S. 2011. Reconstructing the origins of high-alpine niches and cushion life form in the genus Androsace s.l. (Primulaceae). Evolution 66: 1255-1268.

Boucher, L. D. [et al. 2003], Manchester, S. R., & Judd, W. S. 2003. An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River formation of Utah and Colorado, U.S.A.. American J. Bot. 90: 1389-1399.

Bouetard, A. [et al. 2010], Lefeuvre, P., Gigant, R., Bory, S., Pignal, M., Besse, P., & Grisoni, M. 2010. Evidence of transoceanic dispersion of the genus Vanilla based on plastid DNA phylogenetic analysis. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 55: 621-630.

Bougoure, D. S. [et al. 2007], Parkin, P. I., Cairney, J. W. G., Alexander, I. J., & Anderson, I. C. 2007. Diversity of fungi in hair roots of ericaceae varies along a vegetation gradient. Mol. Ecol. 16: 4624-4636.

Bouillon, S. [et al. 2008], Borges, A. V., Castaneda-Moya, E., Diele, K., Dittmar, T., Duke, N. C., Kristensen, E., Lee, S. Y., Marchand, C., Middelburg, J. J., Rivera-Monroy, V., Smith, T. J., & Twilley, R. R. 2008. Mangrove production and carbon sinks: A revision of global budget estimates. Global Biogeochem. Cycl 22, GB2013. doi:10.1029/2007GB003052.

Bouman, F. 1971. Integumentary studies in Polycarpicae. I. Lactoridaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 20: 565-569.

Bouman, F. 1975. Integument initiation and testa development in some Cruciferae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 70: 213-229.

Bouman, F. 1977. Integumentary studies in the Polycarpicae IV Liriodendron tulipifera L. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 26: 213-223.

Bouman, F. 1984. The ovule. Pp. 123-157 in Johri, B. M. (ed.), Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer, Berlin.

Bouman, F. 1995. Seed structure and systematics in Dioscoreales. Pp. 139-156, in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Bouman, F., & Boesewinkel, F. D. 1991. The campylotropous ovules and seeds, their structure and functions. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 255-270.

Bouman, F., & Boesewinkel, F. D. 1997. Ovules and seeds of Barbeya with additional arguments for an urticalean affinity of the Barbeyaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 46: 255-261.

Bouman, C., & Calis, J. I. M. 1977. Integumentary shifting - a third way to unitegmy. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 90: 15-28.

Bouman, F., & Devente, N. 1986. Seed micromorphology in Voyria and Voyriella (Gentianaceae). Pp. 9-25, in Maas, P. J. M., & Ruyters (eds), Voyria and Voyriella (Saprophytic Gentianaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 41, New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Bouman, F., & Devente, N. 1992. A comparison of the structure of ovules and seeds in Stemona (Stemonaceae) and Pentastemona (Pentastemonaceae). Blumea 36: 501-514.

Bouman, F., & Louis, A. 1990. Seed structure in Voyria primuloides Baker (Gentianaceae: Taxonomic and ecological implicatuions. Pp. 261-270, in Paré, J., Bugnicourt, M., Mortier, J., JHuguet, M., Vignon, F., & Viognon, J. (eds), Some Aspects and Actual Orientations in Plant Embryology. Université de Picardie, Amiens.

Bouman, F., & Meijer, W. 1986. Comparative seed morphology in Rafflesiaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 35: 521.

Bouman, F., & Meijer, W. 1994. Comparative structure of ovules and seeds in Rafflesiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 193: 187-212.

Bouman, F., & Schrier, S. 1979. Ovule ontogeny and seed coat development in Gentiana, with a discussion on the evolution of the single integument. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 28: 467-478.

Bouman, F. [et al. 2002], Cobb, L., Devente, N., Goethals, V., Maas, P. J. M., & Smets, E. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. Pp. 498-572, in Struwe, L., & Albert, V. A. (eds), Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bourdu, R. 1957. Contribution a l'étude du métabolisme glucidique des Borraginacées. Rev. Gen. Bot. 64: 153-192, 197-260.

Bousquet, J. [et al. 1992], Strauss, S. H., Doerksen, A. H., & Price, R. A. 1992. Extensive variation in evolutionary rate of rbcL gene sequences among flowering plants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 7844-7848.

Boutique, P. 1971. Mayacaceae. Distrib. Plant. Africanarum 3: map. 90.

Bove, C. P. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of Humiriaceae with notes on the monophyly of Ixonanthaceae. J. Comp. Biol. 2: 19-24.

Bove, C. P., & Melhem, T. S. 2000. Humiriaceae Juss. World Pollen and Spore Flora 22: 1-35.

Bowe, L. M., Coat, G., & dePamphilis, C. W. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 4092-4097.

Bowers, J. E. [et al. 2003], Chapman, B. A., Rong, J., & Paterson, A. H. 2003. Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events. Nature 422: 433-438.

Bowers, M. D. 1980. Unpalatability as a defense strategy of Euphydras phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution 34: 586-600.

Bowers, M. D. 1988. Chemistry and coevolution: Iridioid glycosides, plants and herbivorous insects. Pp. 133-165, in Spencer, K. C. (ed.), Chemical Mediation of Coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego.

Bowes, G. [et al. 2002], Rao, S. K., Estavillo, G. M., & Reiskind, J. B. 2002. C4 mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: Comparisons with terrestrial C4 systems. Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 379-392.

Bowling, A. J., & Vaughn, K. C. 2009. Gelatinous fibers are widespread in coiling tendrils and climbing vines. American J. Bot. 96: 719-727.

Bowman, J. L. 2006. Molecules and morphology: Comparative developmental genetics of the Brassicaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 259: 199-215.

Bowman, J. L., & Eshed, Y. 2000. Formation and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 110-115.

Bown, D. 2000. Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family, Ed. 2. Timber Press, Oregon.

Box, M. S., & Rudall, P. J. 2006. Floral structure and ontogeny in Globba (Zingiberaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 258: 107-122.

Boyce, C. K. 2005. The evolutionary history of roots and leaves. Pp. 479-499, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Boyce, C. K. 2010. The evolution of plant development in a paleontological context. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13: 102-107.

Boyce, C. K. & Knoll, A. H. 2002. Evolution of developmental potential and the multiple independent origins of leaves in Paleozoic vascular plants. Paleobiology 28: 70-100.

Boyce, C. K. & Lee, J.-E. 2010. An exceptional role for flowering plant physiology in the expansion of tropical rainforests and biodiversity. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 277: 3437-3443.

Boyce, C. K., & Leslie, A. B. 2012. The paleontological context of angiosperm vegetative evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 561-568.

Boyce, C. K., & Zwieniecki, M. A. 2012. Leaf fossil record suggests limited influence of atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial productivity prior to angiosperm evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Boyce, C. K. [et al. 2004], Zwieniecki, M. A., Cody, G. D., Jacobsen, C., Wirick, S., Knoll, A. H., & Holbrook, N. M. 2004. Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 17555-17558.

Boyce, C. K. [et al. 2008], Brodribb, F. J., Feild, T. S., & Zwieniecki, M. A. 2008. Angiosperm leaf evolution put the rain in tropical rainforests. P. 73, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Boyce, C. K. [et al. 2009], Brodribb, F. J., Feild, T. S., & Zwieniecki, M. A. 2009. Angiosperm leaf vein evolution was physiologically and environmentally transformative. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 276: 1771-1776.

Boyce, C. K. [et al. 2010], Lee, J.E., Feild, T. S., Brodribb, T. J., & Zwieniecki, M. A. 2010. Angiosperms helped put the rain in the rainforests: The impact of plant physiological evolution on tropical biodiversity. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 527-540.

Boyd, L. 1932. Monocotylous seedlings: Morphological studies in the post-seminal development of the embryo. Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 31: 5-224.

Boyd, R. S. 2007. The defense hypothesis of elemental hyperaccumulation: Status, challenges and new directions. Plant Soil 293: 153-176.

Boyden, G. S. [et al. 2010], Donoghue, M. J., & Howarth, D. G. 2010. Duplications in the floral symmetry gene RADIALIS in Dipsacales and Pentapetalae are similar to those of other floral transcription factors. Pp. 158-159, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Boykin, L. M. [et al. 2008], Pockman, W. T., & Lowrey, T. K. 2008. Leaf anatomy of Orcuttieae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae): More evidence of C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy. Madroño 55: 143-150.

Braby, M. F. 2005. Afrotropical mistletoe butterflies: Larval food plant relationships of Mylothris Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J. Natural Hist. 39: 499-513.

Braby, M. F., & Trueman, J. W. H. 2006. Evolution of larval host plant associations and adaptive radiation in pierid butterflies. J. Evol. Biol. 19: 1677-1690.

Braby, M. F. [et al. 2006], Vila, R., & Pierce, N. E. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): Higher classification and biogeography. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 147: 239-275.

Bradford, J. C. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic and morphological evolution in Cunonieae (Cunoniaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 491-503.

Bradford, J. C., & Barnes, R. W. 2001. Phylogenetics and classification of Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales) using chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Bot. 26: 354-385.

Bradford, J. C. [et al. 2004], Fortune-Hopkins, H. C., & Barnes, R. W. 2004. Cunoniaceae. Pp. 91-111, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Bradshaw, W. E. [et al. 2004], Zani, P. A., & Holzapfel, C. M. 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58: 1748-1762.

Brady, S. G. [et al. 2006], Schultz, T. R., Fisher, B. L., & Ward, P. S. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 18172-18177.

Braga, P. A. C. [et al. 2012], Severino, V. G. P., de Freitas, S. D. L., da Silva, M. F. das G. F., Fernandes, J. B., Vieira, P. C., Pirani, J. R., & Groppo, M. 2012. Dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives from Hortia species and their chemotaxonomic value in the Rutaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 43: 142-151.

Bramley, G. L. C. [et al. 2009], Forest, F., & de Kok, R. P. J. 2009. Troublesome tropical mints: Re-examining generic limits of Vitex and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia. Taxon 58: 500-510.

Bramwell, D. 1972. Endemism in the flora of the Canary Islands. Pp. 141-160, in Valentine, D. H. (ed.), Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Academic Press, London.

Branco, S., & Ree, R. 2010. Serpentine soils do not limit fungal mycorrhizal diversity. PLoS ONE 5: e11757.

Brandbyge, J. 1993. Polygonaceae. Pp. 532-543, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Brändle, M., & Brandl, R. 2002. Species richness of insects and mites on trees: Expanding Southwood. J. Animal Ecol. 70: 491-504.

Brändle, M. [et al. 2004], Knoll, S., Eber, S., Stadler, J., & Brandl, R. 2005. Flies on thistles: Support for synchronous speciation? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 84: 775-783.

Brandza, M. 1891. Developpement des téguments de la graine. Revue Gén. Bot. 3: 1-36, pl. 1-2, 71-84, pl. 3-5, 105-126, pl. 6-8, 151-165, pl. 9, 229-240, pl. 10. [Full captions only in last part.]

Bräuchler, C. [et al. 2010], Meimberg, H., & Heubl, G. 2010. Molecular phylogeny in Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Mentheae) - taxonomy, biogeography and conflicts. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 55: 501-523.

Braukmann, T. W. A. [et al. 2009], Kuzmina, M., & Stefanovic, S. 2009. Loss of all plastid ndh genes in Gnetales and conifers: Extent and evolutionary significance for the seed plant phylogeny. Curr. Genetics 55: 323-337.

Braukmann, T. W. A. [et al. 2010], Kuzmina, M., & Stefanovic, S. 2010. Structural changes in the plastid gene of gymnosperms support the "gnepine" hypothesis. P. 19, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Bräutigan, A. [et al. 2008], Hofmann-Benning, S., & Weber, A. P. M. 2008. Comparative proteomics of chloroplast envelopes from C3 and C4 plants reveals specific adaptations of the plastid envelope to C4 photosynthesis and candidate proteins required for maintaining C4 metabolite fluxes. Plant Physiol. 148: 568-579.

Brearly, F. Q. 2012. Ectomycorrhizal associations of the Dipterocarpaceae. Biotropica 44: 637-648.

Brehm, G. [et al. 2007], Hartmann, T., & Wilmott, K. 2007. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pharmacophagous visitors of Prestonia amabilis (Apocynaceae) in a montane rainforest in Ecuador. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 463-473.

Bremekamp, C. E. B. 1944. Materials for a monograph of the Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae). Verh. Konink. Nederlandse Akad. Wetens., Afd. Natuurk., ser. 2, 41: 1-305.

Bremekamp, C. E. B. 1955. A revision of the Malaysian Nelsonieae (Scrophulariaceae). Reinwardtia 3: 157-261.

Bremekamp, C. E. B. 1965. Delimitation and subdivision of the Acanthaceae. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 21-30.

Bremer, B. 1996a. Phylogenetic studies within Rubiaceae and relationships to other families based on molecular data. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 33-50.

Bremer, B. 1996b. Combined and separate analyses of morphological and molecular data in the plant family Rubiaceae. Cladistics 12: 21-40.

Bremer, B. 2009. A review of molecular phylogenetic studies of Rubiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 4-26.

Bremer, B., & Eriksson, O. 1992. Evolution of fruit characters and dispersal modes in the tropical family Rubiaceae. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 47: 79-95.

Bremer, B., & Eriksson, O. 2009. Time tree of Rubiaceae: Phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies and tribes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 766-793.

Bremer, B., & Manen, J.-F. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 225: 43-72.

Bremer, B., & Struwe, L. 1992. Phylogeny of the Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae: Congruence or conflict between morphological and molecular data. American J. Bot. 79: 1171-1194.

Bremer, B. [et al. 1994], Olmstead, R. G., Struwe, L., & Sweere, J. A. 1994. rbcL sequences support exclusion of Retzia, Desfontainea and Nicodemia from the Gentianales. Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 213-230.

Bremer, B. [et al. 1995], Andreason, K., & Olsson, D. 1995. Subfamilial and tribal relationships in the Rubiaceae based on rbcL sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 383-397.

Bremer, B. [et al. 1999], Jansen, R. K., Oxelman, B., Backlund, M., Lantz, H., & Kim, K.-J. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny-case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Syst. Biol. 48: 413-435.

Bremer, B. [et al. 2002], Bremer, K., Heidari, N., Erixon, P., Olmstead, R. G., Anderberg, A. A., Källersjö, M., & Barkhordarian, E. 2002. Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 24: 274-301.

Bremer, K. 1985. Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification. Cladistics 1: 369-385.

Bremer, K. 1987. Tribal interrelationships of the Asteraceae. Cladistics 3: 210-253.

Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Bremer, K. 1996. Major clades and grades of the Asteraceae. Pp. 1-7, in Hind, D. J. N., & Beentje, H. J. (eds), Compositae: Systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew. Royal Botanic Gadens, Kew.

Bremer, K. 2000a. Phylogenetic nomenclature and the new ordinal system of the angiosperms. Pp. 125-133, in Nordenstam, B., El-Ghazaly, G., & Kassas, M. (eds), Plant Systematics for the 21st Century. Portland Press, London.

Bremer, K. 2000b. Early Cretaceous lineages of monocot flowering plants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 4707-4711.

Bremer, K. 2002. Gondwanan evolution of the grass alliance of families (Poales). Evolution 56: 1374-1387.

Bremer, K., & Janssen, T. 2006. Gondwanan origin of major monocot groups inferred from dispersal-vicariance analysis. Pp. 22-27, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 22-27.]

Bremer, K., & Thulin, M. 1998. Introduction to Phylogeny and Systematics of Flowering Plants. Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University.

Bremer, K. [et al. 2001], Backlund, A., Sennblad, B., Swenson, U., Andreasen, K., Hjertson, M., Lundberg, J., Backlund, M., & Bremer, B. 2001. A phylogenetic analaysis of 100+ genera and 50+ families of euasterids based on morphological and molecular data with notes on possible higher level morphological synapomorphies. Plant Syst. Evol. 229: 137-169.

Bremer, K. [et al. 2004], Friis, E. M., & Bremer, B. 2004. Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows Early Cretaceous diversification. Syst. Biol. 53: 496-505.

Brenan, J. P. M. 1952. Plants of the Cambridge Expedition, 1947-1948: II. A new order of flowering plants from the British Cameroons. Kew Bull. 7: 227-236.

Brenan, J. P. M. 1966. The classification of Commelinaceae. J. Linnean Soc., Bot. 59: 349-370.

Brenner, E. D., Stevenson, D. W., & Twigg, R. W. 2003. Cycads: Evolutionary innovations and the role of plant-derived neurotoxins. Trends Plant Sci. 8: 446-452.

Breteler, F. J. 1999. Barteria Hook. f. (Passifloraceae) revised. Adansonia 21: 307-318.

Breteler, F. J. [et al. 1996], Baas, P., Boesewinkel, F. D., Bouman, F., & Lobreau-Callen, D. 1996. Engomegoma Breteler (Olacaceae) a new monotypic genus from Gabon. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 118: 113-132.

Brett, J. F., & Posluszny, U. 1982. Floral development in Caulophyllum thalictroides (Berberidaceae). Canadian J. Bot. 60: 2133-2141.

Brewbaker, J. L. 1967. The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 54: 1069-1083.

Bridson, D. M. 1974. A revision of the family Vahliaceae. Kew Bull. 30: 163-182.

Briggs, B. G., & Johnson, L. A. S. 1979. Evolution in the Myrtaceae - evidence from inflorescence structure. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales 102(4): 157-256.

Briggs, B. G., & Johnson, L. A. S. 1998. Georgeantha hexandra, a new genus and species of Ecdeiocoleaceae (Poales) from Western Australia. Telopea 7: 307-312.

Briggs, B. G., & Johnson, L. A. S. 2000. Hopkinsiaceae and Lyginiaceae, two new families of Poales in Western Australia, with revisions of Hopkinsia and Lyginia. Telopea 8: 477-502.

Briggs, B. G., & Linder, H. P. 2009. A new subfamilial and tribal classification of Restionaceae (Poales). Telopea 12: 333-345.

Briggs, B. G. [et al. 2000], Marchant, A. D., Gilmore, S., & Porter, C. L. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of Restionaceae and allies. Pp. 661-671, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Briggs, B. G. [et al. 2010], Marchant, A. D., & Perkins, A. J. 2010. Phylogeny and features in Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Anarthriaceae (restiid clade of Poales). Pp. 357-388, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Åarhus University Press, Århus.

Bringmann, G. 1986. The naphthyl isoquinoline alkaloids. Pp. 141-184, in Brossi A. (ed.), The Alkaloids, vol. 29. Academic Press, New York.

Bringmann, G., & Pokorny, F. 1995. The naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. Pp. 127-271, in Cordell, G. A. (ed.), The Alkaloids, vol. 46. Academic Press, New York.

Bringmann, G. [et al. 2001], Wenzel, M., Bringmann, H. P., & Schlauer, J. 2001. Uptake of the amino acid alanine by digestive leaves: Proof of carnivory in the tropical liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae). Carniv. Plants Newsl. 30: 15-21.

Bringmann, G. [et al. 2008], Rüdenauer, S., Irmer, A., Bruhn, T., Brun, R., Heimberger, T., Stühmer, T., Bargou, R., & Chatterjee, M. 2008. Antitumoral and antileishmanial dioncoquinones and ancistroquinones from cell cultures of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae) and Ancistrocladus abbreviatus (Ancistrocladaceae). Phytochem. 69: 2501-2509.

Bristow, J. M. 1975. The structure and function of roots in aquatic vascular plants. Pp. 221-236, in Torrey, J. G., & Clarkson, D. T. (eds), The Development and Function of Roots. Academic Press, London.

Brittan, N. H. [et al. 1987], Churchill, D. M., Clifford, H. T., Conran, J. G., George, A. S., Henderson, R. J. F., Hewson, H. J., Macfarlane, T. D., Keighery, G. J., Stearn, W. T., Telford, I. R. H., Thongpukdee, A., Watson, E. M., & Williams, J. B. 1987. Liliaceae. Pp. 148-419, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 35. Hydatellaceae to Liliaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Brizicky, G. K. 1961. A synopsis of the genus Columellia (Columelliaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 42: 363-371.

Brizicky, G. K. 1963. The genera of the Sapindales in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 462-501.

Brizicky, G. K. 1964. The genera of the Rhamnaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 439-463.

Brizicky, G. K. 1965. The genera of the Vitaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 48-67.

Broadley, M. R. [et al. 2001], Willey, N. J., Wilkins, J. C., Baker, A. J. M., Mead, A., & White, P. J. 2001. Phylogenetic variation in heavy metal accumulation in angiosperms. New Phytol. 152: 9-27.

Brock, A. [et al. 2006], Herzfeld, T., Paschke, R., Koch, M., & Dräger, B. 2006. Brassicaceae contain nortropane alkaloids. Phytochem. 67: 2050-2057.

Brockington, S. F. [et al. 2007], Alexandre, R., Ramdial, J., Dhingra, A., Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. 2007. Resolving poorly supported nodes in the order Caryophyllales: An ATOL update. P. 287, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Poster Abstract Book. Chicago.

Brockington, S. F. [et al. 2009], Alexandre, R., Ramdial, J., Moore, M. J., Crawley, S., Dhingra, A., Hilu, K., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2009. Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 627-643.

Brockington, S. F. [et al. 2011], Walker, R. H., Glover, B. J., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2011. Complex pigment evolution in the Caryophyllales. New Phytol. 190: 854-864.

Bröderbauer, D. [et al. 2012], Diaz, A., & Weber, A. 2012. Reconstructing the origin and elaboration of insect-trapping inflorescences in the Araceae. American J. Bot. 99: 1666-1679.

Brodribb, T. J. 2011. A functional analysis of podocarp ecology. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 165-173. [Turner, B. L., & Cernusak, L. A. (eds). 2011. Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.]

Brodribb, T. J., & Feild, T. S. 2008. Evolutionary significance of a flat-leaved Pinus in Vietnamese rainforest. New Phytol. 178: 201-209.

Brodribb, T. J., & Feild, T. S. 2010. Leaf hydraulic evolution led a surge in leaf photosynthetic capacity during early angiosperm diversification. Ecol. Lett. 13: 175-183.

Brodribb T. J., & Hill, R. S. 1997. Light response characteristics of morphologically diverse group of southern hemisphere conifers. Oecologia 110: 1017.

Brodribb T. J., & Hill, R. S. 2004. The rise and fall of the Podocarpaceae in Australia – a physiological explanation. In: Hemsley, A. R., & Poole, I. (eds), The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam [Linnean Society Symposium Series 21.]

Brodribb, T. J., & Holbrook, N. M. 2004. Stomatal protection against hydraulic failure: A comparison of coexisting ferns and angiosperms. New Phytol. 162: 663-670.

Brodribb, T. J., & McAdam, S. A. M. 2011 [2010]. Passive origins of stomatal control in vascuklar plants. Science 331: 582-585.

Brodribb, T. J. [et al. 2007], Feild, T. S., & Jordan, G. J. 2007. Leaf maximum photosynthetic rate and venation are linked by hydraulics. Plant Physiol. 144: 1890-1898.

Brodribb, T. J. [et al. 2009], McAdam, S. A. M., Jordan, G. J., & Feild, T. S. 2009. Evolution of stomatal responsiveness to CO2 and optimization of water-use efficiency among land plants. New Phytol. 183: 839-847.

Brodribb, T. J. [et al. 2012], Pittermann, J., & Coomes, D. A. 2012. Elegance versus speed: Examining the competition between conifer and angiosperm trees. Internat. J. Pl. Sci. 173: 673-694.

Bronstein, J. L. 1994. Our current understanding of mutualism. Quart. Rev. Biol. 69: 31-51.

Brough, P. 1933. The life history of Grevillea robusta Cunn. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales 58: 33-73, pl. 2.

Brouillet, L. 2001. Begoniaceae and the Cucurbitales: A morphological phylogenetic analysis. P. 94, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Brouland, M. 1935. Recherches sur la anatomie florale des Renonculacées. Le Botaniste 27: 1-252.

Brower, L. P., & Brower, J. van Z. 1964. Birds, butterflies, and plant poisons: A study in ecological chemistry. Zoologica 49(9): 137-159.

Brower, A. V. Z. [et al. 2006], Freitas, A. V. L., Lee, M.-M., Silva Brandão, K. L., Whinnett, A., & Willmott, K. R. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships among the Ithomiini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from one mitochondrial and two nuclear gene regions. Syst. Entomol. 31: 288-301.

Brower, A. V. Z. [et al. 2010], Wahlberg, N., Ogawa, J. R., Boppré, M., & Vane-Wright, R. I. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among genera of danaine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as implied by morphology and SDNA sequences. Syst. Biodiv. 8: 75-89.

Brown, D. K., & Kaul, R. B. 1981. Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. American J. Bot. 68: 361-372.

Brown, G. K. 2003. Vireya rhododendrons: An insight into their relationships. Pp. 95-110, in Argent, G., & McFarlane, M. (eds), Rhododendrons in Horticulture and Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Brown, G. K. 2008. Systematics of the tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) over the past 25 years. Muelleria 26: 27-42.

Brown, G. K., & Gilmartin, A. J. 1988. Comparative ontogeny of bromeliaceous stigmas. Pp. 191-204, in Leins, P., Tucker, S. C., & Endress, P. K. (eds), Aspects of Floral Development. J. Cramer, Berlin.

Brown, G. K., & Gilmartin, A. J. 1999. Stigma types in Bromeliaceae - a systematic survey. Syst. Bot. 14: 110-132.

Brown G. K., & Terry, R. G. 1992. Petal appendages in Bromeliaceae. American J. Bot. 79: 1051-1071.

Brown, G. K. [et al. 2001], Udovic, F., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera. Australian Syst. Bot. 14: 565-585.

Brown, G. K. [et al. 2006a], Craven, L. A., Udovic, F., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2006a. Phylogeny of Rhododendron section Vireya (Ericaceae) based on two non-coding regions of cpDNA. Plant Syst. Evol. 257: 57-93.

Brown, G. K. [et al. 2006b], Craven, L. A., Udovic, F., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2006b. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhododendron section Vireya (Ericaceae) inferred from the ITS nrDNA region. Australian Syst. Bot. 19: 329-342.

Brown, G. K. [et al. 2006c], Nelson, G., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2006c. Historical biogeography of Rhododendron section Vireya and the Malesian archipelago. J. Biogeog. 33: 1929-1944.

Brown, G. K. [et al. 2008], Murphy, D. J., Miller, J. T., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2008. Acacia s.s. and its relationship among tropical legumes, tribe Ingeae (Leguminose: Mimosoideae). Syst. Bot. 33: 739-751.

Brown, K. S. Jr. 1987. Chemistry at the Solanaceae/Ithomiinae interface. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 359-397.

Brown, L., & Lugo, A. E. 1984. Biomass of tropical forests: A new estimate based on forest volumes. Science 223: 1290-1293.

Brown, N. J. [et al. 2011], Newell, C. A., Stanley, S., Chen, J. E., Perrin, A. J., Kajala, K., & Hibberd, J. M. 2011. Independent and parallel recruitment of preexisting mechanisms underlying C4 photosynthesis. Science 331: 1436-1439.

Brown, P. D., & Morra, M. J. 1997. Control of soil-born plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants. Adv. Agronomy 61: 167-231.

Brown, R. 1814. General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of terra australia. Pp. 533-613, in Flinders, M., The Voyage to Terra Australis..., vol. 2. G. & W. Nicol, London.

Brown, R. C., & Lemmon, B. E. 1997. The quadripolar microtubule system in lower land plants. J. Plant. Res. 110: 93-106.

Brown, R. C., & Lemmon, B. E. 2001. Sporogenesis in eusporangious ferns: I. Monoplastidic meiosis in Angiopteris (Marattiales). J. Plant. Res. 114: 223-235.

Brown, R. C., & Lemmon, B. E. 2008. [gamma]-Tubulin and microtubule organization during meiosis in the liverwort Ricciocarpus natans (Ricciaceae). American J. Bot. 95: 664-671.

Brown, R. C., & Lemmon, B. E. 2011a. Spores before sporophytes: Hypothesizing the origin of sporogenesis at the algal-plant transition. New Phytol. 190: 875-881.

Brown, R. C., & lemmon, B. E. 2011b. Dividing without centrioles: innovative plant microtubule organizing centres organize mitotic spindles in bryophytes, the earliest extant lineages of land plants. Ann. Bot.

Brown, R. C. [et al. 2004], Lemmon, B. E., & Nguyen, H. 2004. Comparative anatomy of the chalazal endosperm cyst in seeds of the Brassicaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 144: 375-394.

Brown, R. H. [et al. 2010], Nickrent, D. L., & Gasser, C. S. 2010. Expression of ovule and integument-associated genes in reduced ovules of Santalales. Evol. Devel. 12: 231-240.

Brown, W. H. 1938. The bearing of nectaries on the phylogeny of flowering plants. Proc. American Phil. Soc. 79: 549-595.

Brown, W. V. [et al. 1957], Heimsch, C., & Emery, W. H. P. 1957. The organization of the grass shoot apex and systematics. American J. Bot. 44: 590-595.

Brückner, C. 1982. Zur Kenntnis der Fruchtmorphologie der Papaveraceae Juss. s. str. und der Hypecoaceae (Prantl & Kündig.) Nak. Feddes Repert. 93: 153-212.

Brückner, C. 1983. Zur Morphologie der Samenschale in den Papaveraceae Juss. s. str. und Hypecoaceae (Prantl et Kündig) Nak. Feddes Rep. 94: 361-405, pl. 33-36.

Brückner, C. 1984. Zur Narbenform und zur karpelmorphologischen Stellung der Fumariaceae DC. in den Papaverales. Gleditschia 11: 5-16.

Brückner, C. 1985. Frucht- und Samenanatomie von Pteridophyllum racemosum Sieb. et Zucc. und die Position der monotypischen Gattung in den Papaverales. Feddes Rep. 96: 199-213, pl. 7-8.

Brückner, C. 1991. Fruchtanatomische Studien an Dictamnus albus L., Zanthoxylum simulans Hance, Ptelea trifoliata L. und Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae). Feddes Repert. 102: 541-570.

Brückner, C. 1992. Gynoecium morphology and fruit anatomy of Pseudofumaria Medik. (Fumariaceae), with a discussion of carpellary composition. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 114: 251-271.

Brückner, C. 1993. Comparative carpology in the tuber-bearing sections and sect. Capnogorium of Corydalis DC. (Fumariaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115: 367-420.

Brückner, C. 1995. Comparative seed structure in Ranunculiflorae. Pp. 83-84, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Brückner, C. 2000. Clarification of the carpel number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae. Bot. Review 66: 155-307.

Brugger, J., & Rutishauser, R. 1989. Bau und Entwicklung landbewohnender Utricularia-Arten. Bot. Helvetica 99: 91-146.

Bruhl, J. J. 1991. Comparative development of some taxonomically critical floral/inflorescence features in Cyperaceae. Australian J. Bot. 39: 119-127.

Bruhl, J. J. 1995. Sedge genera of the world: Relationships and a new classification of the Cyperaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 8: 125-305.

Bruhl, J. J., & Wilson, K. L. 2007 [= 2008]. Torwards a comprehensive survey of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in Cyperaceae. Pp. 99-148, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 99-148.]

Brummitt, R. K. 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/web.dbs/genlist.html.

Brummitt, R. K. 2007. Gesneriaceae, pp. 155-156, Hydrophyllaceae, pp. 171-172, Leitneriaceae, p. 189, Lennoaceae, p. 189, Linaceae, pp. 192-193, Montiniaceae, pp. 207-208, Peganaceae, pp. 246-247, Pteleocarpaceae, p. 270, and Rutaceae, pp. 187-188, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Brummitt, R. K., & Cheek, M. R. 2007. Hoplestigmataceae. P. 167, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Brummitt, R. K., & Stannard, B. L. 2007. Kirkiaceae. P. 177, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Brummitt, R. K. [et. al. 1998], Rudall, P. J., Banks, H., Johnson, M. A. T., Docherty, K. A., Jones, K., Chase, M. W., & Rudall, P. J. 1998. Taxonomy of the Cyanastroideae (Tecophilaeaceae): A multidisciplinary approach. Kew Bull. 53: 769-803.

Brundrett, M. C. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New Phytol. 154: 275-304.

Brundrett, M. C. 2004. Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations. Biol. Rev. 79: 473-495.

Brundrett, M. C. 2008. Mycorrhizal Associations: The Web Resource. http://mycorrhizas.info/

Brundrett, M. C. 2009. Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil 269: 357–367.

Brundrett, M. C. 2011. Commentary on the de Vega et al. 92010) paper on hyphae in the parasitic plant Cytinus: Mycorrhizal fungi growing within plants are not always mycorrhizal. American J. Bot. 98: 595-596.

Bruneau, A. 1997. Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae). American J. Bot. 84: 54-71.

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2000], Breteler, F. J., Weiringa, J. J., Gervais, G. Y. F., & Forest, F. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in tribes Macrolobieae and Detarieae as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Pages 121-149 in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, part 9 . Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2001], Forest, F., Herendeen, P. S., Klitgaard, B. B., & Lewis, G. P. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinoideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Syst. Bot. 26: 487-514.

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2005], Klitgaard, B. B., Fougère-Danezan, M., & Tucker, S. C. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of floral ontogenetic and molecular characters in the Caesalpinioideae: Insights into floral evolution in the basal Leguminosae. P. 201, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2007], Starr, J. R., & Joly, S. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Rosa: New evidence from chloroplast DNA sequences and an appraisal of current knowledge. Syst. Bot. 32: 366-378.

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2008a], Mercure, M., Lewis, G. P., & Herendeen, P. S. 2008a. Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes. Botany 86: 697-718.

Bruneau, A. [et al. 2008b], Lewis, G. P., Herendeen, P. S., Schrire, B., & Mercure, M. 2008b. Biogeographic patterns in early-diverging clades of the Leguminosae. Pp. 98-99, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Brunken, U. 2003. Androecial structure and ontogeny of Grewioideae (Malvaceae s.l.). Palm. Hortus Francofurtensis 7: 135.

Brunken, U., & Bayer, C. 2006. Floral structure and development in Malvaceae-Grewioideae. P. 196, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Brunken, U., & Muellner, A. H. 2012. A new tribal classification of Grewioideae (Malvaceae) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. Syst. Bot. 37: 699-711.

Bruns, T. D., & Shefferson, R. P. 2004. Evolutionary studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: Recent advances and future directions. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 1122-1132.

Bruns, T. D. [et al. 1998], Szaro, T. M., Gardes, M., Cullings, P. W., Pan, J. J., Taylor, D. L., Horton, D. R., Kretzer, A., Garbelotto, M., & Li, Y. 1998. A sequence database for the identification of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis. Molec. Ecol. 7: 257-272.

Brunsfeld, S. J. [et al. 1994], Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., Gadek, P. A., Quinn, C. J., Strenge, D. D., & Ranker, T. A. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae: Evidence from rbcL sequences. Syst. Bot. 19: 253-262.

Bruyns, P. V. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Stapeliads. Plant Syst. Evol. 221: 199-226.

Bruyns, P. V. 2005. Stapeliads of Southern Africa and Madagascar, 2 vols. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa.

Bruyns, P. V. 2010. Towards the phylogeny of the succulent Euphorbiaceae. Schumannia 6: 37-58. [Biodivers. Ecol. 3.]

Bruyns, P. V. [et al. 2006], Mapaya, R. J., & Hedderson, T. 2006. A new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA-trnH sequence data. Taxon 52: 397-420.

Bruyns, P. V. [et al. 2010], al Farsi, A., & Hedderson, T. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships in Caralluma R. Br. (Apocynaceae). Taxon 59: 1031-1043.

Bruyns, P. V. [et al. 2011], Klak, C., & Hanácek, P. 2011. Age and diversity in Old World succulent species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 60: 1717-1733.

Buchholz, J. T. 1931. The pine embryo and embryos of related genera. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 23: 117-125.

Buchmann, S. L. 1983. Buzz pollination in angiosperms. Pp. 73-113, in Jones, C. E., & Little, R. J. (eds), Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. Scientific & Academic Editions, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Buchmann, S. L. 1987. The ecology of oil flowers and their bees. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 343-369.

Buchmann, S. L., & Buchmann, M. D. 1981. Anthecology of Mouriri myrtilloides (Melastomataceae: Memecyleae), an oil flower in Panama. Biotropica 13 (Suppl.): 7-24.

Buchmann, S. L., & Hurley, J. P. 1978. A biophysical model for buzz pollination in angiosperms. J. Theor. Biol. 72: 639-657.

Buck, K. T. 1987. The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Pp. 1-222, in Brossi A. (ed.), The Alkaloids, vol. 29. Academic Press, New York.

Buck, W. R., & Goffinet, B. 2000. Morphology and classification of mosses. Pp. 71-123, in Shaw, A. J., & Goffinet, B. (eds), Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Buck, W. R. [et al. 2004], Cox, C. J., Shaw, A. J., & Goffinet, B. 2004. Ordinal relationships of pleurocarpous mosses, with special emphasis on the Hookeriales. Syst. Biodiv. 2: 121-145.

Buckeridge, M. S. 2010. Seed cell wall storage polysaccharides: Models to understand cell wall biosynthesis and degradation. Plant Physiol. 154: 1017-1023.

Buckeridge, M. S. [et al. 1995], Panagassi, V. R., Rocha, D. C., & Dietrich, S. M. C. 1995. Seed galactomannan in the classification and evolution of the Leguminosae. Phytochem. 38: 871-875.

Buckeridge, M. S. [et al. 2000a], dos Santos, H. P., & Tiné, M. A. S. 2000. Mobilisation of storage cell wall polysaccharides in seeds. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38: 141-156.

Buckeridge, M. S. [et al. 2000b], Dietrich, S. M. C., & de Lima, D. U. 2000. Galactomannans as the reserve carbohydrate in legume seeds. Pp. 283-316, in Gupta, A. K., & Kaur, N. (eds), Carbohydrate Reserves in Plants - Synthesis and Application. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Buckley, T. N. [et al. 2011], Sack, L., & Gilbert, M. E. 2011. The role of bundle sheath extensions and life form in stomatal responses to leaf water stress. Plant Physiol. 156: 962-973.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2009], Forest, F., Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Callmander, M. W., Nylander, J. A. A., Harrington, M., Sanmartín, I., Küpfer, F., & Alvarez, N. 2009. Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 238-258.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2010a], Lowry, P. P. II, Phillipson, P. B., & Callmander, M. W. 2010a. Molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence supports recognition of Gereaua, a new endemic genus of Sapindaceae from Madagascar. Syst. Bot. 35: 172-180.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2010b], Lowry, P. P. II, Alvarez, N., Razafimandimbison, S. G., Küpfer, P., & Callmander, M. W. 2010b. Phylogeny and circumscription of Sapindaceae revisited: Molecular sequence data, morphology, and biogeography support recognition of a new family, Xanthoceraceae. Plant Ecol. Evol. 143: 148-159.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2010c], Forest, F., Alvarez, N., Nylander, J. A. A., Arrigo, N., & Sanmartín, I. 2010c. An evaluation of new parsimony-based versus parametric inference methods in biogeography: A case study using the globvally distributed plant family Sapindaceae. J. Biogeog. .

Buerki, S. [et al. 2010d ("2011")], Forest, F., Salamin, N., & Alvarez, N. 2010d. Comparative performance of supertree algorithms in large data sets using the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) as a case study. Syst. Biol. 60: 32-44.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2012a], Callmander, M. W., Lowry, P. P. II, Devey, D. S., & Munzinger, J. 2012a. Phylogenetic inference of New Caledonian lineages of Sapindaceae: Molecular evidence requires a reassessment of generic circumscriptions. Taxon 61: 109-119.

Buerki, S. [et al. 2012b], Callmander, M. W., Devey, D. S., Chappell, L., Gallaher, T., Munzinger, J., Haevermans, T., & Forest, F. 2012b. Straightening out the screw-pines: A first step in understanding phylogenetic relationships within Pandanaceae. Taxon 61: 1010-1020.

Buell, M. F. 1938. Embryology of Acorus calamus. Bot. Gaz. 99: 556-568.

Bull-Hereñu, K., & Claßen-Bochoff, R. 2011. Open and closed inflorescences: More than simple opposites. J. Experim. Bot. 62: 79-88.

Bultman, T. L. 1995. Mutualistic and parasitic interactions between Phorbia flies and Epichloe: Convergence between a fungus and entomophilous angiosperms. Canadian J. Bot. 73(suppl. 1): S1343-1348.

Bumrungsri, S. [et al. 2008], Harbit, A., Benzie, C., Carmouche, K., Sridith, K., & Racey, P. 2008. The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand. J. Trop. Ecol. 24: 467-475.

Bunsupa, S. [et al. 2012], Katayama, K., Ikeura, E., Oikawa, A., Toyooka, K., Saito, K., & Yamazaki, M. 2012. Lysine cecarboxylase catalyzes the first step of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and coevolved with alkaloid production in Leguminosae. Plant Cell 24: 1202-1216. doi/10.1105/tpc.112.095885

Burckhardt, D. 2005. Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Pp. 143-157, in Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H.

Burckhardt, D., & Basset, Y. 2000. The jumping plant lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): Systematics, biogeography, and host plant relationships. J. Natural Hist. 34: 57-155.

Burelo-Ramos, C. M. [et al. 2009], Lorea-Hernández, F. G., & Vovides, A. P. 2009. Palynological survey of subtribe Pithecocteniinae (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 155-162.

Burge, D. O [et al. 2011], Erwin, D. M., Islam, M. B., Kellermann, J., Kembel, S. W., Wilken, D. H., & Manos, P. S. 2011. Diversification of Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) in the Californian floristic province. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 1137-1164.

Burger, W. C. 1972. Evolutionary trends in the Central American species of Piper (Piperaceae). Brittonia 24: 356-362.

Burger, W. C. 1981. Why are there so many kinds of flowering plants? BioScience 31: 572, 577-581.

Burger, W. C. 1998. The question of cotyledon homology in angiosperms. Bot. Review 64: 356-371.

Burger, W. C. 2000. Pedaliaceae. Flora Costaricencis. Fieldiana Bot. N.S. 41: 162-164.

Burger, W. C., & Barringer, K. 2000. Schlegeliaceae Reveal. Flora Costaricencis. Fieldiana Bot. N.S. 41: 69-77.

Burke, J., & Sanchez, A. 2011. Revised subfamilial classification for Polygonaceae, with a tribal classification for Eriogonoideae. Brittonia 63: 510-520.

Burke, J. M. [et al. 2008], Bayly, M. J., Adams, P. B., & Ladiges, P. Y. 2008. Molecular phylogentic analysis of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on the Australian section Dendrocoryne, and implications for generic classification. Australian Syst. Bot. 21: 1-14.

Burke, J. M. [et al. 2009], Sanchez, A., Kron, K. A., & Luckow, M. 2009. Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny. Pp. 159-160, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Burke, J. M. [et al. 2010], Sanchez, A., Kron, K. A., & Luckow, M. 2010. Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny. American J. Bot. 97: 1377-1390.

Burke, J. [et al. 2012], Nicolas, A., & Michelangeli, F. 2012. Escape from buzz-pollination: Phylogeny and character evolution among Andean Miconia (Melastomataceae). P. 188, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Burkill, I. H. 1960. The organography and the evolution of Dioscoreaceae, the family of yams. J. Linnean Soc., Bot. 56: 319-412.

Burleigh, J. G. 2012. Variation in rates of molecular evolution in plants with implications for estimating divergence times. Pp. 103-111, in Wendel, J. F., Greilhuber, J., Dolezel, J., & Leitch, I. (eds), Plant Genome Diversity Volume 1: Plant Genomes, Their Residents, and Their Evolutionary Dynamics. Springer, Berlin.

Burleigh, J. G., & Mathews, S. 2004. Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data from seed plants: Implications for resolving the seed plant tree of Life. American J. Bot. 91: 1599-1613.

Burleigh, J. G., & Mathews, S. 2007a. Assessing among-locus variation in the inference of seed plant phylogeny. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 111-124.

Burleigh, J. G., & Mathews, S. 2007b. Assessing systematic error in the inference of seed plant phylogeny. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 125-135.

Burleigh, J. G., & Mathews, S. 2007c. Supermatrix analyses place Gnetales as sister to all conifers. P. in

Burleigh, J. G. [et al. 2009], Hilu, K. W., & Soltis, D. E. 2009. Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: A 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms. BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 61.

Burleigh, J. G. [et al. 2011], Bansal, M. S., Eulenstein, O., Hartmann, S., Wehe, A., & Vision, T. J. 2011. Genome-scale phylogenetics: Inferring the plant tree of life from 18,896 gene trees. Syst. Biol. 60: 117-125.

Burman, R. [et al. 2010], Gruber, C. W., Rizzardi, K., Herrmann, A., Craik, D. J., Gupta, M. P., & Göransson, U. 2010. Cyclotide proteins and precursors from the genus Gloeospermum: Filling in a blank spot in the cyclotide map of Violaceae. Phytochem. 71: 13-20.

Burn, M. J., & Mayle, F. E. 2008. Palynological differentiation between genera of the Moraceae family and implications for Amazonian palaeoecology. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 149: 187-201.

Burnham, R. J., & Johnson, K. R. 2004. South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rain forests. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 359: 1595-1610.

Burns, J. H. [et al. 2008], Munguia, P., Nomann, B. E., Braun, S. J., Terhorst, C. P., & Miller, T. E. 2008. Vegetative morphology and trait correlation in 54 species of Commelinaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 158: 257-268.

Burns, J. H. [et al. 2011], Faden, R. B., & Steppan, S. J. 2011. Phylogenetic studies in the Commelinaceae subfamily Commelinoideae inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 36: 268-276.

Burow, M. [et al. 2009], Losansky, A., Müller, R., Plock, A., Kliebenstein, D. J., & Wittstock, U. 2009. The genetic basis of constitutive and herbivore-induced ESP-independent nitrile formation in Arabidopsis. Plant. Physiol. 149: 561-574.

Burrows, G. E. 1999. Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae) possesses the same unusual leaf axil anatomy as the other investigated members of the family. Australian J. Bot. 47: 61-68.

Burrows, G. E. 2002. Epicormic strand structure in Angophora, Eucalyptus and Lophostemon (Myrtaceae) – implications for fire resistance and recovery. New Phytol. 153: 111–131.

Burrows, G. E. 2009. Agathhis, Araucaria and Wollemia all possess unusual meristems in their leaf axils. pp. 87-94, in Bieleski, R. L., & Wilcox, M. D. (eds), Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium. The International Dendrology Society, Dunedin.

Burse, A. [et al. 2009], Frick, S., Discher, S., Tolzin-Banasch, K., Kirsch, R., Strauß, A., Kunert, M., & Bohland, W. 2009. Always being well prepared for deefense: The production of deterrents by juvenile Chrysomelina beetles (Chrysomelidae). Phytochem. 70: 1899-1909.

Burtt, B. L. 1961. Compositae and the study of functional evolution. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 39: 216-232.

Burtt, B. L. 1965. The transfer of Cyrtandromoea from Gesneriaceae to Scrophulariaceae, with notes on the classification of that family. Bull. Bot. Survey India 7: 73-88.

Burtt, B. L. 1970. Studies in the Gesneriaceae of the Old World XXXI: Some aspects of functional evolution. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 30: 1-10.

Burtt, B. L. 1972. Plumular protection and some related aspects of seedling behaviour. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 41: 393-400.

Burtt, B. L. 1977a. Aspects of diversification in the capitulum. Pp. 41-59, in Heywood, V. H., Harborne, J. B., & Turner, B. L. (eds), The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae, Vol. 1. Academic Press, London.

Burtt, B. L. 1977b. Classification above the genus, as exemplified by Gesneriaceae, with parallels from other groups. Pp. 97-109, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Flowering Plants: Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1.]

Burtt, B. L. 1991a. Umbelliferae of Southern Africa: An introduction and annotated check-list. Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 133-281.

Burtt, B. L. 1991b. On cryptocotylar germination in dicotyledons. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 429-442.

Burtt, B. L. 1998. Climatic accomodation and phytogeography of the Gesneriaceae of the Old World. Pp. 1-27, in Mathew, P., & Sivadasan, M. (eds) Diversity and Taxonomy of Tropical Flowering Plants. Mentor, Calicut.

Burtt, B. L., & Wiehler, H. 1995. Classification of the family Gesneriaceae. Gesneriana 1: 1-4.

Busch, A., & Zachgo, S. 2007. Control of corolla monosymmetry in the Brassicaceae Iberis amara. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 16714-16719.

Bush, C., & Kron, K. A. 2008. Phylogeny of Gaultherieae (Ericaceae) based on DNA sequence data from matK, ndhF and ITS. P. 93, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Bush, C. [et al. 2006], Lu, L., Fritsch, P. W., & Kron, K. A. 2006. The phylogeny, morphology and biogeography of the wintergreen group (Gaultherieae; Vaccinoideae; Ericacaeae; Ericales). Pp. 209-210, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Bush, C. M. [et al. 2009], Lu, L., Fritsch, P. W., Li, D.-Z., & Kron, K. A. 2009. Phylogeny of Gaultherieae (Ericaceae: Vaccinoideae) based on DNA sequence data from matK, ndhF, and nrITS. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 355-364.

Buss, C. C. [et al. 2001], Lammers, T. G., & Wise, R. R. 2001. Seed coat morphology and its systematic implications in Cyanea and other genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae). American J. Bot. 88: 1301-1308.

But, P. P.-H. [et al. 2009], Poon, A. W.-S., Saw, P.-C., Simmons, M. P., & Greger, H. 2009. Contribution of molecular cladistics to the taxonomy of Rutaceae in China. J. Syst. Evol. 47: 144-150.

Butler, J. L., & Ellison, A. M. 2007. Nitrogen cycling dynamics in the carnivorous northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. Funct. Ecol. 21: 835-843.

Butler, R. J. [et al. 2009], Barrett, M., Kenrick, P., & Penn, M. G. 2009. Diversity patterns among herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: Implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm co-evolution. J. Evol. Biol. 22: 446-459.

Butterfass, T. 1987. The transverse orientation of stomata. Bot. Review 53: 415-441.

Butterworth, C. A. 2006a. Molecular phylogenetics of Cactaceae Jussieu - a review. Pp. 489-524, in Sharma A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1, Part C. Phanerogams (Angiosperm-Dicotyledons). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.

Butterworth, C. A. 2006b. Resolving "Nyffeler's Puzzle" - the intriguing taxonomic position of Blossfeldia. Haseltonia 12: 3-10.

Butterworth, C. A., & Edwards, E. J. 2008. Investigating Pereskia and the earliest divergences in Cactaceae. Haseltonia 14: 46-53.

Butterworth, C. A., & Wallace, R. S. 2004. Phylogenetic studies of Mammillaria (Cactaceae) - insights from chloroplast sequence variation and hypothesis testing using the parametric bootstrap. American J. Bot. 91: 1086-1098.

Butterworth, C. A., & Wallace, R. S. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of the leafy cactus genus Pereskia (Cactaceae). Syst. Bot. 30: 800-808.

Butterworth, C. A. [et al. 2002], Cota-Sanchez, J. H., & Wallace, R. S. 2002. Molecular systematics of tribe Cacteae (Cactaceae: Cactoideae): A phylogeny based on rpl16 intron sequence variation. Syst. Bot. 27: 257-270.

Butts, D., & Buchholz, J. T. 1940. Cotyledon number in conifers. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 33: 58-62.

Buxbaum, F. 1936. Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. I. Die Wurmbaeoideae. Bot. Archiv 38: 213-293.

Buxbaum, F. 1937. Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. II. Die systematische Stellung der Gattung Gagea [inc. III. Die Lilioideae Engl. - begins on p. 338]. Bot. Archiv 38: 305-398.

Buxbaum, F. 1958. Der morphologische Typus und die systematische Stellung der Gattung Calochortus. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 34: 405-452.

Buys, M., & Hilger, H. H. 2003. Boraginaceae cymes are exclusively scorpioid and not helicoid. Taxon 52: 719-724.

Buzgo, M. 2001. Flower structure and development of Araceae compared with alismatids and Acoraceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 136: 393-425.

Buzgo, M., & Endress, P. K. 1999. The gynoecium of Gymnostachys (Araceae) and Potamogeton (Potomagetonaceae). P. 240, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Buzgo, M., & Endress, P. K. 2000. Floral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic relationship with basal angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 23-41.

Buzgo, M. [et al. 2006], Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Kim, S., Ma, H., Hauser, B. A., Leebens-Mack, J., & Johansen, B. 2006. Perianth development in the basal monocot Triglochin maritima (Juncaginaceae). Pp. 107-125, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 107-125.]

Buzgo, M. [et al. 2007], Chanderbali, A. S., Kim, S., Zheng, Z., Oppenheimer, D. G., Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. 2007. Floral developmental morphology of Persea americana (avocado, Lauraceae): The oddities of male organ identity. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 261-284.

Buzzi, Z. J. 1994. Host plants of neotropical Cassidinae. Pp. 205-212, in Jolivet, P. H., Cox, M. L., & Petitpierre, E., (eds), Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Bystriakova, N. [et al. 2011], Schneider, H., & Coomes, D. 2011. Evolution of the climatic niche in scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Polypodiopsida). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 165: 1-19.

Bytebier, B. [et al. 2007], Bellstedt, D. U., & Linder, H. P. 2007. A molecular phylogeny for the large African orchid genus Disa. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 43: 75-90.

Bytebier, B. [et al. 2008], Bellstedt, D. U., & Linder, H. P. 2008. A new phylogeny-based sectional classification for the large African orchid genus Disa. Taxon 57: 1233-1251.

Bywater, M., & Wickens, G. E. 1974. New World species of the genus Crassula. Kew Bull. (1974): 699-728.

Cabezas, N. J. [et al. 2009], Urzúa, A. M., & Niemeyer, H. M. 2009. Translocation of isoquinoline alkaloids in the hemiparasite, Tristerix verticillatus from its host, Berberis montana. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 37: 225-227.

Cabrera, J. F. [et al. 2009], Jacobs, S. W. L., & Kadereit, G. 2009. Phylogeny of the Australian Camphorosmae (Chenopodiaceae) and the taxonomic significance of the fruiting perianth. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 505-521.

Cabrera, J. [et al. 2012], Jacobs, S. W. L., & Kadereit, G. 2012. Biogeography of Camphorosmeae (Chenopodiaceae): Tracking the Tertiary history of Australian aridification. Telopea 13: 313-326.

Cabrera, L. I. [et al. 2008], Salazar, G. A., Chase, M. W., Mayo, S. J., Bogner, J., & Dávila, P. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid DNA. American J. Bot. 95: 1153-1165.

Cacho, N. I. [et al. 2010], Berry, P. E., Olson, M. E., Steinmann, V. W., & Baum, D. A. 2010. Are spurred cyathia a key innovation? Molecular systematrics and trait evolution in the slipper spurges (Pedilanthus clade: Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae). American J. Bot. 97: 493-510.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 1998], Furness, C. A., Stobart, K. L., & Rudall, P. A. 1998. Microsporogenesis and pollen morphology in Dioscoreales and allied taxa. Grana 37: 321-336.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 2000a], Rudall, P. J., & Wilkin, P. 2000a. Floral morphology and development in Dioscoreales. Feddes Repert. 111: 189-230.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 2000b], Rudall, P. J., Wilkin, P., & Chase, M. W. 2000b. Yams and their allies: Systematics of Dioscoreales. Pp. 475-487, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 2002a], Rudall, P. J., Wilkin, P., Hedderson, T. A. J., & Chase, M. W. 2002a. Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 138: 123-144.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 2002b], Wilkin, P., Rudall, P. J., Hedderson, T. A. J., & Chase, M. W. 2002b. Yams reclassified: A recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales. Taxon 51: 103-114.

Caddick, L. R. [et al. 2004], Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. 2004. Floral developmental morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 925-947.

Cadotte, M. W. [et al. 2012], Dinnage, R., & Tilman, D. 2012. Phylogenetic diversity promotes ecosystem stability. Ecology 93 (supplement): S223-S233.

Caetano-Anollés, G. 2005. Evolution of genome size in the grasses. Crop Sci. 45: 1809-1816.

Cafasso, D. [et al. 2001], Cozzolino, S., Caputo, P., & de Luca, P. 2001. Maternal inheritance of plastids in Encephalartos Lehm. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales). Genome 44: 239-241.

Cahoon, A. B. [et al. 2010], Sharpe, R. M., Mysayphonh, C., Thompson, E. J., Ward, A. D., & Lin, A. 2010. The complete chloroplast genome of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum; Poaceae) and comparison of whole plastomes from the family Poaceae. American J. Bot. 97: 49-58.

Cai, Z. [et al. 2006], Penaflor, C., Kuehl, J. V., Leebens-Mack, J., Carlson, J. E., dePamphilis, C. W., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2006. Complete chloroplast genome sequences of Drimys, Liriodendron, and Piper: Implication for the phylogeny of magnoliids. BMC Evol. Biol. 6: 77. [ http://www.biomedcentral.com/14721-2148/6/77 ]

Cairney, J. W. G., & Ashford, A. E. 2002. Biology of mycorrhizal associations of epacrids (Ericaceae). New Phytol. 154: 305-326.

Cairney, J. W. G., & Meharg, A. A. 2003. Ericoid mycorrhiza: A partnership that exploits harsh edaphic conditions. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54: 735-740.

Calabria, L. M. [et al. 2007], Emerenciano, V. P., Scotti, M. T., & Mabry, T. J. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of the tribes of the Asteraceae based on phytochemical data. Natural Prod. Comm. 3: 277-285.

Calabria, L. M. [et al. 2009], Emerenciano, V. P., Scotti, M. T., & Mabry, T. J. 2009. Secondary chemistry of Compositae. Pp. 73-88, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds.), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T.

Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds.) 1983. The Biology of Misletoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Calderón, A. I. [et al. 2009], Chung, K. S., & Gupta, M. P. 2009. Ecdysteroids from Dichorisandra hexandra (Commelinaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 37: 693-695.

Call, V. B., & Dilcher, D. L. 1997. The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America. American J. Bot. 84: 798-814.

Callmander, M. W. [et al. 2003], Chassot, P., Küpfer, & Lowry, P. P. II. 2003. Recognition of Martelliodendron, a new genus of Pandanaceae, and its biogeographic implications. Taxon 52: 747-762.

Calonje, M. [et al. 2002], Cubas, P., Martinez-Zapater, J. M., & Carmona, M. J. 2002. Floral meristem identity genes are expressed during tendril development in the grape vine. Plant Physiol. 135: 1491-1501.

Calvente, A. [et al. 2011a], Zappi, D. C., Forest, F., & Lohmann, L. G. 2011a. Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Rhipsalidae (Cactaceae) and taxonomic implications for Schlumbergera and Hatiora. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 58: 456-468.

Calvente, A. [et al. 2011b], Zappi, D. C., Forest, F., & Lohmann, L. G. 2011b. Molecular phylogeny, evolution, and biogeography of South American epiphytic cacti. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 902-914.

Calvillo-Canadell, L., & Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. 2007. Reproductive structures of Rhamnaceae from the Cerro del Pueblo (Late Cretaceous, Coahuila) and Coatzingo (Oligocene, Puebla) formations, Mexico. American J. Bot. 94: 1658-1669.

Calvin, C. L., & Wilson, C. A. 2006. Comparative morphology of epicortical roots in Old and New World Loranthaceae with reference to root types, origin, patterns of longitudinal extension and potential for clonal growth. Flora 201: 51-64.

Calvin, C. L., & Wilson, C. A. 2009. Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae). Aliso 27: 1-12.

Calviño, C. I., Downie, S. R. 2007. Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44: 175-191.

Calviño, C. I. [et al. 2005], Downie, S. R., Tilney, P. M., & van Wyk, B.-E, 2005. The phylogenetic positions of southern African Apuiaceae relative to subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae. Pp. 136-137, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Calviño, C. I. [et al. 2006], Tilney, P. M., van Wyk, B.-E., & Downie, S. R. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic study of southern African Apiaceae. American J. Bot. 93: 1828-1847.

Calviño, C. I. [et al. 2008a], Martínez, S. G., & Downie, S. R. 2008a. Morphology and biogeography of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. American J. Bot. 95: 196-214.

Calviño, C. I. [et al. 2008b], Martínez, S. G., & Downie, S. R. 2008b. The evolutionary history of Eryngium (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae): Rapid radiations, long distance dispersals, and hybridizations. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 1129-1150.

Calviño, C. I. [et al. 2010], Martínez, S. G., & Downie, S. R. 2010. Unraveling the taxonomic complexity of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae): Phylogenetic analysis of 11 non-coding cpDNA loci corroborates rapid radiation. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 137-149.

Cameron, D. D. [et al. 2008], Leake, J. R., & Read, D. J. 2008. Are orchids parasitic on their mycorrhizas or do they live by carbon credit and repayment? P. 159, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Cameron, K. M. 2001. On the phylogenetic position of the New Caledonian endemic families Strasburgeriaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Paracryphiaceae: A comparison of molecules and wood anatomy. P. 17, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Cameron, K. M. 2002. Intertribal relationships within Orchidaceae as inferred from analyses of five plastid genes. P. 116, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Cameron, K. M. 2003. On the phylogenetic position of the New Caledonian endemic families Paracryphiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Strasburgeriaceae: A comparison of molecules and morphology. Bot. Review 68: 428-443.

Cameron, K. M. 2004. Utility of plastid psaB gene sequences for investigating intrafmilial relationships within Orchidaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 1157-1180.

Cameron, K. M. 2005a. Leave it to the leaves: A molecular phylogenetic study of Malaxidae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae). American J. Bot. 92: 1025-1032.

Cameron, K. M. 2005b. Molecular systematics of Orchidaceae: A literature review and an example using five plastid genes. Pp. 80-96, in Nair, H., & Arditti, J. (eds), Proceedings of the 17th World Orchid Conference: "Sustaining Orchids for the Future". Kota Kinabalu, Natural History Publications, Borneo.

Cameron, K. M. 2006. A comparison and combination of plastid atpB and rubcL gene sequences for inferring phylogenetic relationships within Orchidaceae. Pp. 447-464, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 447-464.]

Cameron, K. M. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics of Orchidaceae: First decade of DNA sequencing. Pp. 163-200, in Cameron, K. M., Arditti, J., & Kull, T. (eds), Orchid Biology. Reviews and Perspectives, IX. New York Botanical Garden, New York. [Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 95.]

Cameron, K. M. 2009. On the value of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences for reconstructing the phylogeny of vanilloid orchids. Ann. Bot. 104: 377-385.

Cameron, K. M., & Chase, M. W. 2000. Nuclear 18S rDNA sequences of Orchidaceae confirm the subfamilial status and circumscription of Vanilloideae. Pp. 457-464, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Cameron, K. M., & Dickison, W. C. 1998. Foliar architecture of vanilloid orchids: Insights into the evolution of reticulate leaf venation in monocots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 128: 45-70.

Cameron, K. M., & Fu, C. 2006. A nuclear rDNA phylogeny of Smilax (Smilacaceae). Pp. 598-605, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 598-605.]

Cameron, K. M., & Molina, M. C. 2006. Photosystem II gene sequences of psbB and psbC clarify the phylogenetic position of Vanilla (Orchidaceae). Cladistics 22: 239-248.

Cameron, K. M. [et al. 1999], Molina, M. C., Whitten, W. M., Kores, P. J., Jarrell, D. C., Albert, V. A., Yukawa, T., Hills, H. G., & Goldman, D. H. 1999. A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: Evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. American J. Bot. 86: 208-224.

Cameron, K. M. [et al. 2001], Molina, M. C., Anderson, W. R., & Hills, H. G. 2001. Molecular systematics of Malpighiaceae: Evidence from plastid rbcL and matK sequences. American J. Bot. 88: 1847-1862.

Cameron, K. M. [et al. 2002], Wurdack, K. J., & Jobson, R. W. 2002. Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants. American J. Bot. 89: 1503-1509.

Cameron, K. M. [et al. 2003], Chase, M. W., & Rudall, P. J. 2003. Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japonolirion. Brittonia 55: 214-225.

Cameron, S. A. 2004. Phylogeny and biology of neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini). Ann. Rev. Entomol. 49: 377-404.

Cammerloher, H. 1920. Der Spaltöffnungsapparat von Brugmansia und Rafflesia. Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 69: 153-164, taf. III.

Camp, W. H. 1947. Distribution patterns in modern plants and the problems of ancient dispersals. Ecol. Monogr. 17: 160-183.

Campagna, M. L., & Downie, S. R. 1998. The intron in chloroplast gene rpl16 is missing from the flowering plant families Geraniaceae, Goodeniaceae and Plumbaginaceae. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 9: 1-11.

Campbell, C. S. [et al. 2007], Evans, R. C., Morgan, D. R., Dickinson, T. A., & Arsenault, M. P. 2007. Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history. Plant Syst. Evol. 266: 119-145.

Campbell, L. M. 2004. Anatomy and Systematics of Xyridaceae, with special reference to Aratitiyopea Steyerm. & P. E. Berry. Ph. D. Thesis, The City University of New York.

Campbell, L. M. 2010. Four new species of Isidrogalvia (Tofieldiaceae) from the Guayana highlands. Harvard Pap. Bot. 15: 51-62.

Campbell, L. M. [et al. 2001], Stevenson, D. W., Davis, J. I., & Hardy, C. R. 2001. Alternative hypotheses for the systematic placement of Mayaca. P. 104, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Campbell, L. M., & Stevenson, D. W. 2007 [2008]. Inflorescence architecture and floral morphology in Aratitiyopea lopezii (Xyridaceae). Pp. 227-233, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 227-233.]

Canne-Hilliker, J. M. 1987. Patterns of floral development in Agalinis and allies (Scrophulariaceae). II. Floral development of Agalinis densiflora. American J. Bot. 74: 1419-1430.

Cannon, C. H., & Manos, P. S. 2001. Combining and comparing morphometric shape descriptors with a molecular phylogeny: The case of fruit type evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae). Syst. Biol. 50: 860-880.

Cannon, M. J., & Cannon, J. F. M. 1984. A revision of the Morinaceae (Magnoliophyta - Dipsacales). Bull. British Mus. (Natural Hist.), Bot. Ser. 12(1): 1-35.

Cannon, S. B. [et al. 2010], Ilut, D., Farmer, A. D., Maki, S. L., May, G. D., Singer, S. R., & Doyle, J. J. 2010. Polyploidy did not predate the evolution of nodulation in all legumes. PLoS One 5(7):e11630.

Canright, J. E. 1952. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. I. Trends of specialization in the stamens. American J. Bot. 39: 484-497.

Cantino, P. D. 1990. The phylogenetic significance of stomata and trichomes in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 71: 323-370.

Cantino, P. D. 1992a. Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the Labiatae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 361-379.

Cantino, P. D. 1992b. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Labiatae. Pp. 27-32, in Harley, R. M., & Reynolds, T. (eds), Advances in Labiate Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cantino, P. D. 2004. Phrymaceae. Pp. 323-326, in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Cantino, P. D., & Abu-Asab, M. S. 1993. A new look at the enigmatic genus Wenchengia (Labiatae). Taxon 42: 339-344.

Cantino, P. D., & de Queiroz, K. 2006. PhyloCode: A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature. [http://www.ohio.edu.phylocode].

Cantino, P. D., & Sanders, R. W. 1986. Subfamilial classification of Labiatae. Syst. Bot. 11: 163-185.

Cantino, P. D. [et al. 1992], Harley, R. M., and Wagstaff, S. J. 1992. Genera of the Labiatae, status and classification. Pp. 511-522, in Harley, R. M., & Reynolds, T. (eds), Advances in Labiate Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cantino, P. D. [et al. 2007], Doyle, J. A., Graham, S. W., Judd, W. S., Olmstead, R. G., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., & Donoghue, M. J. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56: 822-846.

Cantley, J. T., & Keeley, S. 2012. Repeated dispersals of Coprosma (Rubiaceae) out of New Zealand indicate an under recognized source of colonists to other Pacific islands. P. 269, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Cantrill, D. J., & Raine, J. I. 2006. Wairarapaia mildenhallii gen. et sp. nov., a new araucarian cone related to Wollemia from the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of New Zealand. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 167: 1259-1269.

Cao, L. M., & Xia, N. H. 2008. Structural characters of leaf epidermis and their systematic significance in Sapindaceae from China. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 30: 405-421. [In Chinese.]

Cao, L. M. [et al. 2008], Xia, N. H., & Deng, Y. F. 2008. Embryology of Handeliodendron bodinieri (Sapindaceae) and its systematic value: Development of male and female gametophytes. Plant Syst. Evol. 274: 17-23.

Capuron, R. 1962. Révision des Rhopalocarpées. Adansonia N.S. 2: 228-267.

Capus, G. 1878. Anatomie du tissu conducteur. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér 6, 7: 209-291, pl. 18-24.

Caputo, P. [et al. 2004], Cozzolino, S., & Moretti, A. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics of Dipsacales reveals parallel trends in seed dispersal syndromes. Plant Syst. Evol. 246: 163-175.

Carafa, A. [et al. 2005], Duckett, J. G., Knox, J. P., & Ligrone, R. 2005. Distribution of cell-wall xylans in bryophytes and tracheophytes: New insights into basal interrelationships of land plants. New Phytol. 168: 231-240.

Carder, A. 1995. Forest Giants of the World: Past and Present. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario.

Cardinal, S. [et al. 2010], Straka, J., & Danforth, B. N. 2010. Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of kleptoparasitism. Proc. National Acad. Sci. 107: 16207-16211.

Cardoso, C. M. V. [et al. 2009], Proença, S. L., & Sajo, M. G. 2009. Foliar anatomy of the subfamily Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae). Australian J. Bot. 57: 148-161.

Cardoso, D. [et al. 2012a], de Lima, H. C., Rodrigues, R. S., de Queiroz, L. P., Pennington, R. T., & Lavin, M. 2012a. The realignment of Acosmium sensu stricto with the Dalbergioid clade (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) reveals a proneness for independent evolution of radial floral symmetry among early-branching papilionoid legumes. Taxon 61: 1057-1073.

Cardoso, D. [et al. 2012b], de Lima, H. C., Rodrigues, R. S., de Queiroz, L. P., Pennington, R. T., & Lavin, M. 2012b. The Bowdichia clade of genistoid legumes: Phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular and morphological data and a recircumscription of Diplotropis. Taxon 61: 1074-1087.

Carey, G. 1934. Further investigations on the embryology of viviparous seeds. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales 59: 392-410, pl. 15.

Carey, G., & Fraser, L. 1932. The embryology and seedling development of Aegiceras majus Gaertn. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales 57: 341-360.

Cargill, D. C. [et al. 2005], Renzaglia, K. S., Villarreal, J. C., & Duff, R. J. 2005. Generic comcepts within hornworts: Historical review, contemporary insights and future directions. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 7-16.

Carine, M. A., & Scotland, R. W. 2000. 68 taxa and 32 characters: Resolving species relationships using morphological data. Pp. 365-384, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Carine, M. A. [et al. 2004], Russell, S. J., Santos-Guerra, A., & Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004. Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: Molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent in Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae). American J. Bot. 91: 1070-1085.

Caris, P., & Smets, E. F. 2004. A floral ontogenetic study on the sister group relationship between the genus Samolus (Primulaceae) and the Theophrastaceae. American J. Bot. 91: 627-643.

Caris, P. [et al. 2000], Ronse Decraene, L. P., Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. 2000. Floral development of three Maesa species, with special emphasis on the position of the genus within Primulales. Ann. Bot. 86: 87-97.

Caris, P. [et al. 2002], Ronse Decraene, L. P., Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. 2002. The uncertain systematic position of Symplocos (Symplocaceae): Evidence from a floral ontogenetic study. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 67-74.

Caris, P. [et al. 2006a], Geuten, K. P., Janssens, S. B., & Smets, E. F. 2006. Floral development in three species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). American J. Bot. 93: 1-14.

Caris, P. [et al. 2006b], Smets, E., de Coster, K., & Ronse De Craene, L. P. 2006. Floral ontogeny of Cneorum tricoccon L. Plant Syst. Evol. 257: 223-232.

Carlquist, S. 1960. Anatomy of Guyana Xyridaceae: Abolboda, Orectanthe, and Achlyphila. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10: 65-117.

Carlquist, S. 1964. Morphology and relationships of Lactoridaceae. Aliso 5: 421-435.

Carlquist, S. 1966. Anatomy of Rapateaceae. Roots and stems. Phytomorph. 16: 17-38.

Carlquist, S. 1969. Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso 7: 13-64.

Carlquist, S. 1976. Tribal interrelationships and phylogeny of the Asteraceae. Aliso 8: 465-492.

Carlquist, S. 1978a. Vegetative anatomy and systematics of Grubbiaceae. Bot. Notis. 131: 117-126.

Carlquist, S. 1978b. Wood anatomy of Bruniaceae: Correlations with ecology, phylogeny, and organography. Aliso 9: 323-364.

Carlquist, S. 1980. Anatomy and systematics of Balanopaceae. Allertonia 2: 191-246.

Carlquist, S. 1981a. Types of cambial activity and wood anatomy of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae). American J. Bot. 68: 778-785.

Carlquist, S. 1981b. Studies in Stylidiaceae: monocotyly in the family; nomenclatural change. Aliso 10: 35-38.

Carlquist, S. 1982. Wood anatomy of Dipsacaceae. Taxon 31: 443-450.

Carlquist, S. 1985a. Vegetative anatomy and familial placement of Tovaria. Aliso 11: 69-76.

Carlquist, S. 1985b. Wood anatomy and familial status of Viviana. Aliso 12: 159-165.

Carlquist, S. 1985c. Wood and stem anatomy of Misodendraceae: Systematic and ecological conclusions. Brittonia 37: 58-75.

Carlquist, S. 1986. Wood anatomy of Stilbaceae and Retziaceae: ecological and systematic implications. Aliso 11: 294-316.

Carlquist, S. 1987a. Wood anatomy of Nolanaceae. Aliso 11: 463-471.

Carlquist, S. 1987b. Wood anatomy of Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae. Aliso 11: 473-483.

Carlquist, S. 1988a. Wood anatomy and relationships of Duckeodendraceae and Goetzeaceae. IAWA Bull. N.S. 9: 3-12.

Carlquist, S. 1988b. Comparative Wood Anatomy. Springer, Berlin.

Carlquist, S. 1989. Wood anatomy and relationships of Montinia. Aliso 12: 369-378.

Carlquist, S. 1990b. Leaf anatomy of Geissolomataceae and Myrothamnaceae as a possible indicator of relationships to Bruniaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 420-428.

Carlquist, S. 1990b. Wood anatomy and relationships of Lactoridaceae. American J. Bot. 77: 1498-1505.

Carlquist, S. 1991a. Wood and bark anatomy of Ticodendron: Comments on relationships. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 97-104.

Carlquist, S. 1991b. Anatomy of vine and liana stems: A review and synthesis. Pp. 53-71, in Putz, F. E., & Mooney, H. A. (eds), The Biology of Vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Carlquist, S. 1992a. Wood anatomy and stem of Chloranthus; summary of wood anatomy of Chloranthaceae, with comments on relationships, vessellessness, and the origin of monocotyledons. IAWA Bull. N.S. 13: 3-16.

Carlquist, S. 1992b. Wood anatomy of sympetalous dicotyledon families: A summary, with comments on systematic relationships end evolution of the woody habit. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 303-332.

Carlquist, S. 1992c. Wood anatomy of selected Cucurbitaceae and its relation to habit and systematics. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 347-355.

Carlquist, S. 1995a. Wood and bark anatomy of Ranunculaceae (including Hydrastis) and Glaucidiaceae. Aliso 14: 65-103.

Carlquist, S. 1995b. Wood anatomy of Ranunculiflorae: A summary. Pp. 11-24, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Carlquist, S. 1996. Wood, bark, and stem anatomy of Gnetales: A summary. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157 (6 Suppl.): S58-67.

Carlquist, S. 1996 [1997a.] Wood anatomy of Akaniaceae and Bretschneideraceae: A case of near-identity and its systematic implications. Syst. Bot. 21: 607-616.

Carlquist, S. 1997b. Pentaphragma: A unique wood and its significance. IAWA Bull. N.S. 18: 3-12.

Carlquist, S. 1996 [1997c]. Wood anatomy of Buddlejaceae. Aliso 15: 41-56.

Carlquist, S. 1998a. Wood anatomy of Resedaceae. Aliso 16: 127-135.

Carlquist, S. 1998b. Wood anatomy of Portulacaceae and Hectorellaceae: Ecological, habital and systematic implications. Aliso 16: 137-153.

Carlquist, S. 1998c. Wood and bark anatomy of Caricaceae; correlations with systematics and habit. IAWA J. 19: 191-206.

Carlquist, S. 1999. Wood, stem and root anatomy of Basellaceae with relation to habit, systematics, and cambial variants. Flora 194: 1-12.

Carlquist, S. 2000a. Wood and stem anatomy of Sarcobatus (Caryophyllales): Systematic and ecological implications. Taxon 49: 27-34.

Carlquist, S. 2000b. Wood and stem anatomy of phytolaccoid and rivinoid Phytolaccaeae (Caryophyllales): Ecology, systematics, nature of successive cambia. Aliso 19: 13-29.

Carlquist, S. 2001a. Observations on the vegetative anantomy of Austrobaileya: Habital, organographic and phylogenetic conclusions. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 135: 1-11.

Carlquist, S. 2001b. Comparative Wood Anatomy: Systematic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Dicotyledon Wood, Ed. 2. Springer, Berlin.

Carlquist, S. 2002a. Wood anatomy of Salvadoraceae: Ecology, relationships, histology of interxylary phloem. J. Torrey Bot. Club 129: 10-20.

Carlquist, S. 2002b. Wood anatomy and successive cambia in Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae): Evidence for inclusion in Caryophyllales s.l. Madroño 49: 158-164.

Carlquist, S. 2002c. Wood and bark anatomy of Myricaceae: Relationships, generic definitions, and ecological interpretations. Aliso 21: 7-29.

Carlquist, S. 2003a. Wood anatomy of Polygonaceae: Analysis of a family with exceptional wood diversity. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 25-51.

Carlquist, S. 2003b. Wood anatomy of Aextoxicaceae and Berberidopsidaceae is compatible with their inclusion in Berberidopsidales. Syst. Bot. 28: 317-325.

Carlquist, S. 2003c. Wood and stem anatomy of woody Amaranthaceae s.s.: Ecology, systematics and the problem of defining rays in dicotyledons. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 143: 1-19.

Carlquist, S. 2004. Lateral meristems, successive cambia and their products: A reinterpretation based on roots and stems of Nyctaginaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 146: 129-143.

Carlquist, S. 2005a. Wood and bark anatomy of Muntingiaceae: A phylogenetic comparison within Malvales s.l. Brittonia 57: 59-67.

Carlquist, S. 2005b. Wood anatomy of Krameriaceae with comparisons with Zygophyllaceae: Phylesis, ecology and systematics. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 149: 257-270.

Carlquist, S. 2006. Asteropeia and Physena (Caryophyllales): A case study in comparative wood anatomy. Brittonia 58: 301-313.

Carlquist, S. 2007a. Successive cambia in Aizoaceae: Products and process. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 153: 141-155.

Carlquist, S. 2007b. Successive cambia revisited: Ontogeny, histology, diversity and functional significance. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 301-332.

Carlquist, S. 2007c. Wood anatomy of Crossosomatales: Patterns of wood evolution with relation to phylogeny and ecology. Aliso 24: 1-18.

Carlquist, S. 2009. Xylem heterochrony: An unappreciated key to angiosperm origin and diversifications. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 26-65.

Carlquist, S. 2010. Caryophyllales: A key group for understanding wood anatomy character states and their evolution. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 164: 342-393.

Carlquist, S. 2012. Monocot xylem revisited: New information, new paradigms. Bot. Rev. 78: 87-150.

Carlquist, S., & Boggs, C. J. 1996. Wood anatomy of Plumbaginaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 123: 135-147.

Carlquist, S., & Donald, C. J. 1996. Wood anatomy of Limnanthaceae and Tropaeolaceae in relation to habit and phylogeny. Sida 17: 333-342.

Carlquist, S., & Grant, J. R. 2005. Wood anatomy of Gentianaceae, tribe Helieae in relation to ecology, habit, systematics, and sample diameter. Brittonia 57: 276-291.

Carlquist, S., & Hoekman, D. A. 1985. Wood anatomy of Staphyleaceae: Ecology, statistical correlations, and systematics. Flora 177: 195-216.

Carlquist, S., & Lowrie, A. 1989. Two new species of Stylidium from Western Australia. Phytologia 67: 368-376.

Carlquist, S., & Miller, R. B. 1999. Vegetative anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). Taxon 48: 289-302.

Carlquist, S., & Miller, R. B. 2001. Wood anatomy of Corynocarpaceae is consistent with its cucurbitalean placement. Syst. Bot. 26: 54-65.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 1997. Origin and nature of vessels in monocotyledons. I. Acorus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: 51-56.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 2001. Vegetative anatomy of the New Caledonian endemic Amborella trichopoda: Relationships with the Illiciales and implications for vessel origin. Pacific Sci. 55: 305-312.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 2004. Pit membrane remnants in perforation plates of Hydrangeales with comments on pit membrane remnant occurrence, physiological significance and phylogenetic distribution in dicotyledons. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 146: 41-51.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 2005. Vestigial pit membrane remnants in perforation plates and helical thickening in vessels of Ericaceae. Nordic J. Bot. 23: 353-363.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 2009. Do tracheid microstructure and presence of minute crystals link Nymphaeaceae, Cabombaceae and Hydatellaceae? Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 572-582.

Carlquist, S., & Schneider, E. L. 2010. Origin and nature of vessels in monocotyledons. 11. Primary xylem microstructure, with examples from Zingiberales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 258-266.

Carlquist, S., & Zona, S. 1988. Wood anatomy of Papaveraceae, with comments on vessel restriction patterns. IAWA Bull. n.s. 9: 253-267.

Carlquist, S. [et al. 1993], Morrell, P. L., & Manchester, S. R. 1993. Wood anatomy of Sabiaceae (s.l.): Ecological and systematic implications. Aliso 13: 521-549.

Carlquist, S. [et al. 1995], Dauer, K., & Nishimura, S. Y. 1995. Wood and stem anatomy of Saururaceae with reference to ecology, phylogeny, and origin of the monocotyledons. IAWA Bull. 16: 133-150.

Carlquist, S. [et al. 2004], Baldwin, B. G., & Carr, G. D. (eds). 2004. Tarweeds and Silverswords: Evolution of the Madiinae (Asteraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis (See also Madiinae Showcase: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/tarweeds.htm.)

Carlson, S. E. [et al. 2009], Mayer, V., & Donoghue, M. J. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and morphological evolution in Dipsacaceae (Dipsacales) inferred by DNA sequence data. Taxon 58: 1075-1091.

Carlson, S. E. [et al. 2012], Linder, H. P., & Donoghue, M. J. 2012. The historical biogeography of Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae): Implications for Old World plant disjunctions. J. Biogeog.

Carlsward, B. S. [et al. 2003], Whitten, W. M., & Williams, N. H. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of leafless Angraecinae (Orchidaceae): Reevaluation of generic concepts. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 43-51.

Carlsward, B. S. [et al. 2006a], Whitten, W. M., Williams, N. H., & Bytebier, B. 2006a. Molecular phylogenetics of Vandeae (Orchidaceae) and the evolution of leaflessness. American J. Bot. 93: 770-786.

Carlsward, B. S. [et al. 2006b], Stern, W. L., & Bytebier, B. 2006b. Comparative vegetative anatomy and systematics of the angraecoids (Vandeae, Orchidaceae) with an emphasis on the leafless habit. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 165-218.

Carlsward, B. S. [et al. 2011], Judd, W. S., Soltis, D. E., Manchester, S., & Soltis. P. S. 2011. Putative morphological synapomorphies of Saxifragales and their major subclades. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5: 179-196.

Carluccio, L. M., Heuber, F. M., & Banks, H. P. 1966. Archaeopteris macilenta, anatomy and morphology of its frond. American J. Bot. 53: 719-730.

Carmichael, J. C., & Friedman, W. E. 1996. Double fertilization in Gnetum gnemon (Gnetaceae) and its bearing on the evolution of sexual reproduction in the anthophyte clade. American J. Bot. 83: 767-780.

Carnachan, S. M., & Harris, P. J. 2000. Ferulic acid is bound to the primary cell walls of all gymnosperm families. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28: 865-879.

Carolan, J. C., Hook, I. L. I., Chase, M. W., Kadereit, J. W., & Hodkinson, T. R. 2006. Phylogenetics of Papaver and related genera based on DNA sequences from ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA and plastid trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacers. Ann. Bot. 98: 141-155.

Carolin, R. C. 1978. The systematic relationship of Brunonia. Brunonia 1: 9-29.

Carolin, R. C. 1993. Portulacaceae. Pp. 544-555, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Carolin, R. C. 2006. Goodeniaceae, pp. 589-598, and Stylidiaceae, pp. 614-620, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Carpenter, C. S. 1975. The morphology and relationships of Oncotheca balansae. Thesis, Master of Arts, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Carpenter, C. S., & Dickison, W. C. 1976. The morphology and relationships of Oncotheca balansae. Bot. Gaz. 137: 141-153.

Carpenter, R. J. 2005. Stomatal architecture and evolution in basal angiosperms. American J. Bot. 92: 1595-1615.

Carpenter, R. J. 2006. Specialized structures in the leaf epidermis of basal angiosperms: Morphology, distribution and homology. American J. Bot. 93: 665-681.

Carpenter, R. J. [et al. 2005], Hill, R. S., & Jordan, G. J. 2005. Leaf cuticular morphology links Platanaceae and Proteaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 843-855.

Carpenter, R. J. [et al. 2007], Jordan, G. J., & Hill, R. S. 2007. A toothed Lauraceae leaf from the early Eocene of Tasmania, Australia. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1191-1198.

Carpenter, R. J. [et al. 2010], Truswell, E. M., & Harris, W. K. 2010. Lauraceae fossils from a volcanic Palaeocene oceanic island, Nintyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean: Ancient long-distance dispersal? J. Biogeog. 37: 1202-1213.

Carr, G. 2001 onwards. Images and descriptions of flowering plant families (as treated by Judd, et al.). Version 15 March 2002. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/phylo_fpfamilies.htm.

Carr, G. W. 2007. Taxonomy of Dianella and implications for conservation. Australasian Plant Conserv. 16(1): 11-13.

Carr, S. G. M., & Carr, D. J. 1961. The functional significance of syncarpy. Phytomorph. 11: 249-256.

Carr, S. G. M., & Carr, D. J. 1966. Cotyledonary stipules in the Myrtaceae. Nature 210: 185-186.

Carrillo-Reyes, P. [et al. 2009], Sosa, V., & Mort, M. E. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of the Acre clade (Crassulaceae): Dealing with the lack of definitions for Echeveria and Sedum. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 53: 267-276.

Carrizo García, C. 2002. An approach to the diversity of endothecial thickenings in Solanaceae. Flora 197: 214-223.

Carrizo García, C. 2003. Combination of sequences of cell divisions in the anther wall formation in Solanaceae species. Flora 198: 243-246.

Carroll, G. 1988. Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecology 69: 2-9.

Carroll, G. 1995. Forest endophytes: Pattern and process. Canadian J. Bot. 73(suppl 1): S1316-1324.

Carrucan, A. E., & Drinnan, A. N. 2000. The ontogenetic basis for floral diversity in the Baeckea sub-group (Myrtaceae). Kew Bull. 55: 593-613.

Carter, S. 1962. Revision of Walleria and Cyanastrum (Tecophilaeaceae). Kew Bull. 16: 185-195.

Carter, S. 2002. Euphorbiaceae. Pp. 99-230, pl. 15-37, in Eggli, U. (ed.), Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Springer, Berlin.

Carter, S. [et al. 2011], Lavranos, J. J., Newton, L. E., & Walker, C. C. 2011. Aloes: The Definitive Guide. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Caruzo, M. B. R. [et al. 2011], van Ee, B. W., Cordeiro, I., Berry, P. E., & Riina, R. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of the "sacaca" clade: Novel relationships of Croton setcion Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 60: 193-206.

Carvalho, F. A., & Renner, S. S. 2012. A dated phylogeny of the papaya family (Caricaceae) reveals the crop's closest relatives and the family's biogeographic history. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 46-53.

Carvalho, M. R. [et al. 2011], Herrera, F. A., Jaramillo, C. A., Wing, S. L., & Callejas, R. 2011. Paleocene Malvaceae from northern South America and their biogeographical implications. American J. Bot. 98: 1337-1355.

Carver, B. F. (ed.). 2009. Wheat: Science and Trade. Wiley-Blackwell.

Casner, K. L., & Pyrcz, T. W. 2010. Patterns and timing of diversification in a tropical montane butterfly genus, Lymanopoda (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Ecography 33: 251-259.

Casper, B. B., & La Pine, T. R. 1984. Changes in corolla color and other floral characteristics in Cryptantha humilis (Boraginacee): cues to discourage pollinators? Evolution 38: 128–141.

Cassady, J. M. [et al. 2004], Chan, K. K., Floss, H. G., & Leistner, E. 2004. Recent developments in maytansinoid antitumor agents. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52: 1-26.

Castel, R. [et al. 2010], Kusters, E., & Koes, R. 2010. Inflorescence development in petunia: Through the maze of botaniocal terminology. J. Experim. Bot. 61: 2235-2246.

Castillo, D. M., & Pawlowska, T. E. 2009. Molecular evolution of bacterial endosymbionts of fungi. P. 249, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Castillo, D. M., & Pawlowska, T. E. 2010. Molecular evolution in bacterial endosymbionts of fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27: 622-636.

Castro, M. A. [et al. 2001], Veaga, A. S., & Múlgura, M. E. 2001. Structure and ultrastructure of leaf and calyx glands in Galphimia brasiliensis (Malpighiaceae). American J. Bot. 88: 1935-1944.

Castro, S. [et al. 2008], Silveira, P., & Navarro, L. 2008. How does secondary pollen presentation affect the fitness of Polygala vayredae (Polygalaceae)? American J. Bot. 95: 706-712.

Caswell, H. [et al. 1973], Reed, F., Stephenson, S. N., & Werner, P. A. 1973. Photosynthetic pathways and selective herbivory: A hypothesis. American Naturalist 107: 465-480.

Catalan, P. [et al. 2007], Inda, L., Torrecilla, P., & Ruiz, T. 2007. Phylogeny of Cleome L. and its close genera Podandrogyne Ducke and Polanisia Raf. (Cleomoideae, Cleomaceae) based on analysis of nuclear ITS sequences and morphology. P. 148, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Catalina Londoño, A. [et al. 1995], Alvarez, E., Forero, E., & Morton, C. M. 1995. A new genus and species of Dipterocarpaceae from the Neotropics. I. Introduction, taxonomy, ecology, and distribution. Brittonia 47: 237-247.

Catalano, S. A. [et al. 2008], Vilardi, J. C., Tosto, D., & Saidman, B. O. 2008. Molecular phylogeny and diversification history of Prosopis (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 93: 621-640.

Catling, D. M. 2010. Vegetative anatomy of Finschia Warb. and its place in Hakeinae (Proteaceae). Telopea 12: 49i-504.

Catling, D. M., & Gates, P. J. 1998. Nodal and leaf anatomy in Grevillea R. Br. (Proteaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 120: 187-227.

Cave, M. S. 1948. Sporogenesis and embryo sac development in Hesperocallis and Leucocoryne in relation to their systematic position. American J. Bot. 35: 343-349.

Cave, M. S. 1955. Sporogenesis and the female gametophyte of Phormium tenax. Phytomorph. 5: 247-253.

Cave, M. S. 1967 [= 1968]. The megagametophyte of Androcymbium. Phytomorph. 17: 233-239.

Cave, M. S. 1975. Embryological studies in Stypandra (Liliaceae). Phytomorph. 25: 95-99.

Cave, M. S. [et al. 1961], Arnott, H. J., & Cook, S. A. 1961. Embryogeny in the California peonies with reference to their taxonomic position. American J. Bot. 48: 397-404.

Cave, R. L., [et al. 2010], Birch, C. J., Hammer, G. L., Erwin, J. E., & Johnston, M. E. 2010. Floral ontogeny in Brunonia australis (Goodeniaceae) and Calandrinia speciosa (Portulacaceae). Australian J. Bot. 58: 61-69.

Caveney, S. [et al. 2001], Charlet, D. A., Freitag, H., Maier-Stolte, M., & Starratt, A. N. 2001. New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae). American J. Bot. 88: 1199-1208.

Cellinese, N. 1997. Notes on the systematics and biogeography of the Sonerila generic alliance (Melastomataceae) with special focus on fruit characters. Trop. Biodivers. 4: 83-93.

Cellinese, N. [et al. 2009], Smith. S. A., Edwards, E. J., Kim, S.-T., Haberle, R. C., Avramakis, M., & Donoghue, M. J. 2009. Historical biogeography of the endemic Campanulaceae of Crete. J. Biogeog. 36: 1253-1269.

Cenci, A. [et al. 2010], Combes, M. C., & Lashermes, P. 2011. Comparative sequence analyses indicate that Coffea (Asterids) and Vitis (Rosids) derive from the same paleo-hexaploid ancestral genome. Mol. Genet. Genom. 283: 493-501.

Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. 1962. Plantules et pollens d’Ombellifères. Mém. Muséum Hist. Naturelle Paris Sér. B, 14: 1–166.

Cerling, T. E. [et al. 1997], Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., Leakey, M. G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., & Ehleringer, J. R. 1997. Global change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389: 153-158.

Cernusak, L. A. [et al. 2011], Winter, K., Martínez, C., Correa, E., Aranda, J., Garcia, M., Jaramillo, C., & Turner, B. L. 2011. Responses of legume versus nonlegume tropical tree seedlings to elevated CO2 concentration. Plant Physiol. 157: 372-385.

Cervantes, A. [et al. 2009], Terrazas, T., & Hernández, H. M. 2009. Foliar architecture and anatomy of Bernandia and other genera of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae). Brittonia 61: 375-391.

Cesalpino, A. 1583. Des plantis libri XVI. Marescottum, Florence.

Cerros-Tlatilpa, R., & Columbus, J. T. 2009. C3 photosynthesis in Aristida longifolia: Implication for photosynthetic diversification in Aristidoideae (Poaceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1379-1387.

Cerros-Tlatilpa, R. [et al. 2011], Columbus, J. T., & Barker, N. P. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Aristida and relatives (Poaceae, Aristidoideae) based on noncoding chloroplast (trnL-F, rpl16) and nuclear (ITS) DNA sequences. American J. Bot. 98: 1868-1886.

Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. [et al. 2008], Estrada-Ruiz, E., & Pérez-Hernández, B. R. 2008. Phytolaccaceae infructescences from Cerro del Pueblo formation, Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian), Coahuila, Mexico. American J. Bot. 95: 77-83.

Chaboo, C. S. 2007. Biology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Bull. American Mus. Natural Hist. 305: 1-250.

Chacón, J. [et al. 2012], Sousa, A., Baeza, C. M., & Renner, S. S.. 2012. Ribosomal DNA distribution and a genus-wide phylogeny reveal patterns of chromosomal evolution in Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 1501-1512.

Chadwell, T. B. [et al. 1992], Wagstaff, S. J., & Cantino, P. D. 1992. Pollen morphology of Phryma and some putative relatives. Syst. Bot. 17: 210-219.

Chai, X.-Y. [et al. 2009), Ren, H.-Y., Xu, Z.-R., Bai, C.-C., Zhou, F.-R., Ling, S.-K., Pu, X.-P., Li, F.-F., & Tu, P.-F. 2009. Investigation of two flacourtiaceae plants: Bennettiodendron leprosipes and Flacourtia ramontchi. Planta Med. 75: 1246-1252

Chalk, L. 1983. Wood structure. Pp. 1-51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe], in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L., Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition. Volume II. Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Chamberlain, C. J. 1935. Gymnosperms. Structure and Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Chambers, J. Q. [et al. 2000], Higuchi, N., Tribuzy, E. S., & Trumbore, S. E. 2000. Carbon sink for a century. Nature 410: 429.

Chambers, K. L. [et al. 2010], Poinar, G. Jr., & Buckley, R. 2010. Tropidogyne, a new genus of early Cretaceous eudicots (Angiospermae) from Burmese amber. Novon 20: 23-29.

Chambers, T. C. [et al. 1998], Drinnan, A. N., & McLoughlin, S. 1998. Some morphological features of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis: Araucariaceae) and their comparison to Cretaceous plant fossils. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 159: 160-171.

Champagne, C. E. M. [et al. 2007], Goliber, T. E., Wojciechowski, M. F., Mei, R. W., Townsley, B. T., Wang, K., Paz, M. M., Geeta, R., & Sinha, N. R. 2007. Compound leaf development and evolution in the legumes. Plant Cell 19: 3369-3378.

Chance, G. D., & Bacon, J. D. 1984. Systematic implications of seed coat morphology in Nama (Hydrophyllaceae). American J. Bot. 71: 829-842.

Chanda, S. 1966. On the pollen morphology of the Centrolepidaceae, Restionaceae and Flagellariaceae, with special reference to taxonomy. Grana 6: 355-415.

Chanda, S., & Ghosh, K. 1976. Pollen morphology and its evolutionary significance in Xanthorrhoeaceae. pp. 527-559, in Ferguson, I. K., & Muller, J. (eds), The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine. Academic Press, London.

Chanderbali, A. S. [et al. 2001], van der Werff, H., & Renner, S. S. 2001. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Lauraceae: Evidence from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 104-134.

Chanderbali, A. S. [et al. 2006], van der Werff, H., Renner, S. S., Zheng, Z., Oppenheimer, D. G., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2006. Genetic footprints of stamen ancestors guide perianth evolution in Persea (Lauraceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 167: 1075-1089.

Chanderbali, A. S. [et al. 2009], Albert, V. A., Leebens-Mack, J., Altman, N. S., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2009. Transcriptional signals of ancient floral developmental genetics in avocado (Persea americana; Lauraceae). Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 8929-2934.

Chanderbali, A. S. [et al. 2010], Yoo, M.-J., Zahn, L. M., Brockington, S. F., Wall, P. K., Gitzendanner, M. A., Albert, V. A., Leebens-Mack, J., Altman, N. S., Ma, H., dePamphilis, C. W., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. 2010. Conservation and canalization of gene expression accompany the oprigin and evolution of the flower. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 22570-22575.

Chandler, B. 1911. Notes on Donatia novae-zelandiae, Hook. f. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 43-47, pl. 58.

Chandler, G. T., & Bayer, R. J. 2000. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Western Australian genus Emblingia based on rbcL sequences. Plant Species Biol. 15: 67-72.

Chandler, G. T., & Plunkett, G. M. 2002. Recent advances in the resolution of intra-ordinal affinities in the Apiales: Evidence from 26S rDNA. P. 117, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Chandler, G. T., & Plunkett, G. M. 2003. The phylogenetic placment and evolutionary significance of the polyphyletic subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae). P. 75, in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Chandler, G. T., & Plunkett, G. M. 2004. Evolution in Apiales: Nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 2: 123-147.

Chandler, G. T. [et al. 2001], Bayer, R. J., & Crisp, M. D. 2001. A molecular phylogeny of the endemic Australian genus Gastrolobium (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) and allied genera using chloroplast and nuclear markers. American J. Bot. 88: 1675-1687.

Chandler, G. T. [et al. 2007], Plunkett, G. M., Pinney, S. M., Cayzer, L. W., & Gemmill, C. E. C. 2007. Molecular and morphological agreement in Pittosporaceae: Phylogenetic analysis with nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-trnF sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 20: 390-401.

Chandler, J. [et al. 2007], Nardmann, J., & Werr, W. 2008. Plant development revolves around axes. Trends Plant Sci. 13: 78-83.

Chang, C.-C. [et al. 2006], Lin, H.-C., Lin, I-P., Chow, T.-Y., Chen, H.-H., Chen, W.-H., Cheng, C-H., Lin, C.-Y., Liu, S.-M., Chang, C.-C., & Chaw, S.-M. 2006. The chloroplast genome of Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Orchidaceae): Comparative analysis of evolutionary rate with that of grasses and its phylogenetic implications. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 279-291.

Chang, Y., & Graham, S. W. 2009. Inference of higher-order relationships in Bryophyta from multiple plastid genes P. 78, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Chang, Y., & Graham, S. W. 2011. Inferring the higher-order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set. American J. Bot. 98: 839-849.

Chapin, F. S. III [et al. 1997], Walker, B. H., Hobbs, R. J., Hooper, D. U., Lawton, J. H., Sala, O. E., & Tilman, D. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277: 500-504.

Chapman, B. A. [et al. 2006], Bowers, J. E., Feltus, F. A., & Paterson, A. H. 2006. Buffering of crucial functions by paleologous duplicated genes may contribute cyclicality to angiosperm genome duplication. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 2730-2735.

Chapman, M. 1936. Carpel anatomy of the Berberidaceae. American J. Bot. 23: 340-348.

Chapman, V. J. 1974. Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World, Ed. 2. J. Cramer, Lehre.

Chappill, J. A. 1994. Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: The development of an explicit hypothesis. Pp. 1-9, in Crisp, M. D., & Doyle, J. J. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Chappill, J. A. [et al. 2007], Wilkins, C. F., & Crisp, M. D. 2007. Taxonomic revision of Jacksonia (Leguminosae: Mirbelieae). Australian Syst. Bot. 20: 473-623.

Charbonnier, M., & Vallade, J. 2011. De l'embryon à la racine des Angiospermes: approche ontophylogénétique. J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 54: 3-26.

Charles M. [et al. 2009], Tang, H., Belcram, H., Paterson, A., Gornicki, P., & Chalhoub, B. 2009. Sixty million years in evolution of soft grain trait in grasses: Emergence of the softness locus in the common ancestor of Poöideae and Ehrhartoideae, after their divergence from Panicoideae. Mol. Biol. Evol.: 1651-61.

Charlesworth, D. [et al. 2005], Vekemans, X., Castric, V., & Glémin, S. 2005. Plant self-incompatibility systems: A molecular evolutionary perspective. New Phytol. 168: 61-69.

Charlton, W. A. 1993. The rotated-lamina syndrome. III. Cases in Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, and Tilia. Canadian J. Bot. 71: 229-247.

Charlton, W. A. 1994. The rotated-lamina syndrome. Relationships between rotation and symmetry in Magnolia and other cases. Canadian J. Bot. 72: 25-38.

Charlton, W. A. 2004. Studies in the Alismataceae. XII. Floral organogenesis in Damasonium alisma and Baldellia ranunculoides, and comparisons with Butomus umbellatus. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 528-539.

Charlton, W. A, & Ahmed, A. 1973. Studies in the Alismataceae. IV. Developmental morphology of Ranalisma humile and comparisons with two members of the Butomaceae, Hydrocleis nymphoides and Butomus umbellatus. Canadian J. Bot. 51: 899-910.

Charpentier, A. [et al. 1989], Brouillet, L., & Barabé, D. 1989. Organogénèse de la fleur pistilée du Begonia dregei et de l'Hillebrandia sandwicensis (Begoniaceae). Canadian J. Bot. 67: 3625-3639.

Chase, A. 1964. First Book of Grasses. The Structure of Grasses Explained for Beginners. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Chase, M. W. 1987. Obligate twig epiphytes in the Oncidiinae and other neotropical orchids. Selbyana 10: 24-30.

Chase, M. W. 2003. The origin and biogeography of Orchidaceae. Pp. 1-5, in Pridgeon, A. M., Cribb, P. J., Chase, M. W., & Rasmussen, F. N. (eds), Genera orchidacearum. Volume 3. Orchidoideae (Part 2), Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Chase, M. W. 2004. Monocot relationships: An overview. American J. Bot. 91: 1645-1655.

Chase, M. W. 2005. Relationships between the families of flowering plants. Pp. 7-23, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CAB International, Wallingford.

Chase, M. W., & Hills, H. G. 1992. Orchid phylogeny, flower sexuality, and fragrance-seeking bees. Bioscience 42: 43-49.

Chase, M. W., & Palmer, J. D. 1997. Leapfrog radiation in floral and vegetative traits among twig epiphytes in the orchid subtribe Onchidiinae. Pp. 331-352, in Givnish, T. J., & Sytsma, K. J. (eds), Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Chase, M. W., & Pippen, J. S. 1988. Seed morphology in the Oncidiinae and related subtribes (Orchidaceae). Syst. Bot. 13: 313-323.

Chase, M. W., & Reveal, J. L. 2009. A phylogenetic classification of land plants to accompany APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 122-127.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 1993], Soltis, D. E., Olmstead, R. G., Morgan, D., Les, D. H., Mishler, B. D., Duvall, M. R., Price, R. A., Hills, H. G., Qiu, Y.-L., Kron, K. A., Rettig, J. H., Conti, E., Palmer, J. D., Manhart, J. R., Sytsma, K. J., Michaels, H. J., Kress, W. J., Karol, K. G., Clark, W. D., Hedrén, M., Gaut, B. S., Jansen, R. K., Kim, K.-J., Wimpee, C. F., Smith, J. F., Furnier, G. R., Strauss, S. H., Xiang, Q.-Y., Plunkett, G. M., Soltis, P. S., Swensen, S. M., Williams, S. E., Gadek, P. A., Quinn, C. J., Eguiarte, L. E., Golenberg, E., Learn, G. H., Jr., Graham, S. W., Barrett, S. C. H., Dayanandan, S., & Albert, V. A. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528-580.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 1995a], Duvall, M. R., Hills, H. G., Conran, J. G., Cox, A. V., Eguiarte, L. E., Hartwell, J., Fay, M. F., Caddick, L. R., Cameron, K. M., & Hoot, S. 1995a. Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae. Pp. 109-137, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 1995b], Stevenson, D. W., Wilkin, P., & Rudall, P. 1995b. Monocot systematics: A combined analysis. Pp. 685-730, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 1996], Rudall, P. J., & Conran, J. G. 1996. New circumscriptions and a new family of asparagoid lilies: Genera formerly included in Anthericaceae. Kew Bull. 51: 667-680.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 1999], Morton, C. M., & Kallunki, J. A. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: A cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from rbcL and atpB sequence variation. American J. Bot. 86: 1191-1199.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2000a], Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Rudall, P. J., Fay, M. F., Hahn, W. H., Sullivan, S., Joseph, J., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., Givnish, T. J., Sytsma, K. J., & Pires, J. C. 2000a. Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. Pp. 3-16, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2000b], de Bruijn, A. Y., Cox, A. V., Reeves, G., Rudall, P. J., Johnson, M. A. T., & Eguiarte, L. E. 2000b. Phylogenetics of Asphodelaceae (Asparagales): An analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences. Ann. Bot. 86: 935-951.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2000c], Rudall, P. J., Fay, M. F., & Stobart, K. L. 2000c. Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. Kew Bull. 55: 865-870.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2002], Zmarzty, S., Lledó, M. D., Wurdack, K. J., Swensen, S. M., & Fay, M. F. 2002. When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences. Kew Bull. 57: 141-181.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2003], Freudenstein, J. F., & Cameron, K. M. 2003. DNA data and Orchidaceae systematics: A new phylogenetic classification. Pp. 69-89, in Dixon, K. W., Pell, S. P., Barrett, R. L., & Cribb, P. J. (eds), Orchid Conservarion. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2005], Hanson, L., Albert, V. A., Whitten, W. M., & Williams, N. H. 2005. Life history evolution and genome size in subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 95: 191-199.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2006], Fay, M. F., Devey, D., Maurin, O., Rønsted, N., Davies, J., Pillon, Y., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Tamura, M. N., Asmussen, C. B., Hilu, K., Borsch, T., Davis, J. I., Stevenson, D. W., Pires, J. C., Givnish, T. J., Sytsma, K. J., McPherson, M. A., Graham, S. W., & Rai, H. S. 2006. Multigene analyses of monocot relationships: A summary. Pp. 63-75, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 63-75.]

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2009a], Williams, N. H., de Faria, A. D., Neubig, K. M., Amaral, M. do C. E., & Whitten, W. M. 2009a. Floral convergence in Oncidiinae (Cymbidieae; Orchidaceae): An expanded concept of Gomesa and a new genus Nohawilliamsia. Ann. Bot. 104: 387-402.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2009b], Reveal, J. W., & Fay, M. F. 2009b. A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagelean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 132-136.

Chase, M. W. [et al. 2009c], Christenhusz, M. J. M., Sanders, D., & Fay, M. F. 2009c. Murderous plants: Victorian Gothic, Darwin and modern insights into vegetable carnivory. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 329-356.

Chassot, P. [et al. 2001], Nemomissa, S., Yuan, Y.-M., & Küpfer, P. 2001. High paraphyly of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella-lineage as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Plant Syst. Evol. 229: 1-21.

Chassot, P., & von Hagen, K. B. 2008. Pollen morphology of the Swertiinae (Gentianaceae): Phylogenetic implications. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 157: 323-341.

Chat, J. [et al. 2003], Decroocq, S., & Petit, R. J. 2003. A one-step organelle capture: Gynogenetic kiwifruits with paternal chloroplasts. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 270: 783-789

Chatin, A. 1870. De l'anthère. Baillière, Paris.

Chatin, J. 1874. Études sur le développement de l'ovule et de la graine dans les Scrofularinées, Les Solanacées, Les Borranginées et les Labiées. Ann. Sci. Natur. Bot. Sér. 5, 19: 5-107, pl. 1-8.

Chatrou, L. W. 2003. Myristicinae, a new suborder within Magnoliales. Taxon 52: 277-279.

Chatrou, L. W. [et al. 2012], Pirie, M. D., Erkens, R. H. J., Couvreur,T. L. P., Neubig, K. M., Abbott, J. R., Mols, J. B., Maas, J. S., Saunders, R. M. K., & Chase, M. W. 2012. A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 5-40.

Chattaway, M. M. 1933a. Ray development in the Sterculiaceae. Forestry 7: 93-108.

Chattaway, M. M. 1933b. Tile cells in the rays of the Malvales. New Phytol. 32: 261-273, pl. 9.

Chattaway, M. M. 1937. The wood anatomy of the Sterculiaceae. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 228: 313-365.

Chaveau, O. [et al. 2011], Eggers, L., Raquin, C., Silvério, A., Brown, S., Couloux, A., Cruaud, C., Kaltchuk-Santos, E., Yockteng, R., Souza-Chies, T. T., & Nadot, S. 2011. Evolution of oil-producing trichomes in Sisyrichium (Iridaceae): Insights from the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus. Ann. Bot. 107: 1287-1312.

Chauveau O. [et al. 2012], Eggers, L., Souza-Chies, T. T., & Nadot, S. 2012. Oil-producing flowers within the Iridoideae (Iridaceae): Evolutionary trends in the flowers of the New World genera. Ann. Bot. 110: 713-729.

Chaw, S.-M. [et al. 2000], Parkinson, C. L., Cheng, Y., Vincent, T. M., & Palmer, J. D. 2000. Seed plant monophyly inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 4086-4091.

Chaw, S.-M. [et al. 2004], Chang, C.-C., Chen, H.-L., & Li, W.-H. 2004. Dating the monocot-dicot divergence and the origin of core eudicots using whole chloroplast genomes. J. Mol. Evol. 58: 424-441.

Chaw, S.-M. [et al. 2005], Walters, T. W., Chang, C.-C., Hu, S.-H., & Chen, S. H. 2005. A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast matK, trnK, and nuclear rDNA ITS region. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 37: 214-234.

Chaw, S.-M. [et al. 2008], Shih, A. C.-C., Wang, D., Wu, Y.-W., Liu, S.-M., & Chou, T.-Y. 2008. The mitochondrial genome of the gymnosperm Cycas taitungensis contains a novel family of short interspersed elements, Bpu sequences, and abundant RNA editing sites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 603-615.

Chayamarit, K. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Anacardiaceae in Thailand. Thai Forest Bull. 25: 1-13.

Cheah, C. H., & Stone, B. C. 1975. Embryo sac and microsporangium development in Pandanus (Pandanaceae). Phytomorph. 25: 228-238.

Cheadle, V. I. 1944. Specialization of vessels within the xylem of each organ in the Monocotyledoneae. American J. Bot. 31: 81-92.

Cheadle, V. I. 1953. Independent origin of vessels in the monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Phytomorph. 3: 23-44.

Cheadle, V. I. 1955. The taxonomic use of specialization of vessels in the metaxylem of Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Restionaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 36: 141-157.

Cheadle, V. I. 1963 [= 1964]. Vessels in Iridaceae. Phytomorph. 13: 245-248.

Cheadle, V. I. 1968 [= 1969a]. Vessels in Haemodorales. Phytomorph. 18: 412-420.

Cheadle, V. I. 1969 [= 1969b]. Vessels in Amaryllidaceae and Tecophilaeaceae. Phytomorph. 19: 8-16.

Cheadle, V. I. 1970. Vessels in Pontederiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae and Trilliaceae. Pp. 45-50, in Robson, N. K. B., Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), New Research in Plant Anatomy. Academic Press, London. [Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 63: suppl. 1.]

Cheadle, V. I., & Kosakai, H. 1971 [= 1972]. Vessels in Liliaceae. Phytomorph. 21: 320-333.

Cheek, M. R. 2003a. Kupeaeae, a new tribe of triuridaceae from Africa. Kew Bull. 58: 939-949.

Cheek, M. R. 2003b. A new species of Afrothismia (Burmanniaceae) from Kenya. Kew Bull. 58: 951-955.

Cheek, M. R. 2007. Bombacaceae, p. 65, Brownlowiaceae, p. 71, Byttneriaceae, p. 76, Durionaceae, p. 134, Helicteraceae, pp. 202-202, Pentapetaceae, pp. 247-248, Sparmanniaceae, pp. 307-308, Sterculiaceae, pp. 311-312, and Tiliaceae, pp. 321-322, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cheek, M. R., & Jebb, M. 2001. Nepenthaceae. Pp. 1-157, in Nooteboom, H. P. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 15. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Chemisquy, M. A. [et al. 2010], Giussani, L. M., Scataglini, M. A., Kellogg, E. A., & Morrone, O. 2010. Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): A combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus. Ann. Bot. 106: 107-130.

Chen, C. [et al. 2007], Gao, M., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. 2007. Fungal symbiosis in rice requires an ortholog of a legume common symbiosis gene encoding a Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Plant Physiol. 145: 1619-1628.

Chen, C. [et al. 2009], Fan, C., Gao, M., & Zhu, H. 2009. Antiquity and function of CASTOR and POLLUX, the twin ion channel-encoding genes key to the evolution of root symbioses in plants. Plant Physiol. 149: 306-317.

Chen, F. [et al. 2012], Tobimatsu, Y., Havkin-Frenkel, D., Dixon, R. A., & Ralkph, J. 2012. A polymer of coffeyl alcohol in plant seeds. Proc. National Acad Sci. U.S.A. 109: 1772-1777.

Chen, G. [et al. 2007], Sun, W.-B., Han, C.-Y., & Coombes, A. 2007. Karyomorphology of the endangered Trigonobalanus doichangensis (A. Camus) Forman (Fagaceae) and its taxopnomic and biogeographic implications. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 154: 321-330.

Chen, I., & Manchester, S. R. 2007. Seed morphology of modern and fossil Ampelocissus (Vitaceae) and implications for phytogeography. American J. Bot. 94: 1534-1553.

Chen, I., & Manchester, S. R. 2011. Seed morphology of Vitacea. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 1-35.

Chen, I. [et al. 2004], Manchester, S. R., & Chen, Z. 2004. Anatomically-preserved seeds of Nuphar from the early Eocene of Wutu, Shandong Province, China. American J. Bot. 91: 1265-1272.

Chen, J. H. [et al. 2010], Sun, H., Wen, J., & Yang, Y.-P. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Salix L. (Salicaceae) inferred from three chloroplast datasets and its systematic implications. Taxon 59: 29-37.

Chen, J.-J. [et al. 2011], Hung, H.-C., Sung, P.-J., Chen, I.-S., & Kuo, W. L. 2011. Aporphine alkaloids and cytotoxic lignans from the roots of Illigera luzonenesis. Phytochem. 72: 523-532.

Chen, J.-M. [et al. 2004a], Chen, D., Robert, G. W., Wang, Q.-F., & Guo, Y.-H. 2004a. Evolution of apocarpy in Alismatidae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast rbcL sequence data. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 45: 33-40.

Chen, J.-M. [et al. 2004b], Robert, G. W., & Wang, Q.-F. 2004b. Evolution of aquatic life forms in Alismatidae: Phylogenetic estimation from chloroplast rbcL sequence data. Israel J. Plant Sci. 52: 323-329.

Chen, L. [et al. 2007], Ren, Y., Endress, P. K., Tian, X. H., & Zhang, X. H. 2007. Floral organogenesis in Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) and its systematic significance. Plant Syst. Evol. 264: 183-193.

Chen, L. [et al. 2009], Li, J.-Q., Wang, H.-C., Li, X.-W., & Peng, Y.-S. 2009. Lithocarpus longzhouicus comb. nov. (Fagaceae) from China: Based on morphological and molecular data. Nordic J. Bot. 27: 90-96.

Chen, L[ei]., [et al. 2009], Su, Y.-F., Yin, Z.-Y., Luo, X.-H., Wu, Z.-H., Gao, X.-M., & Zhang, B.-L. 2009. Flavonoids from Disporum cantoniense (Liliaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 37: 609-612.

Chen, L.-Y. [et al. 2012], Chen, J.-M., Gituru, R. W., Temam, T. D., & Wang, Q.-F. 2012. Generic phylogeny and historical biogeography of Alismataceae, inferred from multiple DNA sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 407-416.

Chen, P. [et al. 2011], Chen, L., & Wen, J. 2011. The first phylogenetic analysis of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., the host of Rafflesiaceae. Taxon 60: 499-512.

Chen, P. [et al. 2012], Wen, J., & Chen, L. 2012. Spatial and temporal diversification of Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Gard. Bull. Singapore 63: 307-327.

Chen, S.-C. [et al. 2006a], Qiu, Y.-X., Wang, A.-L., Cameron, K. M., & Fu, C. X. 2006a. A phylogenetic analysis of Smilacaceae based on morphological data. Acta Phytotax. Sinica 44: 113-125.

Chen, S.-C. [et al. 2006b], Zhang, X.-P., Ni, S.-F., Fu, C.-X., & Cameron, K. M. 2006b. The systematic value of pollen morphology in Smilacaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 259: 19-37.

Chen, S.-C. [et al. 2007], Yang, H., Li, S., Zhu, J., & Fu, C.-X. 2007. Bayesian inference and its application in the molecular phylogeny of Liliales. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 29: 161-166. [In Chinese.]

Chen, S.-K. 1981. A study on the Stachyuraceae from China. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 3: 125-137. [In Chinese.]

Chen, S. Y. [et al. 2005], Xia, T., Wang, Y. J., Liu, J. Q., & Shen, S. L. 2005. Molecular systematics and biogeography of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences. Ann. Bot. 96: 413-424.

Chen, Y.-H. [et al. 2007], Li, H.-J., Shi, D.-Q., Yuan, L., Sreenhivasan, R., Baskar, R., Grossniklaus, U., & Yang, W.-C. 2007. The central cell plays a critical role in pollen tube guidance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19: 3563-3577.

Chen, Y.-J. [et al. 2009], Chen, S.-H., Huang, T.-C., & Wu, M.-J. 2009. Polllen morphology of the Philippine species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae a.l.). Blumea 54: 47-58.

Chen, Z.-D. [et al. 1999], Manchester, S. R., & Sun, H.-Y. 1999. Phylogeny and evolution of Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and paleobotany. American J. Bot. 86: 1168-1181.

Chen, Z., & Zhu, D. 1987. Aristolochia alkaloids. Pp. 29-65, in Brossi, A. (ed.), Tha Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Academic Press, San Diego.

Chen, Z. K., & Wang, F. H. 1990. On the embryology and relationship of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae. Cathaya 2: 41-52.

Chenery, E. M. 1948. Aluminium in the plant world. Part 1, general survey in dicotyledons. Kew Bull. 1948, 173-183.

Cheng, Y. [et al. 2000], Nicolson, R. G., Tripp, K., & Chaw, S.-M. 2000. Phylogeny of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae genera inferred from chloroplast matK gene and nuclear rDNA ITS region. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 14: 353-365.

Cherry, W. [et al. 2001], Gadek, P. A., Brown, E. A., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2001. Pentachondra dehiscens sp. nov. - an aberrant new member of Styphelieae. Australian Syst. Bot. 14: 513-533.

Chesnoy, L. 1987. L'origine d'organites du cytoplasme embryonnaire chez les gymnospermes. Bull. Soc. Bot. France Actual Bot. 134(2): 51-56.

Chesselet, P. [et al. 1995], Mössmer, & Smith, G. F. 1995. Research priorities in the succulent plant family Mesembryanthaceae Fenzl. South African J. Sci. 91: 192-209.

Chesselet, P. [et al. 2002], Smith, G. F., & van Wyk, A. E. 2002. A new tribal classification of Mesembryanthemaceae: Evidence from floral nectaries. Taxon 51: 295-308.

Chesselet, P. [et al. 2004], van Wyk, A. E., & Smith, G. F. 2004. Mesembryanthemaceae. A new tribe and adjustments to infrafamilial classification. Bothalia 31: 47-51.

Chew, F. S. 1979. Cabbage butterflies as indicators of chemical relationships among some Nearctic Cruciferae. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 22(4): 100-106.

Chew, F. S. 1988. Searching for defensive chemistry in the Cruciferae, or, Do glucosinolates always control interactions of Cruciferae with their potential herbivores and symbionts? No! Pp. 81-112, in Spencer, K. C. (ed.), Chemical Mediation of Coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego.

Chiarini, F. E. [et al. 2010], Moreno, N. C., Barboza, G. E., & Bernardello, G. 2010. Karyoptype characterization of Andean Solanoideae (Solanaceae). Caryologia 63: 278-291.

Chikkannaiah, P. S. 1963. Embryology of some members of the family Commelinaceae; Commelina subulata Roth. Phytomorph. 13: 174-184.

Chikkannaiah, P. S., & Mahalingappa, M S. 1974. Embryological studies in Ochna squarrosa Linn. J. Karnatak Univ. Sci., 19: 247-249.

Child, A., & Lester, R. N. 1991. Life form and branching within the Solanaceae. Pp. 151-160, in Hawkes, J. G., Lester, R. N., Nee, M., & Estrada R., N. (eds), Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Chilvers, G. A., & Pryor, L. D. 1965. The structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas. Australian J. Bot. 13: 245-259.

Chin, L. [et al. 2010], Moran, J. A., & Clarke, C. 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species form Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytol. 186: 461-470.

Chinnock, R. J. 2007. Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. Rosenberg, Dural Delivery Centre, N.S.W.

Chiron, G. R. [et al. 2012], Guiard, J., & van den Berg, C. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships in Brazilian Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae, Orchidaceae): Evidence fom nuclear ITS rDNA sequences. Phytotaxa 46: 34-48.

Chirtoiü, M. M. 1918. Observations sur les Lacistema et la situation systématique de ce genre. Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève 10: 317-361.

Chisté, R. C., & Mercadante, A. Z. 2012. Indentification and quantification, by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, of carotenoids and phenolic compounds from the Amazonian fruit Caryocar villosum. J. Agric. Food Chem.

Chittka, L. 1996. Does bee color vision predate the evolution of flower color? Naturwiss. 83: 136-138.

Chitwood, D. H. [et al. 2012], Headland, L. R., Ranjan, A., Martinez, C. C., Braybrook, S. A., Koenig, D. P., Kuhlemeier, C., Smith, R. S., & Sinha, N. R. 2012. Leaf asymmetry as a developmental constraint imposed by auxin-dependent phyllotactic patterning.

Plant Cell 24: 2318-23271.

Chmura, G. L. 2011. What do we need to assess the sustainability of the tidal salt marsh carbon sink? Ocean Coastal Manage. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.006

Cho, S. [et al. 2011], Zwick, A., Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Cummings, M. P., Yao, J., Du Z., Zhao, H., Kawahara, A. Y., & Weller, S. 2011. Can deliberately incomplete gene sample augmentation improve a phylogeny estimate for the advanced moths and butterflies (Hexapoda: Lepidoptera)? Syst. Biol. 60: 782-796.

Cho, Y. [et al. 2004], Mower, J. P., Qiu, Y.-L., & Palmer, J. D. 2004. Mitochondrial substitution rates are extraordinarily elevated and variable in a genus of flowering plants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 17741-17746.

Chochai, A. [et al. 2012], Leitch, I. J., Ingrouille, M. J., & Fay, M. F. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics of Paphiopedilum (Cypripedioideae; Orchidaceae) based on plastid nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid sequiences. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 170: 176-196.

Choi, H. J. [et al. 2011], Davis, A. R., & Cota-Sánchez, J. H. 2011. Comparative floral structure of four New World Allium (Amaryllidaceae) species. Syst. Bot. 36: 870-882.

Choi, H. J. [et al. 2012], Giussani, L. M., Jang, C. G., Oh, B. U., & Cota-Sánchez, J. H. 2012. Systematics of disjunct northeastern Asian and northern North American Allium (Amaryllidaceae) species. Botany. 90: 491-508.

Choi, Y.-J. [et al. 2009], Shin, H.-D., & Thines, M. 2009. The host range of Albugo candida extends from Brassicaceae through Cleomaceae to Capparaceae. Mycol. Prog. 8: 329-335.

Choob, V. V. 2001. Patterns of flower and inflorescence architecture in Crocus L. (Iridaceae). Annali Bot. n.s. 1: 91-104.

Choob, V. V., & Mavrodiev, E. V. 2001. Morphological characters of the leaf series in the Commelinaceae family with special emphasis on the number of prophylls and their homology in monocots. Bot. Zhurn. 26: 1-11. [In Russian.]

Chopra, R. N. 1955. Some observations on endosperm development in Cucurbitaceae. Phytomorph. 5: 219-230.

Chorinsky, F. 1931. Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchung der Haargebilde bei Portulacaceen und Cactaceen. Oesterreichisches Bot. Zeitschr. 80: 308-327.

Chormansky, T. A., & Richards, J. H. 2012. An architectural model for the bladderwort Utricularia gibba (Lentibulariaceae). J. Torrey Bot. Sci. 139: 137-148.

Chouteau, M. [et al. 2009], Barabé, D., & Gibernauu, M. 2009. Flowering and thermogenetic cycles in two species of Monstera [Araceae]. Bull. Soc. Hist. Natur. Toulouse 145: 5-10.

Christelova, P. [et al. 2011], Valarik, M., Hribova, E., de Langhe, E., & Dolezel, J. 2011. A multi gene sequence-based phylogeny of the Musaceae (banana) family. BMC Ecol. Biol. 11: 103.

Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. Danaea (Marattiaceae) revisited: Biodiversity, a new classification and ten new species of a Neotropical fern genus. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 360-385.

Christenhusz, M. J. M. [et al. 2008], Tuomisto, H., Metzgar, J. S., & Pryer, K. M. 2008. Evolutionary relationships within the Neotropical, eusporangiate fern genus Danaea (Marattiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 34-48.

Christenhusz, M. J. M. [et al. 2010], Fay, M. F., Clarkson, J. J., Gasson, P., Morales Can, J., Jiménez Barrios, J. B., & Chase, M. W. 2010. Petaeaceae, a new angiosperm family with a distant relarionship to Gerradina (Gerrardinaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 164: 16-25.

Christenhusz, M. J. M. [et al. 2011a], Zhang, X.-C., & Schneider, H. 2011a. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7-54.

Christenhusz, M. J. M. [et al. 2011b], Reveal, J. L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M. F., Mill, R. R., & Chase, M. W. 2011b. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55-70.

Christensen, D. E. 1994. Fly pollination in the Orchidaceae. Pp. 415-454, in Arditti, J. (ed.), Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives VI. John Wiley, London.

Christie, F. [et al. 2012], Barber, S., & Möller, M. 2012. New chromosome counts in Old World Gesneriaceae: Numbers for species hitherto regarded as Chirita, and their systematic and evolutionary significance. Edinburgh J. Bot. 69: 323-345.

Christin, P. A., & Besnard, G. 2009. Two independent C4 origins in Aristidoideae (Poaceae) revealed by the recruitment of distinct phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes. American J. Bot. 96: 2234-2239.

Christin, P. A. [et al. 2007a], Salamin, N., Savolainen, V., & Besnard, G. 2007a. A phylogenetic study of the phosphoenolpyruvate caboxlase multigene family in Poaceae: Understanding the molecular changes linked to C4 photosynthesis evolution. Kew Bull. 62: 455-462.

Christin, P. A. [et al. 2007b], Salamin, N., Savolainen, V., Duvall, M., & Besnard, G. 2007b. C4 photosynthesis evolved in grasses via parallel adaptive genetic changes. Curr. Biol. 17: 1241-1247.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2008a], Besnard, G., Samaritani, E., Duvall, M. R., Hodkinson, T. R., Savolainen, V., & Salamin, N. 2008a. Oligocene CO2 decline promoted C4 photosynthesis in grasses. Curr. Biol. 18: 37-43.

Christin, P. A. [et al. 2008b], Salamin, N., Muasya, A. M., Roalson, E. H., Russier, F., & Besnard, G. 2008b. Evolutionary switch and genetic convergence on rbcL following the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 2361-2368.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2009a], Petitpierre, B., Salamin, N., Büchi, L., & Besnard, G. 2009a. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in grasses, from genotype to phenotype. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 357-365.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2009b], Salamin, N., Kellogg, E. A., Vicentini, A., & Besnard, G. 2009b. Integrating phylogeny into studies of C4 variation in grasses. Plant Physiol. 149: 82-87.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2010a], Freckleton, R. P., & Osborne, C. P. 2010a. Can phylogenetics identify C4 origins and reversals? Trends Ecol. Evol. 25: 403-409.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2010b], Edwards, E., & Sage, R. F. 2010b. Phylogenetics of Molluginaceae and evolution of C4 photosynthesis. P. 162, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2011a], Sage, T. L., Edwards, E. J., Ogburn, R. M., Khoshravesh, R., & Sage, R. F. 2011a. Complex evolutionary transitions and the significance of C3-C4 intermediate forms of photosynthesis in Molluginaceae. Evolution 65: 643-660.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2011b], Osborne, C. P., Sage, R. F., Arakaki, M., & Edwards, E. J. 2011b. C4 eudicots are not younger than C4 monocots. J. Experim. Bot. 62: 3171-3181.

Christin, P.-A. [et al. 2012], Edwards, E. J., Besnard, G., Boxall, S. F., Grogeory, R., Kellogg, E. A., Hartwell, J., & Osborne, C. P. 2012. Adaptve evolution of C4 photosynthesis through recurrent lateral gene transfer. Curr. Biol. 22: 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.054.

Christman, M. C., & Sperry, J. S. 2010. Single-vessel flow measurements indicate scalariform perforation plates confer higher flow resistance than previously measured. Plant Cell Environm. 33: 431-443.

Christmann, M. 1986. Beiträge zur Histologie der Annonaceen-Samen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 106: 379-390.

Christophel, D. C., & Hyland, B. P. M. 1993. Leaf Atlas of Australian Tropical Rainforest Trees. C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

Christophel, D. D. [et al. 1996], Kerrigan, R., & Rowett, A. I. 1996. The use of cuticular features in the taxonomy of the Lauraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 419-432.

Christopher, R. A. 1979. Normapolles and triporate pollen assemblages from the Raritan and Magothy formations (Upper Cretaceous) of New Jersey. Palynol. 3: 73-121.

Chuang, T. I., & Ornduff, R. 1992. Seed morphology and systematics of Menyanthaceae. American J. Bot. 79: 1396-1406.

Chumley, T. W. [et al. 2008], McCoy, S. K. R., & Raubeson, L. A. 2008. Gne-deep: Exploring gnetalean affinities in seed plant phylogeny with 83 plastid genes. P. 95, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Chumley, T. W. [et al. 2006], Palmer, J. D., Mower, J. P., Fourcade, H. M., Calie, P. J., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2006. The complete genome sequence of Pelargonium x hortorum: Organization and evolution of the largest and most highly rearranged chloroplast genome of land plants. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 2175-2190.

Chung, K. F. 2007. Inclusion of the South Pacific alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae) in Chaerophyllum based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 671-681.

Chung, K. F. [et al. 2005], Ping, C.-I, Downie, S. R., Spalik, K., " Schaal, B. A. 2005. Molecular systematics of the trans-Pacific genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae): Phylogenetic affinities and biogeographic implications. American J. Bot. 92: 2054-2071.

Chung, K.-F. [et al. 2012], Leong, W.-C., Liu, Y., Rubite, R. R., Repin, R., & Peng, C. I. 2012. Phylogenetic affinity of the enigmatic Begonia sinofloribunda sheds light on the evolution of the Sino-Vietnamese limestone flora. P. 187, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Chung, K.-C. [et al. 2010], Elisens, W. J., & Skvarla, J. J. 2010. Pollen morphology and its phylogenetic significance in tribe Sanguisorbeae (Rosaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 285: 139-148.

Chung, K. S. [et al. 2012], Hipp, A. L., & Roalson, E. H. 2012. Chromosome number evolves independently of genome size in a clade with non-localized centromeres (Carex: Cyperaceae). Evolution 66: 2708-2722.

Chung, R. C. K., & Lim, A. L. 1998. The embryology of Averrhoa (Oxalidaceae). Sandakania 12: 37-55.

Chung, S.-M. [et al. 2003], Decker-Walters, D. S., & Staub, J. E. 2003. Genetic relationships within the Cucurbitaceae as assessed by consensus chloroplast simple sequence repeats (ccSSR) marker and sequence analysis. Canadian J. Bot. 81: 814-832.

Chuong, S. D. X. [et al. 2006], Franceschi, V. R., & Edwards, G. E. 2006. The cytoskeleton maintains organelle partitioning required for single cell C4 photosynthesis in Chenopodiaceae species. Plant Cell 18: 2207-2223.

Ciadella, A. M. [et al. 2010], Salariato, D. L., Aagesen, L., Giussani, L. M., Zuloaga, F. O., & Morrone, O. 2010. Phylogeny of the New World Stipeae (Poaceae): An evaluation of the monophyly of Aciachne and Amelichloa. Cladistics 26: 563-578.

Ciaffi, W. [et al. 2011], Paolacci, A. R., Tanzarella, O. A., & Porceddu, E. 2011. Molecular aspects of flower development in grasses. Sex Plant Reprod. 24: 247-282.

Cibrián-Jaramillo, A. [et al. 2010], de la Torre-Bárcena, J. E., Lee, E. K., Katari, M. S., Little, D. P., Stevenson, D. W., Martienssen, R., Coruzzi, G. M., & DeSalle, R. 2010. Using phylogenomic patterns and gene ontology to identify proteins of importance in plant evolution. Genome Biol. Evol. 2: 225–239.

Cieslak, T. [et al. 2005], Polepalli, J. S., White, A., Müller, K., Borsch, T., Barthlott, W., Steiger, J., Marchant, A., & Legrende, L. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae): Chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology support several geographically distinct radiations. American J. Bot. 92: 1723-1736.

Cieślicka, D. 2006. The problem of infrageneric classification of Eulophia R. Br. ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae, Cymbidiinae). Biodivers. Res. Conserv. 3-4: 210-212.

Cisneros, A. [et al. 2011], Garcia, R. B., & Tel-Zur, N. 2011. Ovule morphology, embryogenesis and seed development in three Hylocereus species (Cactaceae). Flora 206: 1076-1084.

Cisternas, M. A. [et al. 2012], Salazar, G. A., Verdugo, G., Novoa, P., Calderón, X., & Negritto, M. A. 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of Chloraeinae (Orchidaceae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 168: 258-277.

Citerne, H. [et al. 2000], Möller, M., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 2000. Diversity of cycloidea-like genes in Gesneriaceae in relation to floral symmetry. Ann. Bot. 86: 167-176.

Citerne, H. [et al. 2004], Luo, D., Pennington, R. T., Coen, E., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 2004. A phylogeniomic investigation of CYCLOIDEA-like TCP genes in the Leguminosae. Plant Physiol. 131: 1042-1053.

Citerne, H. [et al. 2006], Pennington, R. T., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 2006. An apparent reversal in floral symmetry in the legume Cadia is a homeotic transformation. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 12017-12020.

Civeyrel, L. [et al. 1998], Le Thomas, A., Ferguson, K., & Chase, M. W. 1998. Critical examination of palynological characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained from plastid matK squences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9: 517-527.

Civeyrel, L. [et al. 2011], Leclercq, J., Demoly, J. P., Agnan, Y., Quèbre, N., Pélissier, C., & Otto, T. 2011. Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of >CistusHalimium (Cistaceae) Plant Syst. Evol. 295: 23-54.

Clark, J. L., & Smith, J. F. 2009. A multi-gene sequencing approach to resolve relationships within tribe Episcieae (Gesneriaceae). P. 192, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Clark, J. L., & Zimmer, E. A. 2003. A preliminary phylogeny of Alloplectus (Gesneriaceae): Implications for the evolution of flower resupination. Syst. Bot. 28: 365-375.

Clark, J. L. [et al. 2006], Herendeen, P. S., Skog, L. E., & Zimmer, E. A. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and generic boundaries in the Episcieae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological data. Taxon 55: 313-336.

Clark, J. L. [et al. 2009], Wagner, W. L., & Roalson, E. H. 2009. Patterns of diversification and ancestral age reconstruction in the southeast Asian-Pacific angiosperm lineage Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 53: 982-994.

Clark, J. L. [et al. 2010], Neill, D. A., Weber, A., Gruhn, J. A., & Katan, K. 2010. Shuaria (Gesneriaceae), an arborescent new genus from the Cordillera del Cóndor and Amazonian Ecuador. Syst. Bot. 35: 662-674.

Clark, J. L. [et al. 2011], Roalson, E. H., Pritchard, R. A., Coleman, C. L., Teoh, V.-H., & Matos, J. 2011. Independent origin of radial floral symmetry in the Gloxinieae (Gesnerioideae: Gesneriaceae) is suuported by the rediscovery of Phineas pulchella in Cuba. Syst. Bot. 36: 757-767.

Clark, J. L. [et al. 2012], Funke, M. M., Duffy, A. M., & Smith, J. F. Phylogeny of a neotropical clade io the Gesneriaceae: More tales of convergent evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 894-916.

Clark, L. G. 1997. Bamboos: The centrepiece of the grass family. Pp. 237-248, in Chapman, G. P. (ed.), The Bamboos. Academic Press, London.

Clark, L. G., & Triplett, J. K. 2006. Phylogeny of the Bambusoideae (Poaceae): An update. P. 212, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Clark, L. G. [et al. 2008], Dransfield, S., Triplett, J., & Sánchez-Ken, J. G. 2007 [2008]. Phylogenetic relationships amopng the one-flowered, determinate genera of Bambuseae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Pp. 315-332, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 315-332.]

Clarke, H. D. [et al. 2000], Downie, S. R., & Seigler, D. S. 2000. Implications of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation for systematics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Syst. Bot. 25: 618-632.

Clarke, J. T. [et al. 2011], Warnock, R. C. M., & Donoghue, P. C. J. 2011. Establishing a time-scale for plant evolution. New Phytol. 192: 266-301.

Clarkson, J. J. [et al. 2002], Chase, M. W., & Harley, M. M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Burseraceae based on plastid rps16 intron sequences. Kew Bull. 57: 183-193.

Clarkson, J. R., & Clifford, H. T. 1987. Germination of Jedda multicaulis J. R. Clarkson (Thymelaeaceae). An example of cryptogeal germnination in the Australian flora. Australian J. Bot. 35: 715-720.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 1990. Pattern analysis in pseudanthia. Plant Syst. Evol. 171: 57-88.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 1991a. Anthodien, Pseudanthien, und Infloreszenzblumen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 66: 221-240.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 1991b. Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion des Bestäunbungsapparatus von Thalia geniculata (Marantaceae). Bot. Acta 104: 183-193.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 1996a. A survey of flower-like inflorescences in the Rubiaceae. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 329-367.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 1996b. Functional units beyond the level of the capitulum and cypsela in Compositae. Pp. 129-160, in Caligari, P., & Hind, D. J. N. (eds), Compositae: Biology and Utilization. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994, vol. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 2000. Inflorescences in Bruniaceae, with general comments on inflorescences in woody plants. Op. Bot. Belgica 12: 5-310.

Classen-Bockhoff, R., & Heller, A. 2008. Floral synorganization and secondary pollen presentation in four Marantaceae from Costa Rica. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 745-760.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. [et al. 2003], Wester, P., & Tweraser, E. 2003. The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) - a review. Plant Biol. 5: 33-41.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. [et al. 2004a], Crone, M., & Baikova, E. 2004a. Stamen development in Salvia L.: Homology reinvestigated. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 475-498.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. [et al. 2004b], Speck, T., Tweraser, E., Wester, P., Thimm, S., & Reith, M. 2004b. The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia: A key innovation for adaptive radiation? Organisms Divers. Evol. 4: 189-205.

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. [et al. 2011], Oliver, E. G. H., Hall, A. V., & Quint, M. 2011. A new classification of the South African endemic family (Bruniaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Taxon 60: 1138-1155.

Clausing, G., & Renner, S. S. 2001a. Evolution of growth form in epiphytic Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae). Organisms Divers. Evol. 1: 45-60.

Clausing, G., & Renner, S. S. 2001b. Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: Implications for character evolution. American J. Bot. 88: 486-498.

Clauss, M. J., & Koch, M. A. 2006. Poorly known relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 449-459.

Clawson, M. L. [et al. 2004], Bourret, A., & Benson, D. R. 2004. Assessing the phylogeny of Frankia-actinorhizal plant nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses with Frankia 16SrRNA and glutamine synthetase gene sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 131-138.

Clayton, J. W. 2011. Simaroubaceae. Pp. 408-423, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants. X. Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Clayton, J. W. [et al. 2007], Fernando, E. S., Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. S. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the tree-of-heaven family (Simaroubaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear markers. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1325-1339.

Clayton, J. W. [et al. 2009], Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. S. 2009. Recent long-distance dispersal overshadows ancient biogeographical patterns in a pantropical angiosperm family (Simaroubaceae, Sapindales). Syst. Biol. 58: 395-410.

Claxton, F. [et al. 2005], Banks, H., Klitgaard, B. B., & Crane, P. R. 2005. Pollen morphology of families Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales). Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 133: 221-233.

Clay, K. 1986. Grass endophytes. Pp. 188-204, in Fokkema, N. J., & van den Heuvel, J. (eds), Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Cambridge Universty Press, Cambridge.

Clay, K. 1990. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Ann. Review Ecol. Syst. 21: 275-297.

Clay, K., & Schardl, C. 2002. Evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses. American Naturalist 160: S99-S127.

Clayton, J. W. [et al. 2007], Fernando, E. S., Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. 2007. Historical biogeohgraphy and diversification in the tree-of-heaven family (Simaroubaceae, Sapindales). P. 178, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Cleal, C. J. [et al. 2009], Shute, C. H., Hilton, J., & Carter, J. 2009. A revision of the Pennsylvanian-aged Eremopteris-bearing seed plant. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 666-698.

Cleland, R. E. 1972. Oenothera: Cytogenetics and Evolution. Academic Press, New York. {Experimental Botany No. 5.]

Clement, J. S., & Mabry, T. J. 1996. Pigment evolution in the Caryophyllales: A systematic overview. Bot. Acta 109: 360-367.

Clement, W. L., & Donoghue, M. J. 2011. Dissolution of Viburnum section Megalotinus (Adoxaceae) of southeast Asia and its implications for morphological evolution and biogeography. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 559-573.

Clement, W. L., & Weiblen, G. D. 2009. Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Syst. Bot. 34: 530-552.

Clement, W. L. [et al. 2001], Forrest, L. L. & Swensen, S. M. 2001. Phylogenetic placement of Hillebrandia sandwichensis (Begoniaceae). P. 156, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Clement, W. L. [et al. 2004], Tebbitt, M. C., Forrest, L. L., Blair, J. E., Bouillet, L., Eriksson, T., & Swensen, S. M. 2004. Phylogenetic position and biogeography of Hillebrandia sandwicensis (Begoniaceae): A rare Hawaiian relict. American J. Bot. 91: 905-917 - see also American J. Bot. 92(8): errata. 2005.

Clements M. A. 1995. Reproductive Biology in Relation to Phylogeny of the Orchidaceae Especially the Tribe Diurideae. Ph. D. Thesis, Australian National University. [Not read.]

Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10: 247-298.

Clements, M. A. 2006. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in Dendrobieae (Orchidaceae). Pp. 465-480, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 465-480.]

Clements, M. A. [et al. 2002], Jones, D. L., Sharma, I. K., Nightingale, M. E., Garratt, M. J., Fitzgerald, K. J., Mackenzie, K. M., & Molloy, B. P. J. 2002. Phylogenetics of Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Lindleyana 17: 135-171.

Clements, M. A. [et al. 2011], Otero, J. T., & Miller, J. T. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships in Pterostylidinae (Cranichideae: Orchidaceae): Combined evidence from nuclear ribomsomal [sic] and plastid DNA sequences. Australian J. Bot. 59: 99-117.

Clifford, H. T. 1983. New evidence from embryology in angiosperm classification. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 67--73.

Clifford, H. T. 1998. Doryanthaceae, pp. 236-237, and Xanthorrhoeaceae, 466-470, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (ecept Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Clifford, H. T., & Conran, H. G. 1998. Blandfordiaceae, pp. 148-150, and Johnsoniaceae, 336-339, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Clifford, H. T., & Dettmann, M. E. 2001. Drupe - a term in search of a definition. Austrobaileya 6: 127-131.

Clifford, H. T. [et al. 1998a], Henderson, R. J. F., & Conran, J. G. 1998a. Hemerocallidaceae. Pp. 245-252, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Clifford, H. T. [et al. 1998b], Keilghery, G. J., & Conran, J. G. 1998b. Dasypogonaceae. Pp. 190-194, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Clinebell, R. R. II [et al. 2004], Crowe, A., Gregory, D. P., & Hoch, P. C. 2004. Pollination ecology of Gaura and Calylophus (Onagraceae, tribe Onagreae) in western Texas, U.S.A. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 369-400.

Clowes, F. A. L. 1961. Apical Meristems. Blackwell, Oxford.

Clowes, F. A. L. 2000. Pattern of root meristem development in angiosperms. New Phytol. 146: 83-94.

Coan, A. I., & Scatena, V. L. 2004. Embryology and seed development of Blastocaulon scirpeum and Paepalanthus scleranthus (Eriocaulaceae). Flora 199: 47-57.

Coan, A. I. [et al. 2008], Alves, M. V., & Scatena, V. L. 2008. Comparative study of ovule and fruit development in species of Hypolytrum and Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae, Poales). Plant Syst. Evol. 272: 181-195.

Coan, A. I. [et al. 2010], Alves, M. V., & Scatena, V. L. 2010. Evidence of pseudomonad pollen formation in Hypolytrum (Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae). Australian J. Bot. 58: 663-672.

Coan, A. I. [et al. 2012], Stützel, T., & Scatena, V. L. 2010 [= 2012]. Comparative embryology and taxonomic considerations in Eriocaluaceae (Poales). Feddes Repert. 121: 268-284.

Cockburn, W. [et al. 1985], Goh, C. J., & Avadhani, P. N. 1985. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in a shootless orchid, Chiloschista usneoides (DON) LDL. [sic]. Plant Physiol. 77: 83-86.

Cocucci, A. A. 1989a. El mecanismo floral de Schizanthus (Solanaceae). Kurtziana 20: 113-132.

Cocucci, A. A. 1989b. Sobre el diagrama floral de Schizanthus (Solanaceae) y su interpretacion. Kurtziana 20: 133-137.

Cocucci, A. A. 2004. Oxalidaceae. Pp. 285-290, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Cocucci, A. A., & Vogel, S. 2003. Oil-producing flowers of Sisyrinchium species (Iridaceae) and their pollinators in southern South America. Flora 196: 26-46.

Cocucci, A. E. 1976.Estudios en el genero Prosopanche (Hydnoraceae). III. Embriologica. Kurtziana 9: 19-39.

Cocucci, A. E. 1983. New evidence from embryology in angiosperm classification. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 67-73.

Cocucci, A. E. 1990. La embriolgia en la taxonomia y evolucion de las lorantáceas. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Exact. Físic. Natur. Buenos Aires 5: 83-88.

Cocucci, A. E. 1991. Pollination biology in Nierembergia (Solanaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 174: 17-35.

Cocucci, A. E. 1995. Floral mechanisms in the tribe Salpiglossidae (Solanaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 194: 207-230.

Cocucci, A. E., & Cocucci, A. 1996. Prosopanche (Hydnoraceae): Somatic and reproductive structures, biology, systematics, phylogeny and potencialities [sic] as a parasitic weed. Pp. 178-193, in Moreno, M. T., Cubero, J. I., Berner, D., Joel, D., Musselman, l. J., & Parker, C. (eds), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Junta de Andalucía, Dirección General de Investigación Agraria, Cordoba.

Coetzee, J. A., & Muller, J. 1984. The phytogeographic significance of some extinct Gondwana pollen types from the Tertiary of the southwestern Cape (South Africa). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 1088-1099.

Cognato, A. I. [et al. 2011], Hulcr, J., Dole, S. A., & Jordal, B. H. 2011. Phylogeny of haplo-diploid, fungus-growing amnbrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) inferred from molecular and morphological data. Zool. Scripta 40: 174-186.

Cohen, J. 2011a. A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: Taxonomic reevaluations and character evolution. P. 166, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Cohen, J. 2011b. A phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological characters of Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) and related taxa: Evolutionary relationships and character evolution. Cladistics 27: 559-580

Cohen, J., & Davis, J. I. 2009a. Systematics of Lithospermum L.: Taxonomic reevaluations and morphological evolution. Pp. 162-163, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Cohen, J., & Davis, J. I. 2009b. Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships. Brittonia 61: 101-1111.

Cohen, J. I., & Davis, J. I. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics, molecular evolution, and patterns of clade support in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa. Syst. Bot. 37: 490-506.

Cohen, J. I. [et al. 2012], Litt, A., & Davis, J. I. 2012. Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American J. Bot. 95: 797-805.

Coiffard, C., & Gomez, B. 2012 [= 2011]. The rise to dominance of the angiosperm kingdom: Dispersal, habitat widening and evolution during the Late Cretaceous of Europe. Lethaia 43: 164-169.

Coiffard, C. [et al. 2006], Gomez, B., Kvacek, J., & Thévenard, F. 2006. Early angiosperm ecology: Evidence from the Albian-Cenomanian of Europe. Ann. Bot. 98: 495-502.

Coiffard, C. [et al. 2007], Gomez, B.,& Thévenard, F. 2007. Early Cretaceous angiosperm invasion of Western Europe and major environmental changes. Ann. Bot. 100: 545-553.

Coker, W. C. 1907. The development of the seed in the Pontederiaceae. Bot. Gaz. 44: 293-301, pl. 23.

Col, A. 1904. Recherches sur la disposition des faisceaux dans la tige et les feuilles de quelques dicotylédons. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 8, 20: 1-288.

Colasante, M., & Rudall, P. J. (eds). 2002. Irises and Iridaceae: Bidiversity and systematics. Anali Botanica N.S. 1(2): 1-209.

Cole, D. T., & Cole, N. A. 2005. Lithops: Flowering Stones, Ed. 2. Cactus & Co.

Coleman, C. M. [et al. 2004], Prather, B. L., Valente, M. J., Dute, R. R., & Miller, M. E. 2004. Torus lignification in hardwoods. IAWA J. 25: 435-447.

Coleman, M. [et al. 2003], Liston, A., Kadereit, J. W., & Abbott, R. J. 2003. Repeat intercontinental dispersal and Pleistocene speciation in disjunct Mediterranean and desert Senecio (Asteraceae). American J. Bot. 90: 1446-1454.

Coley, P. D., & Barone, J. A. 1996. Herbivory and plant defence in tropical forests. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 305-335.

Coley, P. D. [et al. 1985], Bryant, J. P., & Chapin, F. S. III. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230: 895-899.

Colles, A. [et al. 2009], Liow, L. H., & Prinzing, A. 2009. Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches. Ecol. Lett. 12: 849-863.

Collier, J. S. [et al. 2008], Sansom, V., Ishizuka, O., Taylor, R. N., Minshull, T. A., & Whitmarsh, T. B. 2008. Age of Seychelles - India break-up. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 272: 264-277.

Collins, B. G., & Rebelo, T. 1987. Pollination biology of the Proteaceae in Australia and southern Africa. Australian J. Ecol. 12: 387-421.

Collins, J. P. [et al. 1997], Berkelhamer, R. C., & Mesler, M. 1977. Notes on the natural history of the mangrove Pelliciera rhizophorae Tr. & Plant (Theaceae). Brenesia 10/11: 17-29.

Collinson, M. E. 1980. Recent and Tertiary seeds of the Nymphaeaceae sensu lato with a revision of Brasenia ovula (Brong.) Reid and Chandler. Ann. Bot. N.S. 46: 603-632.

Collinson, M. E. 1990. Plant evolution and ecology during the early Cainozoic diversification. Adv. Bot. Res. 17: 1-98.

Collinson, M. E., & Cleal, C. J. 2001. Early and middle Eocene (Ypresian - Lutetian) palaeobotany of Great Britain. Pp. 157-226, in Cleal, C. J., Thomas, B. A., Batten, D. J., & Collinson, M. E. (eds), Mesozoic and Tertiary Palaeobotany of Great Britain. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterboroough. [Geological Conservation Review Series no. 22.]

Collinson, M. E., & Hooker, J. J. 1991. Fossil evidence of interactions between plants and plant-eating mammals. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 333: 197-208.

Collinson, M. E., & van Bergen, P. F. 2004. Evolution of angiosperm fruit and seed dispersal biology and ecophysiology: Morphological, anatomical and chemical evidence from fossils. Pp. 343-377, in Hemsley, A. R., & Poole, I. (eds), The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Collinson, M. E. [et al. 2007], Steart, D., Scott, A. C., Glasspool, I., & Hooker, J. J. 2007. Episodic fire, runoff and deposition at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. J. Geol. Soc. London 164: 87-97.

Colomb, G. 1887. Recherches sur les stipules. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 7, 6: 1-76.

Columbus, J. T. [et al. 2010], Peterson, P. M., Refulio-Rodríguez, N. F., Cerros Tlatilpa, R., & Kinney, M. S. 2010. phylogenetics of Muhlenbergiinae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae) based on ITS and trnL-F sequences. Pp. 477-495, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Comadini, O. [et al. 2006], Contu, M., & Rinaldi, A. C. 2006. An overview of Cistus ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 16: 381-395.

Comas, L. H. [et al. 2012], Mueller, K. E., Taylor, L. L., Midford, P. E., Callahan, H. S., & Beerling, D. J. 2012. Evolutionary patterns and biogeochemical significance of angiosperm root traits. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 584-595.

Cometa, F. [et al. 1993], Tomassini, L., Nicoletti, M., & Pieretti, S. 1993. Phenylpropanoid glycosides. Distribution and pharmacological activity. Fitoterapia 64: 195-217.

Comparot-Moss, S., & Denyer, K. 2009. The evolution of the starch biosynthetic patheay in cereals and other grasses. J. Experim. Bot. 60: 2481-2492.

Compton, J. A. [et al. 1998], Culham, A., & Jury, S. L. 1998. Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny inferred from morphology, nr DNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F sequence variation. Taxon 47: 593-634.

Compton, S. G. (ed.). 1996. Fig trees and their associated animals. J. Biogeog. 23: 405-607.

Conant, G. C., & Wolfe, K. H. 2007. Increased glycolytic flux as an outcome of whole-genome duplication in yeast. Molec. Systems Biol. 3: 129.

Condon, M. A. [et al. 2008], Scheffer, S. J., Lewis, M. L., & Swensen, S. M. 2008. Hidden neotropical diversity: Greater than the sum of its parts. Science 320: 928-931.

Congdon, C., & Bampton, I. 2000. Provisional notes on the foodplants of the Iolaini (Lepiodoptera, Papilionoidea, Lycaenidae). Metamorphosis 11: 33-42.

Conn, B. J. [et al. 1997], Brown, E. A., & Dunlop, C. R. 1997. Loganiaceae. Pp. 1-72, in Wilson, A. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 28. Gentianales. CSIRO, Australia.

Conn, B. J. [et al. 2009], Brown, E. A., Henwood, M. J., & Olmstead, R. G. 2009. Infrageneric phylogeny of Chloantheae (Lamiaceae) based on chroroplast ndhF and nuclear ITS sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 22: 243-256.

Connell, J. H., & Lowman, M. D. 1989. Low-diversity tropical rain forests: Some possible mechanisms for their existence. American Naturalist 134: 88-119.

Connolly, J. D., & Hill, R. A. 1991. Dictionary of terpenoids, Ed. 1. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Connolly, J. D. [et al. 1970], Overton, K. H., & Polonsky, J. 1970. The chemistry and biochemistry of the limonoids and quassinoids. Pp. 385-455, in Reinhold, L., & Liwschitz, Y. (eds), Progress in Phytochemistry, Vol. 2. Interscience, London.

Conover, M. H. 1983. The vegetative morphology of reticulate-veined Liliiflorae. Telopea 2: 401-412.

Conover, M. H. 1991. Epidermal patterns of the reticulate-veined Liliiflorae and their parallel-veined allies. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 107: 295-312.

Conrad, F. [et al. 2006], Reeves, G., Snijman, D., & Hedderson, T. A. J. 2006. Generic relationships within the tribe Haemantheae (Amaryllidaceae) based on plastid DNA sequence data. Pp. 73-83, in Ghazanfar, S. A., & Beentje, H. (eds), Taxonomy and Ecology of African Plants, Their Conservation and Sustainable Use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Conran, J. G. 1988. Embryology and possible relationships of Petermannia cirrosa (Petermanniaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 8: 13-17.

Conran, J. G. 1989. Cladistic analyses of some net-veined Liliiflorae. Plant Syst. Rvol. 168: 123-141.

Conran, J. G. 1996. The embryology and relationships of the Byblidaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 9: 243-254.

Conran, J. G. 1998. Anthericaceae, pp. 114-121, Aphyllanthaceae, pp. 122-124, Behniaceae, pp. 146-147, Boryaceae, pp. 151-153, Herreriaceae, pp. 252-255, Lomandraceae, pp. 354-364, and Smilacaceae, pp. 417-421, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G. 1999. Anatomy and morphology of Behnia (Behniaceae) and its relationships within Lilianae: Asparagales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 131: 115-129.

Conran, J. G. 2004. Cephalotaceae, pp. 65-68, and Roridulaceae, pp. 339-342, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G., & Bradbury, J. H. 2007. Aspidistras, amphipods and Oz: Niche opportunism between strangers in a strange land. Plant Species Biol. 22: 41-48.

Conran, J. G., & Carolin, R. 2004. Byblidaceae. Pp. 45-49, in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G., & Christophel, D. C. 1999. A redescription of the Australian Eocene fossil monocotyledon Petermanniopsis (Lilianae: aff. Petermanniaceae). Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia 123: 61-67.

Conran, J. G., & Christophel, D. C. 2004. A fossil Byblidaceae seed from Eocene South Australia. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 691-694.

Conran, J. G., & Clifford, H. T. 1985. The taxonomic affinities of the genus Ripogonum. Nordic J. Bot. 5: 215-219.

Conran, J. G., & Clifford, H. T. 1986. Smilacaceae. Pp. 180-196, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 46. Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Conran, J. G., & Clifford, H. T. 1998. Luzuriagaceae, pp. 365-368, Petermanniaceae, pp. 406-408, and Philesiaceae, 409-411, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G., & Rudall, P. J. 1998. Anemarrhenaceae. Pp. 111-113, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G., & Tamura, M. N. 1998. Convallariaceae. Pp. 186-197, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Conran, J. G., & Temby, A. 2000. Embryology and affinities of the Boryaceae (Asparagales). Pp. 401-406, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 1997], Chase, M. W., & Rudall, P. J. 1997. Two new monocotyledon families: Anemarrhenaceae and Behniaceae (Liliianae: Asparagales). Kew Bull. 52: 995-999.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 2000], Wood, G. M., Martin, P. G., Dowd, J. M., Quinn, C. J., Gadek, P. A., & Price, R. A. 2000. Generic relationships within and between the gymnosperm families Podocarpaceae and Phyllocladaceae based on an analysis of the chloroplast gene rbcL. Australian J. Bot. 48: 715-724.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 2002], Houben, A., & Lowrie, A. 2002. Chromosome numbers in Byblidaceae. Australian J. Bot. 50: 583-586.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 2007], Jaudzems, G., & Hallam, N. D. 2007. Droseraceae gland and germination patterns revisited: Support for recent molecular phylogenetic studies. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 36: 14-20.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 2009a], Bannister, J. M., & Lee, D. E. 2009. Earliest orchid macrofossils: Early Miocene Dendrobium and Earina (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) from New Zealand. American J. Bot. 96: 466-474.

Conran, J. G. [et al. 2009b], Carpenter, R. J., & Jordan, G. J. 2009b. Early Eocene Ripogonum (Liliales: Ripogonaceae) leaf fossils from southern Australia. Australian Syst. Bot. 22: 219-228.

Consaul, L. L. [et al. 2010], Gillespie, L. G., & Waterway, m. J. 2010. Polyploid speciation and evolution in Arctic Puccinellia (Poaceae: Puccinelliinae) - a review. pp. 645-662, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Conserva, L. M. [et al. 2005], Pereira, C. de A. B., & Barbosa-Filho, J. M. 2005 Alkaloids of the Hernandiaceae: Occurrence and a compilation of their biological activities. The Alkaloids 62: 175-243.

Conti, E. [et al. 1996], Litt, A., & Sytsma, K. J. 1996. Circumscription of Myrtales and their relationships to other Rosids: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. American J. Bot. 83: 221-233.

Conti, E. [et al. 1998], Wilson, P. G., Graham, S. A., Briggs, B. G., Johnson, L. A. S., & Sytsma, K. J. 1998. Interfamilial relationships in Myrtales: Molecular phylogeny and patterns of morphological evolution. Syst. Bot. 22: 629-647.

Conti, E. [et al. 1999], Baum, D., & Sytsma, K. 1999. Phylogeny of Crypteroniaceae and related families: Implications for morphology and biogeography. P. 250, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Conti, E. [et al. 2000], Suring, E., Boyd, D., Jorgensen, J., Grant, J., & Kelso, S. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in Primula L.: The usefulness of ITS sequence data. Plant Biosystems 134: 385-392.

Conti, E. [et al. 2002], Eriksson, T., Schönenberger, J., Sytsma, K. J., & Baum, D. A. 2002. Early Tertiary out-of-India dispersal of Crypteroniaceae: Evidence from phylogeny and molecular dating. Evolution 56: 1931-1942.

Conti, E. [et al. 2004], Rutschmann, F., Eriksson, T., Sytsma, K. J., & Baum, D. A. 2004. Calibration of molecular clocks and the biogeographic history of Crypteroniaceae: A reply to Moyle. Evolution 58: 1874-1876.

Conteras-Cornejo, H. A. [et al. 2009], Maciás-Rodríguez, L., Cortés-Penagos, C., & López-Bucio, J. 2009. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, emhances biomass production and promotes lateral root growth through an auxin-dependent mechanism in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 149: 1579-1592.

Contreras, V. R., Scogin, R., & Philbrick, C. T. 1993. A phytochemical study of selected Podostemaceae: Systematic implications. Aliso 13: 513-520.

Coode, M. J. E. 2004. Elaeocarpaceae. Pp. 135-144, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Cook, C. D. K. 1982. Pollination mechanisms in the Hydrocharitaceae. Pp. 1-15, in Symoens, J. J., Hooper, S. S., & Compère, P. (eds), Studies on Aquatic Vascular Plants. Royal Botanic Society of Belgium, Brussels.

Cook, C. D. K. 1983. The seedling of Trithuria (Hydatellaceae). Victorian Naturalist 100: 68-69.

Cook, C. D. K. 1994-1995. Die Blütenbiologie der Hydrocharitaceae (Froschbißgewächse). Aqu-Planta 2-94: 64-75 [Teil 1], 3-94: 110-118 [Teil 2], 1-95: 39-38 [Teil 3], 2-95: 62-67 [teil 4 (Schluß).

Cook, C. D. K. 1996. Aquatic Plant Book. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam.

Cook, C. D. K. 1998. Butomaceae, pp. 100-102, Hydrocharitaceae, pp. 234-248, and Pontederiaceae, pp. 395-403, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Cook, C. D. K., & Nicholls, M. S. 1986. A monographic study of the genus Sparganium (Sparganiaceae). Part 1. Subgenus Xanthosparganium Holmberg. Bot. Helvetica 96: 213-267.

Cook, C. D. K., & Nicholls, M. S. 1987. A monographic study of the genus Sparganium (Sparganiaceae). Part 2. Subgenus Sparganium. Bot. Helvetica 97: 1-44.

Cook, C. D. K., & Rutishauser, R. 2006. Podostemaceae. Pp. 304-344, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Cook, J., & Leishman, M. R. 2011a. Is plant ecology more siliceous than we realise? Trends Plant Sci. 61: 61-68.

Cook, J., & Leishman, M. R. 2011b. Silicon concentration and leaf longevity: Is silicon a player in the leaf dry mass spectrum? Funct. Ecol. .

Cook, L. G., & Crisp, M. D. 2005. Not so ancient: The extant crown group of Nothofagus represents a post-Gondwanan radiation. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 272; 2535-2544.

Cooke, D. A. 1987. Hydatellaceae. Pp. 1-5, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 35. Hydatellaceae to Liliaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Cooke, D. A. 1998. Centrolepidaceae. Pp. 106-108, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Cook, M. E., & Friedman, W. E. 1998. Tracheid structure in primitive extant plant provides an evolutionary link to earliest fossil tracheids. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 159: 881-890.

Coomes, D. A., & Bellingham, P. J. 2011. Temperate and tropical podocarps: how ecologically alike are they? Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 119-140. [Turner, B. L., & Cernusak, L. A. (eds). 2011. Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.]

Cooney-Sovetts, C., & Sattler, R. 1987. Phylloclade development in the Asparagaceae: An example of homeosis. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 94: 327-371.

Cooper, E. D. [et al. 2011], Shaw, A. J., Shaw, B., Henwood, M. J., Heslewood, M. M., & Brown, E. A. 2011. A multi-locus molecular phylogeny of the Lepidoziaceae: Laying the foundations for a stable classification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 59: 489-509.

Cooper, M. R., & Goode, D. 2004. The Cycads and Cycad Moths of Kwazulu-Natal. Peroniceras Press.

Cooper, R. L. [et al. 2000], Osborn, J. M., & Philbrick, C. T. 2000. Comparative pollen morphology and ultrstructure of the Callitrichaceae. American J. Bot. 87: 161-175.

Cooper, T. B. 1938. A study of the pericycle in the Caprifoliaceae. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 32: 548-555.

Cope, E. A. 1998. Taxaceae: The genera and cultivated species. Bot. Review 64: 291-322.

Copeland, H. F. 1953. Observations on the Cyrillaceae particularly on the reproductive structures of the North American species. Phytomorph. 3: 405-411.

Copeland, H. F. 1964. Structural notes on hollies (Ilex aquifolium and I. cornuta, family Aquifoliaceae). Phytomorph. 13: 455-464.

Copeland, H. F. 1966 [= 1967]. Morphology and embryology of Euonymus japonica. Phytomorph. 16: 326-344.

Coppen, J. J. W. (ed.). 2002. Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus. Taylor and Francis, London.

Corazza-Nunes, M. J., Moreira Novelli, V., Rosas Moreira, A. L. O., de Carvalho Nunes, W. M., Alves de Carvalho, S., & Macaho, M. A. 2006. The phylogeny of Rutaceae: Contributions from molecular systematics. Pp. 331-360, in Sharma A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1, Part C. Phanerogams (Angiosperm-Dicotyledons). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.

Corbett, S. L., & Manchester, S. R. 2004. Phytogeography and fossil history of Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 671-690.

Corby, H. D. L. 1988. Types of rhizobial nodules and their distribution among the Leguminosae. Kirkia 13: 53-123.

Cornelissen, J. H. C. [et al. 2001], Aerts, R., Cerabolini, B., Werger, M. J. A., & van der Heijden, M. G. A. 2001. Carbon cycling traits of plant species are linked with mycorrhizal strategy. Oecologia 129: 611-619.

Corner, E. J. H. 1946a. Suggestions for botanical progress. New Phytol. 45: 185-192.

Corner, E. J. H. 1946b. Centrifugal stamens. J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 423-437.

Corner, E. J. H. 1949. The annonaceous seed and its four integuments. New Phytol. 48: 332-364.

Corner, E. J. H. 1951. The leguminous seed. Phytomorph. 1: 116-150.

Corner, E. J. H. 1952. Wayside Trees of Malaya. 2 vols, Ed. 2. Government Printer, Singapore.

Corner, E. J. H. 1953. The durian theory extended, Part I. Phytomorph. 3: 465-476, Phytomorph. 4: 152-165 [Part II], 263-274 [Part III].

Corner, E. J. H. 1958. Transference of function. J. Linnean Soc. Bot. 56: 33-40.

Corner, E. J. H. 1966. The Natural History of Palms. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.

Corner, E. J. H. 1976. The Seeds of Dicotyledons. 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cornwell, W. K. [et al. 2008], Cornelissen, J. H. C., Amatangelo, K., Dorrepaal, E., Eviner, V. T., Godoy, O., S. E. Hobbie, S. E., Hoorens, B., Kurokawa, H., Perez Harguindeguy, N., Quested, H. M., Santiago, L. S., Wardle, D. A., Wright, I. J., Aerts, R., Allison, S. D., van Bodegom, P., Brovkin, V., Chatain, A., Callaghan, T., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Gurvich, D. E., Kazakou, E., Klein, J. A., Read, J., Reich, P. B., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Vaieretti, M. V., & Westoby, M. 2008. Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 11: 1065-1071.

Cornwell, W. K. [et al. 2009], Cornelissen, J. H. C., Allison, S. D., Bauhus, J., Eggleton, P., Preston, C. M., Scarff, F., Weedon, J. T., Wirth, C., & Zanne, A. E. 2009. Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: Rotted, burned, or consumed. Global Change Biol. 15: 2431-2449.

Correa A., M. D., & Silva, T. R. dos S. 2005. Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. Drosera (Droseraceae). New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Correa, E. [et al. 2010], Jaramillo, C., Manchester, S., & Gutierrez, M. 2010. A fruit and leaves of rhamnaceous affinities from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Columbia. American J. Bot. 97: 71-79.

Corriveau, J. L., & Coleman, A. W. 1988. Rapid screening method to detect potential biparental inheritance of plastid DNA and results for over 200 angiosperm species. American J. Bot. 75: 1443-1458.

Cortés-B., R. [et al. 2009], Delprete, P. G., & Motley, T. J. 2009. Phylogenetic placement of the tribe Retiniphylleae among the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 61-67.

Cortez, P. A., & Carmello-Guerreiro, S. M. 2008. Ontogeny and structure of the pericarp and the seed coat of Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana (Melastomataceae) from "cerrado", Brazil. Revista Brasileira Bot. 31: 71-79.

Cortis, P. [et al. 2008], Vereecken, N. J., Schiestl, F. P., Barone Lumaga, M. R., Scrugli, A., & Cozzolino, S. 2008. Pollinator convergence and the nature of species' boundaries in sympatric Sardinian Ophrys (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 104: 497-406.

Cosacov, A. [et al. 2009], Sérsic, A. N., Sosa, V., De-Nova, J. A., Nylinder, S., & Cocucci, A. A. 2009. New insights into the phylogenetic relationships, character evolution, and phytogeographic patterns of Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae). American J. Bot. 96: 2240-2255.

Cosner, M. E. [et al. 1994], Jansen, R. K., & Lammers, T. G. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 70-95.

Cosner, M. E. [et al. 1997], Jansen, R. K., Palmer, J. D., & Downie, S. R. 1997. The highly rearranged chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum (Campanulaceae): Multiple inversions, inverted repeat expansion and contraction, insertions/deletions, and several repeat families. Curr. Genetics 31: 419-429.

Cosner, M. E. [et al. 2004], Raubeson, L. A., & Jansen, R. K. 2004. Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: Phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 27, see http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/27.

Costa, J.-L., & Lindblad, P. 2002. Cyanobacteria in symbiosis with cycads. Pp. 195-205, in Rai, A. N., Bergman, B., & Rasmussen, U. (eds), Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Costa, J. Y., & Forni-Martins, E. R. 2003. Karyology of some Brazilian species of Alismataceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 143: 159-164.

Costa, M. M. R. [et al. 2006], Fox, S., Hanna, A. I., Baxter, C., & Coen, E. 2006. Evolution of regulatory interactions controlling floral asymmetry. Devel. 132: 5093-5101.

Costes, E. [et al. 2008], Smith, C., Renton, D., Guédon, Y., Prusinkiewicz, P., & Godin, C. 2008. MAppleT: simulation of apple tree development using mixed stochastic and biomechanical models. Funct. Plant Biol. 35: 936-950.

Costea, M. 2007 onwards. Digital Atlas of Cuscuta.

Costea, M., & Stefanovic, S. 2009. Cuscuta jepsonii (Convolvulaceae): An invasive weed or an extinct endemic? American J,. Bot. 96: 1744-1750.

Costea, M. [et al. 2003], Waines, G., & Sanders, A. 2001 [2003.] Structure of the pericarp in some Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae) species and its taxonomic significance. Aliso 20(2): 51-60.

Costello, A., & Motley, T. J. 2000. Molecular systematics of Tetraplasandra, Munroidendron, and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (Araliaceae) and the evolution of superior ovaries in Tetraplasandra. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 120.

Costello, A., & Motley, T. J. 2001. Molecular systematics of Tetraplasandra, Munroidendron, and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (Araliaceae) and the evolution of superior ovaries in Tetraplasandra. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 229-242.

Costello, A., & Motley, T. J. 2004. The development of the superior ovary in Tetraplasandra (Araliaceae). American J. Bot. 91: 644-655.

Cota-Sánchez, J. H. [et al. 2007], Reyes-Olivas, Á, & Sánchez-Soto, B. 2007. Vivipary in coastal cacti: A potential reproductive strategy in halophytic environments. American J. Botany 94: 1577-1581.

Coté, G. G. 2009. Diversity and distribution of idioblasts producing calacium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1245-1254.

Coté, G. G. 2010. Microscopic crystals in aroid flowers: A role in gamete protection? P. 43, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Coté, G. G., & Gibernau, M. 2012. Distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in floral organs of Araceae in relation to pollination strategy. American J. Bot. 99: 1231-1242.

Cotton, J. A., & Wilkinson, M. 2007. Majority-rule supertrees. Syst. Biol. 56: 445-452.

Cotton, J. A., & Wilkinson, M. 2008. Supertrees join the mainstream of phylogenetics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24: 1-3.

Coughenour, J. M. [et al. 2010], Simmons, M. P., Lombardi, J. A., & Cappa, J. J. 2010. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Salacioideae and tribe Lophopetaleae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Syst. Bot. 35: 358-367.

Coughenour, J. M. [et al. 2011], Simmons, M. P., Lombardi, J. A., Yakobson, K., & Archer, R. H. 2011. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Hippocrateoideae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid loci. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 59: 320-330.

Coulter, J. M., & Chamberlain, C. J. 1913. Morphology of Angiosperms. D. Appleton, New York.

Coulter, J. M., & Chamberlain, C. J. 1917. Morphology of Gymnosperms. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Coupland, R. T. (ed.). 1992. Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands. Eastern Hemisphere and Résumé. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Coupland, R. T. (ed.). 1993. Ecosystems of the World 8B. Natural Grasslands. Eastern Hemisphere and Résumé. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Courty, P.-E. [et al. 2011], Walder, F., Boller, T., Ineichen, K., Wiemken, A., Rousteau, A., & Selosse, M.-A. 2011. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in mycorrhizal networks and mycoheterotrophic plants of tropical forests: A stable isotope analysis. Plant Physiol. 156: 952-961.

Courtney, S. P. 1986. The ecology of Pierid butterflies: Dynamics and interactions. Adv. Biol. Res. 10: 51-131.

Couturier, E. [et al. 2009], Courrech du Pont, S., & Douady, S. 2009. A global regulation inducing the shape of growing folded leaves. PLoS ONE 4(11), e7968.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2008a], Richardson, J. E., Sosef, M. S. M., Erkens, R. H. J., " Chatrou, L. W. 2008a. Evolution of syncarpy and other morphological characters in African Annonaceae: A posterior mapping approach. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 302-318.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2008b], Botermans, M., van Heuven, B. J., & van der Ham, R. W. J. M. 2008b. Pollen morphology within the Monodora clade, a diverse group of five African Annonaceae genera. Grana 47: 185-210.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2010], Franzke, A., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Bakker, F. T., Koch, M. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics, temporal diversification, and principles of evolution in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 27: 55-71.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2011a], Pirie, M. D., Chatrou, L. W., Saunders, R. M. K., Su, Y. C. F., Richardson, J. E., & Erkens, R. H. J. 2011a. Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: Steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal. J. Biogeog. 38: 664-680.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2011b], Forest, F., & Baker, W. J. 2011b. Diversification of palms in the earliest tropical rain forests. Pp. 86-87, in Biosystematics 21-27 February Berlin 2011. Botanic Gardens and Botanical Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin.

Couvreur, T. L. P. [et al. 2011c], Forest, F., & Baker, W. J. 2011c. Origin and global diversification patterns of tropical rainforests: Inferences from a complete genus-level phylogeny of palms. BMC Biology 9: 44.

Cowan, R. S. 1967. Flora Neotropica. Monograph No. 1. Swartzia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Swartzieae). New York, Hafner.

Cox, C. J. [et al. 2004], Goffinet, B., Shaw, A. J., & Boles, S. B. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among the mosses based on heterogeneous Bayesian analysis of multiple genes from multiple genomic compartments. Syst. Bot. 29: 234-250.

Cox, C. J. [et al. 2010], Goffinet, B., Wickett, N. J., Boles, S. B., & Shaw, A. J. 2010. Moss diversity: A molecular phylogenetic analysis of genera. Phytotaxa 9: 175-195.

Cox, P. A. 1988. Hydrophilous pollination. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 261-280.

Cox, P. A., & Humphries, C. J. 1993. Hydrophilous pollination and breeding system evolution in seagrasses: A phylogenetic approach to the evolutionary ecology of the Cymodoceaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 113: 217-226.

Cox, P. A. [et al. 1991], Cromar, S., & Jarvis, T. 1991. Underwater pollination, three-dimensional search, and pollen morphology; predictions from a super-computer analysis. Pp. 365-375, in Blackmore, S., & Barnes, S. H. (eds), Pollen and Spores, Patterns of Diversification. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cox, P. A. [et al. 1995], Huynh, K.-L., & Stone, B. C. 1995. Evolution and systematics of Pandanaceae. Pp. 663-684, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cox, P. A. [et al. 2005], Banack, S. A., Murch, S. J., Rasmussen, U., Tien, G., Bidigare, R. R., Metcalf, J. S., Morrison, L. F., Codd, G. A., & Bergman, R. 2005. Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce ß-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid. Proc. National Acad. Sci. 102: 5074-5078.

Cox, R. E. [et al. 2007], Yamamoto, S., Otto, A., & Simoneit, B. R. T. 2007. Oxygenated di- and tricyclic diterpenoids of southern hemisphere conifers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35: 342-362.

Cozzolino, S., & Widmer, A. 2005. Orchid diversity: An evolutionary consequence of deception? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 487-495.

Cozzolino, S., & Scopece, G. 2008. Specificity in pollination and consequences for postmating reproductive isolation in deceptive Mediterranean orchids. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 363: 3037-3046.

Cracraft, J. 1990. The origin of evolutionary novelties: pattern and processs at different hierarchical levels. Pp. 21-44, in Nitecki, M. H. (ed.), Evolutionary Innovations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Crafts, A. S. 1932. Phloem anatomy, exudation, and transport of organic nutrients in cucurbits. Plant Physiol. 7: 183-225.

Crandall-Stotler, B. J., & Stotler, R. E. 2000. Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta. Pp. 21-70, in Shaw, A. J., & Goffinet, B. (eds), Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Crandall-Stotler, B. J. [et al. 2009], Stotler, R. E., & Long, D. G. 2009. Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta. Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 155-198.

Crane, P. R. 1985a. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 716-793.

Crane, P. R. 1985b. Phylogenetic relationships in seed plants. Cladistics 1: 329-348.

Crane, P. R. 1989. Early fossil history and evolution of the Betulaceae. Pp. 77-116, in Crane, P. R., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, vol 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Crane, P. R. 1996. The fossil history of the Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S50-S57.

Crane, P. R., & Blackmore, S. (eds). 1989. Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Crane, P. R., & Carvell, W. N. 2007. The importance of history. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 24: 196-216.

Crane, P. R., & Dilcher, D. L. 1984. Lesqueria: An early angiosperm fruiting axis from the Mid-Cretaceous. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 384-402.

Crane, P. R., & Herendeen, P. S. 1996. Cretaceous floras containing angiosperm flowers and fruits from eastern North America. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 90: 319-337.

Crane, P. R., & Herendeen, P. S. 2009. Bennettitales from the Grisethorpe Bed (Middle Jurassic) at Cayton Bay, Yorkshire, UK. American J. Bot. 96: 284-295.

Crane, P. R., & Lidgard, S. 1989. Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in Cretaceous floristic diversity. Science 246: 675-678.

Crane, P. R., & Lidgard, S. 1990. Angiosperm radiation and patterns of Cretaceous palynological diversity. Pp. 377-407, in Taylor, P. D., & Larwood, G. P. (eds), Major Evolutionary Radiations. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Crane, P. R., & Stockey, R. A. 1986. Morphology and development of pistillate inflorescences in extant and fossil Cercidiphyllaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 382-393.

Crane, P. R. [et al. 1989], Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1989. Reproductive structure and function in Cretaceous Chloranthaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 165: 211-226.

Crane, P. R. [et al. 1991], Manchester, S. R., & Dilcher, D. L. 1991. Reproductive and vegetative structure of Nordenskioldia (Trochodendraceae), a vesselless dicotyledon from the early Tertiary of the northern hemisphere. American J. Bot. 78: 1311-1334.

Crane, P. R. [et al. 1993], Pedersen, K. R., Friis, E. M., & Drinnan, A. N. 1993. Early Cretaceous (Early to Middle Albian) platanoid inflorescences associated with Sapindopsis leaves from the Potomac group of eastern North America. Syst. Bot. 18: 328-344.

Crane, P. R. [et al. 1995], Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature 374: 27-33.

Crane, P. R. [et al. 2004], Herendeen, P., & Friis, E. M. 2004. Fossils and plant phylogeny. American J. Bot. 91: 1683-1699.

Craven, K. D. [et al. 2001], Hsiau, P. T. W., Leuchtmann, A., Hollin, W., & Schardl, C. L. 2001. Multigene phylogeny of Epichloë species, fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 14-34.

Craven, L. A. 2005. Malesian and Australian Tournefortia transferred to Heliotropium and notes on delimitation of Boraginaceae. Blumea 50: 375-381.

Craven, L. A. [et al. 2008], Goetsch, L. A., Hall, B. D., & Brown, G. K. 2008. Classification of the Vireya group of Rhododendron (Ericaceae). Blumea 53: 435-442.

Craven, L. A. [et al. 2011], Danet, F., Veldkamp, J. F., Goetsch, L. A., & Hall, B. D. 2011. Vireya rhododendrons: Their monophyly and classification (Ericaceae, Rhododendron section Schistanthe). Blumea 56: 153-158.

Crawford, B. C. W., & Yanofsky, M. F. 2008. The formation and function of the female reproductive tract in flowering plants. Current Biol. 18: R972-R978.

Crawford, D. J. [et al. 1986], Stuessy, T. F., & Silva O., M. 1986. Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of the Lactoridaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 153: 133-139.

Crawford, D. J. [et al. 2006], Landolt, E., Les, D. H., & Kimball, R. T. 2006. Speciation in duckweeds (Lemnaceae): Phylogenetic and ecological inferences. Pp. 231-242, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 231-242.]

Crawley, S. S., & Hilu, K. 2012. Impact of missing data, gene choice, and taxon sampling on phylogenetic reconstruction: The Caryophyllales (angiosperms). Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 297-312.

Crayn, D. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. The evolution of the atp-rbcL intergenic spacer in the Epacrids (Ericales) and its systematic and evolutionary implications. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 16: 238-252.

Crayn, D. M. [et al. 1995], Fernando, E. S., Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1995. A reassessment of the familial affinity of the Mexican genus Recchia Moçiño & Sessé ex DC. Brittonia 47: 397-402.

Crayn, D. M. [et al. 1998], Kron, K. A., Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1998. Phylogenetics and evolution of epacrids: A molecular analysis using the plastid gene rbcl with a reappraisal of the position of Lebetanthus. Australian J. Bot. 46: 187-200.

Crayn, D. M. [et al. 2000], Terry, R. G., Smith, J. A. C., & Winter, K. 2000. Molecular systematic investigations in Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae) as a basis for understanding the evolution of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Pp. 569-579, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Crayn, D. M. [et al. 2004], Winter, K., & Smith, J. A. C. 2004. Multiple origins of crassulacean acid metabolism and the epiphytic habit in the neotropical family Bromeliaceae. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 3703-3708.

Crayn, D. M. [et al. 2006], Rossetto, M., & Maynard, D. J. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and dating reveals an Oligo-Miocene radiation of dry-adapted shrubs (former Tremandraceae) from rainforest tree progenitors (Elaeocarpaceae) in Australia. American J. Bot. 93: 1328-1342.

Crepet, W. L. 1985. Advanced (constant) insect pollination mechanisms: Patterns of evolution and implications vis-à-vis angiosperm diversity. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 607-630.

Crepet, W. L. 1996. Timing in the evolution of derived floral characters: Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) taxa with tricolpate and tricolpate-derived pollen, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 90: 339-359.

Crepet, W. L. 2008. The fossil record of angiosperms: Requiem or renaissance? Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 3-33.

Crepet W. L., & Daghlian C. P. 1981. Lower Eocene and Paleocene Gentianaceae: Floral and palynological evidence. Science 214:75-7.

Crepet, W. L., & Feldman, G. D. 1991. The earliest remains of grasses in the fossil record. American J. Bot. 78: 1010-1014.

Crepet, W. L., & Friis, E. M. 1987. The evolution of insect pollination in angiosperms. Pp. 181-201, in Friis, E. M., Chaloner, W. G., & Crane, P. R. (eds), The Origin of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Crepet, W. L., & Niklas, K. J. 2009. Darwin's second "abominable mystery": Why are there so many angiosperm species? American J. Bot. 96: 366-381.

Crepet, W. L., & Nixon, K. C. 1996. The fossil history of stamens. Pp. 25-58, in D'Arcy, W. G., & Keating, R. C. (eds), The Anther: Form, Function and Phylogeny. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.

Crepet, W. L., & Nixon, K. C. 1998. Fossil Clusiaceae from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey and implications regarding the history of bee pollination. American J. Bot. 85: 1122-1133.

Crepet, W. L., & Stevenson, D. W. 2009. The Bennettittales (Cycadeoidales): A preliminary perspective on this arguably enigmatic group. P. 137, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Crepet, W. L., & Stevenson, D. W. 2010. The Bennettittales (Cycadeoidales): A preliminary perspective on this arguably enigmatic group. Pp. 214-244, in Gee, C. T. (ed), Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Crepet, W. L. [et al. 1991], Friis, E. M., & Nixon, K. C. 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 333: 187-195.

Crepet, W. L. [et al. 2001], Friis, E. M., & Gandolfo, M. A. 2001. A Cretaceous Atlantic coastal plain "ericoid" complex. P. 62, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Crepet, W. L. [et al. 2004], Friis, E. M., & Gandolfo, M. A. 2004. Fossil evidence and phylogeny: The age of major angiosperm clades based on mesofossil and macrofossil evidence from Cretaceous deposits. American J. Bot. 91: 1666-1682.

Crepet, W. L. [et al. 2005], Friis, E. M., & Gandolfo, M. A. 2005. An extinct calycanthoid taxon, Jerseyanthus calycanthoides, from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey. American J. Bot. 92: 1475-1485.

Crespi, B. J. [et al. 2004], Morris, D. C., & Mound, L. A. 2004. Evolution of Ecological and Behavioural Diversity: Australian Acacia Thrips as Model Organisms. C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

Cresswell, J. E. [et al. 2007], Henning, K., Pennel, C., Lahoubi, M., Patrick, M. A., Young, P. C., & Tabor, G. R. 2007. Conifer ovulate cones accumulate pollen principally by simple impaction. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 18141-18144.

Crété, P. 1951. Répartiton et intérêt phylogénétique des albumens a formations haustoriales chez les angiospermes et plus particulièrement chez les gamopétales. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 11, 12: 131-191.

Crins, W. J. 1991. The genera of Paniceae (Gramineae: Panicoideae) in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. Suppl. Ser. 1: 171-312.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2003a. Molecular evidence for the definition of genera in the Oxylobium group (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). Syst. Bot. 28: 705-713.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2003b. Phylogeny and embryo sac evolution in the endemic Australasian papilionoid tribes Mirbelieae and Bossiaeae. Pp. 253-268, in Klitgaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2005. Do early branching lineages signify ancestral traits? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 122-128.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2007. A congruent molecular signal of vicariance across multiple plant lineages. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 43: 1106-1117.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2009. Explosive radiation or cryptic mass extinction? Interpreting signatures in molecular phylogenies. Evolution 63: 2257-2265.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2011. Cenozoic extinctions account for the low diversity of extant gymnosperms compared with angiosperms. New Phytol. 192: 997-1009.

Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2012. Phylogenetic niche conservatism: What are the underlying evolutionary and ecological causes? New Phytol.

Crisp, M. D., & Doyle, J. J. (eds) 1995. Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 7. Phylogeny. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Crisp M. D. [et al. 2009], Arroyo, M. T. K., Cook, L. G., Gandolfo, M. A., Jordan, G. J., McGlone, M. S., Weston, P. H., Westoby, M., Wilf, P., & Linder, H. P. 2009. Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale. Nature 458: 754-756.

Crisp M. D. [et al. 2011], Burrows, G. E., Cook, L. G., Thornhill, A. H., & Bowman, D. M. 2011. Flammable biomes dominated by eucalypts originated at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Nature Commun. 2: 193. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1191.

Croat, T. B. 1980. Flowering behavior of the neotropical genus Anthurium (Araceae). American J. Bot. 67: 888-904.

Crockett, S. L., & Robson, N. K. B. 2011. Taxonomy and chemotaxonomy of the genus Hypericum. Medicin. Aromat. Plant Sci. Biotech. 5 (special issue 1): 1-13.

Cronberg, N. [et al. 2006], Natcheva, R., & Hedlund, K. 2006. Microarthropods mediate sperm transfer in mosses. Science 313: 1255.

Cronk, Q. C. B. 2001. Plant evolution and development in a post-genomic context. Nature Rev. Gen. 2: 607-619.

Cronk, Q. C. B. 2009. The Molecular Organography of Plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cronk, Q. C. B., & Ojeda, I. 2008. Bird-pollinated flowers in an evolutionary and molecular context. J. Experimen. Biol. 59: 715-727.

Cronk, Q. C. B. [et al. 2005], Kiehn, M., Wagner, W. L., & Smith, J. F. 2005. Evolution of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in the Pacific Ocean: The origin of a supertramp clade. American J. Bot. 92: 1017-1024.

Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York.

Cronquist, A. [et al. 1966], Takhtajan, A. L., & Zimmermann, W. 1966. On the higher taxa of Embryobionta. Bot. Zhurn. 51: 629-634. [In Russian.]

Cross, E. W. [et al. 2002], Quinn, C. J., & Wagstaff, S. J. 2002. Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of Olearia (Astereae: Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 235: 99-120.

Crow, K. D., & Wagner, G. P. 2006. What is the role of genome duplication in the evolution of complexity and diversity? Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 887-892.

Crozier, B. S. 2004. Subfamilies of Cactaceae Juss., including Blossfeldioideae subfam. nov. Phytologia 86: 52-64.

Cruaud, A. [et al. 2011], Jabbour-Zahab, R., Genson, G., Couloux, A., Yang-Qiong, P., Rong, Y. D., Ubaidillah, R., Pereira, R. A. S., Kjellberg, F., van Noort, S., Kerdelhue, C., & Rsplus, J.-Y. 2011. Out of Australia and back again: The world-wide historical bioegography of the non-pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae). J. Biogeog. 38: 209-225.

Cruaud, A. [et al. 2012a], Cook, J., Da-Rong, Y., Genson, G., Jabbour-Zahab, R., Kjellberg, F. Pereira, R. A. S., Rønsted, N., Santos-Mattos, O., Savolainen, V., Ubaidillah, R., van Noort, S., Yan-Qiong, P. & Rasplus, J. Y. 2012a. Fig-fig wasp mutualism: The fall of the strict cospeciation paradigm? Pp. in Patiny, S. (ed.), Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cruaud, A. [et al. 2012b], Rønsted, N., Chantarasuwan, B., Chou, L. S., Clement, W. L., Couloux, A., Cousins, B., Genson, G., Harrison, R. D., Hanson, P. E., Hossaert-Mckey, M., Jabbour-Zahab, R., Jousselin, E., Kerdelhué, C., Kjellberg, F., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Peebles, J., Peng, Y.-Q., Pereira, R. A. S., Schramm, T., Ubaidillah, R., Noort, S. van, Weiblen, G. D., Yang, D.-R., Yodpinyanee, A., Libeskind-Hadas, R., Cook, J. M., Rasplus, J.-Y., & Savolainen, V. 2012b. An extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: Figs and fig-pollinating wasps. Syst. Biol. 61: 1029-1047.

Csoka, G. [et al. 2005], Stone, G. N., & Melika, G. 2005. Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing Cynipinae. Pp. 573-642, in Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H.

Cuadrado, G. A., & Garralla, S. S. 2009. Palinología de los géneros de Cactaceae Maihuenia (Maihuenioideae) y Pereskia (Pereskioideae) de Argentina. Bonplandia 18: 5-12.

Cuatrecasas, J. 1950. Studies in South American plants II. Fieldiana, Bot. 27: 55-113. [Fusispermum pp. 94-98.]

Cuatrecasas, J. 1970. Flora Neotropica Monograph No. 2. Brunelliaceae. Hafner, Darien, Conn.

Cuatrecasas, J. 1985. Flora Neotropica. Monograph Number 2 Supplement. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Cubas, P. 2004. Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evolution of a successful trait. BioEssays 26: 1175-1184.

Cubas, P. [et al. 2001], Coen, E., & Zapater, J. M. M. 2001. Ancient asymmetries in the evolution of flowers. Curr. Biol 11: 1050-1052.

Cubas, P. [et al. 2008], Pardo, C., & Tahiri, H. 2008. Molecular approach to the phylogeny and systematics of Cytisus (Leguminosae) and related genera based on nucleotide sequences of nrDNA (ITS region) and cpDNA (trnL-trnF intergenic spacer). Plant Syst. Evol. 233: 223-242.

Cuenca, A., & Asmussen-Lange, C. B. 2007. Phylogeny of the palm tribe Chamaedoreeae (Arecaceae) based on plastid DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 250-263.

Cuenca, A. [et al. 2008], Asmussen-Lange, C. B., & Borchsenius, F. 2008. A dated phylogeny of the palm tribe Chamaedoreeae supports Eocene dispersal between Africa, North and South America. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 760-775.

Cuenca, A. [et al. 2009], Dransfield, J., & Asmussen-Lange, C. B. 2009. Phylogeny and evolution of morphological characters in tribe Chamaedoreae (Arecaceae). Taxon 58: 1092-1108.

Cuénoud, P. 2002. Introduction to expanded Caryophyllales. Pp. 1-4, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Cuénoud, P. 2006. Phylogeny, evolution and diversification of Caryophyllales. Pp. 187-218, in Sharma A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1, Part C. Phanerogams (Angiosperm-Dicotyledons). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.

Cuénoud, P. [et al. 2000], Del Pero Martinez, M. A., Loizeau, P.-A., Spichiger, R., Andrews, S., & Manen, J.-F. 2000. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae). Ann. Bot. 85: 111-122.

Cuénoud, P. [etal. 2002], Savolainen, V., Chatrou, L. W., Powell, M., Grayer, R. J., & Chase, M. W. 2002. Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences. American J. Bot. 89: 132-144.

Cui, L. [et al. 2006], Wall, P. K., Leebens-Mack, J. H., Linsay, B. G., Soltis, D. E., Doyle, J. J., Soltis, P. S., Carlson, J. E., Arumuganathan, K., Barakat, A., Albert, V. A., Ma, H., & dePamphilis, C. W. 2006. Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants. Genome Res. 16: 738-749.

Culham, A. 2007. Agdestidaceae, p. 27, Amaranthaceae, pp. 28-29, Barbeuiaceae, p. 56, Capparaceae, pp. 85-86, Cleomaceae, pp. 101-102, Koeberliniaceae, p. 177, Limeaceae, p. 192, Limnanthaceae, p. 192, Nyctaginaceae, pp. 230-231, Quillajaceae, p. 272, and Vivianaceae, p. 335, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Culham, A., & Gornall, R. J. 1994. The taxonomic significance of napthoquinones in the Droseraceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22: 507-515.

Culham, A. [et al.], Lucas, E. J., & Brummitt, R. K. 2007. Ledocarpaceae, Pp. 209-211, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cullen, J. 1978. A preliminary survey of ptyxis (vernation) in the angiosperms. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 161-214.

Cullen, J. 2006. Practical Plant Identification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cullings, K. 1996. Single phylogenetic origin of ericoid mycorrhizae within the Ericaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 74: 1896-1909.

Cullings, K. 2000. Reassessment of phylogenetic relationships of some members of the Monotropoideae based on partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Canadian J. Bot. 78: 1-2.

Cuñado, N. [et al. 2007], Navajas-Pérez, R., de la Herrán, R., Ruiz Rejón, C., Ruiz Rejón, M., Santos, J. L., & Garrido-Ramos, M. A. 2007. The evolution of sex chromosomes in the genus Rumex (Polygonaceae): Identification of a new species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Chromosome Res. 15: 825-832.

Cunningham, C. W. [et al. 1998], Omland, K. E., & Oakley, T. H. 1998. Reconstructing ancestral character states: A critical reappraisal. Tends Ecol. Evol. 13: 361-366.

Cupido, C. N. [et al. 2011], Eddie, W. M. M., & Tiedt, L. R. 2011. Systematic and ecological significance of seed coat morphology in South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto. Edinburgh. J. Bot. 68: 351-371.

Currah, R. S. [et al. 1997], Zelmer, C. D., Hambleton, S., & Richardson, K. A. 1997. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas. Pp. 117-170, in Arditti, J., & Pridgeon, A. M. (eds), Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Curran, L. M., & Leighton, M. 2000. Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae. Ecol. Monogr. 70: 101-128.

Currano, E. D. [et al. 2008], Wilf, P., Wing, S. L., Labandeira, C. C., Lovelock, E. C., & Royer, D. L. 2008. Sharply increased insect herbivory during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 1960-1964.

Currie, H. A., & Perry, C. C. 2007. Silica in plants: Biological, biochemical and chemical studies. Ann. Bot. 100: 1383-1389.

Cusimano, N., & Renner, S. S. 2010. Slowdowns in diversification rates from real phylogenies may not be real. Syst. Biol. 59: 458-464.

Cusimano, N. [et al. 2008], Zhang, L. B., & Renner, S. S. 2008. Revaluation of the cox1 group I intron in Araceae and angiosperms indicates a loss dominated by loss rather than horizontal transport. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 265-276.

Cusimano, N. [et al. 2010], Barrett, M. D., Hetterscheid, W. L. A., & Renner, S. S. 2010. A phylogeny of the Areae (Araceae) implies that Typhonium, Sauromatum, and the Australian species of Typhonium are distinct clades. Taxon 59: 439-447.

Cusimano, N. [et al. 2011], Bogner, J., Mayo, S. J., Boyce, P. C., Wong, S. Y., Hesse, M., Hetterscheid, W. L. A., Keating, R. C., & French, J. C. 2011. Relationships within the Araceae: Comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies. American J. Bot. 98: 654-668.

Cusimano, N. [et al. 2012], Sousa, A., & Renner, S. S. 2012. Maximum likelihood inference implies a high, not a low, ancestral haploid chromosome number in Araceae, with a critique of the bias introduced by 'x'. Ann. Bot. 109: 681-692.

Cusset, C., & Cusset, G. 1988a. Étude sur les Podostemales. 9. Délimitations taxinomiques dans les Tristichaceae. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Sér. 4, sect. B, Adansonia 10: 149-177.

Cusset, C., & Cusset, G. 1988b. Étude sur les Podostemales. 10. Structures florales et végétatives des Tristichaceae. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Sér. 4, sect. B, Adansonia 10: 179-218.

Cutler, D. F. 1969. In Metcalfe, C. R. (ed.), Anatomy of the Monocotyledons, IV. Juncales. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Cutler, D. F. 1972. Leaf anatomy of certain Aloe and Gasteria species and their hybrids. Pp. 103-122, pl. 1-4, in Ghouse, A. K. M., & Yunus, M. (eds), Research trends in Plant Anatomy - A. K. Chowdhury Commemoration Volume. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

Cutler, D. F. 1982. Cucticular structure and habitat in certain Aloë species (Liliaceae) from Southern Africa. Pp. 425-444, in Cutler, D. F., Alvin, K. L., & Price, C. E. (eds), The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, London.

Cutler, D. F., & Airy Shaw, H. K. 1964. Anarthriaceae and Ecdeiocoleaceae: Two new monocotyledonous families, separated from the Restionaceae. Kew Bull. 19: 489-497.

Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. 1998. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983), Ed. 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Cury, G. [et al. 2012], Rossi, M., Elbl, P. M., & de Menezes, N. L. 2012. The expression of the scarecrow gene reveals the origin of the primary thickening of the Xyris asperula Mart. (Xyridaceae) rhizome. P. 83, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Czaja, A. T. 1934. Zur Entwicklungsphysiologie des Periderms: die Entstehung der Kork-Krusten. Planta 23: 105-145.

Czaja, A. T. 1978. Stärke und Stärkespeicherung bei Gefässpflanzen: Versuch einer Amylo-Taxonomie. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Dadpour, M. R. [et al. 2011], Naghiloo, S., & Neycharan, S. F. 2011. Infloresence and floral ontogeny in Jasminum fruticans (Oleaceae). Australian J. Bot. 59: 498-506.

Dahl, Å, & Fredrikson, M. 1996. The timetable for development of maternal tissues sets the stage for male genomic selection in Betula pendula (Betulaceae). American J. Bot. 83: 895-902.

Dahl, T. W. [et al. 2010], Hammarlund, E. U., Anbar, A. D., Bond, D. P. G., Gill, B. C., Gordon, G. W., Knoll, A. H., Nielsen, A. T., Schovsbo, N. H., & Canfield, D. E. 2010. Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 17911-17915.

Dahlgren, G. 1989. The last Dahlgrenogram: System of classification of the dicotyledons. Pp. 249-260, in K. Tan (ed.), The Davis and Hedge Festschrift. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Dahlgren, G. 1991. Steps towards a natural system of the dicotyledons: Embryological characters. Aliso 13: 107-165.

Dahlgren, K. V. O. 1915. Über die Embryologie von Acicarpha tribuloides Juss. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 9: 184-191.

Dahlgren, K. V. O. 1916. Zytologische und embryologische Studien über die Reihen Primulales und Plumbaginales. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 56(4): 1-80, pl. 1-3.

Dahlgren, K. V. O. 1927. Die Morphologie des Nucellus mit besonderer Berücksichitigung der deckzellosen Typen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 67: 347-426.

Dahlgren, K. V. O. 1934. Die Embryologie von Impatiens roylei. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 28: 103-125.

Dahlgren, K. V. O. 1940. Postamentbildungen in den Embryosäcken der Angiospermen. Bot. Notis. 1940, 347-369.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. 1975. A system of classification of the angisoperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters. Bot. Notis. 128: 119-147.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. 1975. The distribution of characters within an angiosperm system 1. Some embryological characters. Bot. Notis. 128: 181-197.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. 1988. Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae: Summary statement, relationships. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1259-1277.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Clifford, H. T. 1981. Some conclusions from a comparative study of the monocotyledons and related dicotyledonous orders. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. 94: 203-227.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Clifford, H. T. 1982. The Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study. Academic Press, London.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Lu, A. M. 1985. Campynemanthe (Campynemaceae): Morphology, microsporogenesis, early ovule ontogeny and relationshoips. Nordic J. Bot. 5: 321-330.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Rao, V. S. 1971. The genus Oftia Adans. and its systematic position. Bot. Notis. 124: 451-472.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Thorne, R. F. 1984 [1985.] The order Myrtales: Circumscription, variation, and relationships. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 633-699.

Dahlgren, R. M. T., & Van Wyk, A. E. 1988. Structures and relationships of families endemic to or centered in Southern Africa. Pp. 1-95, in Goldblatt, P., & Lowry, P. P. II (eds), Modern Systematic Studies in African Botany. Monographs in Systematic Botany Vol. 25, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. [et al. 1977], Jensen, S. R., & Nielsen, B. J. 1977. Seedling morphology and iridoid occurrence in Montinia caryophyllacea (Montiniaceae). Bot. Notis. 130: 329-332.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. [et al. 1979], Nielsen, B. J., Goldblatt, P., & Rourke, J. P. 1979. Further notes on Retziaceae: Its chemical contents and affinities. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66: 545-566.

Dahlgren, R. M. T. [et al. 1985], Clifford, H. T., & Yeo, P. F. 1985. The Families of the Monocotyledons. Springer, Berlin.

Dahling, G. V. 1978. Systematics and evolution of Garrya. Contrib. Gray Herb. 209: 1-104.

Dajoz, I. [et al. 1991], Till-Bottraud, I., & Gouyon, P.-H. 1991. Evolution of pollen morphology. Science 253: 66-68.

Dalling, J. W. [et al. 2011], Barkan, P., Bellingham, P. J., Healey, J. R., & Tanner, E. V. J. Ecology and distribution of neotropical Podocarpaceae. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 43-56.

Dallwitz, M. J. [et al. 2000], Paine, T. A., & Zurcher, E. J. 2000 onwards [consulted 2006]. Principles of interactive keys. http://delta-intkey.com

Daly, D. C. [et al. 2011], Harley, M. M., Martínez-Habibe, M.-C., & Weeks, A. 2011. Pp. 76-104, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants. X. Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Damerval, C., & Manuel, M. 2003. Independent evolution of Cycloidea-like sequences in several angiosperm taxa. C. R. Palevol. 2: 241-250.

Damerval, C., & Nadot, S. 2007. Evolution of perianth and stamen characteristics with respect to floral symmetry in Ranunculales. Ann. Bot. 99: 631-640.

Damerval, C. [et al. 2007], Le Guilloux, M., Jager, M., & Charon, C.. 2007. Diversity and evolution of CYCLOIDEA-like TCP genes in relation to flower development in Papaveraceae. Plant Physiol. 143: 759-772.

Damtoft, S. [et al. 1994], Jensen, S. R., Thorsen, J., Mølgård, P., & Olsen, C. E. 1994. Iridoids and verbascoside in Callitrichaceae, Hippuridaceae and Lentibulariaceae. Phytochem. 36: 927-929.

Damtoft, S. [et al. 1995], Franzyk, H., & Jensen, S. R. 1995. Biosynthesis of secoiridoids in the genus Fontanesia. Phytochem. 38: 615-621.

Damus, M. [et al. 1997], Peterson, R. L., Enstone, D. E., & Peterson, C. A. 1997. Modification of cortical cell walls in roots of seedless vascular plants. Bot. Acta 110: 190–195.

Danert, S. 1958. Die Verzweigung der Solanaceen im reproduktiven Bereich. Abh. Deutsche Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 1957, 6: 1-183.

Danert, S. 1967. Die Verzweigung als infragenerisches Gruppenmerkmal in der Gattung Solanum L. Flora 15: 275-292.

Danforth, B. N. [et al. 2006], Sipes, S., Fang, J., & Brady, S. G. 2006. The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 15118-15123.

Daniel, T. F. 1998. Pollen morphology of Mexican Acanthaceae: Diversity and systematic significance. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 50: 217-256.

Daniel, T. F. 2010. Catalog of Guatemalan Acanthaceae: Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 61: 291-379.

Daniel, T. F., & McDade, L. A. 2005. Floral resupination in Acanthaceae: Taxonomic and geographic distributions, expression and possible function. Pp. 137, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Daniel, T. F. [et al. 2008], McDade, L. A., Manktelow, M., & Kiel, C. A. 2008. The "Tetramerium lineage" (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Justicieae): Delimitation and intra-lineage relationships based on cp and nrITS sequence data. Syst. Bot. 33: 416-436.

Daniell, H. [et al. 2008], Wurdack, K. J., Kanagaraj, A., Lee, S.-B., Saski, C., & Jansen, R. K. 2008. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cassava (Manihot esculenta) chloroplast genome and the evolution of atpF in Malpighiales: RNA editing and multiple losses of a group II intron. Theor. Appl. Genetics 116: 723-737.

Danilova, M. (ed.). 1996. Anatomia seminum comparativa. Tomus 5. Rosidae I. NAUKA, Leningrad. [In Russian.]

Danilova, M. [et al. 1990], Nemirowich-Danchenko, E. N., Komar, G. A., & Lodkina, M. M. 1990. Some trends of structural evolution of seeds in monocotyledons. Bot. Zhurn. 75: 755-773. [In Russian.]

Danser, B. H. 1929. Ueber die Begriffe Komparium, Komiskuum und Konvivium und ueber die Enstehungsweise der Konvivien. Genetica 11: 399-450.

D'Antonio, C. M., & Vitousek, P. M. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 63-87.

D'Arbaumont, J. 1890. Nouvelles observations sur les cellules a mucilage des graines de Crucifères. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér 7, 11: 125-184, pl. 9.

D'Arcy, W. G., & Keating, R. C. 1973. The affinities of Lithophyton: A transfer from Solanaceae to Verbenaceae. Brittonia 25: 213-225.

Darling, D. C. 2007. Holey aroids: Circular trenching behavior by a leaf beetle in Vietnam. Biotropica 39: 555-558.

Darnowski, D. W. [et al. 2006], Carroll, D. M., Plachno, B., Kabanoff, E., & Cinnamon, E. 2006. Evidence of protocarnivory in triggerplants (Stylidium spp.; Stylidiaceae). Plant Biol. 8: 805-812.

Darwin, C. R. 1862a. On the three remarkable sexual forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an orchid in the possession of the Linnean Society. Proc. Linnean Soc. Bot. 6: 151-157.

Darwin, C. 1862b. On the various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilized by Insects, and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing. John Murray, London.

Da Silva, M. F. das G. F. [et al. 1988], Gottlieb, O. R., & Ehrendorfer, F. 1988. Chemosystematics of Rutaceae: Suggestions for a more natural taxonomy and evolutionary interpretation of the family. Plant Syst. Evol. 161: 97-134.

Da Silva, M. J. [et al. 2012], de Queiroz, L. P., Tozzi, A. M. G. de A., Lewis, G. P., & de Sousa, A. P. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of Lonchocarpus sensu lato and its allies in the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae). Taxon 61: 93-108.

Dathan, A. S. R., & Singh, D. 1974. Structure and development of seed coat in Viola spp. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 52: 119-126.

Dathan, A. S. R., & Singh, D. 1979. Structure and development of female gametophyte and seed in Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleumer. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 58: 258-263.

Datwyler, S. L., & Weiblen, G. 2004. On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences. American J. Bot. 91: 767-777.

Datwyler, S. L. [et al. 2003], Clement, W., Swenson, S., & Weiblen, G. 2003. Where did the figs come from? Phylogenetic analysis of Moraceae based on ndhF and 26S sequences. P. 77 in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Datzmann, T. [et al. 2010], von Helversen, O., & Mayer, F. 2010. Evolution of nectarivory in phyllostomid batsd (Phyllostomidae Gray, 1825, Chiroptera: Mammalia). BMC Ecol. Biol. 10: 165.

Dauby, G. [et al. 2008], Parmentier, I., & Stévart, T. 2008. Afrothismia gabonensis sp. nov. (Thismiaceae) from Gabon. Nordic J. Bot. 25: 268-271.

Daumann, E. 1931. Nektarabscheidung in der Blütenregion einiger Araceen. Zugleich ein Hinweis aud die Bargersche Methode. Planta 12: 34-48.

Daumann, E. 1970. Das Blütennektarium der Monokotyledonen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner systematischen und phylogenetischen Bedeutung. Feddes Rep. 80: 463-590.

Davenport, L. J. 1988. A monograph of Hydrolea (Hydrophyllaceae). Rhodora 90: 169-208

Davey, M. L., & Currah, R. S. 2006. Interactions between mosses (Bryophyta) and fungi. Canadian J. Bot. 84: 1509-1519.

Davidson, C. 1973. An anatomical and morphological study of Datiscaceae. Aliso 8: 49-110.

Davidson, C. 1976. Anatomy of the xylem and phloem of Datiscaceae. Nat. Hist. Museum Los Angeles Cont. Sci. 280: 1-28.

Davidse, G. 1987. Fruit dispersal in the Poaceae. Pp. 143-155, in Soderstrom, T. R., Hilu, K. W., Campbell, C. S., & Barkworth, M. E. (eds), Grass Systematics and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Davidson, A. [et al. 2011], Keller, F., & Turgeon, R. 2011 [= 2010]. Phloem loading, plant growth form, and climate. Protoplasma 248: 153-163.

Davidson, D. W., & Epstein, W. W. 1989. Epiphytic associations with ants. Pp. 200-233, in Lüttge, C. (ed.), Vascular Plants as Epiphytes. Springer, Berlin.

Davidson, D. W., & McKey, D. 1993. The evolutionary ecology of symbiotic ant-plant relationships. J. Hymenopt. Res. 1: 13-83.

Davies, K. L. 2009. Food-hair form and diversification in orchids. Pp. 159-184, in Kull, T., Arditti, J., & Wong, S. M. (eds), Orchid Biology: Review and Perspectives, X. Springer.

Davies, K. L. [et al. 2000a], Winters, C., & Turner, M.P. 2000a. Pseudopollen: Its structure and development in Maxillaria (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 85: 887-895.

Davies, K. L. [et al. 2005], Stpiczynska, M., & Gregg, A. 2005. Nectar-secreting floral stomata in Maxillaria anceps Ames & C. Schweinf. (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 96: 217-227.

Davies, S. J. [et al. 2005], Tan, S., LaFrankie, J. V., & Potts, M. D. 2005. Soil-related floristic variation in a hyperdiverse dipterocarp forest. Pp. 22-34, in Roubik, D. W., Sakai, S., & Hamid Karim, A. A. (eds), Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest. Sarawak Studies. Springer.

Davies, T. J., & Barraclough, T. G. 2007. The diversification of flowering plants through time and space: Key innovations, climate and chance. Pp. 149-163, in Hodkinson, T. R., & Parnell. J. A. N. (eds), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA. [Systematics Association Special Volume Series 72.].

Davies, T. J. [et al. 2004a], Barraclough, T. G., Chase, M. W., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Savolainen, V. 2004a. Darwins's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the Angiosperms. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 1904-1909.

Davies, T. J. [et al. 2004b], Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Moat, J., & Barraclough, T. G. 2004b. Environmental energy and evolutionary rates in flowering plants. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 271: 2195-2200.

Davies, T. J. [et al. 2004c], Barraclough, T. G., Savolainen, V., & Chase, M. W. 2004c. Environmental causes for plant biodiversity gradients. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 359: 1645-1656.

Davies, T. J. [et al. 2005], Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Goldblatt, P., & Barraclough, T. G. 2005. Environment, area and diversification in the species rich flowering plant family Iridaceae. American Naturalist 186: 418-425.

Davis, A. P. [et al. 2007], Chester, M., Maurin, O., & Fay, M. F. 2007. Searching for the relatives of Coffea (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae): The circumscription and phylogeny of Coffeeae based on plastid sequence data and morphology. American J. Bot. 94: 313-329.

Davis, A. R. [et al. 1988], Peterson, R. L., & Shuel, R. W. 1988. Vasculature and ultrastructure of the floral and stipular nectaries of Vicia faba (Leguminosae). Canadian J. Bot. 66: 1435-1448.

Davis, C. C. 2002. Madigasikaria (Malpighiaceae): A new genus with implications for floral evolution in Malpighiaceae. American J. Bot. 89: 699-706.

Davis, C. C., & Anderson, W. R. 2010. A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology. American J. Bot. 97: 2031-2046.

Davis, C. C., & Chase, M. W. 2004. Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae; Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales. American J. Bot. 91: 262-273.

Davis, C. C., & Schaefer, H. 2011. Plant evolution: Pulses of extinction and speciation in gymnosperm diversity. Curr. Biol. 21: 995-998.

Davis, C. C., & Wurdack, K. J. 2004. Host-to-parasite gene transfer in flowering plants: Phylogenetic evidence from Malpighiales. Science 305: 676-678.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2000], Anderson, W. R., & Donoghue, M. J. 2000. Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: Evidence from chloroplast ndhF and trnL-F nucleotide sequences. American J. Bot. 88: 1830-1846.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2002a], Bell, C. D., Fritsch, P. W., & Mathews, S. 2002a. Phylogeny of Acridocarpus-Brachylophon (Malpighiaceae): Implications for Tertiary tropical floras and Afro-Asian biogeography. Evolution 56: 2395-2405.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2002b], Bell, C. D., Mathews, S., & Donoghue, M. J. 2002b. Laurasian migration explains Gondwana disjunctions: Evidence from Malpighiaceae. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 6833-6837.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2004], Fritsch, P. W., Bell, C. D., & Mathews, S. 2004. High-latitude Tertiary migrations of an exclusively tropical clade: Evidence from Malpighiaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl): S107-S121.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2005a], Webb, C. O., Wurdack, K. J., Jaramillo, C. A., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005a. Explosive radiation of Malpighiales supports a Mid-Cretaceous origin of modern tropical rain forests. American Naturalist 165: E36-E65.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2005b], Anderson, W. R., & Wurdack, K. J. 2005b. Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 272: 2237-2242.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2007], Latvis, M., Nickrent, D. L., Wurdack, K. J., & Baum, D. A. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

Davis, C. C. [et al. 2008], Endress, P. K., & Baum, D. A. 2008. The evolution of floral gigantism. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11: 49-57.

Davis, E. C. 2004. A molecular phylogeny of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniidae: Marchantiophyta). Pp. 61-86, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Davis, G. L. 1966. Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms. John Wiley, New York.

Davis, J. I., & Soreng, R. J. 2007 [2008]. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the grass subfamily Poöideae (Poaceae), with attention to structural features of the plastid and nuclear genomes, including an intron loss in GBSSI. Pp. 335-348, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 335-348.]

Davis, J. I. [et al. 2001], Stevenson, D. W., Campbell, L., Goldman, D., Hardy, C., Michelangeli, F., Simmons, M., & Specht, C. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among the monocots, as inferred from morphology and nucleotide sequence variation in three genes. P. 109, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Davis, J. I. [et al. 2004], Stevenson, D. W., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Campbell, L. M., Freudenstein, J. V., Goldman, D. H., Hardy, C. R., Michelangeli, F. A., Simmons, M. P., Specht, C. D., Vergara-Silva, F., & Gandolfo, M. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Syst. Bot. 29: 467-510.

Davis, J. I. [et al. 2006], Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Stevenson, D. W., Hardy, C. R., Simmons, M. P., Michelangeli, F. A., Goldman, D. H., Campbell, L. M., Specht, C. D., & Cohen, J. I. 2006. Are mitochondrial genes useful for the analysis of monocot relationships? Taxon 55: 857-870.

Davis, J. I {et al. 2011], Leebens-Mack, J., Barrett, C., Comer, J., Stevenson, D. W., & Zomlefer, W. 2011. Plastid genomes and palm phylogenetics. P. 296, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Dawson, G. 1947. Las Santaláceas Argentinas. Revista Museo La Plata 6 [Botanica, No 23]:1-80, pl. 1-8.

Day, A. G., & Moran, R. 1986. Acanthogilia, a new genus of Polemoniaceae from Baja California, Mexico. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 44: 111-126.

Dayanandan, S. [et al. 1999], Ashton, P. S., Williams, S. M., & Primack, R. B. 1999. Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast rbcL gene. American J. Bot. 86: 1182-1190.

De Aguiar-Dias, A. C. A. [et al. 20111], Yamamoto, K., & Castro, M. de M. 2011. Stipular extranuptial nectaries new to Polygala: Morphology and ontogeny. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 166: 40-50.

Dearnaley, J. D. W. [et al. 2012], Martos, F., & Selosse, M. A. 2012. Orchid mycorrhizas: Molecular ecology, physiology, evolution and conservation aspects. Myctoa 15:

De Benedetto, C. [et al. 1992], de Gara, L., Arrigoni, O., Albrizio, M., & Gallerani, R. 1992. The structure of cytochrome oxidase sububit II gene and its use as a new character in the construction of the phylogenetic tree of Angiospermae. Plant Sci. 81: 75-82.

De Block, P., & Igersheim, A. 2001. Stigma of the African genera Rutidea and Nichallea (Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae-Pavetteae): Highly modified receptive surfaces. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 567-578.

De Bodt, S. [et al. 2005], Maere, S., & van de Peer, Y. 2005. Gene duplication and the evolution of angiosperms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 591-597.

De Borges, R. L. M. [et al. 2009], dos Santos, F. de A., & Giuletti, A. M. 2009. Comparative pollen morphology and taxonomic considerations in Eriocaulaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 154: 91-105.

Debreczy, Z., & Rácz, I. Conifera Around the World. Conifers of the Temperate Zones and Adjacent regions, 2 vols. Dendropress, Budapest.

De Bruyn, L. 2005. The biology, ecology, and evolution of shoot flies (Diptera: Chloropidae). Pp. 373-405, in Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H.

DeBuhr, L. E. 1978. Wood anatomy of Forsellesia (Glossopetalon) and Crossosoma (Crossosomataceae, Rosales). Aliso 9: 179-184.

Decauise, J. 1836. remarques sur les affinités du genre Helwingia, et établissement de la famille des Helwingiacées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Sér. 2, 6: 65-76, pl. 6-7.

de Carvalho, M. L. S. [et al. 2009], Nakamura, A. T., & Sajo, M. das G. 2009. Floral anatomy of neotropical species of Mayacaceae. Flora 204: 220-227.

De Carvalho, T. L. G. [et al. 2011], Ferreira, P. C. G., & Hemerly, A. S. 2011. Sugarcane genetic controls involved in the association with beneficial endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Trop. Plant Biol. 4: 31-41.

De Castro, O. [et al. 2012], Brullo, S., Colombo, P., Jury, S., De Luca, P. and Di Maio, A. 2012. Phylogenetic and biogeographical inferences for Pancratium (Amaryllidaceae), with an emphasis on the Mediterranean species based on plastid sequence data. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 170: 12-28.

De Chiara Moço, M., & de Araujo Mariath, J. E. 2009. Comparative floral ontogeny in Adesmia (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae). Australian J. Bot. 57: 65-75.

De Craene, L. P. R., see Ronse Decraene, L. P.

De Faria, S. M., & Sprent, J. I. 1994. Legume nodule development: An evolutionary hypothesis. Pp. 33-39, in Sprent, J. I. & McKey, D. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics 5: The Nitrogen Factor. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Defossez, E. [et al. 2011], Djieto-Lordon, C., McKey, D., Selosse, M.-A., & Blatrix, R. 2011. Plant-ants feed their host plant, but above all a fungal symbiont to recycle nitrogen. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 278: 1419-1426.

Degenhardt, J. 2009. Indirect defense responses to herbivory in grasses. Plant Physiol. 149: 96-102.

De Groot, H. [et al. 2006], Wanke, S., & Neinhuis, C. 2006. Revision of the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) in Africa, Madagascar and adjacent islands. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 219-238.

De Groot, S. 2011. Spatial analysis of morphology in Eriastum eremicum (Polemoniaceae). Syst. Bot. 36: 449-464.

Degtjareva, G. V. [et al. 2004], Casper, J., Hellwig, F., & Sokoloff, D. D. 2004. Seed morphology in the genus Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and its relation to taxonomy and phylogeny. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 125: 431-452.

Degtjareva, G. V. [et al. 2006], Casper, J., Hellwig, F., Schmidt, A. R., Steiger, J., & Sokoloff, D. D. 2006. Morphology and nrITS phylogeny of the genus Pinguicula L. (Lentibulariaceae), with special attention to embryo evolution. Plant Biol. 8: 778-790.

Degtjareva, G. V. [et al. 2009], Kljukov, E. V., Samigullin, T. H., Valiejo-Roman, C. M., & Pimenov, M. G. 2009. Molecular appraisal of Bunium and some related arid and subarid geophilic Apiaceae-Apioideae taxa of the ancient Mediterranean. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 149-170.

Degtjareva, T. [et al. 2004], Samigullin, T. H., Sokoloff, D. D., & Valiejo-Roman, C. M. 2004. Gene sampling versus taxon sampling: Is Amborella (Amborellaceae) a sister group to all other extant angiosperms? Bot. Zhurn. 89: 896-907.

Dehgan, B., & Yuen, C. K. K. H. 1983. Seed morphology in relation to dispersal, evolution, and propagation of Cycas L. Bot. Gaz. 144: 412-418.

Dejean, A. [et al. 2008], Djiéto-Lordon, C., & Orivel, J. 2008. The plant ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae) protects its host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae) through aggressiveness and predation. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 93: 68-69.

De Kock, D., & Meve, U. 2007. Stapeliad Checklist. A Guide to Alternative Names Used in Recent Stapeliad Classification (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae: Cerpoegieae). International Asclepiad Society.

Delaux PM, Xie X, Timme RE, Puech-Pages V, Dunand C, Lecompte E, Delwiche CF, Yoneyama K, Bécard G, Séjalon-Delmas N. 2012. Origin of strigolactones in the green lineage. New Phytol. 195:857-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04209.x

De Laet, J. [et al. 1995], Clinckemaille, J., Jansen, S., & Smets, E. 1995. Floral ontogeny of the Plumbaginaceae. J. Plant Res. 108: 289-304.

De Lange, P. J. [et al. 2010], Smissen, R. D., Wagstaff, S. J., Keeling, D. J., Murray, B. G., & Toelken, H. R. 2010. A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 309-319.

Delannoy, E. [et al. 2011], Fujii, S., Colas des Francs-Small, C., Brudrett, M., & Small, I. 2011. Rampant gene loss in the underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri highlights evolutionary constraints on plastid genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28: 2077-2086.

De la Parra, F. [et al. 2007), Jaramillo, C. A., & Dilcher, D. L. 2007. Paleoecological change of spore producing plants through the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary in Colombia. Palynol. 32: 258-259.

De la Torre, J. E. B. [et al. 2006], Egan, M. G., Katari, M., Breenner, E. D., Stevenson, D. W., Crouzzi, G. M., & DeSalle, R. 2006. Estimating plant phylogeny: Lessons from partitoning. BMC Evol. Biol. 6:48. (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/48/)

De Laubenfels, D. J. 1988. Pinales. Pp. 337-453, in van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 10, part 3. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.

Delgado-Salinas, A. [et al. 1999], Turley, T., Richman, A., & Lavin, M. 1999. Phylopgenetic analysis of the cultivated and wild species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae). Syst. Bot. 24: 438-460.

Delgado-Salinas, A. [et al. 2006], Bibler, R., & Lavin, M. 2006. Phylogeny of the genus Phaseolus (Leguminosae): A recent diversification in an ancient lanscape. Syst. Bot. 31: 779-791.

Delgado-Salinas, A. [et al. 2011], Thulin, M., Pasquet, R., Weeden, N., & Lavin, M. 2011. Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: The names and identities of the American segregate genera. American J. Bot. 98: 1694-1715.

Del Giudice, L. [et al. 2008], Massardo, D. R., Pontieri, P., Bertea, C. M., Mombello, D., Carata, E., Tredici, S. M., Talà, A., Mucciarelli, M., Groudeva, V. I., De Stefano, M., Vigliotta, G., Maffei, M. E., & Alifano, P. 2008. The microbial community of vetiver root and its involvement into essential oil biogenesis. Envirn. Microbiol. 10: 2824-2841.

Del Hoyo, A., & Pedrola-Monfort, J. 2006. Missing links between disjunct populations of Androcymbium (Colchicaceae) in Africa using chloroplast DNA noncoding sequences. Pp. 606-618, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 606-618.]

Del Hoyo, A., & Pedrola-Monfort, J. 2008. Phylogeny of Androcymbium (Colchicaceae) based on morphology and DNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 273: 151-167.

Del Hoyo, A. [et al. 2009], García-Marín, J. L., & Pedrola-Monfort, J. 2009. Temporal and spatial diversification of the African disjunct genus Androcymbium (Colchicaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 53: 848-861.

De Lange, A., & Bouman, F. 1999. Seed micromorphology of neotropical begonias. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 90: i-iv, 1-49.

Delprete, P. G. 2004. Rubiaceae. Pp. 328-333, in Smith, N., Mori, S. A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D. W., & Heald, S. V. (eds), Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Delprete, P. 2009. Taxonomic history, morphology, and reproductive biology of the tribe Posoquerieae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 79-89.

Delwiche, C. F. [et al. 2004], Andersen, R. A., Bhattacharya, D., Mishler, B. D., & McCourt, R. M. 2004. Algal evolution and the early radiation of green plants. Pp. 121-137, in Cracraft, J., & Donoghue, M. J. (eds), Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Demaio, P. H. [et al. 2011], Barfuss, M. H. J., Kiesling, R., Till, W., & Ciapella, J. O. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae): Assessment of alternative infrageneric systems, a new subgenus, and trends in the evolution of the genus. American J. Bot. 98: 1841-1854.

Demarco, D. [et al. 2006], Kinoshita, L. S., & Casrom, M. de M. 2006. Laticíferos articulados anastomosados - novos registros para Apocynaceae. Revista Brasiliera Bot. 29: 133-144.

De Marins, J. F. [et al. 2009], Carrenho, R., & Thomaz, S. M. 2009. Occurence and coexistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate fungi in aquatic macrophytes in a tropical river-floodplain system. Aquatic Bot. 91: 13-19.

De Martino, G. [et al. 2006], Pan, I., Emmanuel, E., Levy, A., & Irish, V. F. 2006. Functional analyses of two APETALA3 genes demonstrate diversification in their roles in regulating floral development. Plant Cell 18: 1833-1845.

De Mello-Silva, R. 2005. Morphological analysis, phylogenies and classification in Velloziaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 148: 157-173.

De Melo, N. E., & Guerra, M. 2003. Variability of the 5S and 45S rDNA sites in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae). Ann. Bot. 92: 309-316.

De Menezes, N. L. 1980. Evolution in Velloziaceae, with special reference to androecial characters. Pp. 117-139, in Brickell, C. D., Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Petaloid Monocotyledons. Academic Press, London.

De Menezes, N. L. [et al. 2005], Silva, D. C., Arruda, R. C. O., Melo-de-Pinn, G. F., Cardoso, A., Castro, N. M., Scatena, V. L., & Scremin-Dias, E. 2005. Meristematic activity of the endodermis and pericycle in the primary thickening in monocotyledons. Considerations on the "PTM". Anais Acad. Brasiliera Ciênc. 77: 259-274.

De Menezes, N. l. [et al. 2011a], Elbl, P. M., Cury, G., Gonçalves da Silva, Oliveira Costa, G., & Sasaki, K. L. M. 2011a. Is there really a PTM (primary thickening meristem) in monocots? P. 181, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

De Menezes, N. l. [et al. 2011b], Elbl, P. M., Cury, G., Appezzato-da-Glória, B., Sasaki, K. L. M., da Silva, C. G., Costa, G. R., & Lima, V. G. A. 2011b. The meristematic activity of the endodermis and the pericycle and its role in the primary thickening in monocotyledonous roots. Plant Ecol. Divers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2011.604925

Demissew, S. 2004. Cyclocheilaceae. Pp. 60-62, in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

De Moraes, P. L. R. 2007 Taxonomy of Cryptocarya Species of Brazil. [Abc Taxa vol. 3.]

De Moura, T. M. [et al. 2011], Mansano, V. de F., de Souza, A. P., & Tozzi, A. M. G. de A. 2011. Evidence of non-monophyly within Mucuna Adans. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) as inferred from phylogenetic analysis. P. 206, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Denduangboripant, J. [et al. 2001], Mendum, M., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 2001. Evolution in Aeschynanthus inferred from ITS sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 228: 181-197.

Deng, L., & Baas, P. 1991. The wood anatomy of the Theaceae. IAWA Bull. N.S. 12: 333-353.

Deng, M. [et al. 2008], Zhou, Z.-K., Chen, Y.-Q., & Sun, W.-B. 2008. Systematic significance of the development and anatomy of flowers and fruit of Quercus schottkyana (subgenus Cyclobalanopsis: Fagaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1261-1277.

Dengler, N. G. 1971. Ontogeny of the vegetative and floral apex of Calycanthus occidentalis. Canadian J. Bot. 50: 1349-1356, pl. 1-5.

Den Hartog, C. 1957. Alismataceae. Pp. 317-334, in van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 5. P. Noordhoff, Wageningen.

Den Hartog, C. 1970. The sea-grasses of the world. Konin. Nederlandse Akad. Wetens. Afd. Natuurk. Ser. 2, 59(1): 1-275, pl. 1-31.

Den Hartog, R. M., and Baas, P. 1978. Epidermal characters of the Celastraceae sensu lato. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 27: 355-388.

De Nicola, G. R. [et al. 2012], Nyegue, M., Montaut, S., Iori, R., Menut, C., Tatibouët, A., Rollin, P., Ndoyé, C., & Zollo, P.-H. A. 2012. Profile and quantification of glucosinolates in Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baillon. Phytochem. 73: 51-56.

Denk, T., & Grimm, G. W. Significance of pollen characteristics for infrageneric classification and phylogeny of Quercus (Fagaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 926-940.

Denk, T., & Oh, I.-C. 2006. Phylogeny of Schisandraceae based on morphological data: Evidence from modern plants and the fossil record. Plant Syst. Evol. 256: 113-145.

Denk, T., & Tekleva, M. 2006. Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Platanus: Implications for phylogeny and evaluation of the fossil record. Grana 45: 195-221.

Denk, T. [et al. 2012], Grímsson, F., & Zetter, R. 2012. Fagaceae from the early Oligocene of Central Europe: Persisting new world and emerging old world biogeographic links. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 169: 7-20.

Den Outer, R. W. 1967. Histological investigations of the secondary phloem of gymnosperms. Meded. Landbouwho. Wageningen 67(7): 1-119.

Den Outer, R. W., & Schütz, P. R. 1981. Wood anatomy of some Sarcolaenaceae and Rhopalocarpaceae and their systematic position. Meded. Landbouwho. Wageningen 81(8): 1-25.

Den Outer, R. W., & van Veenendaal, W. L. H. 1995. Development of included phloem in the stem of Combretum nigricans (Combretaceae). IAWA J. 16: 151-158.

Den Outer, R. W., & Vooren, A. P. 1980. Bark anatomy of some Sarcolaenaceae and Rhopalocarpaceae and their systematic position. Meded. Landbouwho. Wageningen 80(6): 1-15.

De-Nova, J. A. [et al. 2012], Medina, R., Montero, J. C., Weeks, A., Rosell, J. A., Olson, M. E., Eguiarte, L. E. & Magallón, S. 2012. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich Mesoamerican seasonally dry tropical forests: The diversification of Bursera (Sapindaceae). New Phytol 193: 276-287.

dePamphilis, C. W. 1995. Genes and genomes. Pp. 176-205, in Press M. C., & Graves J. D. (eds), Parasitic Plants. Chapman and Hall, London.

dePamphilis, C. W. [et al. 1997], Young, N. D., & Wolfe, A. D. 1997. Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rare variation. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 7367-7372.

De-Paula, O. C., & Oliveira, D. M. T. 2008. Multiple pleurograms in Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 157: 487-492.

De-Paula, O. C., & Sajo, M. das G. 2011. Morphology and development of the anthers and ovules in Croton and Astraea (Euphorbiaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 29: 505-511.

Dequan, L., & Gilbert, M. G. 2003. Nyctaginaceae. Pp. 430-433, in Wu, Z., Raven, P. H., & Hong, D. (eds), Flora of China: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press, Beijing.

De Queiroz, A. 2002. Contingent predictability in evolution: Key traits and diversification. Syst. Biol. 51: 917-929.

De Queiroz, A. 2004. The resurrection of oceanic dispersal in historical biogeography. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 68-73.

Der, J., & Nickrent, D. 2005. Molecular systematics of Santalaceae: Phylogeny and classification of a paraphyletic family of hemiparasitic plants. Pp. 110, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Der, J., & Nickrent, D. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Syst. Bot. 33: 107-116.

De Riek, J. [et al. 2008], Scariot, V., Eeeckhaut, T., de Keyser, E., Kobayashi, N., & Handa, N. 2008. The potential of molecular analysis and interspecific hybridization for Azalea phylogenetic research. Pp. 251-302, in Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1. Part E. Phanerogams - Angiosperm. Science Publishers, Delhi.

Deroin, T. 1991a. La vascularisation florale des Magnoliales: Première approche expérimentale de son rôle au cours de la pollinisation. Comtes Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér 3, 312: 355-360.

Deroin, T. 1991b. La répartition des modèles de plateaux stigmatique et l'évolution des Annonacées. Comtes Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér 3, 312: 561-566.

Deroin, T. 1992 [1993]. Anatomie florale de Humbertia madagascariensis Lam. Contribution à la morphologie comparée de la fleur et du fruit des Convolvulaceae. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Paris sér 4, 14, sect. B. Adansonia 25: 235-255.

Deroin, T. 1994. Anatomie florale comparée de Cardiochlamys et Cordisepalum. Illustration de l'heterobathmie des Convolvulaceae-Cardiochlamyeae. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Paris sér 4, 14, sect. B. Adansonia 26: 199-211.

Deroin, T. 1999a. Functional impact of the vascular architecture of flowers in Annonaceae and Magnoliaceae and its bearing on the interpretation of the magnoliaceous gynoecium. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 213-224.

Deroin, T. 1999b. Ontogeny and phylogeny in Convolvulaceae-Ipomoeae: Preliminary comparative remarks on ovary morphology. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 225-232.

Deroin, T. 2000. Notes on the vascular anatomy of the fruits of Takhtajania (Winteraceae) and its interpretation. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 398-406.

Deroin, T. 2001. Famille 171. - Convolvulaceae. Pp. 11-287, in Morat, P. (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Deroin, T. 2010. Floral anatomy of Magnolia decidua (Q. Y. Zheng) V. S. Kumar (Magnoliaceae): Recognition of a partial pentamery. Adansonia sér 3, 32: 39-.

De Sá-Haiad, B. [et al. 2010], Torres, C. A., Torres, C. A., de Abreu, V. H. R., Gonçalves, M. R., Mendonça, C. B. F., de Santiago-Fernandes, L. D. R., Bove, C. P., & Gonçalves-Esteves, V. 2010. Floral structure and palynology of Podostemum weddellianum (Podostemaceae: Malpighiales). Plant Syst. Evol. 290: 141-149.

Descoings, B. 2006. Le genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): structure et définition. J. Bot. Soc. France 33: 3-28.

Desfeux, C., & Lejeune, B. 1996. Systematics of Euromediterranean Silene (Caryophyllaceae): Evidence from a phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequences. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, sciences de la vie 319: 351-358.

Desfeux, C. [et al. 1996], Maurice, S., Henry, J. P., Lejeune, B., & Gouyon, P. H. 1996. Evolution of reproductive systems in the genus Silene. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 263: 409–414.

Des Marais, D. L. [et al. 2003], Smith, A. R., Britton, D. M., & Pryer, K. M. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of extant horsetails, Equisetum, based on chloroplast DNA sequence data (rbcL and trnL-F). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 737-751.

De Souza Concição, A. [et al. 2009], de Queiroz, L. P., Lewis, G. P., Gomes de Andrade, M. J., Machado de Almeida, P. R., Schnadelbach, A. S., & van den Berg, C. 2009. Phylogeny of Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions. Taxon 58: 1168-1180.

Dessein, S. [et al. 2002], Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. 2002. Pollen of Arican Spermacoce species (Rubiaceae). Morphology and evolutionary aspects. Grana 41: 69-89.

Dessein, S. [et al. 2005a], Ochoterena, H., de Block, P., Lens, F., Robbrecht, E., Schols, P., Smets, E., Vinckier, S., & Huysmans, S. 2005a. Palynological characters and their phylogenetic signal in Rubiaceae. Bot. Review 71: 354-414.

Dessein, S. [et al. 2005b], Harwood, R., Smets, E., & Robbrecht, E. 2005b. Pollen of Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species from the Northern Territory of Australia: Morphology and taxonomic significance. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 367-382.

De Stefano, R. D., & Fernández-Concha, G. C. 2011. Morphology-inferred phylogeny and a revision of the genus Emmotum (Icacinaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 98: 1-27.

Dethier, V. G. 1941. Chemical factors determining the choice of food plants by Papilio larvae. American Naturalist 75: 61-73.

De Toni, K. L. G., & Mariath, J. E. A. 2008. Ovule ontogeny in Rubiaceae (Juss.): Chomelia obtusa (Cinchonoideae-Guettardeae) and Ixora coccinea (Ixoroideae-Ixoreae). Plant Syst. Evol. 272: 39-48.

De Toni, K. L. G., & Mariath, J. E. A. 2010. Ovule ontogeny of Relbunium species in the evolutionary context of Rubiaceae. Australian J. Bot. 58: 70-79.

De Toni, K. L. G., & Mariath, J. E. A. 2011. Developmental anatomy and morphology of the flowers and fruits of species from Galium and Relbunium (Rubieae, Rubiaceae). Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard. 98: 206-225.

Dettmann, M. E. 1998. Pollen morphology of Eidotheoideae: Implications for phylogeny in the Proteaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 605-612.

Dettmann, M. E., & Jarzen, D. M. 1991. Pollen evidence for the Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests. Canadian J. Bot. 69: 901-906.

Dettmann, M. E., & Jarzen, D. M. 1998. The early history of the Proteaceae in Australia: The pollen record. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 401-438.

Dettmann, M. E., & Jarzen, D. M. 2000. Pollen of extant Wollemia (Wollemi pine) and comparisons with pollen of other extant and fossil Araucariaceae. Pp. 187-203, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dettmann, M. E. [et al. 1990], Pocknall, D. T., Romero, E. J., & Zamaloa, M. C. 1990. Nothofagidites Erdtman and Potonié, 1960: A catalogue of species withe notes on the palaeogeographic distribution of Nothofagus Bl. (southern beech). New Zealand Geol. Survey Palaeontol. Bull. 60: 1-79.

Dettmann, M. E. [et al. 2009], Clifford, H. T., & Peters, M. 2009. Lovellea wintonensis gen. et sp. nov. - Early Cretaceous (late Albian), anatomically preserved, angiosperm flowers and fruits from the Winton formation, western Queensland Cretac. Res. 30: 339-355.

De Vega, C. [et al. 2007], Ortiz, P. L., Arista, M., & Talavera, S. 2007. The endophytic system of Mediterranean Cytinus (Cytinaceae) developing on five host Cistaceae species. Ann. Bot. 100: 1209-1217.

De Vega, C. [et al. 2008], Berjano, R., Arista, M., Ortiz, P. L., Talavera, S., & Stuessy, T. F. 2008. Genetic races associated with the genera and sections of host species in the holoparasitic plant Cytinus (Cytinaceae) in the western Mediterranean basin. New Phytol. 178: 875-887.

De Vega, C. [et al. 2009], Arista, M., Ortiz, P. L., Herrera, C. M., & Talavera, S. 2009. The ant pollination system of Cytinus hypocistis (Cytinaceae), a Mediterranean root holoparasite. Ann. Bot. 103: 1065-1075.

De Vega, C. [et al. 2010], Arista, M., Ortiz, P. L., & Talavera, S. 2010. Anatomical relations among endophytic holoparasitic angiosperms, autotrophic host plants and mycorrhizal fungi: A novel tripartite interaction. American J. Bot. 97: 730-737.

De Vega, C. [et al. 2011], Arista, M., Ortiz, P. L., & Talavera, S. 2011. Mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic plants: Reply. American J. Bot. 98: 597-601.

Devey, D. S. [et al. 2006], Leitch, I., Rudall, P. J., Pires, J. C., Pillon, Y., & Chase, M. W. 2006. Systematics of Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato, with an emphasis on Bulbine. Pp. 345-351, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 345-351.]

Devey, D. S. [et al. 2008], Bateman, R. M., Fay, M. F., & Hawkins, J. A. 2008. Friends or relatives? Phylogenetics and species delimitation in the controversial European orchid genus Ophrys. Ann. Bot. 101: 385-402.

De Villiers, B. J. [et al. 2010], Tilney, P. M., & van Wyk, B.-E. 2010. The taxonomic significance of leaf anatomical characters in Cussonia and related genera (Araliaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 164: 248-263.

de Vogel, E. F. 1969. Monograph of the tribe Apostasieae (Orchidaceae). Blumea 17: 312-350.

de Vogel, E. F. 1980. Seedlings of Dicotyledons. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen.

DeVore, M. L. 1994. Systematic Studies of Calyceraceae. Ph. D. Thesis, Ohio State University.

DeVore, M. L., & Skvarla, J. J. 2008. Revisiting intercolpar concavities within Calyceraceae and subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae). P. 10, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

DeVore, M. L., & Stuessy, T. F. 1995. The place and time of origin of the Asteraceae, with additional comments on Calyceraceae and Goodeniaceae. Pp. 23-40, in Hind, D. J. N., Jeffrey, C., & Pope, G. V. (eds), Advances in Compositae Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

DeVore, M. L. [et al. 2000], Zhao, Z., Jansen, R. K., & Skvarla, J. J. 2000. Utility of trends in pollen mophology for phylogenetic analyses: An example using subfamilies Barnadesioideae and Cichorioideae (Asteraceae). Pp. 399-412, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

DeVore, M. L. [et al. 2007], Zhao, Z., Jansen, R. K., & Skvarla, J. J. 2007. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Calyceraceae. Lundellia 10: 32-48.

De Vos, J. M., & Breteler, F. J. 2009. A revision of the arfican genera Paropsiopsis and Smeathmannia (Passifloraceae - Paropsieae), including a new species of Paropsiopsis from Cameroon. Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 27-49.

De Vos, M. P. 1948. The development of the ovule and seed in Hypoxideae. I. Ianthe Salisb. J. South African Bot. 14: 159-169.

De Vos, M. P. 1949. The development of the ovule and seed in Hypoxideae. II. The genera Pauridia Harv. and Forbesia Eckon. J. South African Bot. 15: 13-22.

De Vos, M. P. 1963. Studies on the embryology and relationships of South African genera of the Haemodoraceae: Lanaria Ait. J. South African Bot. 29: 79-90.

Devos, N. [et al. 2010], Barker, N. P., Nordenstam, B., & Mucina, L. 2010. A multi-locus phylogeny of Euryops (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) augments support for the "Cape to Cairo" hypothesis of floral migrations in Africa. Taxon 59: 57-67.

DeVries, P. J. 1987. The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. [Volume 1] Papilionoidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princetion, NJ.

Dewey, D. R. 1984. The genomic system of classification as a guide to intergeneric hybridization with the perennial Triticeae. Pp. 209-279, in Gustafson, J. P. (ed.), Gene Manipulation in Plant Imporvement. Plenum, New York.

De Wilde, J. J. F. E. 2011. Begoniaceae. Pp. 56-71, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants. X. Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, Berlin.

De Wilde, J. J. F. E., & Arends, J. C. 1989. Begonia salaziensis (Gaud.) Warb., taxonomy and placentation. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 38: 31-39.

De Wilde, J. J. F. E. [et al. 2011], Hughes, M., Rodda, M., & Thomas, D. C. 2011. Pliocene intercontinental dispersal from Africa to Southeast Asia highlighted by the new species Begonia afromigrata (Begoniaceae). Taxon 60: 1685-1692.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O. 1971a. The systematic position of tribe Paropsieae, in particular the genus Ancistrothyrsus, and a key to the genera of Passifloraceae. Blumea 19: 99-104.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O. 1971b. A monograph opf the genus Adenia Forsk. (Passifloraceae). Meded. Landbouwho. Wageningen 71(18): 1-281.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O. 1974. The genera of tribe Passifloreae (Passifloraceae) with special reference to flower morphology. Blumea 22: 31-35.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O. 2000. Myristicaceae. In Stevens, P. F. (ed.), Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 14. National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O., & Duyfjes, B. E. E. 1999. Bayabusua, a new genus of Cucurbitaceae. Sandakania 13: 1-16.

De Wilde, W. J. J. O., & Duyfjes, B. E. E. 2006. Redefinition of Zehneria and four new related genera (Cucurbitaceae), with an enumeration of the Australasian and Pacific species. Blumea 51: 1-88.

De Wilde-Duyfjes, B. E. E. 1976. A revision of the genus Allium L. (Liliaceae) in Africa. Meded. Landbou. Wageningen Nederl. 76(11): 1-238. [Belmontia n.s. 7: 1-238.]

Dexter, K. G. [et al. 2010], Pennington, T. D., & Cunningham, C. W. 2010. Using DNA to assess errors in tropical tree identifications: How often are ecologists wrong and when does it matter? Ecol. Monogr. 80: 267-286.

Dhillon, T. [et al. 2010], Pearce, S. P., Stockinger, E. J., Distelfeld, A., Li, C., Vashegyi, A. I., Vágújfalvi, A., Galiba, G., & Dubcovsky, J. 2010. Regulation of freezing tolerance and flowering in temperate cereals: The VRN-1 connection. Plant. Physiol. 153: 1846-1858.

Diane, N. [et al. 2002a], Förther, H., & Hilger, H. H. 2002a. A systematic analysis of Heliotropium, Tournefortia, and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data. American J. Bot. 89: 287-295.

Diane, N. [et al. 2002b], Hilger, H. H., & Gottschling, M. 2002b. Transfer cells in the seeds of Boraginales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 140: 155-164.

Diao, X. [et al. 2006], Freeling, M., & Lisch, D. 2006. Horizontal transfer of a plant transposon. PLOS Biol. 4(1): e5 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040005.

Díaz-Riquelme, J. [et al. 2009], Lijavetzky, D., Martínez-Zapater, J. M., & Carmona, M. J. 2009. Genome-wide analysis of MIKCc-type MADS-box genes in grapevine. Plant Physiol. 149: 354-369.

Dick, C. W., & Pennington, R. T. 2012. Molecular systematic perspectives on biome origins and dynamics. New Phytol. 193: 9-11.

Dick, R. [et al. 2012], Rattei, T., Haslbeck, M., Schwab, W., Gierl, A., & Frey, M. 2012. Comparative analysis of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in monocots and dicots: Independent recruitment of stabilization and activation functions. Plant Cell 24: 915-28.

Dickie, I. A., & Holdaway, R. J. 2011. Podocarp roots, mycorrhizas, and nodules. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 45: 175-187. [Turner, B. L., & Cernusak, L. A. (eds). 2011. Ecology of the Podocarpaceae in Tropical Forests. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.]

Dickie, I. A. [et al. 2004], Guza, R. C., Krazewski, S. E., & Reich, P. B. 2004. Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial (Helianthemum bicknellii) and oak (Quercus) seedlings. New Phytol. 164: 375-382.

Dickie, J. D., & Pritchard, H. W. 2002. Systematics and evolutionary aspects of dessication tolerance in plants. Pp. 239-259, in Black, M., & Pritchard, H. W. (eds), Dessication and Survival in Plants. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

Dickinson, H. G. [et al. 2000], Elleman, C. J., & Doughty, J. 2000. Pollen coatings: Chimaeric genetics and new functions. Sex. Plant Reprod. 12: 302 –309.

Dickinson, T. A. 1978. Epiphylly in angiosperms. Bot. Review 44: 181-232.

Dickinson, T. A., & Sattler, R. 1974. Development of the epiphyllous inflorescence of Phyllonoma integerrima (Turcz.) Loes.: Implications for comparative morphology. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 69: 1-13.

Dickinson, T. A., & Sattler, R. 1975. Development of the epiphyllous inflorescence of Helwingia japonica (Helwingiaceae). American J. Bot. 62: 962-973.

Dickinson, T. A. [et al. 2007], Lo, E., & Talent, N. 2007. Polyploidy, reproductive biology, and Rosaceae: Understanding evolution and making classifications. Plant Syst. Evol. 266: 59-78.

Dickison, W. C. 1971. Anatomical studies in the Connaraceae. I. Carpels. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 87: 77-86.

Dickison, W. C. 1975. Floral morphology and anatomy of Bauera. Phytomorph. 25: 68-76.

Dickison, W. C. 1980a. Comparative wood anatomy and evolution of the Cunoniaceae. Allertonia 2: 281-321.

Dickison, W. C. 1980b. Diverse nodal anatomy of the Cunoniaceae. American J. Bot. 67: 975-981.

Dickison, W. C. 1981a. Contributions to the morphology and anatomy of Strasburgeria and a discussion of the taxonomic position of the Strasburgeriaceae. Brittonia 33: 565-580.

Dickison, W. C. 1981b. The evolutionary relationships of the Leguminosae. Pp. 35-54, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dickison, W. C. 1986a. Floral morphology and anatomy of Staphyleaceae. Bot. Gaz. 147: 312-326.

Dickison, W. C. 1886b. Wood anatomy and affinities of the Alseuosmiaceae. Syst. Bot. 11: 214-221.

Dickison, W. C. 1987a. A palynological study of the Staphyleaceae. Grana 26: 11-24.

Dickison, W. C. 1987b. Leaf and nodal anatomy and systematics of Staphyleaceae. Bot. Gaz. 148: 475-489.

Dickison, W. C. 1988. Xylem anatomy of Diegodendron humbertii. IAWA Bull. N.S. 9: 332-336.

Dickison, W. C. 1989a. Stem and leaf anatomy of the Alseuosmiaceae. Aliso 12: 567-578.

Dickison, W. C. 1989b. Comparisons of primitive Rosidae and Hamamelidae. Pp. 47-73, in Crane, P. R., and Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, vol. 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Dickison, W. C. 1990a. The morphology and relationships of Medusagyne (Medusagynaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 171: 27-55.

Dickison, W. C. 1990b. An additional note on the floral morphology and affinities of Medusagyne oppositifolia (Medusagynaceae). Brittonia 42: 191-196.

Dickison, C. C. 1990c. A study of the floral morphology and anatomy of the Caryocaraceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 123-137.

Dickison, W. C. 1993. Floral anatomy of the Styracaceae, including observations on intra-ovarian trichomes. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 112: 223-255.

Dickison, W. C. 1994. A re-examination of Sanango racemosum. 2. Vegetative and floral anatomy. Taxon 43: 601-618.

Dickison, W. C. 2000. Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt/Academic Press, San Diego.

Dickison, W. C. 2002. Physenaceae. Pp. 332-333, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Dickison, W. C. 2006. Strasburgeriaceae. Pp. 446-448, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Dickison, W. C., & Baas, P. 1977. The morphology and relationships of Paracryphia (Paracryphiaceae). Blumea 23: 417-438.

Dickison, W. C., & Miller, R. B. 1993. Morphology and anatomy of the Malagasy genus Physena (Physenaceae), with a discussion on the relationships of the genus. Adansonia Sér. 4, sect. B, 15: 85-106.

Dickison, W. C., & Rutishauser, R. 1990. Developmental morphology of stipules and systematics of the Cunoniaceae and presumed allies. II. Taxa without interpetiolar stipules and conclusions. Bot. Helvetica 100: 75-95.

Dickison, W. C., & Sweitzer, E. M. 1970. The morphology and relationships of Barbeya oleoides. American J. Bot. 57: 468-476.

Dickison, W. C., & Weitzman, A. L. 1996. Comparative anatomy of young stem, node and leaf of Bonnetiaceae, including observations on a foliar endodermis. American J. Bot. 83: 405-418.

Dickison, W. C., & Weitzman, A. L. 1998. Floral morphology and anatomy of Bonnetiaceae. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125: 268-286.

Dickison, W. C. [et al. 1994], Hils, M. W., Lucansky, T. W., & Stern, W. L. 1994. Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Aphanopetalum Endl. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 114: 167-182.

Dickson, J. 1935. Studies in floral anatomy. - II. The floral anatomy of Glaucium flavum with reference to other members of the Papaveraceae. J. Linnean Soc., Bot. 50: 175-224.

Dickson, J. 1936. Studies in floral anatomy III. An interpretation of the gynaeceum in the Primulaceae. American J. Bot. 23: 385-393.

Dickson, S. [et al. 2007], Smith, F. A., & Smith, S. E. 2007. Structural differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: More than 100 years after Gallaud, where next? Mycorrhiza 17: 375-393.

Diederichsen, A., & Richards, K. 2003. Cultivated flax and the genus Linum. Pp. 22-54, in Muir, A. D., & Westcott, N. D. (eds), Flax: the Genus Linum. Routledge, London & New York.

Diels, L. 1914. Diapensiaceen-Studien. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(suppl.): 304-330.

Diels, L. 1930a. Cephalotaceae. Pp. 71-74, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18 A. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Diels, L. 1930b. Byblidaceae. Pp. 286-288, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18A. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Dierschke, T. [et al. 2009], Mandáková, T., Lysak, M. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2009. A bicontinental origin of polyploid Australian/New Zealand Lepidium species (Brassicaceae)? Evidence from genomic in situ hybridization. Ann. Bot. 104: 681-688.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1961. El genero Sclerophylax (Soloanaceae). Estudio anatomica, embriologica y cariologica con especial referencia a la taxonomia. Kurtziana 1: 9-103.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1969. Embriologica de Nolana paradoxica (Nolanaceae). Kurtziana 5: .

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1978. Sobre la vasculatura floral, embriología y cromosomas de Ixorhea tschudiana (Heliotropiaceae). Kurtziana 11: 75-105.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1979. El endosperma y el embríon en el sistema de Tubiflorae, con especial referencia a Boraginaceae e Hydrophyllaceae. Kurtziana 12-13: 101-112.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1981. La embriología en la sistemática de angiospermas. Kurtziana 14: 21-39.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1987. La endospermogenesis en Hydrophylleae (Hydrophyllaceae) con relacion a la taxonomia. Kurtziana 19: 13-34.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1989a. Embriolgía de Nama jamaicense (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae). Kurtziana 20: 9-31.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1989b. Observaciones embriológicas en especies Argentinas de Hydrolea (Hydrophyllaceae) con especial referencia a la endospermogénesis. Kurtziana 20: 33-64.

Di Fulvio de Basso, T. E. 1990. Endospermogenesis y taxonomía de la familia Hydrophyllaceae y su relación con las demas Gamopetalas. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Exact. Físic. Natur. Buenos Aires 5: 73-82.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1991. Inclusiones nucleares en Hydrophyllaceae. Kurtziana 21: 9-21.

Di Fulvio, T. E. 1999. Morfología y vascularización floral en Hydroleae e Hydrophylleae (Hydrophyllaceae). Kurtziana 25: 7-34.

Di Fulvio, T. E., & Cave, M. S. "1964" [= 1965.] Embryology of Blandfordia nobilis Smith (Liliaceae), with special reference to its taxonomic position. Phytomorph. 14: 487-499.

DiGuistini, S. [et al. 2011], Wang, Y., Liao, N. Y., Taylor, G., Tanguay, P., Feau, N., Henrissat, B., Chan, S. K., Hesse-Orce, U., Alamouti, S. M., Tsui, C. K. M., Docking, R. T., Levasseur, A., Haridas, S., Robertson, G., Birol, I., Holt, R. A., Marra, M. A., Hamelin, R. C., Hirst, M., Jones, S. J. M., Bohlmann, J., & Breuil, C. 2012. Genome and transcriptome analyses of the mountain pine beetle-fungal symbiont Grosmannia clavigera, a lodgepole pine pathogen. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 2504 - 2509.

Dilcher, D. L. 2000. Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 7030-7036. [See also: pp. 255-270, in Ayala, F. J., Fitch, W. M., & Clegg, M. T. (eds), Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Towards a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins. National Academy, Wasington, DC.]

Dilcher, D. L. 2010. Major innovations in angiosperm evolution. Pp. 96-116, in Gee, C. T. (ed), Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Dilcher, D. L., & Crane, P. R. 1984. Archaeanthus: An early angiosperm from the Cenomanian of the Western Interior North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 351-383.

Dilcher, D. L., & Wang, H. 2009. An early Cretaceous fruit with affinities to Ceratophyllaceae. American J. Bot. 96: 2256-2269.

Dilcher, D. L. [et al. 2005], Bernardes-De-Oliveira, M. E., Pons, D., & Lott, T. A. 2005. Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil. American J. Bot. 92: 1294-1310.

Dilcher, D. L. [et al. 2007], Sun, G., Ji, Q., & Li, H. 2007. An early infructescence Hyrcantha decussata (comb. nov.) from the Yixian formation in northeastern China. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 9370-9374.

Dillehay, T. D. [et al. 2007], Rossen, J., Andres, T. C., & Williams, D. E. 2007. Preceramic adoption of peanut, squash, and cotton in northern Peru. Science 316: 1890-1893.

Dillon, M. O., & Muñoz-Schick, M. 1993. A revision of the dioecious genus Griselinia (Griseliniaceae) including a new species from the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. Brittonia 45: 261-274.

Dillon, M. O. [et al. 2007], Tu, T., Soejima, A., Yi, T., Nie, Z., Tye, A., & Wen, J. 2007. Phylogeny of Nolana (Nolaneae, Solanoideae, Solanaceae) as inferred from granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) sequences. Taxon 56: 1000-1011.

Dillon, M. O. [et al. 2009], Tu, T., Xie, L., Quipuscoa Silvestre, V., & Wen, J. 2009. Biogeographic diversification in Nolana (Solanaceae), a ubiquitious member of the Atacama and Peruvian deserts along the western coast of South America. J. Syst. Evol. 47: 457-476.

Dillon, S. L. [et al. 2007], Shapter, F. M., Henry, R. J., Cordeiro, G., Izquierdo, L., & Lee, L. S. 2007. Domestication to crop improvement: Genetic resources for Sorghum and Saccharum (Andropogoneae). Ann. Bot. 100: 975-989.

Dinakar, C., & Bartels, D. 2012. Light response, oxidative stress management and nucleic acid stability in closely related Linderniaceae species differing in dessication tolerance. Planta 236: 541-555.

Dinan, L. [et al. 1998], Whiting, P., & Scott, A. J. 1998. Taxonomic distribution of phytoecdysteroids in seeds of members of Chenopodiaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 26: 553-576.

Ding Hou. 1957. Centrolepidaceae. Pp. 421-428, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 5. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Ding Hou. 1958. Rhizophoraceae. Pp. 429-493, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 5. Noordhoff, Groningen.

Ding Hou. 1960. Thymeleaeaceae. Pp. 1-48, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 6. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.

Ding Hou. 1962. Celastraceae - 1. Pp. 227-291, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 6. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.

Ding Hou. 1978. Anacardiaceae. Pp. 395-548, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. van (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser 1, vol. 8(3). Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Alphen aan den Rijn.

Ding Hou. 1984. Aristolochiaceae. Pp. 53-108, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. van (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser 1, vol. 10(1). Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Dinkelaker, B. [et al. 1995], Hengeler, C., & Marschner, H. 1995. Distribution and function of proteoid roots and other root clusters. Bot. Acta 108: 183-200.

Ditsch, F., & Barthlott, W. 1994. Micromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Dilleniales, Lecythidales, Malvales und Theales. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 88: 1-74.

Ditsch, F., & Barthlott, W. 1997. Micromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und das System der Dilleniidae und Rosidae. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 97: 1-248.

Ditsch, F. [et al. 1995], Pataha, H., & Barthlott, W. 1995. Micromorphology of epicuticular waxes in Fabales s.l. and its systematic significance. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 68: 297-310.

Dittmer, H. J., & Roser, M. L. 1963. The periderm of certain members of the Cucurbitaceae. Southwest. Naturalist 8: 1-9.

Dixon, R. A., Xie, D.-Y., & Sharma, S. B. 2005. Proanthocyanidins - a final frontier in flavonoid research. New Phytol. 165: 9-28.

Dnyansagar, V. R. 1960. Leguminosae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 93-103.

Do Amaral, M. M., & Ceccantini, G. 2011: The endoparasite Pilostyles ulei (Apodanthaceae - Cucurbitales) influences wood structure in three host species of Mimosa. IAWA J. 32: 1-13.

Dobes, C., & Paule, J. 2010. A comprehensive chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of the genus Potentilla (Rosaceae): Implications for its geographic origin, phylogeography and generic circumscription. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 156-175.

Dobler, S. [et al. 2011], Petschenka, G., & Pankoke, H. 2011. Coping with toxic plant compounds - the insect's perspective on iridoid glycosides and cardenolides. Phytochem. 72: 1593-1604.

Dobler, S. [et al. 2012], Dalla, S., Wagschal, V., & Agrawal, A. A. 2012. Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutionas in the Na,K-ATPase. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109: 13040-13045.

Dobritsa, A. A. [et al. 2011], Geanconteri, A., Shrestha, J., Carlson, A., Kooyers, N., Coerper, D., Urbanczyk-Wochniak, E., Bench, B. J., Sumner, L. W., Swanson, R., & Preuss, D. 2011. A large-scale genetic screen in Arabidopsis to identify genes involved in pollen exine production. Plant Physiol. 157: 947-970.

Docters van Leeuwen, W. M. 1954. On the biology of some Javanese Loranthaceae and the role birds play in their life histories. Beaufortia 41: 103-208.

Dodd, M. E. [et al. 1999], Silvertown, J., & Chase, M. W. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of trait evolution and species diversity variation among angiosperm families. Evolution 53: 732-744.

Doi, M. [et al. 2006], Wada, M., & Shimazaki, K.-i. 2006. The fern Adiantum capillus-veneris lacks stomatal responses to blue light. Plant Cell Physiol. 47: 748-755.

Dolan, L., & Costa, S. 2001. Evolution and genetics of root hair stripes in the root epidermis. J. Experim. Bot. 52: 413-417.

Dombrovska, O., & Qiu, Y.-L. 2004. Distribution of introns in the mitochondrial gene nad1 in land plants: Phylogenetic and moelecular evolutionary implications. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 32: 246-263.

Dominguez, L. S., & Sersic, A. 2006. "Prepackagaed symbioses": Propagules on roots of the mycoheterotrophic plant Arachnitis uniflora. New Phytol. 169: 191-198.

Domke, W. 1934. Untersuchungen über die systematische und geographische Gliederung der Thymelaeaceen. Bibl. Bot. 27(111): 1-157 + 7 pl. & 5 maps.

Domozych, D. S. [et al. 2010], Sørensen, I., Pettolino, F. A., Bacic, A., & Willats, W. G. T. 2010. The cell wall polymers of the charophycean green alga Chara corallina: Immunobuilding and biochemical screening. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 345-361.

Donadío, S. [et al. 2009], Giussani, L., Kellogg, E. A., Zuolaga, F.O., & Morrone, O. 2009. A preliminary molecular phylogeny of Pennisetum and Cenchrus (Poaceae - Paniceae) based on the trnL-F, rpl16 chloroplast markers. Taxon 58: 392-404.

Donato, D. C. [et al. 2011], Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., & Kanninen, M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4: 293-297.

Doncheva, T. [et al. 2006], Berkov, S., & Philipov, S. 2006. Comparative study of the alkaloids in tribe Datureae and their chemosystematic significance. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34: 478-488.

Dong, X.-Y. [et al. 2012], Liu, Z., Saunders, R. M. K., & Chen, Z.-D. 2012. Floral ontogeny of Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae): Implications for staminal evolution within Schisandra and Kadsura. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 713-722.

Dönmez, E. O., & Serap, K. I. 2008. Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixoliriaceae and Iridaceae. Grana 47: 15-38.

Donnell, A. A. [et al. 2012], Ballard, H. E., Jr., & Cantino, P. D. 2012. Callianthe (Malvaceae): A new genus of neotropical Malvaceae. Syst. Bot. 37: 212-222.

Donoghue, M. J. 2005. Key innovations, convergence, and success: Macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny. Paleobiology 31: 77-93.

Donoghue, M. J. 2008. A phylogenetic perspective on the distribution of plant diversity. Proc. National Acad. Sci. 105(suppl. 1): 11549-11555.

Donoghue, M. J., & Ackerly, D. D. 1996. Phylogenetic uncertainty and sensitivity analyses in comparative biology. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 351: 1241-1249.

Donoghue, M. J., & Doyle, J. A. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Curr. Biol. 10: R106-R109.

Donoghue, M. J., & Matthews, S. 1998. Duplicate genes and the root of angiosperms, with an example using phytochrome sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9: 489-500.

Donoghue, M. J., & Smith. S. A. 2004. Patterns in the assembly of temperate forests around the northern hemisphere. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 359: 1633-1644.

Donoghue, M. J. [et al. 1989], Doyle, J. A., Gauthier, J., Kluge, A. G., & Rowe, T. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 431-460.

Donoghue, M. J. [et al. 1998], Ree, R. H., & Baum, D. A. 1998. Phylogeny and the evolution of flower symmetry in the Asteridae. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 311-317.

Donoghue, M. J. [et al. 2001a], Boufford, D. E., Tan, B. C., & Pfister, D. H. 2001a onwards. Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains region, China. Version 4 April 2002, Harvard University. http://hengduan.huh.harvard.edu/fieldnotes.

Donoghue, M. J. [et al. 2001b], Eriksson, T., Reeves, P. A., & Olmstead, R. G. 2001b. Phylogeny and phylogenetic taxonomy of Dipsacales, with special reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae). Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 459-479.

Donoghue, M. J. [et al. 2003], Bell, C. D., & Winkworth, R. C. 2003. The evolution of reproductive characters in Dipsacales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S453-S464.

Donoghue, P. C. J., & Benton, M. J. 2007. Rocks and clocks: Calibrating the tree of life using fossils and molecules. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22: 424-431.

Donoso Z., C. 1994. Arboles nativos de Chile; guia de reconocimento, Ed. 6. Marisa Cúneo, Valdivia.

Doorenbos, J. [et al. 1998], Sosef, M. S. M., & de Wilde, J. J. F. E. 1998. The Sections of Begonia Including Descriptions, Keys and Species Lists. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Papers 98-2.

Dora, G., & Edwards, J. M. 1991. Taxonomic status of Lanaria lanata and isolation of a novel biflavone. J. Nat. Prod. 54: 796-801.

Doria, G. [et al. 2008], Jaramillo, C. A., & Herrera, F. 2008. Menispermaceae from the Cerrejón formation, middle to late Paleocene, Colombia. American J. Bot. 95: 954-973.

Doria, M. G. [et al. 2012], Pabón-Mora, N., & González, F. 2012. Reassessing inflorescence and floral morphology and development in Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 735-750.

Döring, E. [et al. 2007], Schneider, J., Hilu, K. W., & Röser, M. 2007. Phylogenetic relationsnships in the Aveneae/Poeae complex (Poöideae, Poaceae). Kew Bull. 62: 407-424.

Dörken, V. M. 2012. The evolutionary relevance of vegetative long-shoot/short-shoot differentiation in gymnospermous tree species. Bibliotech. Bot. 161: 1-93.

Dörken, V. M., & Stützel, T. 2011. Morphology and anatomy of anomalous cladodes in Sciadopitys verticillate Siebold & Zucc. (Sciadopityaceae). Trees 25: 199-213.

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 1988. W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia. Online version: http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jsp?pg=/pp/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_a-b_00.htm

Dormaar, J. F. 1992. Decomposition as a process in natural grasslands. Pp. 121-136, in Coupland, R. T. (ed.), Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands. Eastern Hemisphere and Résumé. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Dormer, K. J. 1945. On the absence of a plumule in some leguminous seedlings. New Phytol. 44: 25-28.

Dormer, K. J. 1946. Anatomy of the primary vascular system in dicotyledonous plants. Nature 158: 737-739.

Dorsey, B. [et al. 2011], Haevermans, T., & Berry, P. 2011. Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia: A diverse lineage with regional radiations and repeated evolution of novel growth forms. P. 223, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Dos Santos, A. P. M. [et al. 2012], Fracasso, C. M., dos Santos, M. L., Romero, R., Sazima, M., & Oliveira, P. E. 2012. Reproductive biology and species geographical distribution in the Melastomataceae: A survey based on New World taxa. Ann. Bot. 110: 667-679.

Dos Santos, G., & Miller, R. B. 1993. Wood anatomy of Catalpa and Paulownia: A case of convergent evolution. American J. Bot. 80(6, suppl.): 755.

Douglas, A. W., & Tucker, S. C. 1996a. Inflorescence ontogeny and floral organogenesis in Grevilleoideae (Proteaceae) with emphasis on the nature of flower parts. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157: 341-372.

Douglas, A. W., & Tucker, S. C. 1996b. The developmental basis of diverse carpel orientations in Grevilleoideae (Proteaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157: 373-397.

Douglas, A. W., & Tucker, S. C. 1996c. Comparative floral ontogenies among Persoonioideae including Bellendena (Proteaceae). American J. Bot. 83: 1528-1555.

Douglas, A. W., & Tucker, S. C. 1997. The developmental basis of morphological diversification and synorganization in flowers of Conospermeae (Stirlingia and Conospermineae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: S13-S48.

Douglas, A. W. [et al. 2007], Stevenson, D. W., & Little, D. P. 2007. Ovule development in Ginkgo biloba L., with emphasis on the collar and nucellus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1207-1236.

Douglas, N., & Spellenberg, R. 2010. A new tribal classification of Nyctaginaceae. Taxon 59: 905-910.

Douglas, N. A., & Manos, P. S. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of Nyctaginaceae: Taxonomy, biogeography, and characters associated with radiation of xerophytic genera in North America. American J. Bot. 95: 856-872.

Douliot, H. 1889. Recherches sur le périderme. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér 7, 10: 325-395.

Doust, A. N. 2000. Comparative floral ontogeny in Winteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 366-379.

Doust, A. N. 2003. Floral development and molecular phylogeny support the generic status of Tasmannia (Winteraceae). P. 78, in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Doust, A. N., & Kellogg, E. A. 2002. Integrating phylogeny, developmental morphology and genetics: A case study of inflorescence evolution in the 'bristle grass' clade (Panicoideae: Poaceae). Pp 298-314, in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Doust, A. N., & Stevens, P. F. 2005. A reinterpretation of the staminate flowers of Haptanthus. Syst. Bot. 30: 779-785.

Doust, A. N. [et al. 2007], Penly, A. M., Jacobs, S. W. L., & Kellogg, E. A. 2007. Congruence, conflict, and polyploidization shown by nuclear and chloroplast markers in the monophyletic "bristle clade" (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 531-544.

Doweld, A. B. 1996a. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed anatomy and morphology of Akania (Akaniaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 120: 379-389.

Doweld, A. B. 1996b. The carpology and taxonomic relationships of Bretschneidera (Bretschneideraceae). Acta Bot. Malacitana 21: 79-90.

Doweld, A. B. 1998a. The carpology and taxonomic relationships of Davidsonia (Davidsoniaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 55: 13-25.

Doweld, A. B. 1998b. On the phylogenetic relationships of Medusagyne (Medusagynaceae) as evidenced by the structure of its fruits and seeds. Bot. Zhurn. 83(2): 54-68. [In Russian.]

Doweld, A. B. 1998c. Carpology, seed anatomy and taxonomic relationships of Tetracentron (Tetracentraceae) and Trochodendron (Trochodendraceae). Ann. Bot. 82: 413-443.

Doweld, A. B. 2000. Rehabilitation of the genus Thoa Aublet (Gnetaceae). Turczaninova 3(4): 38-36. [In Russian.]

Doweld, A. B. 2001a. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus. Plant Syst. Evol. 227: 75-103.

Doweld, A. B. 2001b. Carpology and phermatology of Gomortega (Gomortegaceae): Systematic and evolutionary implications. Acta Bot. Malacitana 26: 19-37.

Doweld, A. B. 2001c. Prosyllabus tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos, Moscow.

Doweld, A. B., & Shevyryova, N. A. 1997. Carpology, anatomy and taxonomic relationships of Galbulimima (Himantandraceae). Ann. Bot. 81: 337-347.

Downie, D. A., & Donaldson, J. S. 2007. Molecular systematics in amorphocerine weevils on Encephalartos - preliminary results. Pp. 372-387, in Vovides, A. P., Stevenson, D. W., & Osborne, R. (eds), Proceedings of Cycad 2005: The 7th International Conference on Cycad Biology. New York Botanical Garden, New York. [Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 97: 372-387.]

Downie, D. A. [et al. 2008], Donaldson, J. S., & Oberprieler, R. G. 2008. Molecular systematics and evolution in an African cycad-weevil interaction: Amorphocerini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) weevils on Encephalartos. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 102-116.

Downie, S. R., & Palmer, J. D. 1992a. Restriction site mapping of the chloroplast DNA inverted repeat: A molecular phylogeny of the Asteridae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 226-283.

Downie, S. R., & Palmer, J. D. 1992b. Use of chloroplast DNA rearrangements in reconstructing plant phylogeny. Pp. 14-35 in Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Doyle, J. J. (eds), Molecular systematics in plants. New York, Chapman & Hall.

Downie, S. R., & Palmer, J. D. 1994. A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the Caryophyllales based on structural and inverted repeat restriction site variation. Syst. Bot. 19: 236-252.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 1991], Olmstead, R. G., Zurawski, G., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Watson, J. C., & Palmer, J. D. 1991. Six independant losses of the chloroplast rpl2 intron: Molecular and phylogenetic implications. Evolution 45: 1245-1259.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 1996], Llanas, E., & Katz-Downie, D. S. 1996. Multiple independent losses of the rpoC1 intron in angiosperm chloroplast DNA's. Syst. Bot. 21: 135-151.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 1997], Katz-Downie, D. S., & Cho, K.-J. 1997. Relationships in the Caryophyllales as suggested by phylogenetic analyses of partial chloroplast DNA ORF2280 homolog sequences. American J. Bot. 84: 253-273.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 1998], Ramanath, S., Katz-Downie, D. S., & Llanas, E. 1998. Molecular systematics of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid rpoC1 intron sequences. American J. Bot. 85: 563-591.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2000a], Katz-Downie, D. S., & Watson, M. F. 2000a. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast rpl16 and rpoC1 sequences: Towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. American J. Bot. 87: 273-292.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2000b], Watson, M. F., Spalik, K., & Katz-Downie, D. S. 2000b. Molecular systematics of Old World Apioideae (Apiaceae): Relationships among some members of tribe Peucedaneae sensu lato, the placement of several island-endemic species, and resolution within the apioid superclade. Canadian J. Bot. 78: 506-528.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2001], Plunkett, G. M., Watson, M. F., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., Valiejo-Roman, C. M., Terentieva, E. I., Troitsky, A. V., Lee, B.-Y., Lahham, J., & El-Oqlah, A. 2001. Tribes and clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: The contribution of molecular data. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 301-330.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2002], Hartman, R. L., Sun, F.-J., & Katz-Downie, D. S. 2002. Polyphyly of the spring-parsleys (Cymopterus): Molecular and morphological evidence suggests complex relationships among the perennial endemic genera of western North American Apiaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 80: 1295-1324.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2008], Katz-Downie, D. S., Sun, F.-J., & Lee, C.-S. 2008. Phylogeny and biogeography of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA psb1-5'trnK(UUU) sequences, with emphasis on the North American endemics clade. Botany 86: 1039-1064.

Downie, S. R. [et al. 2010], Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., & Redurion, J.-P. 2010. Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 111-136.

Doyle, J. 1945. Developmental lines in pollination mechanisms in the Coniferales. Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 24: 43-62.

Doyle, J., & Brennan, M. 1972. Cleavage polyembryony in conifers and taxads - a survey. II. Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and conclusions. Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. Ser. A, 4: 137-158.

Doyle, J. A. 1994. Origin of the angiosperm flower: A phylogenetic perspective. Pp. 7-29, in Endress, P. K., & Friis, E. M. (eds), Early Evolution of Flowers. Springer, New York. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8.]

Doyle, J. A. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S3-S39.

Doyle, J. A. 1998a. Molecules, morphology, fossils, and the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9: 448-462.

Doyle, J. A. 1998b. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29: 567-599.

Doyle, J. A. 1999. The rise of angiosperms as seen in the African Cretaceous record. Pp. 3-29, in Scott, L., Cadman, A., & Verhoeven, R. (eds), Proceedings of the Third Conference on African Palynology, Johannesburg, 14-19 September 1997. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Doyle, J. A. 2000a. Significance of molecular phylogenetic analysis for paleobotanical investigations on the origin of angiosperms. P. 31, in The Sixth Conference of International Organization of Paleobotany (IOPC-VI). China.

Doyle, J. A. 2000b. Paleobotany, relationships, and geographic history of Winteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 303-316.

Doyle, J. A. 2001. Significance of molecular phylogenetic analyses for paleobotanical investigations on the origin of angiosperms. Palaeobotanist 50: 167-188.

Doyle, J. A. 2005. Early evolution of angiosperm pollen as inferred from molecular and morphological analyses. Grana 44: 227-251.

Doyle, J. A. 2006. Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms. J. Torrey Bot. Club 133: 169-209.

Doyle, J. A. 2007. Systematic value and evolution of leaf architecture across the angiosperms in light of molecular phylogenetic analyses. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 258: 21-37.

Doyle, J. A. 2008a. Evolutionary significance of exine structure in basal angiosperms in the light of phylogenetic analyses. P. 8, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Doyle, J. A. 2008b. Integrating molecular phylogenetic and paleobotanical evidence on origin of the flower. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 816-843.

Doyle, J. A. 2009. Evolutionary significance of granular exine structure in the light of phylogenetic analyses. Review Palaeobot. Palynol. 156: 198-210.

Doyle, J. A. 2012. Molecular and fossil evidence on the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40: 301-326.

Doyle, J. A., & Donoghue, M. J. 1986a. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: An experimental cladistic approach. Bot. Review 52: 321-431.

Doyle, J. A., & Donoghue, M. J. 1986b. Relationships of angiosperms and Gnetales: A numerical cladistic approach. Pp. 177-199, in Spicer, R. A., & Thomas, B. A. (eds), Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany. [Systematics Association Special Volume 31.]

Doyle, J. A., & Donoghue, M. J. 1992. Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44: 89-106.

Doyle, J. A., & Endress, P. K. 2000. Morphological phylogenetic analyses of basal angiosperms: Comparison and combination with molecular data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S121-S153.

Doyle, J. A., & Endress, P. K. 2007. Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of Recent angiosperms. P. 150, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Doyle, J. A., & Endress, P. K. 2010. Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of living angiosperms: Magnoliidae and eudicots. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 1-35.

Doyle, J. A., & Endress, P. K. 2011. Tracing the early diversification of the angiosperm flower. Pp. 88-119, in Wanntorp, L., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. (eds), Flowers on the Tree of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 80.]

Doyle, J. A., & le Thomas, A. 1994. Cladistic analysis and pollen evolution in Annonaceae. Acta Bot. Gallica 141: 149-170.

Doyle, J. A., & le Thomas, A. 1996. Phylogenetic analysis and character evolution in Annonaceae. Bull. Mus. National Hist. Naturelle Paris, 4e sér. [sect. B, Adansonia] 18: 279-334.

Doyle, J. A., & le Thomas, A. 2012. Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 190-221.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 1975], Van Campo, M., & Lugardon, B. 1975. Observations on exine structure of Eucommiidites and Lower Cretaceous angiosperm pollen. Pollen et Spores 17: 429–486.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 1990a], Hotton, C. L., & Ward, J. V. 1990a. Early Cretaceous tetrads, zonasulcate pollen, and Winteraceae. I. Taxonomy, morphology, and ultrastructure. American J. Bot. 77: 1544-1557.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 1990b], Hotton, C. L., & Ward, J. V. 1990b. Early Cretaceous tetrads, zonasulcate pollen, and Winteraceae. II. Cladistic analysis and implications. American J. Bot. 77: 1558-1568.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 2000], Bygrave, P., & Le Thomas, A. 2000. Implications of molecular data for pollen evolution in Annonaceae. Pp. 259-284, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 2003], Eklund, H., & Herendeen, P. S. 2003. Floral evolution in Chloranthaceae: Implications of a morphological phylogenetic analysis. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S365-S382.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 2004], Sauquet, H., Scharaschkin, T., & Le Thomas, A. 2004. Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.): S55-S67.

Doyle, J. A. [et al. 2008], Endress, P. K., & Upchurch, G. R., Jr. 2008. Early Cretaceous monocots: A phylogenetic evaluation. Acta Musei Mationalis Pragae ser. B. Nat Hist. 64: 59-87.

Doyle, J. J. 1994. Phylogeny of the legume family: An approach to understanding the origins of nodulation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25: 325-349.

Doyle, J. J. 1998. Phylogenetic perspectives on nodulation: Evolving views of plants and symbiotic bacteria. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 473-478.

Doyle, J. J., & Luckow, M. A. 2003. The rest of the iceberg: Legume diversity and evolution in a phylogenetic context. Plant Physiol. 131: 900-910.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 1992], Davis, J. I., Soreng, R. J., Garvin, D., & Anderson, M. J. 1992. Chloroplast DNA inversions and the origin of the grass family (Poaceae). Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 7722-7726.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 1995], Doyle, J. L., & Palmer, J. D. 1995. Multiple independent losses of two genes and one intron from legume chloroplast genomes. Syst. Bot. 20: 272-294.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 1996], Doyle, J. L., Ballenger, J. A., & Palmer, J. D. 1996. The distribution and phylogenetic significance of a 50kb chloroplast inversion in the flowering plant family Leguminosae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 5: 429-438.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 1997], Doyle, J. L., Ballenger, J. A., Dickson, E. E., Kajita, T., & Ohashi, H. 1997. A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene rbcL in the Leguminosae: Taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation. American J. Bot. 84: 541-554.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 2000], Chappill, J. A., Bailey, C. D., & Kajita, T. 2000. Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: Evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data. Pp. 1-20, in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Doyle, J. J. [et al. 2008], Manchester, S. R., & Sauquet, H. 2008. A seed related to Myristicaceae in the Early Eocene of southern England. Syst. Bot. 33: 636-646.

Drábková, L. Z. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships within Juncaceae: Evidence from five regions of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA, with notes on morphology. Pp. 389-416, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Drábková, L., & Vlcek, C. 2007. The phylogenetic position of Oxychloë (Juncaceae): Evidence from morphology, nuclear and plastid DNA regions. Taxon 56: 95-102.

Drábková, L., & Vlcek, C. 2009. DNA variation within Juncaceae: Comparison of impact of organelle regions on phylogeny. Plant Syst. Evol. 278: 169-186.

Drábková, L. [et al. 2003], Kirschner, J., Seberg, O., Petersen, G., & Vlacek, C. 2003. Phylogeny of the Juncaceae based on rbcL sequences, with special emphasis on Luzula DC. and Juncus L. Plant Syst. Evol. 240: 133-147.

Dräger, B. 2004. Chemistry and biology of calystegins. Natural Prod. Rep. 21: 211-223.

Dransfield, J., & Uhl, N. W. 1998. Palmae. Pp. 306-388, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Dransfield, J. [et al. 2005], Uhl, N. W., Asmussen, C. B., Baker, W. J., Harley, M. M., & Lewis, C. E. 2005. A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae. Kew Bull. 60: 559-569.

Dransfield, J. [et al. 2008a], Rakotoarinivo, M., Baker, W. J., Bayton, R. P., Fisher, J. B., Horn, J. W., Leroy, B., & Metz, X. 2008a. A new coyphoid palm genus from Madagascar. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 79-91.

Dransfield, J. [et al. 2008b], Uhl, N. W., Asmussen, C. B., Baker, W. J., Harley, M. M., & Lewis, C. E. 2008b. Genera palmarum: The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Drennan, P. M. [et al. 2009], Goldsworthy, D., & Buswell, A. 2009. Marginal and laminar hydathode-like structures in the leaves of the dessication-tolerant angiosperm Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. Flora 204: 210-219.

Drenth, E. 1976. Taccaceae. Pp. 806-, in van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 7. Noordhoff, Leyden.

Dressler, R. L. 1968. Pollination by euglossine bees. Evolution 22: 202-210.

Dressler, R. L. 1993. Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

Dressler, S. 1999. Nektarkannen im Kronendach - zur blütenökologischen Vielfalt der Marcgraviaceae. Pp. 141-148, in Zizka, G., & Schneckenburger, S. (eds), Blütenölogie - faszinierendes Miteinander von Pflanzen und Tieren. [Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 33; Palmengarten Sonderheft 31.]

Dressler, S. 2004. Marcgraviaceae. Pp. 258-265, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Dressler, S., & Bayer, C. 2004. Actinidiaceae. Pp. 14-19, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Drew, B. T., & Sytsma, K. J. 2011. Testing the monophyly and placement of Lepechinia in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae). Syst. Bot. 36: 1038-1049.

Drew, B. T., & Sytsma, K. J. 2012. Phylogenetics, biogeography, and staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 933-953.

Dring, J. V. [et al. 1995], Kite, G. C., Nash, R. J., & Reynolds, T. 1995. Chemicals in aroids: A survey, including new results for polyhydroxy alkaloids and alkylresorcinols. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 117: 1-12.

Drinnan, A. N., & Carrucan, A. 2005. The ontogenetic basis for floral diversity in Agonia, Leptospermum and Kunzea (Myrtaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 251: 71-88.

Drinnan, A. N., & Ladiges, P. Y. 1989a. Operculum development in the Eudesmieae B eucalypts and Eucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 165: 227-237.

Drinnan, A. N., & Ladiges, P. Y. 1989b. Corolla and androecium development in some Eudesmia eucalyps (Myrtaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 165: 239-254.

Drinnan, A. N. [et al. 1990], Crane, P. R., Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1990. Lauraceous flowers from the Potomac group (Mid-Cretaceous) of eastern North America. Bot. Gaz. 151: 370-384.

Drinnan, A. N. [et al. 1991], Crane, P. R., Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1991. Angiosperm flowers and tricolpate pollen of Buxaceous affinity from the Potomac group (Mid-Cretaceous) of eastern North America. American J. Bot. 78: 153-176.

Drinnan, A. N. [et al. 1994], Crane, P. R., & Hoot, S. B. 1994. Patterns of floral evolution in the early diversification of non-magnoliid dicotyledons (eudicots). Pp. 93-122, in Endress, P. K., & Friis, E. M. (eds.), Early Evolution of Flowers. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8.]

Driouich, A., Durand, C., & Vicré-Gibouin, M. 2006. Formation and separation of root border cells. Trends Plant Sci. 12: 14-19.

Drummond, B. A. III, & Brown, K. S. Jr. 1987. Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Summary of known larval foodplants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 341-358

Drummond, C. [et al. 2012], Bruenn, R., Joffe, J., Mostow, R., Stalberg, G., Brockington, S., Douglas, N., Ochoterena Booth, H., Flores Olvera, H., & Moore, M. 2012. The age and origins of arid adaptations and gypsum endemism in Nyctaginaceae inferred using relaxed molecular dating. P. 229-230, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Drummond, C. S. 2008. Diversification of Lupinus (Leguminosae) in the western New World: Derived evolution of perennial life history and colonization of montane habitats. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 408-421.

Drummond, C. S. [et al. 2012], Eastwood, R. J., Miotto, S. T. S., & Hughes, C. E. 2012. Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in Lupinus (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovations with incomplete taxon sampling. Syst. Biol.

Drysdale, S. S., Newman, S., & Hilu, K. 2007. Phylogenetic utility of trnK intron in Caryophyllales. P. 287, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Poster Abstract Book. Chicago.

Du, W., & Wang, X.-F. 2012. Intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes in the extragynoecial compitum and its contribution to fruit set in an apocarpous species, Schisandra sphenanthera (Schisandraceae). American J. Bot. 99: 961-966.

Duangjai, S. [et al. 2006a], Wallnoeffer, B., Samuel, R., Munzinger, F., & Chase, M. W. 2006a. Phylogenetic relationships and infrafamilial classification of Ebenaceae s.l. based on six plastid markers. Pp. 218-219, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Duangjai, S. [et al. 2006b], Wallnoeffer, B., Samuel, R., Munzinger, F., & Chase, M. W. 2006b. Generic delimitation and relationships in Ebenaceae sensu lato: Evidence from six plastid DNA regions. American J. Bot. 93: 1808-1827.

Duangjai, S. [et al. 2009], Samuel, R., Munzinger, F., Forest, F., Wallnöffer, B., Barfuss, M. H. J., Fischer, G., & Chase, M. W. 2009. A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins on the New Caledonian endemic species. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 52: 602-620.

Duarte, C. M. 1991. Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity. Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser. 77: 289-300.

Duarte, C. M. [et al. 2005], Middelburg, J. J., & Caraco, N. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosci. 2: 1-8.

Duarte, J. M. [et al. 2008], Wall, P. K., Zahn, L. M., Soltis, P. S., Leebens-Mack, J., Carlson, J. E., Ma, H., & dePamphilis, C. W. 2008. Utility of Amborella trichopoda and Nuphar advena expressed sequence tags for comparative sequence analysis. Taxon 57: 1110-1122.

Duarte, J. M. [et al. 2010], Wall, P. K., Edger, P. P., Landherr, L. L., Ma, H., Pires, J. C., Leebens-Mack, J., & dePamphilis, C. W. 2010. Identification of shared single copy nuclear genes in Arabidopsis, Populus, Vitis and Oryza and their phylogenetic utility across various taxonomic levels. BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 61. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/61

Dubcovsky, J., & Dvorak, J. 2007. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science 316: 1862-1866.

Dubuisson, J.-Y. [et al. 2003], Hennequin, S., Douzery, E. J. P., Cranfill, R. B., Smith, A. R., & Pryer, K. M. 2003. rbcL phylogeny of the fern genus Trichomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) with special reference to neotropical taxa. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 753-761.

Duchen, P., & Renner, S. S. 2010. The evolution of Cayaponia (Cucurbitaceae): Repeated shits from bat to bee pollination and long-distance dispersal to Africa 2-5 million years ago. American J. Bot. 97: 1129-1141.

Duckett, J. G. [et al. 2006a], Carafa, A., & Ligrone, R. 2006a. A highly differentiated glomeromycotan association with the mucilage-secreting, primitive Antipodean liverwort Treubia (Treubiaceae): Clues to the origins of mycorrhizas. American J. Bot. 93: 797-813.

Duckett, J. G. [et al. 2006b], Russell, J., & Ligrone, R. 2006b. Basidiomycetous endophytes in jungermannialean (leafy) liverworts have novel cytology and species-specific host ranges; A cytological and experimental study. Canadian J. Bot. 84: 1075-1093.

Ducousso, M. [et al. 2004], Béna, G., Bourgeois, C., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., Vincelette, M., Rabévohitra, R., Randrihasipara, L., Dreyfus, B., & Prin, Y. 2004. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. Mol. Ecol. 13: 231-236.

Ducousso, M. [et al. 2008], Ramanankierana, H., Duponnois, R., Rabévohitra, R., Randrihasipara, L., Vincelette, M., Dreyfus, B., & Prin, Y. 2008. Mycorrhizal status of native trees and shrubs from eastern Madasgacar littoral forests with special emphasis on one new ectomycorrhizal endemic family, the Asteropeiaceae. New Phytol. 178: 233-238.

Dufaÿ, M. [et al. 2003], Hossaert-McKey, M., & Anstett, M. C. 2003. When leaves act like flowers: How dwarf palms attract their pollinators. Ecol. Lett. 6: 28-34.

Duff, R. J. [et al. 2004], Cargill, D. C., Villareal, J. C., & Renzaglia, K. S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of the hornworts based on rbcL sequence data: Novel relationships and new insights. Pp. 41-58, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Duhoux, E. [et al. 2001], Rinaudo, G., Diem, H. G., Auguy, F., Fernandez, D., Bogusz, D., Franche, C., Dommergues, Y., & Huguenin, B. 2001. Angiosperm Gymnostoma trees produce root nodules colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi related to Glomus New Phytol. 149: 115-125.

Duke, J. A. 1969. On tropical tree seedlings I. Seeds, seedlings, systems, and systematics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 125-161.

Dulberger, R. [et al. 1994], Smith, M. B., & Bawa, K. S. 1994. The stigmatic orifice in Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae): Morphological variation, function during pollination, and possible adaptive significance. American J. Bot. 81: 1390-1396.

Dulin, M. W., & Kirchoff, B. K. 2010. Paedomorphosis, secondary woodiness, and insular woodiness in plants. Bot. Rev. 76: 405-490.

Dunbar, A. 1975a. On pollen of Campanulaceae and related families with special reference to the surface ultrastructure I. Campanulaceae subfam. Campanuloideae. Bot. Notis. 128: 73-101.

Dunbar, A. 1975b. On pollen of Campanulaceae and related families with special reference to the surface ultrastructure II. Campanulaceae subfam. Cyphioideae and subfam. Lobelioideae; Goodeniaceae; Sphenocleaceae. Bot. Notis. 128: 102-118.

Dunbar, A. 1978. Pollen morphology and taxonomic position of the genus Pentaphragma Wall. (Pentaphragmataceae). Grana 17: 141-147.

Dunn, D. W. [et al. 2008], Segar, S. T., Ridley, J., Chan, R., Crozier, R. H., Yu, D. W., & Cook, J. M. 2008. A role for parasites in stabilising the fig-pollinator mutualism. PLoS Biol. 6(3): e59.

Dunn, R. R. [et al. 2007], Gove, A. D., Barraclough, T. G., Givnish, T. J., & Majer, J. D. 2007. Convergent evolution of an ant-plant mutualism across plant families, continents, and time. Evol. Ecol. Res. 9: 1349-1362.

Dunning Hotopp, J. C. [et al. 2007], Clark, M. E., Oliveira, D. C., Foster, J. M., Fischer, P., Muñoz Torres, M. C., Giebel, J. D., Kumar, N., Ishmael, N., Wang, S., Ingram, J., Nene, R. V., Shepard, J., Tomkins, J., Richards, S., Spiro, D. J., Ghedin, E., Slatko, B. E., Tettelin, H., & Werren, J. H. 2007. Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes. Science 317: 1753-1756.

Dunthorn, M. 2009. Foliar anatomy and fiber motifs in Mammea (Clusiaceae, Kielmeyeroideae). Plant Syst. Evol. 280: 153-166.

Durrieu, G. 1980. Phylogeny of the Uredinales on Pinaceae. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. 18: 283-290.

Du Rietz, G. E. 1931. Life forms of terrestrial flowering plants. I. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecica. III, 1. 1-95

Dussourd, D. E. 2009. Do canal-cutting herbivores facilitate host-range expansion by insect herbivores? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 96: 715-731.

Dussourd, D. E., & Eisner, T. 1987. Vein-cutting behavior: Insect counterploy to the latex defense of plants. Science 237: 898-901.

Dute, R. R. 1994. Pit membrane structure and development in Ginkgo biloba. IAWA J. 15: 75-90.

Dute, R. [et al. 2010a], Patel, J., & Jansen, S. 2010a. Torus-bearing pit membranes in Cercocarpus. IAWA J. 31: 53-66.

Dute, R. [et al. 2010b], Rabaey, D., Allison, J., & Jansen, S. 2010b. Torus-bearing pit membranes in species of Osmanthus. IAWA J. 31: 217-226.

Dute, R. [et al. 2011], Jandrlich, M. D., Thornton, S., Callahan, N., & Jansen, C. J. 2011. Tori in species of Diarthron, Stellera and Thymelaea (Thymeleaceae). IAWA J. 32: 54-66.

Dutt, B. S. M. 1970. Haemodoraceae, Cyanastraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Velloziaceae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 358-361, 362-364, 365-367, 368-372.

Dutta, S. [et al. 2011], Tripathi, S. M., Mallick, M., Mathews, R. P., Greenwood, P. F., Rao, M. R., & Summons, R. E. 2011. Eocene out-of-India dispersal of Asian dipterocarps. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 166: 63-68.

Duttke, S. [et al. 2012], Zoulias, N., & Kim, M. 2012. Mutant flower morphologies in the Wind Orchid, a novel orchid model species. Plant Physiol. 158: 1542-1547.

Duvall, M. R. 2001. An anatomical study of anther development in Acorus L.: Phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 228: 143-152.

Duvall, M. R., & Bricker, A. J. 2002. Nuclear-cytoplasmic incongruence among monocots and related paleoherb dicots. Pp. 121-122, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Duvall, M. R., & Ervin, A. B. 2004. 18S gene trees are positively misleading for monocot/dicot phylogenetics. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 30: 97-106.

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 1993a], Clegg, M. T., Chase, M. W., Lark, W. D., Kress, W. J., Hills, H. D., Eguiarte, L. E., Smith, J. F., Gaut, B. S., Zimmer, E. A., & Learn, G. H., Jr. 1993a. Phylogenetic hypotheses for the monocotyledons constructed from rbcL sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 607-619.

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 1993b], Learn, G. H., Jr., Eguiarte, L. E., & Clegg, M. T. 1993b. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences identifies Acorus calamus as the primal extant monocotyledon. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 4611-4614.

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 2006], Mathews, S., Mohammed, N., & Russell, T. 2006. Placing the monocots: Conflicting signals from trigenomic analyses. Pp. 79-90, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 79-90.]

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 2007], Leseberg, C. H., & Grennan, C. P. 2007. Comparison of whole chloroplast genomes in grasses (Poaceae); evolutionary insights related to Coix lacrymajobi, Microcalamus convallarioides, Puelia olyriformis and Joinvillea plicata. P. 284, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 2008a], Davis, J. I., Clark, L. G., Noll, J. D., Goldman, D. H., & Sánchez-Ken, G. 2007 [2008a]. Phylogeny of the grasses (Poaceae) revisited. Pp. 237-247, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 237-247.]

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 2008b], Robinson, J. W., Mattson, J. G., & Moore, A. 2008b. Phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial metabolic genes sampled in parallel from angiosperms find fundamental interlocus incongruence. American J. Bot. 95: 871-884.

Duvall, M. R. [et al. 2010], Leseberg, C. H., Grennan, C. P., & Morris, l. M. 2010. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics of complete chloroplast genomes in Poaceae. Pp. 437-450, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Duyfjes, B. E. E. 1991. Stemonaceae and Pentastemonaceae; with miscellaneous notes on members of both families. Blumea 36: 239-252.

Duyfjes, B. E. E. 1992. Formal description of the family Pentastemonaceae with some additional notes on Pentastomonaceae and Stemonaceae. Blumea 36: 551-552.

Duyfjes, B. E. E. 1993. Stemonaceae. Pp. 399-409, in Kalkman, C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 11. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Dyer, A. G. [et al. 2012], Boyd-Gerny, S., McLoughlin, S., Rosa, M. G., Simonov, V., & Wong, B. B. M., 2012, Parallel evolution of angiosperm colour signals: Common evolutionary pressures linked to hymenopteran vision. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 279: 3606-3615.

Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds). 2004. Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Dyer, L. A. [et al. 2004], Richards, J., & Dodson, C. D. 2004. Pp. 117-139, in Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds), Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Dyer, L. A. [et al. 2007], Singer, M. S., Lill, J. T., Stireman, J. O., Gentry, G. L., Marquis, R. J., Ricklefs, R. E., Greeney, H. F., Wagner, D. L., Morais, H. C., Diniz, I. R., Kursar, T. A., & Coley, P. D. 2007. Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests. Nature 448: 696-699.

Earle, C. J. 1997 onwards. Gymnosperm Database.

Eastwood, D. C. [et al. 2011], Floudas, D., Binder, M., Majcherczyk, A., Schneider, P., Aerts, A., Asiegbu, F. O., Baker, S. E., Barry, K., Bendiksby, M., Blumentritt, M., Coutinho, P. M., Cullen, D., de Vries, R. P., Gathman, A., Goodell, B., Henrissat, B., Ihrmark, K., Kauserud, H., Kohler, A., LaButti, K., Lapidus, A., Lavin, J. L., Lee, Y. H., Lindquist, E., Lilly, W., Lucas, S., Morin, E., Murat, C., Oguiza, J. A., Park, J., Pisabarro, A. G., Riley, R., Rosling, A., Salamov, A., Schmidt, O., Schmutz, J., Skrede, I., Stenlid, J., Wiebenga, A., Xie, X., Kües, U., Hibbett, D. S., Hoffmeister, D., Högberg, N., Martin, F., Grigoriev, I. V., & Watkinson, S. C. 2011. The plant cell wall-decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science 333: 762-765.

Eaton, C. J. [et al. 2010], Cox, M. P., Ambrose, B., Becker, M., Hesse, U., Schardl, C. J., & Scott, B. 2010. Disruption of signaling in a fungal-grass symbiosis leads to pathogenesis. Plant Physiol. 153: 1780-1794.

Eaton, D. A. R. [et al. 2012], Fenster, C. B., Hereford, J., Shuang-Quan, H., & Ree, R. H. 2012. Floral diversity and community structure in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae). Ecology 93 [suppl.]: S182-S194.

Eben, A. 1999. Host plant breadth and importance of cucurbitacins for the larvae of diabroticites (Galerucinae: Luperini). Pp. 361-374, in Cox, M. L. (ed.), Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology 1. Backhuys, Leiden.

Eberhard, S. H. [et al. 2009], Hikl, A. L., Boggs, C. L., & Krenn, H. W. 2009. Saliva or regurgitated nectar? What Heliconius butterflies use for pollen feeding. Ann. Entom. Soc. America 102: 1105-1108.

Eberwein, R. [2009], Nickrent, D. L., & Weber, A. 2009. Development and morphology of flowers and infloresences in Balanophora papuana and B. elongata (Balanophoraceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1055-1067.

Ebihara, A. [et al. 2007], Iwatsuki, K., Ito, M., Hennequin, S., & Dubuisson, J.-Y. 2007. A global molecular phylogeny of the fern genus Trichomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) with special reference to stem anatomy. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 155: 1-27.

Eckardt, T. 1937. Untersuchungen über Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematische Bedeutung des pseudomonomeren Gynoeceums. Nova Acta Leopoldina N.F. 5: 1-112, pl. I-XXIII.

Eckenwalder, J. E. 1976. Re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: A proposed merger. Madroño 23: 237-256.

Eckenwalder, J. E. 2009. Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland.

Eckert, A. J., & Hall, B. D. 2006. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and patterns of diversification for Pinus (Pinaceae): Phylogenetic tests of fossil-based hypotheses. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 40: 166-182.

Eckert, G. 1966. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und blütenanatomische Untersuchungen zum Problem der Obdiplostemonie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 523-604.

Eckardt, N. A., & Baum, D. 2010. The podostemad puzzle: The evolution of unusual morphology in the Podostemaceae. Plant Cell.

Eckardt, T. 1937. Untersuchungen über Morphologie, Entwicklungeschichte und systematische Bedeutung des pseudomonomeren Gynoeceums. Nova Aacta Leopoldina N.F. 5(26): 1-122.

Eckardt, T. 1963. Some observations on the morphology and embryology of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42A [Maheshwari Commemorative Volume]: 27-34.

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2002], Haberle, R. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2002. The phylogeny of the Campanulaceae inferred from DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene matK. P. 122, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2004], Shulkina, T., Gaskin, J. F., Haberle, R. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2004. The phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. str. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 544-576.

Eddie, W. M. [et al. 2010], Cupido, C. N., & Skvarla, J. J. 2010. Pollen and reproductive morphology of Rhigiophyllum and Siphocodon (Campanulaceae): Two unique genera of the fynbos vegetation of South Africa. Bothalia 40: 103-115.

Edeoga, H. O., & Ikem, C. I. 2001. Midrib anatomy and systematics in Dioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae). Pp. 191-195, in Maheshwari, J. K., & Jain, A. P. (eds), Recent Researches in Plant Anatomy and Morphology. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Edgar, J. A. [et al. 1974], Culvenor, C. C. J., & Pliske, T. E. 1974. Coevolution of danaid butterflies with their host plants. Nature 250: 646-648.

Edwards, D. 2003. Xylem in early tracheophytes. Plant Cell. Environ. 26: 57-72.

Edwards, D., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007. Are Cape floral clades the same age? Contemporaneous origins of two lineages in the genistoids s.l. (Fabaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 952-970.

Edwards, D. [et al. 2003], Axe, L., & Duckett, J. G. 2003. Diversity of conducting cells in early land plants and comparisons with extant bryophytes. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 141: 297-347.

Edwards, D. [et al. 2006], Li, C.-S., & Raven, J. A. 2006. Tracheids in an early vascular plant: A tale of two branches. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 150: 115-130.

Edwards, E. J. 2006. Correlated evolution of stem and leaf hydraulic traits in Pereskia (Cactaceae). New Phytol. 172: 479-489.

Edwards, E. J. 2009. C4 the straw man? Evolution of cold tolerance better explains global distribution of C3/C4 grasslands. P. 109, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Edwards, E. J., & Diaz, M. 2006. Ecological physiology of Persekia guamacho, a cactus with leaves. Plant, Cell Environ. 29: 247-256.

Edwards, E. J., & Donoghue, M. J. 2006. Pereskia and the origin of the cactus life form. American Naturalist 167: 777-793.

Edwards, E. J., & Ogburn, R. M. 2012. Angiosperm responses to a low CO2 world: CAM and C4 photosynthesis as parallel evolutionary trajectories. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 724-733.

Edwards, E. J., & Still, C. J. 2007. Phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. P. 183, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Edwards, E. J., & Smith, S. A. 2010. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady hisotory of C4 grasses. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 2532-2537.

Edwards, E. J., & Still, C. J. 2008. Climate, phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. Ecol. Letters 11: 266-276.

Edwards, E. J. [et al. 2005], Nyffeler, R., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005. Basal cactus phylogeny: Implications of Pereskia paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form. American J. Bot. 92: 1177-1188.

Edwards, E. J.[et al. 2007], Still, C. J., & Donoghue, M. J. 2007. The relevance of phylogeny to studies of global change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22: 243-249.

Edwards, E. J. [et al. 2010], Osborne, C. P., Strömberg, C. A. E., Smith, S. A., & C4 Grasses Consortium. 2010. The origins of C4 grasslands: Integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science 328: 587-591.

Edwards, R. D. [et al. 2010], Craven, L. A., Crisp, M. D., & Cook, L. G. 2010. Melaleuca revisited: cpDNA and morphological data confirm that Melaleuca L. is not monophyletic. Taxon 59: 744-754.

Edwards, J. [et al. 2005], Whitaker, D., Klionsky, S., & Laskowski, M. J. 2005. Botany: A record-breaking pollen catapult. Nature 435: 164.

Efroni, I. [et al. 2010], Eshed, Y., & Lifscitz, E. 2010. Morphogenesis of simple and compound leaves: A critical review. Plant Cell 22: 1019-1032.

Egan, A. N., & Crandall, K. A. 2008. Incorporating gaps as phylogenetic characters across eight DNA regions: Ramifications for North American Psoraleeae (Leguminosae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 46: 532-546.

Eggeling, W. J. 1947. Observations on the ecology of Budongo rain forest, Uganda. J. Ecol. 34: 20-87.

Egger, K. N., & Hibbett, D. S. 2004. The evolutionary implications of exploitation in mycorrhizas. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 1110-1121.

Eggli, U. 1984. Stomatal types of Cactaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 146: 197-214.

Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Vol. VI. Crassulaceae. Springer, Berlin.

Eggli, U., & Nyffeler, R. 2009. Living under temporarily arid conditions - succulence as an adaptive strategy. Bradleya 27: 13-36.

Eguiarte, L. E. 1995. Hutchinson (Agavales) vs. Huber y Dahlgren (Asparagales): análisis moleculares sobre la filogenia y evolucíon de la familia Agavaceae sensu Hutchinson dentro de las monocotiledóneas. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 56: 45-56.

Eguiarte, L. E. [et al. 1994], Duvalll, M. R., Learn, G. H. Jr, & Clegg, M. T. 1994. The systematic status of the Agavaceae and Nolinaceae and related Asparagales in the monocotyledons: An analysis based on the rbcL gene sequence. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 54: 35-56.

Ehleringer, J. R. [et al. 1997], Cerling, T. E., & Helliker, B. R. 1997. C4photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2, and climate. Oecologia 112: 285-299.

Ehleringer, J. R. 2005. The influence of atmospheric CO2, temperature, and water on the abundance of C3/C4 taxa. Pp. 214-231, in Ehleringer, J. R., Cerling, T. E., & Dearing, M. D. (eds), A History of Atmospheric CO2 and its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Springer, New York. [Ecological Studies 177.]

Ehlers, B. K., & Bataillon, T. 2007. "Inconstant males" and the maintenance of labile sex expression in subdioecious plants. New Phytol. 174: 194-211.

Ehrendorfer, F., & Lambrou, M. 2000. Chromosomes of Takhtajania, other Winteraceae, and Canellaceae: Phylogenetic implications. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 407-413.

Ehrendorfer, F. [et al. 2009], Ziman, S. N., König, C., Keener, C. S., Dutton, B. E., Tsarenko, O. N., Bulakh, E. V., Boscaiu, M., Médail, F., & Kästner, A. 2009. Taxonomic revision, phylogenetics and transcontinental distribution of Anemone section Anemone (Ranunculaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 312-354.

Ehrhardt, W. 1992. Hemerocallis: Day Lilies. Batsford, London.

Ehrhart, C. 2000. Die Gattung Calceolaria (Scrophulariaceae) in Chile. Biblio. Bot. 153: viii + 1-283.

Ehrlich, P. R., & Raven, P. H. 1964. Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.

Eich, E. 2008. Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites. Springer, Berlin.

Eichler, A. W. 1875-78. Bluthendiagramme Construirirt und Erlautert. 2 vols. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Eichler, A. W. 1880. [No title.] Sitz. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1880: 135-141.

Eiserhardt, W. L. [et al. 2011a], Pintaud, J.-C., Asmussen-Lange, C., Hahn, W. J., Bernal, R., Baslev, H., & Borchsenius, F. 2011a. Phylogeny and divergence times in Bactridiinae (Arecaceae, Palmae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon 60: 485-498.

Eiserhardt, W. L. [et al. 2011b], Svenning, J.-C., Kissling, W. D., & Baslev, H. 2011b. Geographical ecology of the palms (Arecaceae): Determinants of diversity and distributions across spatial scales. Ann. Bot. 108: 1391-1416.

Eisner, T., & Meinwald, J. 1995. The chemistry of sexual selection. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 50-55.

Ejeta, G. 2007. The Striga scourge in Africa: A growing pandemic. Pp. 71-84, in Ejeta, G., & Gressel, J. (eds), Integrating New Technolgies for Striga Control: Towards Ending the Witch-Hunt. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore

Eklund, H. 1999. Big Survivors with Small Flowers: Fossil History and Evolution of Laurales and Chloranthaceae. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Eklund, H. [et al. 1997], Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997. Chloranthaceous floral structures from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden. Plant Syst. Evol. 207: 13-42.

Eklund, H. [et al. 2004], Doyle, J. A., & Herendeen, P. S. 2004. Morphological phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil Chloranthaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 107-151.

Ekman, S. [et al. 2008], Andersen, H. L., & Wedin, M. 2008. The limitations of ancestral state reconstruction and the evolution of the ascus in the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota). Syst. Biol. 57: 141-156.

Elbaum, R. [et al. 2007], Zaltzman, L., Burgert, I., & Fratzl, P. 2007. The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit. Science 316: 884-886.

Eldredge, N. 1985. Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Eldrett, J. S. [et al. 2009], Greenwood, D. R., Harding, I. C., & Huber, M. 2009. Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes. Nature 459: 969-973.

Eleftheriou, E. 1990. Monocotyledons. Pp. 139-159, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

El-Gazzar, A. 1979. Ravenelia and its segregates (Uredinales) as indicators of taxonomic affinity in Leguminosae. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 22(4): 182-193.

El Ghazali, G. E. B. [et al. 1998], Tsuji, S., El Ghazaly, G. A., & Nilsson, S. 1998. Combretaceae R. Brown. World Pollen and Spore Flora 21: 1-40.

Elias, M. [et al. 2009], Joron, M., Willmott, K. R., Silva-Brandão, K. L., Kaiser, V., Arias, C. F., Gomez Piñerez, L. M., Uribe, S., Brower, A. V. Z., Freitas, A. V. L., & Jiggins, C. D. 2009. Out of the Andes: Patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies. Mol. Ecol. 18: 1716-1729.

Elias, T. S. 1983. Extrafloral nectaries: Their structure and distribution. Pp. 174-203, in Bentley, B., & Elias, T. S. (eds), The Biology of Nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York.

Eliasson, U. H. 1988. Floral morphology and taxonomic relations among the genera of Amaranthaceae in the New World and Hawaiian islands. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 96: 235-283.

Elisens, W. J., & Tomb, A. S. 1983. Seeed morphology in new World Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae): Systematic and phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 23-47.

Elliott, G. N. [et al. 2007], Chen, W.-M., Chou, J.-H., Wang, H.-C., Sheu, S.-Y., Perin, L., Reis, V. M., Moulin, L., Simon, M. F., Bontemps, C., Sutherland, J. M., Bessi, R., de faria, S. M., Trinick, M. J., Prescott, A. R., Sprent, J. I., & James, E. K. 2007. Burkholderia phymatum is a highly effective nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Mimosa spp. and fixes nitrogen ex planta. New Phytol. 173: 168-180.

Elliott, L. L. [et al. 2006], Mindell, R. A., & Stockey, R. A. 2006. Beardia vancouverensis gen. et spec. nov. (Juglandaceae): Permineralized fruits from the Eocene of British Columbia. American J. Bot. 93: 577-565.

Ellis, A. G., & Weis, A. E. 2006. Coexistence and differentiation of 'flowering stomes': The role of local adaptation to soil microenvironment. J. Ecol. 94: 322-335.

Ellis, B. [et al. 2009], Daly, D. C., Hickey, L. J., Johnson, K. R., Mitchell, J. D., Wilf, P., & Wing, S. L. 2009. Manual of Leaf Architecture. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Ellis, E. G., & Midgley, J. J. 1996. A new plant-animal mutualism involving a plant with sticky leaves and a resident hemipteran insect. Oecologia 106: 478-481.

Ellison, A. M., & Gotelli, N. J. 2009. Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants - Darwin's 'most wonderful plants in the world'. Experim. Bot. 60: 19-42.

Ellison, A. M. [et al. 1999], Farnsworth, E. J., & Merkt, R. E. 1999. Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly. Global Ecol. Biogeog. 8: 95-115.

Ellison, A. M. [et al. 2003], Gotelli, N. J., Brewer, J. S., Cochran-Stafira, D. L., Kneitel, D. M., Miller, T. E., Worley, A. S., & Zamora, R. 2003. The evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. Adv. Ecol. Res. 33: 1-74.

Ellison, N. W. [et al. 2006], Liston, A., Steiner, J. J., Williams, W. M., & Taylor, N. L. 2006. Molecular genetics of the clover genus (Trifolium - Leguminosae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 39: 688-705.

El Mehdawi, A. F. [et al. 2012] Cappa1, J. J., Fakra, S. C., Self, J., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2012.Interactions of selenium hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators during cocultivation on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil – the importance of having good neighbors. New Phytol. 194: 264-277.

El Ottra, J. H. L. [et al. 2011], Pansarin, E. R., & Piramni, J. R. 2011. Union of floral whorls in species of Neotropical Galipeinae (Rutaceae) and its implications for the evolution and pollination of the group. P. 280, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Ely, F., & Luque Arias, R. 2006. Estudio morfoanatómico comparado de Eccremis coarctat (Ruiz & Pav.) Baker (Phormiaceae) en diferentes altitudes de la Cordillera de Mérida. Plantula 4: 23-37.

Emadzade, K., & Hörandl, E. 2011. Northern hemisphere origin, transoceanic dispersal, and diversification of Ranunculeae DC. (Ranunculaceae) in the Cenozoic. J. Biogeogr. 38: 517-530.

Emadzade, K. [et al. 2010], Lehnebach, C., Lockhart, P., & Hörandl, E. 2010. A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae). Taxon 59: 809-828.

Emadzade, K. [et al. 2011], Gehrke, B., Linder, H. P., & Hörandl, E. 2011. The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 58: 4-21.

Emshwiller, E. 2002. Biogeography of the Oxalis tuberosa alliance. Bot. Review 68: 128-152.

Emshwiller, E. [et al. 2009], Gardner, A., Oberlander, K. C., Heibl, C., & Dreyer, L. 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of Oxalis: Preliminary results based on plastid loci. P. 157, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Endara, M.-J., & Coley, P. D. 2011. The resource availability hypothesis revisited: A meta-anaylsis. Funct. Ecol. 25: 389-399.

Endo, Y. 2012a. Anatomical diversity of fruits in Leguminosae. J. Plant Res. 125: 41-53.

Endo, Y. 2012b. Characterization and systematic implications of the diversity in timing of programmed cell death of the suspensors in Leguminosae. American J. Bot. 99: 1399-1407.

Endo, Y., & Ohashi, H. 1998. The features of cotyledon areoles in Leguminosae and their systematic utility. American J. Bot. 85: 753-759.

Endress, M. E. 2004. Apocynaceae: Brown and now. Telopea 10: 525-541.

Endress, M. E., & Bittrich, V. 1993. Molluginaceae. Pp. 419-425, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Endress, M. E., & Bruyns, P. V. 2000. A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s. l. Bot. Review 66: 1-56.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 1996], Sennblad, B., Nilsson, S, Civeyrel, L., Chase, M. W., Huysmans, S., Grafström, E., & Bremer, B. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of Apocynaceae s. str. and some related taxa in Gentianales: A multidisciplinary approach. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 59-102.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 2007a], van der Ham, R. W. J. M., Nilsson, S., Civeyrel, L., Chase, M. W., Sennblad, B., Potgeiter, K., Joseph, J., Powell, M., Lorence, D., Zimmermann, Y.-M., & Albert, V. A. 2007a. A phylogenetic analysis of Alyxieae (Apocynaceae) based on rbcL, matK, trnL intron, L-F spacer sequences, and morphological characteristics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 1-35.

Endress, M. E. [et al. 2007b], Liede-Schumann, S., & Meve, U. 2007b. Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an introduction. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 259-267.

Endress, P. K. 1969. Gesichtspunkte zur systematischen Stellung der Eupteleaceen (Magnoliales). Bull. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 79: 229-278.

Endress, P. K. 1970. Die Inflorescenzen der apetalen Hamamelidaceen, ihre grundsätzliche morphologische und systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 90: 1-54.

Endress, P. K. 1971. Blütenstände und morphologische Interpretation der Blüten bei apetalen Hamamelidaceen. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 84: 183-185.

Endress, P. K. 1972. Zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsmorphologie, Embryologie und Systematik bei Laurales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 331-428.

Endress, P. K. 1973. Aril and aril-like structures in woody Ranales. New Phytol. 72: 1159-1171.

Endress, P. K. 1975. Nachbarliche Formbeziehungen mit Hüllfunktion im Infloreszenz- und Blütenbereich. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 96: 1-44.

Endress, P. K. 1976. Die Androeciumanlage bei polyandrischen Hamamelidaceen und ihre systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 97: 436-457.

Endress, P. K. 1977a. Evolutionary trends in the Hamamelidales-Fagales group. Pp. 321-347 in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Flowering plants: Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1.]

Endress, P. K. 1977b. Uber Blütenbau und Verwandschaften der Eupomatiaceae und Himantandraceae (Magnoliales). Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 90: 83-103.

Endress, P. K. 1978. Blütenontogenese, Blütenabgrenzung und systematische Stellung der perianthlosen Hamamelidoideae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 100: 249-317.

Endress, P. K. 1980a. The reproductive structures and systematic position of the Austrobaileyaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 101: 393-433.

Endress, P. K. 1980b. Floral structure and relationships of Hortonia (Monimiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 133: 199-121.

Endress, P. K. 1980c. Ontogeny, function and evolution of extreme floral construction in Monimiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 134: 79-120.

Endress, P. K. 1982. Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in primitive angiosperms. Taxon 31: 48-52.

Endress, P. K. 1983. Dispersal and distribution in some small archaic relic angiosperm families (Austrobaileyaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Idiospermoideae-Calycanthaceae). Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 201-217. [in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Dispersal and Distribution: An International Symposium. Paul Parey, Hamburg.]

Endress, P. K. 1984. The role of inner staminodes in the floral display of some relic Magnoliales. Plant Syst. Evol. 146: 269-282.

Endress, P. K. 1986a. Reproductive structures and phylogenetic significance of extant primitive angiosperms. Plant Syst. Evol. 152: 1-28.

Endress, P. K. 1986b. Floral structure, systematics, and phylogeny in Trochodendrales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 297-324.

Endress, P. K. 1987a. Floral phyllotaxis and floral evolution. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 417-438.

Endress, P. K. 1987b. The Chloranthaceae: Reproductive structures and phylogenetic position. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 109: 153-226.

Endress, P. K. 1989. Chaotic floral phyllotaxis and reduced perianth in Achlys (Berberidaceae). Bot. Acta 102: 159-163.

Endress, P. K. 1990. Patterns of floral construction in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 39: 153-175.

Endress, P. K. 1993. Austrobaileyaceae, pp. 138-140, Betulaceae, 152-156, Calycanthaceae, 197-199, Canellaceae, 200-203, Cannabaceae, 204-205, Cercidiphyllaceae, 250-252, Eupomatiaceae, 296-298, Eupteleaceae, 299-300, Hamamelidaceae, 322-330, Himantandraceae, 338-340, and Trochodendraceae, 599-502, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Endress, P. K. 1994a. Shapes, sizes and evolutionary trends in stamens of Magnoliidae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115: 429-460.

Endress, P. K. 1994b. Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Endress, P. K. 1994c. Floral structure and evolution of primitive angiosperms: Recent advances. Plant Syst. Evol. 192: 79-97.

Endress, P. K. 1995a. Floral structure and evolution in Ranunculanae. Pp. 47-61, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Endress, P. K. 1995b. Major evolutionary traits of monocot flowers. Pp. 43-79, in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Endress, P. K. 1996. Structure and function of female and bisexual organ complexes in Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157 (6, suppl.): S113-S125.

Endress, P. K. 1997a. Evolutionary biology of flowers: Prospects for the next century. Pp. 99-119, in Iwatsuki, I., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Evolution and Diversification of Land Plants. Springer, Tokyo.

Endress, P. K. 1997b. Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 99-118.

Endress, P. K. 1998. Antirrhinum and the Asteridae - evolutionary changes of floral symmetry. Pp. 133-140, in Greenland, A. J., Meyerowitz, E. M., & Steer, M. (eds), Control of Plant Development: Genes and Signals. The Company of Biologists, Cambridge. [Symp. Soc. Experim. Biol. 51: 133-140.]

Endress, P. K. 1999. Symmetry in flowers: Diversity and evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160 (6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S3-S23.

Endress, P. K. 2001a. The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral flowers. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1111-1140.

Endress, P. K. 2001b. Evolution of floral symmetry. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 86-91.

Endress, P. K. 2003a. Morphology and angiosperm systematics in the molecular era. Bot. Review 68: 545-570.

Endress, P. K. 2003b. Early floral development and nature of the calyptra in Eupomatiaceae (Magnoliales). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 489-503.

Endress, P. K. 2003c. What should a "complete" morphological phylogenetic analysis entail? Pp. 131-164, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Endress, P. K. 2004a. Structure and relationships of basal relictual angiosperms. Australian Syst. Bot. 17: 343-366.

Endress, P. K. 2004b. Biologie und Evolution der Blüten basaler Blütenpflanzen. Leopoldina 49: 467-486.

Endress, P. K. 2005a. The role of morphology in angiosperm evolutionary studies. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 92: 221-238.

Endress, P. K. 2005b. Carpels in Brasenia (Cabombaceae) are completely ascidiate despite a long stigmatic crest. Ann. Bot. 96: 209-215.

Endress, P. K. 2005c. Links between embryology and evolutionary floral morphology. Curr. Sci. 89: 749-754.

Endress, P. K. 2006. Angiosperm floral evolution: Morphological developmental framework. Adv. Bot. Res. 44: 1-61.

Endress, P. K. 2008a. The immense diversity of floral monosymmetry and asymmetry across angiosperms. Pp. 14-15, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Endress, P. K. 2008b. Perianth biology in the basal grade of extant angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 844-862.

Endress, P. K. 2008c. The whole and the parts: Relationships between floral architecture, floral organ shape, and their repercussions on the interpretation of fragmentary floral fossils. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 101-120.

Endress, P. K. 2010a. Evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B, 365: 411-421.

Endress, P. K. 2010b. Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology: Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 225-239.

Endress, P. K. 2010c. Flower structure and trends of evolution in eudicots and their major subclades. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 541-583.

Endress, P. K. 2010d. Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony. American J. Bot. 106: 687-685.

Endress, P. K. 2011a. Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 98: 370-396.

Endress, P. K. 2011b. Angiosperm ovules: Diversity, development, evolution. Ann. Bot. 107: 1465-1489.

Endress, P. K. 2011c. Changing views of flower evolution and new questions. Pp. 120-141, in Wanntorp, L., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. (eds), Flowers on the Tree of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Systematics Association Special Volume 80.]

Endress, P. K., & Armstrong, J. E. 2011. Floral development and floral phyllotaxis in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae). Ann. Bot. 108: 835-845.

Endress, P. K., & Doyle, J. A. 2009. Reconstructing the ancestral angiosperm flower and its initial specializations. American J. Bot. 96: 22-66.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 1997. Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Laurales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 125: 93-168.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 1999. Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the basal eudicots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 130: 305-393.

Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. 2000. Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161 (6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S211-S223.

Endress, P. K., & Lorence, D. H. 2004. Heterodichogamy of a novel type in Hernandia (Hernandiaceae) and its structural basis. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 753-763.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2006a. First steps towards a floral characterization of the major rosid subclades. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 223-251.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2006b. Elaborate petals and staminodes in eudicots: Diversity, function, and evolution. Organisms Divers. Evol. 6: 257-293.

Endress, P. K., & Matthews, M. L. 2012. Progress and problems in the assessment of flower morphology in higher-level systematics. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 257-276.

Endress, P. K., & Merino Sutter, D. 2002. Female flowers and cupules of Balanopaceae, an enigmatic Rosid family. P. 10, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Endress, P. K., & Sampson, F. B. 1983. Floral structure and relationships of the Trimeniaceae (Laurales). J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 447-473.

Endress, P. K., & Stumpf, S. 1990. Non-tetrasporangiate stamens in the angiosperms: Structure, systematic distribution and evolutionary aspects. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 193-240.

Endress, P. K., & Stumpf, S. 1991. The diversity of stamen structures in "lower" Rosidae (Rosales, Fabales, Proteales, Sapindales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 107: 217-293.

Endress, P. K., & Voser, P. 1975. Zur Androeciumanlage und Antherenentwicklung bei Caloncoba echinata (Flacourtiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 123: 241-253.

Endress, P. K. [et al. 1983], Jenny, M., & Fallen, M. 1983. Convergent elaboration of apocarpous gynoecia in higher advanced dicotlyedons. Nordic J. Bot. 3: 293-300.

Endress, P. K. [et al. 2000], Igersheim, A., Sampson, F. B., & Schatz, G. E. 2000. Floral structure of Takhtajania and its systematic position in Winteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 347-365.

Endriss, W. 1902. Monographie von Pilostyles ingae (Karst.) (Pilostyles ulei Solms-Laub.). Flora 91: 209-236, pl. 20.

Engel, M. S. 2000. A new interpretation of the oldest fossil bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Mus. Novit. 3296: 1-11.

Engell, K. 1995. Embryo morphology of the Ranunculaceae. Pp. 207-216, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Engell, K. 1987. Embryology and taxonomic position of Retzia capensis (Retziaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 117-124.

Engler, H. G. A. 1887. Über die Familie der Lactoridaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 8: 53-56.

Engler, H. G. A. 1888. Liliaceae. Pp. 10-91, in Engler, H. G. A., & Prantl, K. (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil II, Abt. 5. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Engler, H. G. A. 1892. Die systematische Anordnung der monokotyledoneen Angiospermen. Abhand. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1892 (Phys. Math. Cl. Abhand. II): 1-55.

Engler, H. G. A. (ed.). 1900-onwards. Das Pflanzenreich... Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A. 1930a. Saxifragaceae. Pp. 74-226, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18A. Wiklhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A. 1930b. Cunoniaceae. Pp. 229-262, in Engler, H. G. A. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 18A. Wilhelm Engelmann, Berlin.

Engler, H. G. A., & Prantl, K. 1887-1915. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.... 240 Lieferung, + Nachträge 1-4. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig; Ed. 2, 1924-, incomplete.

Englund, M. [et al. 2009], Pornpongrungrueng, P., Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Anderberg, A. A. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships and generic delimitation in Inuleae subtribe Inulinae (Asteraceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. Cladistics 25: 319-352.

Englund, M. [et al. 2011], Carlsbecker, A. Engström, P., & Vergara-Silva, F. 2011. Morphological "primary homology" and expression of the AG-subfamily MADS-box genes in pines, podocarps, and yews. Evol. Devel. 13: 171-181.

Enke, N., & Gemeinholzer, B. 2008. Babcock revisisted: New insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in Crepis L. (Compositae: Cichorieae) from ITS and matK sequence data. Taxon 57: 756-768.

Enright, N. J., & Ogden, J. 1995. The southern conifers - a synthesis. Pp. 271-287, in Enright, N. J., & Hill, R. S. (eds), Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Entwisle, T. J., & Weston, P. H. 2005. Majority rules, when systematists disagree. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 1-6.

Erbar, C. 1983. Zum Karpellbau einiger Magnoliiden. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 104: 3-31.

Erbar, C. 1986. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der spiraligen Blüte von Stewartia pseudocamellia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 417-451.

Erbar, C. 1991. Sympetaly - a systematic character? Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 417-451.

Erbar, C. 1992. Floral development of two species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Stylidiaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 70: 258-271.

Erbar, C. 1993. Studies on the floral development and pollen presentation in Acicarpha tribuloides with a discussion on the systematic placement of the family Calyceraceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115: 325-350.

Erbar, C. 1994. Contributions to the affinities of Adoxa from the viewpoint of floral development. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 116: 259-282.

Erbar, C. 1995. On the floral development of Sphenoclea zeylanica (Sphenocleaceae, Campanulales) - SEM investigations on herbarium material. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 117: 469-483.

Erbar, C. 1997. Fieberklee und Seekanne - Enzian- oder Aster-verwandt? Zur Blütenentwicklung und systematische Stellung der Menyanthaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 119: 115-135.

Erbar, C. 1998. Coenocarpie ohne und mit Compitum: ein Vergleich der Gynoeceen von Nigella (Ranunculaceae) und Geranium (Geraniaceae). Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 71: 13-39.

Erbar, C., & Gülden, C. 2011. Ontogeny of the flowers in Paulownia tomentosa - a contribution to the recognition of the resurrected monogeneric family Paulowniaceae. Flora 206: 205-218.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1983. Zur Sequenz von Blütenorganen bei einigen Magnoliiden. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103: 433-449.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1985. Studien zur Organsequenz in Apiaceen-Blüten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105: 379-400.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1988a. Blütenentwicklungsgeschichtliche Studien an Aralia und Hedera (Araliaceae). Flora 180: 391-406.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1988b. Studien zur Blütenentwicklung und Pollenpräsentation bein Brunonia australis Smith (Brunoniaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 110: 263-282.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1989. On the early floral development and the mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation in Campanula, Jasione and Lobelia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 29-55.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1994. Flowers in the Magnoliidae and the origin of flowers in other subclasses of the angiosperms. I. The relationships between flowers of Magnoliidae and Alismatidae. Pp. 193-208, in Endress, P. K., & Friis, E. M. (eds), Early Evolution of Flowers. Springer, New York. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 8.]

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1995a. Portioned pollen release and patterns of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales-Asterales complex. Flora 190: 323-338.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1995b. An analysis of the early floral development of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Aiton and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Pittosporaceae. Feddes Rep. 106: 463-473.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1996a. The formation of corolla tube in Rubiaceae and presumably related families. Op. Bot. Belgica 7: 103-112.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1996b. Distribution of the character states "early" and "late sympetaly" within the "Sympetalae tetracyclicae" and presumably related groups. Bot. Acta 109: 427-440.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1997a. Different patterns of floral development in whorled flowers, exemplified by Apiaceae and Brassicaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: S49-S64.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 1997a. Studies on the early floral development in Cleomoideae (Capparaceae) with emphasis on the androecial development. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 119-132.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2000. Some interesting features in the capitulum and flower of Arnaldoa macbrideana Ferreya (Asteraceae, Barnadesioideae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 122: 517-537.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004a. Hydrostachyaceae. Pp. 216-220, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004b. Callitrichaceae. Pp. 50-56, in Kadereit, J. (ed)., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2004c. Sympetaly in Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae). South African J. Bot. 70: 458-467.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2006. Floral ontogeny and systematic position of the Didiereaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 261: 165-185.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2010. Nectaries in Apiales and related groups. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 269-295.

Erbar, C., & Leins, P. 2011. Synopsis of some important, non-DNA character states in asterids with special reference to sympetaly. Plant Divers. Evol. 129: 93-123.

Erbar, C. [et al. 1999], Kusma, S., & Leins, P. 1999. Development and interpretation of nectary organs in Ranunculaceae. Flora 194: 317-332.

Erbar, C. [et al. 2005], Porembski, S., & Leins, P. 2005. Contributions to the systematic position of Hydrolea (Hydroleaceae) based on floral development. Plant Syst. Evol. 252: 71-83.

Erdtman, G., 1943. An Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass.

Erdtman, G. [et al. 1969], Leins, P., Melville, R., & Metcalfe, C. R. 1969. On the relationships of Emblingia. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 62: 169-186.

Erickson, R. 1958. Trigger Plants. Paterson Brokensha, Perth.

Eriksen, B. 1989. Note on the generic and infrageneric delimitation in the Valerianaceae. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 179-187.

Eriksen, B. 1993a. Floral anatomy and morphology in the Polygalaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 186: 17-32.

Eriksen, B. 1993b. Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications. Plant Syst. Evol. 186: 33-55.

Eriksen, B., & Persoon, C. 2006. Polygalaceae. Pp. 345-363, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Eriksson, O. 2008. Evolution of seed size and biotic seed dispersal in angiosperms: Paleoecological and neoecological evidence. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 863-870.

Eriksson, O., & Bremer, B. 1991. Fruit characteristics, life forms, and species richness in the plant family Rubiaceae. American Naturalist 138: 751-761.

Eriksson, O., & Bremer, B. 1992. Pollination systems, dispersal modes, life forms, and diversification rates in Angiosperm families. Evolution 46: 258-266.

Eriksson, O., & Kainulainen, K. 2011. The evolutionary ecology of dust seeds. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 13: 73-87.

Eriksson, O. [et al. 2000a], Friis, E. M., & Löfgren, P. 2000. Seed size, fruit size, and dispersal systems in angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous to the Late Tertiary. American Naturalist 156: 47-58.

Eriksson, O. [et al. 2000b], Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000b. Seed size and dispersal systems of Early Cretaceous angiosperms from Famalicão, Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 319-329.

Eriksson, R. 1994. Phylogeny of the Cyclanthaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 31-47.

Eriksson, R. 2007. A synopsis of Basellaceae. Kew Bull. 62: 297-320.

Eriksson, T. [et al. 2003], Hibbs, M. S., Yoder, A. D., Delwiche, C. F., & Donoghue, M. J. 2003. The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL/F region of chloroplast DNA. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 197-211.

Erixon, P., & Oxelman, B. 2008. Reticulate or tree-like chloroplast DNA evolution in Silene (Caryophyllaceae)? Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 313-325.

Erkens, R. H. J. 2007. From Morphological Nightmare to Molecular Conundrum. Phylogenetic, Evolutionary and Taxonomic Studies on Guatteria. Gildeprint, Enschede.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2007a], Chatrou, L. W., Maas, J. W., van der Niet, T., & Savolainen, V. 2007a. The rapid diversification of rainforest trees (Guatteria; Annonaceae) following dispersal from Central into South America. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44: 399-411.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2007b], Chatrou, L. W., Koek-Noorman, J., Maas, J. W., & Maas, P. J. M. 2007b. Classification of a large and widespread genus of neotropical trees, Guatteria (Annonaceae), and its three segregate genera Guatteriella, Guatteriopsis and Heteropetalum. Taxon 56: 757-774.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2009], Maas, J. W., & Couvreur, T. L. P. 2009. From Africa via Europe to South America: Migrational route of a species-rich genus of Neotropical lowland rain forest trees (Guatteria, Annonaceae). J. Biogeog. 36: 2338-2352.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2012a], Mennega, E. A., & Westra, L. Y. T. 2012a. A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 41-73.

Erkens, R. H. J. [et al. 2012b], Chatrou, L. W., & Couvreur, T. L. P. 2012b. Radiations and key innovations in an early branching angiosperm lineage (Annonaceae; Magnoliales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 117-134.

Ernst, A., & Schmid, E. Über Blüte und Frucht von Rafflesia. Morphologisch-biologische Beobachtungen und entwicklungsgeschichtlich-zytologische Untersuchungen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Sér 2, 12: 1-58, pl. 1-8.

Ernst, R., & Arditti, J. 1994. Resupination. Pp. 135-188, in Arditti, J. (ed.), Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VI. John Wiley, New York.

Ernst, W. R. 1963. The genera of Capparaceae and Moringaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 81-95.

Ernst, W. R. 1964. The genera of Berberidaceae, Lardizabalaceae, and Menispermaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 1-35.

Ernst-Schwarzenbach, M. 1945. Zur Blütenbiologie einiger Hydrocharitaceen. Ber. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 55: 33-69.

Ertl, P. O. 1932. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Blattnervatur der Araceen. Flora 126: 115-248.

Ervik, F., & Knudsen, J. T. 2003. Water lilies and scarabs: faithful partners for 100 million years? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 80: 539-543.

Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. 2002. The last common bilateralian ancestor. Development 129: 3021-3032.

Erwin, D. M., & Stockey, R. A. 1990. Sapindaceous flowers from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 2025-2034.

Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, Ed. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Esau, K. 1969. The Phloem. Borntraeger, Berlin. [Encyclopedia of Plant Anataomy, ed. 2, Zimmermann, W., Ozenda, P., & Wulff, H. D. (eds), Histologie, vol. 5, part 2.

Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants, Ed. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Esau, K., & Kosakai, H. 1975. Leaf arrangement in Nelumbo nucifera: A rexamination of a unique phyllotaxy. Phytomorph. 25: 100-112.

Escalante-Pérez, M. [et al. 2012], Jaborsky, M., Lautner, S., Müller, J., Dittrich, M., Kunert, M., Boland, W., Hedrich, R., & Ache, P. 2012. Poplar extrafloral nectaries: Two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores. Plant Physiol. 159: 1176-1191.

Escudero, M., & Luceño, M. 2009. Systematics and evolution of Carex sects. Spirostachyae and Elatae (Cyperaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 279: 163-189.

Escudero, M. [et al. 2012a], Hipp, A. L., Hansen, T. F., Voje, K. L., & Luceño, M. 2012a. Selection and inertia in the evolution of holocentric chromosomes in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). New Phytol.

Escudero, M. [et al. 2012b], Hipp, A. L., Waterway, M. J., & Valente, L. M. 2012b. Diversification rates and chromosome evolution in the most diverse angiosperm genus of the temperate zone (Carex, Cyperaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 650-655.

Espíndola, A. [et al. 2010], Buerki, S., Bedalov, M., Küpfer, P., & Alvarez, N. 2010. New insights into the phylogenetics and biogeography of Arum (Araceae): unravelling its evolutionary history. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 14-32.

Espiñeira, J. M. [et al. 2010], Uzal, E. N., Ros, L. V. G., Carríon, J. S., Merino, F., Barceló, A. R., & Pomar, F. 2010. Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants. Plant Biol. 13: 59-68.

Espinoza de Pernía, N., & ter Welle, B. J. H. 1998. Flora of the Guianas. Series A: Phanerogams. Fascicle 21. Wood and Timber. Euphroniaceae [pp. 81-83]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Espírito-Santo, M. M., & Fernandes, G. W. 2007. How many species of gall-forming insects are there on earth, and where are they? Ann. Entom. Soc. America 100(2): 95-99.

Esser, H.-J. 2001. Tribes Hippomaneae, Pachystromateae & Hureae. In Radcliffe-Smith, A., Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Esser, H.-J. 2003. Variation in fruit characters of Euphorbiaceae - is there another subfamily? Palm. Hortus Francofurtensis 7: 149.

Esser, H.-J. [et al. 2009], Berry, P. E., & Riina, R. 2009. EuphORBia: A global inventory of the spurges. Blumea 54: 11-12.

Essi, L. [et al. 2008], Longhi-Wagner, H. M., & Teixeira de Souza-Chies, T. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the Briza complex (Poaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 1018-1029.

Essig, F. B. 2008. A systematic histological study of palm fruits. VIII. Subtribe Dypsidinae (Arecaceae). Brittonia 60: 82-92.

Esteban, L. G., & de Palacios, P. 2009. Comparative wood anatomy in Abietoideae (Pinaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 184-196.

Esteban, L. G. [et al. 2009], de Palacios, P., Fernández, F. G., & Moreno, R. 2009. Wood anatomy of the genus Abies a review. IAWA J. 30: 231-245.

Estes, D., & Small, R. L. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of the monotypic genus Amphianthus (Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioleae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 176-182.

Estrada-Ruiz, E. [et al. 2011], Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Wolfe, J. A., & Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. 2011. Comparative morphology of fossil and extant leaves of Nelumbonaceae, including a new genus from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America. Syst. Bot. 36: 337-351.

Estrada-Ruiz, E. [et al. 2012], Upchurch, G. R., Wheeler, E. A., & Mack, G. H.. 2012. Late Cretaceous angiosperm woods from the Crevasse Canyon and McRae Formations, south-central New Mexico, USA: Part 1. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 412–428.

Ettingshausen, C. F. von. 1858. Die Blattskelete det Apetalen. Staatsdruckerei, Berlin.

2006. EUCLID. Eucalypts of Australia, Ed. 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.

Eunus, A. M. 1950. Contributions to the embryology of the Liliaceae. I. Development of the embryo sac and endosperm of Albuca transvalensis Moss-Verdoorn. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 29: 68-78.

Eurling, M. C. M., & Gravendeel, B. 2005. TrnL-trnF sequence data imply paraphyly of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and provide new perspectives for agarwood identification. Plant Syst. Evol. 254: 1-12.

Evans, F. J., & Edwards, M. C. 1987. Activity correlations in the phorbol ester series. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 94: 231-246.

Evans, F. J., & Taylor, S. E. 1983. Pro-inflammatory, tumour-promoting and anti-tumour diterpenes of the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. Prog. Chem. Org. Natural Prod. 44: 1-99.

Evans, G. M., & Rees, H. 1971. Mitotic cycles in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Nature 233: 350-251.

Evans, J. A. {et al. 2006], Gasson, P. E., & Lewis, G. P. 2006. Wood Anatomy of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae). IAWA, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden. [IAWA J., suppl. 5.].

Evans, R. C., & Campbell, C. S. 2002. The origin of the apple subfamily (Maloideae; Rosaceae) is clarified by DNA sequence data from duplicated GBSSI genes. American J. Bot. 89: 1478-1484.

Evans, R. C. & Dickinson, T. A. 1999a. Floral ontogeny and morphology in subfamily Amygdaloideae T. & G. (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 955-979.

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 1999b. Floral ontogeny and morphology in subfamily Spiraeoideae Endl. (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 981-1012.

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 2002. How do studies of comparative ontogeny and morphology aid in elucidation of relationships within the Rosaceae? P. 108, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Evans, R. C., & Dickinson, T. A. 2005. Floral ontogeny and morphology in Gillenia ('Spiraeoideae') and subfamily Maloideae C. Weber (Rosaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 427-447.

Evans, R. C., & Vander Kloet, S. 2010. Comparative analysis of hypocotyl development in epiphytic, lignotuber-forming, and terrestrial Vaccinieae (Ericaceae). Botany 88: 556-564.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 1998], Alice, L. A., Campbell, C. S., Dickinson, T. A., & Kellogg, E. A. 1998. Evidence for an allopolyploid origin of subfamily Maloideae s.l. (Rosaceae) from the nuclear granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) or waxy gene. American J. Bot. 85(6, suppl.): 127.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 2000], Alice, L. A., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., & Dickinson, T. A. 2000. The granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene in Rosaceae: Multiple loci and phylogenetic utility. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 17: 388-400.

Evans, R. C. [et al. 2002], Campbell, C., Potter, D., Morgan, D., Eriksson, T., Alice, L., Oh, S.-H., Bortiri, E., Gao, F., Smedmark, J., & Arsenault, M. 2002a. A Rosaceae phylogeny. P. 108, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Evans, T. M. [et al. 2000], Faden, R. B., Simpson, M. G., & Sytsma, K. J. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: I. A cladistic analysis of morphological data. Syst. Bot. 25: 668-691.

Evans, T. M. [et al. 2003], Sytsma, K. J., Faden, R. B., & Givnish, T. J. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Syst. Bot. 28: 270-292.

Evers, J. B. [et al. 2011], van der Krol, A. R., Vos, J., & Struik, P. C. 2011. Understanding shoot branching by modelling form and function. Trends Plant Sci. 16: 464-467.

Evert, R. F. 1990. Dicotyledons. Pp. 103-137, in Behnke, H.-D., & Sjolund, R. D. (eds), Sieve Elements: Comparative Structure, Induction, and Development. Springer, Berlin.

Evert, R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy. Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development, Ed. 3. John Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.

Evert, R. F. [et al. 1973], Eschrich, W., & Eichhorn, S. E. 1973. P-protein distribution in mature sieve elements of Cucurbita maxima. Planta 109: 193-210.

Ewers, F. W. 1982. Secondary growth in needle leaves of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and other conifers: Quantitative data. American J. Bot. 69: 1552-1559.

Eyde, R. H. 1964. Inferior ovary and generic affinities of Garrya. American J. Bot. 51: 1083-1092.

Eyde, R. H. 1966. Systematic anatomy of flowers and fruits of Corokia. American J. Bot. 53: 833-847.

Eyde, R. H. 1968. Flowers, fruit and phylogeny of Alangiaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 167-192.

Eyde, R. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Floral anatomy. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 521-537.

Eyde, R. H. 1982. Evolution and systematics of Onagraceae: Floral anatomy. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69: 735-747.

Eyde, R. H. 1988. Comprehending Cornus: Puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Bot. Review 54: 233-351.

Eyde, R. H. 1997. Fossil records and ecology of Nyssa. Bot. Review 63: 97-123.

Eyde, R. H., & Qiuyun, X. 1990. Fossil mastixioid (Cornaceae) alive in eastern Asia. American J. Bot. 77: 698-692.

Eyde, R. H., & Tseng, C. C. 1971. What is the primitive floral structure of Araliaceae? J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 205-239.

Ezcurra, C. 2002. Phylogeny, morphology, and biogeography of Chuquiraga, an Andean-Patagonian genus of Asteraceae-Barnadesioideae. Bot. Review 68: 153-170.

Faden, R. B. 1998. Commelinaceae. Pp. 109-127, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Faden, R. B. & Hunt, D. R. 1991. The classification of the Commelinaceae. Taxon 40: 19-31.

Faegri, K. 1956. Recent trends in palynology. Bot. Review (Lancaster) 22: 639-664.

Faegri, K., & Iversen, J. 1964. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Ed. 2. Hafner, New York.

Faegri, K., & Iversen, J. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Ed. 4. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Faegri, K., & van der Pijl, L. 1979. The Principles of Pollination Biology. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

Fagerlind, F. 1937. Embryologische, zytologische und bestäubungexperimentelle Studien in der Familie Rubiaceae nebst Bemerkungen über einige Polyploidätsprobleme. Acta Hort. Bergiani 11: 195-470.

Fagerlind, F. 1938a. Bau und entwicklung der floralen Organe von Helosis cayennensis. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 32: 139-159.

Fagerlind, F. 1938b. Embryosac von Plumbagella und Plumbago. Arkiv Bot. 29B(1): 1-8.

Fagerlind, F. 1938c. Wo kommen Tetrasporiche durch dri Teilungsschritte vollentwickelter Embryosäcke unter den Angiospermen vor? Bot. Notis. 1939, 461-498.

Fagerlind, F. 1939a. Die Entwicklung des Embryosackes bei Peperomia pellucida. Arkiv Bot. 29A(17): 1-15, pl. 1-4.

Fagerlinf, F. 1939b. Kritische und revidierende Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen desAdoxa-(Lilium-) Typus. Acta Hort. Bergiani 13: 1-49.

Fagerlind, F. 1939c. Drei Beispiele des Fritillaria-Typs. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 33: 188-204.

Fagerlind, F. 1940a. Stempelbau und Embryosackentwicklung bei einigen Pandanazeen. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 49: 55-78 + Taf. 7-13.

Fagerlind, F. 1940b. Zytologie und Gametophytenbildung in der Gattung Wikstroemia. Hereditas 26: 23-50.

Fagerlind, F. 1941a. Der Bau der Samenanlage und des Makrogametophyten bei Quisqualis indica. Bot. Notis. 1941, 217-222.

Fagerlind, F. 1941b. Die Embryosackbildung bei Camassia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 35: 258-260.

Fagerlind, F. 1944a. Die Samenbildung und die Zytologie bei agamospermischen und sexuellen Arten von Elatostema und einiger nahestehenden Gattungen nebst Beleuchtung eingier damit zusammenhängender Probleme. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. Ser. 3, 21(4): 1-130.

Fagerlind, F. 1944b. Die tetrasporische Angiospermen Embryosac und dessen Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Entwicklungsmechanik und Phylogenie des Embryosacks. Arkiv Bot. 31A, 11: 1-71.

Fagerlind, F. 1945a. Bau des Gynöceums, der Samenanlage und des Embryosackes bei einigen Repräsentanten der Familie Icacinaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 346-364.

Fagerlind, F. 1945b. Blüte und Blütenstand der gattung Balanophora. Bot. Not. 1945, 330-350.

Fagerlind, F. 1945c. Bildung und Entwicklung des Embryosacks bei sexuelle und agamospermischen Balanophora-Arten. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 65-82.

Fagerlind, F. 1945d. Bau der florale Organe bei der Gattung Langsdorffia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 39: 197-210.

Fagerlind, F. 1947a. Gynöceummorphologische und embryologische Studien in der familie Olacaceae. Bot. Notis. 100: 207-230.

Fagerlind, F. 1947b. Die systematische Stellung der Familie Grubbiaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 315-320.

Fagerlind, F. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gynöceummorphologie und Phylogenie der Santalales-Familien. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 42: 195-229.

Fagerlind, F. 1954. The apical embryo- and shoot-meristem in Gnetum, Ephedra and other gymnosperms. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48: 449-470.

Fagundes, N. F., & Mariath, J. E. de A. 2010. Morphoanatomy and ontogeny of fruit in Bromeliaceae species. Acta Bot. Brasilica 24: 765-779.

Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., & Talalay, P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochem. 56: 5-51.

Fahn, A. 1979. Secretory Tissue in Plants. Academic Press, London.

Fahn, A. 1990. Plant Anatomy, Ed. 4. Pergamon, London.

Fahn, A., & Zohary, M. 1955. On the pericarpial structure of the legumen, its evolution and relation to dehiscence. Phytomorph. 5: 99-111.

Fallen, M. E. 1985. The gynoecial development and systematic position of Allamanda (Apocynaceae). American J. Bot. 72: 572-579.

Fallen, M. E. 1986. Floral structure in the Apocynaceae: Morphological, functional, and evolutionary aspects. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 106: 245-286.

Fan, C., & Xiang, Q.-Y. 2001. Systematic affinities of two enigmatic African families, Grubbiaceae and Hydrostachyaceae - evidence from nuclear 26S rDNA sequence data. P. 112, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Fan, C., & Xiang, Q.-Y. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American J. Bot. 90: 1357-1372.

Fang, J. [et al. 2011], Wang, Z., & Tang, Z. (eds). 2011. Atlas of Woody Plants in China: Distribution and Climate. Springer, Berlin.

Farjon, A. 1990. Pinaceae, Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera: Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotusga, Larix and Picea. Koelz, Koenigstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 121.]

Farjon, A. 2001. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers, Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2005a. Pinaceae, Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus, Ed. 2. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Farjon, A. 2005b. A Bibliography of Conifers. Selected Literature on Taxonomy and Related Disciplines of the Coniferales, Ed. 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2005c. A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Farjon, A. 2007. In defence of a conifer taxonomy which recognises evolution. Taxon 56: 639-641.

Farjon, A., & Garcia, S. O. 2003. Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution. American J. Bot. 90: 8-16.

Farmer, S. B. 2006. Phylogenetic analyses and biogeography of Trilliaceae. Pp. 579-592, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 579-592.]

Farooq, M. 1965. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae. III. The embryology of Utricularia uliginosa Vahl. Phytomorph. 15: 123-131.

Farooq, M. 1966. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae 4. The embryology of Utricularia striata Sm. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 45: 1-13.

Farooq, M., & Bilquis, S. 1966. Studies in the Lentibulariaceae 8. The life history of Utricularia scandens Benj. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 42: 363-371.

Farooq, M., & Inamuddin, M. 1969. The embryology of Oldenlandia nudicaulis. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 48: 160-173.

Farr, E., & Zijlstra, G. Index Nominum Genericorum. http://rathbun.si.edu/botany/ing/ingForm.cfm.

Farrell, B. D. 1998. "Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles? Science 281: 555-559.

Farrell, B. D., & Mitter, C. 1990. Phylogenesis of insect/plant interactions: Have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel? Evolution 44: 1389-1403.

Farrell, B. D., & Mitter, C. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: Might Tetraopes (Coleptera: Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have coevolved? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 63: 553-577.

Farrell, B. D., & Sequiera, A. S. 2004. Evolutionary rates in the adaptive radiation of beetles on plants. Evolution 58: 1984-2001.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 1991], Dussourd, C., & Mitter, C. 1991. Escalation of plant defence: Do latex and resin canals spur plant diversification? American Naturalist 138: 891-900.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 1992], Mitter, C., & Futuyuma, D. J. 1992. Diversification at the insect-plant interface. Bioscience 42: 34-42.

Farrell, B. D. [et al. 2001], Sequeira, A. S., O'Meara, B. C., Normark, B. B., Chung, J. H., & Jordal, B. H. 2001. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution 55: 2022-2027.

Farruggia, F. T., & Wojciechowski, M. F. 2009. Evolutionary relationships of Sesbania Scop. (Leguminosae) and patterns of biogeography and morphological character evolution. P. 162, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Farruggia, F. T., & Howard, J. H. 2011. Examination of five nuclear markers for phylogenetic study of Hologalegina (Leguminosae). Brittonia 63: 489-499.

Fassett, N. C. 1953. A monograph of Cabomba. Castanea 18: 116-128.

Fatiouros, N. E. [et al. 2008], Broekgaarden, C., Bukovinszkine'Kiss, G., van Loon, J. J. A., Mumm, R., Huigens, M. E., Dicke, M., & Hilker, M. 2008. Male-derived butterfly anti-aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense. Proc. National. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 10033-10038.

Faure, A. 1924. Étude organographique, anatomique et pharmacologique de la famille des Cornacées (Groupe des Cornéales). Imprim. Centrale du Nord, Lille.

Fauré, S. [et al. 1994], Noyer, J.-L., Carreel, F., Horry, J.-P., Bakry, F., & Lanaud, C. 1994. Maternal inheritance of chloroplast genome and paternal inheritance of mitochondrial genome in bananas (Musa acuminata). Curr. Genet. 25: 265-269.

Favre, A. [et al. 2010], Yuan, Y.-M., Küpfer, P., & Alvarez, N. 2010. Phylogeny of subtribe Gentianinae (Gentianaceae): Biogeographic inferences despite limitations in temporal calibration points. Taxon 59: 1701-1711.

Fawcett, J. A. [et al. 2009], Maere, S., & van de Peer, Y. 2009. Plants with double genomes might have had a better chance to survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Proc. National. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 5737-5742.

Fay, H. A. C. 1996. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between fruit-piercing moths and the Menispermaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 9: 227-233.

Fay, M. F., & Chase, M. W. 1996. Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae. Taxon 45: 441-451.

Fay, M. F., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. Brassicales - an order of plants characterized by shared chemistry. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 27: 165-196.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1997a], Swensen, S. M., & Chase, M. W. 1997a. Taxonomic affinities of Medusagyne oppositifolia (Medusagynaceae). Kew Bull. 52: 111-120.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1997b], Cameron, K. M., Prance, G. T., Lledo, M. D., & Chase, M. W. 1997b. Familial relationships of Rhabdodendron (Rhabdodendraceae): Plastid rbcL sequences indicate a caryophyllid placement. Kew Bull. 52: 923-932.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1998a], Bayer, C., Alverson, W. S., de Bruijn, A. Y., & Chase, M. W. 1998a. Plastid rbcL sequence data indicate a close affinity between Diegodendron and Bixa. Taxon 47: 43-50.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 1998b], Olmstead, R. G., Richardson, J. E., Santiago, E., Prance, G. T., & Chase, M. W. 1998b. Molecular data support the inclusion of Duckeodendron cestroides in Solanaceae. Kew Bull. 53: 203-212.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2000a], Rudall, P. J., Sullivan, S., Stobart, K. L., de Bruijn, A. Y., Reeves, G., Qamaruz-Zaman, F., Hong, W.-P., Joseph, J., Hahn, W. J., Conran, J. G., & Chase, M. W. 2000a. Phylogenetic studies of Asparagales based on four plastid DNA regions. Pp. 360-371, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2000b], Bremer, B., Prance, G. T., van der Bank, M., Bridson, D., & Chase, M. W. 2000b. Plastid rbcL sequence data show Dialypetalanthus to be a member of Rubiaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 853-864.

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006a], Leitch, I., Kahanadawala, I., Lysak, M. A., " Chase, M. W. 2006. Genome size in Orchidaceae - variation, evolution, and consequences. P. 355, in Botany 2006. Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006b], Rudall, P. J., & Chase, M. W. 2006a. Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae). Pp. 367-371, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 367-371.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2006c], Chase, M. W., Rønsted, N., Devey, D. S., Pillon, Y., Pires, J. C., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., & Davis, J. I. 2006b. Phylogenetics of Liliales: Summarized evidence from combined analyses of five plastid and one mitochondrial loci. Pp. 559-565, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 559-565.]

Fay, M. F. [et al. 2010], Bennett, J. R., Dixon, K. W., & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. Parasites, their relationships and the disintegration of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 26: 286-313.

Feeney, P. P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 10: 1-40.

Fehrenbach, S., & Barthlott, W. 1988. Mikromorphologie der Epicuticular-Wachse der Rosales s.l. und deren systematische Gliederung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 109: 407-428.

Fehrer, J. [ et al. 2007], Gemeinholzer, B., Chrtek, J., Jr., & Bräutigam, S. 2007. Incongruent plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal ancient intergeneric hybridization in Pilosella hawkweeds (Hieracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 42: 347-361.

Feil, J. P. 1992. Reproductive ecology of dioecious Siparuna (Monimiaceae) in Ecuador - a case of gall midge pollination. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 110: 170-203.

Feild, T. S. 2005. Are vessels in seed plants evolutionary innovations to similar ecological contexts? Pp. 501-515, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Feild, T. S., & Arens, N. C. 2005. Form, function and environments of the early angiosperms: Merging extant phylogeny and ecophysiology with fossils. New Phytol. 166: 383-408.

Feild, T. S., & Arens, N. C. 2007. The ecophysiology of early angiosperms. Plant Cell Environ 30: 291-309.

Feild, T. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2005. A unique mode of parasitism in the conifer coral tree Parasitaxus ustus (Podocarpaceae). Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1316-1325.

Feild, T. S., & Edwards, E. J. 2012. Celebrating giant steps toward a synthetic history of angiosperm evolution. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 559-560.

Feild, T. S., & Holbrook, N. M. 2001. Xylem sap flow and stem hydraulics of the vesselless angiosperm Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) in a Costa Rican elfin forest. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1067-1077.

Feild, T. S., & Wilson, J. P. 2012. Evolutionary voyage of angiosperm vessel structure-function abd its significance for early angiosperm success. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 596-609.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 1998], Zweiniecki, M. A., Holbrook, N. M., & Donoghue, M. J. 1998. Plugged stomata of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) protect leaves from mist not drought. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 14256-14259.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2000a], Zweiniecki, M. A., & Holbrook, N. M. 2000a. Winteraceae evolution: An ecophysiological perspective. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 323-334.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2000b], Zweiniecki, M. A., Brodribb, T., Jaffré, T., Donoghue, M. J., & Holbrook, N. M. 2000b. Structure and function of tracheary elements in Amborella trichopoda. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 705-712.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2002], Brodribb, T., & Holbrook, N. M. 2002. Hardly a relict: Freezing and the evolution of vesselless wood in Winteraceae. Evolution 56: 464-478.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2003], Franks, P. J., & Sage, T. L. 2003. Ecophysiological shade adaptation in the basal angiosperm Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 313-324.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2004], Arens, N. C., Doyle, J. A., Dawson, T. E., & Donoghue, M. J. 2004. Dark and disturbed: A new image of early angiosperm phylogeny. Paleobiology 30: 82-107.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2009a], Chatelet, D. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2009a. Ancestral xerophobia: A hypothesis on the whole plant ecophysiology of early angiosperms. Geobiology 7: 237-264.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2009b], Chatelet, D. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2009b. Giant flowers of southern magnolia are hydrated by the xylem. Plant Physiol. 150: 1587-1597.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011a], Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Chatelet, D. S., Brodribb, T. J., Grubbs, K. C., Samain, M.-S., & Wanke, S. 2011a. Fossil evidence for low gas exchange capacities for early Cretaceous angiosperm leaves. Paleobiol. 37: 195-213.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011b], Brodribb, T. J., Iglesias, A., Chatelet, D. S., Baresch, A., Upchurch, G. R. Jr., Gomez, B., Mohr, B. A. R., Coiffard, C., Kvacek, J., & Jaramillo, C. 2011b. Fossil evidence for Cretaceous escalation in angiosperm leaf vein evolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 8363-8366.

Feild, T. S. [et al. 2011c], Hudson, P. J., Balun, L., Chatelet, D. S., Patino, A. A., Sharma, C. A., & McLaren, K. 2011c. The ecophysiology of xylem hydraulic constraints by "basal" vessels in Canella winterana (Canellaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 879-888.

Feist, M. A. E., & Downie, S. R. 2008. A phylogenetic study of Oxypolis and Ptilimnium (Apiaceae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 447-458.

Feist, M. A. E. [et al. 2012], Downie, S. R., Magee,A. R., & Liu, M. 2012. Revised generic delimitations for Oxypolis and Ptilimnium (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae) based on leaf morphology, comparative fruit anatomy, and phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA trnQ/trnK sequence data. Taxon 61: 402-418.

Feitoza, L. L. [et al. 2009], Félix, L. P., Castro, A. A. J. F., & Carvalho, R. 2009. Cytogenetics of Alismatales s.s.: Chromosomal evolution and C-banding. Plant Syst. Evol. 280: 119-131.

Feitoza, L. L. [et al. 2010], Martins, M. I. G., Castro, A. A. J. F., Félix, L. P., & Carvalho, R. 2010. Cytogenetics of Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae: CMA/DAPI banding and 45S rDNA sites. Plant Syst. Evol. 286: 199-208.

Feldenkris, E. [et al. 2011], Broe, M., & Freudenstein, J. 2011. A mitochondrial DNA and combined evidence analysis of relationships at the base of the Ericaceae. P. 163, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Feldhaar, H. [et al. 2003a], Fiala, B., bin Hashim, R., & Maschwitz, U. 2003a. Patterns of the Crematogaster-Macaranga association: The ant partner makes the difference. Insectes Soc. 50: 9-19.

Feldhaar, H. [et al. 2003b], Fiala, B., Gadau, J., Mohamed, M., & Maschwitz, U. 2003b. Molecular phylogeny of Crematogaster subgenus Decacrema ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the colonization of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) trees. Mol. Phyl. Evol. v27; 441-452.

Felix, L. P., & Guerra, M. 2010. Variation in chromosome number and the basic chromosome number of subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 234-278.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2009], Manchester, S. R., & Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.) 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of Alangiaceae (Cornales) inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 201-214.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2011], Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.), & Franks, R. G. 2011. Phylogeny-based developmental analyses illuminate evolution of inflorescence architecture in dogwoods (Cornus s.l., Cornaceae). New Phytol. 191: 850-869.

Feng, C.-M. [et al. 2012], Liu, X., Yu, Y., Xie, D., Franks, R. G., & Xiang, Q.-Y. (J.) 2012. Evolution of bract development and B-class MADS box gene expression in petaloid bracts of Cornus s.l. (Cornaceae). New Phytol. 193:

Feng, M. 2005. Floral Morphogenesis and Molecular Systematics of Family Violaceae. Ph. D. Thesis, Biological Sciences (Arts and Sciences), Ohio University. [Not read.]

Feng, M., & Ballard, H. E. 2005. Molecular systematic, floral developmental and anatomical revelations on generic relationships and evolutionary patterns in the Violaceae. P. 169, in XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe. [Abstracts.]

Feng, X. [et al. 2006], Zhao, Z., Tian, Z., Xu, S., Luo, Y., Cai, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Weng, L., Chen, J., Zheng, L., Guo, X., Luo, J., Sato, S., Tabata, S., Ma, W., Cao, X., Hu, X., Sun, C., & Luo, D. 2006. Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 4970-4975.

Feng, Y. [et al. 2005], Oh, S.-H., & Manos, P. S. 2005. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Platanus as inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 30: 786-799.

Fenster, C. B. [et al. 2004], Armbruster, W. S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M. R., & Thomson, J. D. 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35: 375-403.

Feodorova, T. A., [et al. 2010], Voznesenskaya, E. V., Edwards, G. E., & Roalson, E. H. 2010. Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae). Syst. Bot. 35: 811-826.

Ferguson, C. K. [et al. 2008], Fehlberg, S. D., Ford, K. A., & Strakosh, S. C. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Phlox (Polemoniaceae): Comparing and combining data sets from the chloroplast genome. Pp. 153-172, in Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1. Part E. Phanerogams - Angiosperm. Science Publishers, Delhi.

Ferguson, D. K. [et al. 1997], Yusheng, L., & Zetter, R. 1997. The paleoendemic plants of East Asia: Evidence from the fossil record for changing distribution patterns. Pp. 359-371, in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.), The Changing Face of East Asia during the Tertiary and Quaternary. The University of Hong Kong.

Ferguson, D. M. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis and relationships in Hydrophyllaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 29: 253-268.

Ferguson, I. K. 1977. World Pollen and Spore Flora. Angiospermae. 6. Cornaceae Dum. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.

Ferguson, I. K. 1989. A survey of the Liquidambaroideae (Hamamelidaceae) with a view to elucidating its fossil history. Pp. 155-174, in Crane, P. R., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Evolution, Systematics and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ferguson, I. K., & Tucker, S. C. (eds.) 1994. Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 6. Structural Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Fernandes, G. W., & Price, P. W. 1991. Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: The roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. Pp. 91-115, in Price, P. W., Lewinsohn, T. M., & Fernandes, G. W. (eds), Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. John Wiley, New York.

Fernandes, M. E. B. [et al. 2009], Nascimento, A. A. M., & Carvalho, M. L. 2009. Effects of herbivory by Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae: Lepidoptera) on litter production in the mangrove on the coast of Brazilian Amazonia. J. Trop. Ecol. 25: 337-339.

Fernandez, P., & Hilker, M. 2007. Host plant location by Chrysomelidae. Basic Appl. Ecol. 8: 97-116.

Fernández, V. A. [et al. 2009], Galetto, L., & Astegiano, J. 2009. Influence of flower functionality and pollination system on the pollen size-pistil length relationship. Organisms Divers. Environ. 9: 75-82.

Fernández-Alonso, J. L. [et al. 2000], Pérez-Zabala, J. A., & Idarraga-Piedrahita, A. 2000. Isidodendron, un nuevo género neotropical de árboles de la familia Trigoniaceae. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 24: 347-357.

Fernando, D. D. [et al. 2005], Lazzaro, M. D., & Owens, J. N. 2005. Growth and development of conifer pollen tubes. Sexual Plant Reprod. 18: 149-162.

Fernando, D. D. [et al. 2009], Quinn, C. R., Brenner, E. D., & Owens, J. N. 2009. male gametophyte development and evolution in extant gymnosperms. Internat. J. Plant Devel. Biol. 4(special issue 1): 47-63.

Fernando, E. S., & Quinn, C. J. 1992. Pericarp anatomy and systematics of the Simaroubaceae sensu lato. Australian J. Bot. 40: 263-289.

Fernando, E. S., & Quinn, C. J. 1995. Picramniaceae, a new family, and a recircumscription of Simaroubaceae. Taxon 44: 177-181.

Fernando, E. S. [et al. 1995], Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1995. Simaroubaceae, an artificial construct: Evidence from rbcL sequence variation. American J. Bot. 82: 92-103.

Ferreres, F. [et al. 1996], Andrade, P., Gil, M. I., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. 1996. Floral nectar phenolics as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey. Zeitschr. Lebensmittel. Untersuch. Forsch. A, 202: 40-44.

Ferrero, V. [et al. 2012], Rojas, D., Vale, A., & Navarro, L. 2012. Delving into the loss of heterostyly in Rubiaceae: Is there a similar trend in triopical and non-tropical climate zones? Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14: 161-167.

Ferrucci, M. S. 1989. Chromosomas en Cardiospermum y Diplokeleba (Sapindaceae), significado taxonomico y evolutivo. Bonplandia 6: 151-164.

Fetz, R. 1994. Larval morphologische Beitrage zum phylogenetischen System der ehemaligen Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea). Neue Entomol. Nachr. 33: 1-272. [Not seen.]

Feuer, S. 1987. Combined cryo- and thin sectioning (TEM) in the elucidation of mimosoid tetrad/polyad ultrastructure. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 52: 367-374.

Feuer, S. 1991. Pollen morphology and the systematic relationships of Ticodendron incognitum. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 143-151.

Feuillet, C., & Macdougal, J. M. 2003 [2004]. A new infrageneric classification of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae). Passiflora 13: 34-35, 37-38.

Feuillet, C., & Macdougal, J. M. 2006. Passifloraceae. Pp. 270-281, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Fey, B. S., & Endress, P. K. 1983. Development and morphological interpretation of the cupule in Fagaceae. Flora 173: 451-468.

Fiala, B. [et al. 2011], Meyer, U., Hashim, R., & Maschwitz, U. 2011. Pollination systems in pioneer trees of the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysian rainforests. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 103: 935-953.

Fiaschi, P., & Plunkett, G. M. 2011. Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear markers. Syst. Bot. 36: 806-817.

Fiedler, K. 1991. Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bonner Zool. Monogr. 31: 1-210.

Fiedler, K. 1995. Lycaenid butterflies and plants: Is myrmecophily associated with paricular host plants preferences? Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 7: 107-132.

Fiedler, K. 1996. Host-plant relationships of Lycaenid butterflies: Large-scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants. Entomol. Experim. Applic. 80: 259-267.

Fiedler, K. 1998. Diet breadth and host plant diversity of tropical- vs. temperate-zone herbivores: South-East Asian and West Palaearctic butterflies as a case study. Ecol. Entomol. 23: 285-297.

Figlar, R. B. 2000. Proleptic branch initiation in Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania provides basis for combinations in subfamily Magnolioideae. Pp. 14-25, in Liu, Y.-H., Fan, H.-M., Chen, Z.-Y., Wu, Q.-G. & Zeng, Q.-W. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, May 18-22, 1998, Guangzhou, China. Science Press, Beijing.

Figueroa, C. [et al. 2008], Salazar, G. A., Zavaleta, H. A., & Engleman, E. M. 2008. Root character evolution and systematics in Cranichidinae, Prescottinae and Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Cranichidae). Ann. Bot. 101: 509-520.

Fijridiyanto, I. A., & Murakami, N. 2009. Phylogeny of Litsea and related genera (Laureae-Lauraceae) based on analysis of rpb2 gene sequences. J. Plant Res. 122: 283-298.

Filipowicz, N., & Renner, S. S. 2010. The worldwide holoparasitic Apodanthaceae confidently placed in the Cucurbitales by nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 10:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-219.

Filipowicz, N., & Renner, S. S. 2012. Brunfelsia (Solanaceae): A genus evenly divided between South America and radiations on Cuba and other Antillean islands. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 64: 1-11.

Filonenko, A. [et al. 2009], Bobrov, A. V. F. C., & Melikian, A. P. 2009. On the systematic position of the genus Nyctanthes L. (Oleaceae/Verbenaceae/Nyctanthaceae). Novit. Syst. Plant. Vasc. 41: 192-208. [In Russian.]

Fincher, G. B. 2009. Revolutionary times in our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in the grasses. Plant Physiol. 149: 27-37.

Fincher, R. M. [et al. 2008], Dyer, L. A., Dodson, C. D., Richards, J. L., Tobler, M. A., Searcy, J., Mather, J. E., Reid, A. J., Rolig J. S., & Pidcock, W. 2008. Inter- and intraspecific comparisons of antiherbivore defenses in three species of rainforest understory shrubs. J. Chem. Ecol 34: 558-574

Finch-Savage, W. E., & Leubner-Metzger, G. 2006. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytol. 171: 501-523.

Findlay, G. P., & Findlay, N. 1989. The structure of the column in Stylidium. Australian J. Bot. 37: 81-101.

Fine, P. V. A. [et al. 2004], Mesones, I., & Coley, P. D. 2004. Herbivores promote habitat specialilization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305: 663-665.

Fineran, B. A. 1991. Root hemi-parasitism in the Santalales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 277-308.

Fineran, B. A., & Ingerfeld, M. 1982. Graniferous tracheary elements in the haustorium of Atkisona ligustrina, a root hemi-parasite of the Loranthaceae. Protoplasma 113: 150-160.

Fineran, B. A. [et al. 1982], Wild, D. J. C., & Ingerfeld, M. 1982. Initial wall formation in the endosperm of wheat, Triticum sativum: A reevaluation. Canadian J. Bot. 60: 1776-1795.

Finet, C. [et al. 2010], Timme, R. E., Delwiche, C. F., & Mariétaz, F. 2010. Multigene phylogeny of the green lineage reveals the origin and diversification of land plants. Curr. Biol. 20: 2217-2222.

Fink, S. 1983. The occurrence of adventitious and preventitious buds within the bark of some temperate and tropical trees. American J. Bot. 70: 532-542.

Fink, S. 1984. Some cases of delayed or induced development of axillary buds from persisting detached meristems in conifers. American J. Bot. 71: 44-51.

Fink, S. 1991. Comparative microscopical studies on the patterns of calcium oxalate distribution in the needles of various conifer species. Bot. Acta 104: 306-315.

Fior, S., & Karis, P. O. 2007. Phylogeny, evolution and systematics of Moehringia (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from molecular and morpholgical data: A case for homology reassessment. Claidtics 23: 362-372.

Fior, S. [et al. 2006], Karis, P. O., Casazza, G., Minuto, L., & Sala, F. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllales) inferred from chloroplast matK and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. American J. Bot. 93: 399-411.

Fisch, K. J., & Weberling, F. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und zur der Blüten von Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavón und Tovaria diffusa Fawcett & Rendle (Tovariaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 365-387.

Fischer, A. 1883. Das Siebröhren-System von Cucurbita. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 1: 276-279.

Fischer, A. 1884. Untersuchungen uber das Siebröhren-System der Cucurbitaceen. Borntraeger, Berlin.

Fischer, E. 1989. Contributions for the flora of Central Africa II - Crepidorhopalon, a new genus within the relationship of Craterostigma, Torenia and Lindernia (Scrophulariaceae) with two new or noteworthy species from Central and Souch Central Africa (Zaire, Zambia). Feddes Rep. 100: 439-450.

Fischer, E. 1992. Systematik der afrikanischen Lindernieae (Scrophulariaceae). Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 81: 1-365.

Fischer, E. 2004a. Balsaminaceae. Pp. 20-25, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Ceslastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. 2004b. Scrophulariaceae. Pp. 333-432, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2004a], Theisen, I., & Lohmann, L. G. 2004a. Bignoniaceae. Pp. 9-38, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2004b], Barthlott, W., Seine, R., & Theisen, I. 2004b. Lentibulariaceae. Pp. 276-282, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Fischer, G. A. [et al. 2007], Gravendeel, B., Sieder, A., Andriantiana, J., Heiselmayer, P., Cribb, P. J., Smidt, E. de C., Samuel, R., & Kiehn, M. 2007. Evolution of resupination in Malagasy species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 358-376.

Fisel, K. J., & Weberling, F. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Blüten von Rovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavón und Tovaria diffusa (Macfad.) Fawcett & Rendle (Tovariaceae). Bot Jahrb. Syst. 111: 365-387.

Fiser Pecnikar, Z. [et al. 2012], Kulju, K. K. J., Sierra, S. E. C., Baas, P., & van Welzen, P. C. 2012. Leaf anatomy of Mallotus and the related genera Blumeodendron and Hancea (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 645-676.

Fishbein, M., & Soltis, D. E. 2004. Further resolution of the rapid radiation of Saxifragales (angiosperms, eudicots) supported by mixed-model Bayesian analysis. Syst. Bot. 29: 883-891.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2000], Hufford, L., & Soltis, D. E. 2000. Reversals to hypogyny in Saxifragales: Comparative ontogeny and ecological correlates. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 25.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2001], Hibsch-Jetter, C., Soltis, D. E., & Hufford, L. 2001. Phylogeny of Saxifragales (Angiosperms, Eudicots): Analysis of a rapid, ancient radiation. Syst. Biol. 50: 817-847.

Fishbein, M. [et al. 2011], Chuba, D., Ellison, C., Mason-Gamer, R. J., & Lynch, S. P. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) estimated from non-coding cpDNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 36: 1008-1023.

Fischer, E. [et al. 2012], Schäferhoff, B., Müller, K. F. 2012. The new monotypic genus Bardotia (Orobanchaceae) from Madagascar and remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of the African and Madagascan genera Micrargeria, Parastriga, Radamaea, Rhamphicarpa and Sieversandreas. Phytotaxa 46: 19-33.

Fisher, A. [et al. 2009], Triplett, J. K., Ho, C.-S., Schiller, A. D., Oltrogge, K. A., Schroder, E. S., Kelchner, S. A., & Clark, L. G. 2009. Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Syst. Bot. 34: 673-683.

Fischer, H. M. [et al. 2008], Wheat, C. W., Heckel, D. G., & Vogel, H. 2008. Evolutionary origins of a novel host plant detoxification gene in butterflies. Molec. Biol. Evol. 25: 809-820.

Fisher, D. B. [et al. 1989], Thorsch, J., & Esau, K. 1989. Inclusions in nuclei and plastids of Boraginaceae and their possible taxonomic significance. Canadian J. Bot. 67: 3608-3617.

Fisher, J. B. 1974. Axillary and Dichotomous branching in the palm Chamaedorea. American J. Bot. 61: 1046-1056.

Fisher, J. B. 1976. Development of dichotomous branching and axillary buds in Strelitzia (Monocotyledoneae). Canadian J. Bot. 54: 578-592.

Fisher, J. B. 1978. Leaf-opposed buds in Musa: Their development and a comparison with allied monocotyledons. Ann. Bot. 44: 57-66.

Fisher, J. B., & Dransfield, J. 1979. Development of axillary and leaf-opposed buds in rattan palms. Ann. Bot. 44: 57-66.

Fisher, J. B., & Rutishauser, R. 1990. Leaves and epiphyllous shoots in Chisocheton (Meliaceae): A continuum of woody leaf and stem axes. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 2316-2328.

Fisher, J. B., & Stevenson, J. W. 1981. Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture. Bot. Gaz. 142: 82-95.

Fisher, J. B. [et al. 2002], Tan, H. T. W., & Toh, L. P. L. 2002. Xylem of rattans: Vessel dimensions in climing palms. American J. Bot. 89: 196-202.

Fisher, K. M. 2008. Bayesian reconstruction of ancestral expression of the LEA gene families reveal propagule-derived dessication tolerance in resurrection plants. American J. Bot. 95: 506-515.

Fitch, W. 2000. Homology a personal view on some of the problems. Trends Genet. 16: 227-231.

Fiz, O. [et al. 2006], Vargas, P., Alarcón, M. L., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Erodium (Geraniaceae) based on trnL/trnF sequences. Syst. Bot. 31: 739-763.

Fiz, O. [et al. 2008], Vargas, P., Alarcón, M. L., Aedo, M., Garcia, J. L., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2008. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Geraniaceae in relation to climate changes and pollination ecology. Syst. Bot. 33: 326-342.

Fiz-Palacios, O. [et al. 2010], Vargas, P., Vila, R., Papadopulos, A. S. T., & Aldasoro, J. J. 2010. The uneven phylopgeny and biogeography of Erodium (Geraniaceae): Radiations in the Mediterranean and recent recurrent intercontinental colonization. Ann. Bot. 106: 871-884.

Fiz-Palacios, O. [et al. 2011], Schneider, H., Heinrichs, J., & Savolainen, V. 2011. Diversification of land plants: Insights from a family-level phylogenetic analysis. BMC Evol. Biol. 11: 341.

Fleetwood, D. J. [et al. 2007], Scott, B., Lane, G. A., Tanaka, A., & Johnson, R. D. 2007. A complete ergovaline gene cluster in Epichloe endophytes of grasses. Apppl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2571-2579.

Fleming, T. H. 2004. Dispersal ecology of neotropical Piper shrubs and treelets. Pp. 58-77, in Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds), Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Fleming, T. H., & Muchhala, N. 2008. Nectar-feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds: Pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems. J. Biogeog. 35: 764-780.

Fleming, T. H. [et al. 2009], Geiselman, C., & Kress, W. J. 2009. The evolution of bat pollination: A phylogenetic perspective. Ann. Bot. 104: 1017-1043.

Flora, L. L., & Madore, M. A. 1996. Significance of minor-vein anatomy to carbohydrate transport. Planta 198: 171-178.

FloraBase. The West Australian Flora. http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au. (Consulted x.2004 onwards.)

Flora of North America Association. The Flora of North America. http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/.

Flores, E. M., & Moseley, M. F., Jr. 1982. The anatomy of the pistillate inflorescence and flower of Casuarina verticilllata Lamarck (Casuarinaceae). American J. Bot. 69: 1673-1684.

Flores Olvera, H. [et al. 2006], Fuentes-Soriano, S., & Hernández, E. M. 2006. Pollen morphology and systemnatics of Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). Grana 45: 175-194.

Flores Olvera, H. [et al. 2008], Smets, E., & Vrijdaghs, A. 2008. Floral and inflorescence morphology and ontogeny in Beta vulgaris, with special emphasis on the ovary position. Ann. Bot. 102: 643-651.

Flores-Olvera, H. [et al. 2011], Vrijdaghs, A., Ochoterena, H., & Smets, E. 2011. The need to re-investigate the nature of homoplastic characters: An ontogenetic case study of the 'bracteoles' in Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). Ann. Bot. 108: 847-865.

Flores-Rentería, L. [et al. 2011], Vázquez-lobo, A., Whipple, A. V., Piñero, D., Márquez-Guzmán, J., & Domínquez, C. A. 2011. Functional bisoporangiate cones in Pinus johannis (Pinaceae): Implications for the evolution of bisexuality in seed plants. American J. Bot. 98: 130-139.

Florin, R. 1949. On the morphology and relationships of the Taxaceae. Bot. Gaz. 110: 31-39.

Florin, R. 1951. Evolution of Cordaites and conifers. Acta Horti Bergiani 15: 285-388, pl. 1.

Florin, R. 1954. The female reproductive organs of conifers and taxads. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 29: 367-389.

Florin, R. 1958. On Jurassic taxads and conifers from north-western Europe and eastern Greenland. Acta Horti Bergiani 17: 257–402, pl. 1-56.

Florin, R. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 122-312.

Florin, R. 1966. "The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space": Additions and corrections. Acta Horti Bergiani 20: 319-326.

Floudas, D. [et al. 2012], Binder, M., Riley, R., Barry, K., Blanchette, R. A., Henrissat, B., Martínez, A. T., Otillar, R., Spatafora, J. W., Yadav, J. S., Aerts, A., Benoit, I., Boyd, A., Carlson, A., Copeland, A., Coutinho, P. M., de Vries, R. P., Ferreira, P., Findley, K., Foster, B., Gaskell, J., Glotzer, D., Górecki, P., Heitman, J., Hesse, C., Hori, C., Igarashi, K., Jurgens, J. A., Kallen, N., Kersten, P., Kohler, A., Kües, U., Kumar, T. K., Kuo, A., LaButti, K., Larrondo, L. F., Lindquist, E., Ling, A., Lombard, V., Lucas, S., Lundell, T., Martin, R., McLaughlin, D. J., Morgenstern, I., Morin, E., Murat, C., Nagy, L. G., Nolan, M., Ohm, R. A., Patyshakuliyeva, A., Rokas, A., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., Sabat, G., Salamov, A., Samejima, M., Schmutz, J., Slot, J. C., St John, F., Stenlid, J., Sun, H., Sun, S., Syed, K., Tsang, A., Wiebenga, A., Young, D., Pisabarro, A., Eastwood, D. C., Martin, F., Cullen, D., Grigoriev, I. V., & Hibbett, D. S. 2012. The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. Science 336: 1715-1719.

Flowers, T. J. [et al. 2012], Galal, H. K., & Bromham, L. 2010. Evolution of halophytes: Multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. Funct. Plant Biol. 37: 604-612.

Floyd, S. K., & Bowman, J. L. 2007. The ancestral developmental tool kit of land plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1-35.

Floyd, S. K., & Bowman, J. L. 2010. Gene expression patterns in seed plant shoot meristems and leaves: Homoplasy or homology? J. Plant Res. 123: 43-55.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2000a. Endosperm development in Amborella trichopoda: implications for the origin and early evolution of angiosperm reproductive biology. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 26.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2000b. Evolution of endosperm developmental patterns among basal flowering plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6, suppl.): S57-S81.

Floyd, S. K., & Friedman, W. E. 2001. Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: Evidence from Amborella (Amborellaceae), Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), and Illicium (Illiciaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 228: 153-169.

Floyd, S. K. [et al. 1999], Lerner, V. T., & Friedman, W. E. 1999. A developmental and evolutionary analysis of embryology in Platanus (Platanaceae), a basal eudicot. American J. Bot. 86: 1523-1537.

Focke, W. O. 1888. Rosaceae. Pp. 1-61, in Engler, A., & Prantl, K. A. (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, T. 3, Abt. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Fokuhl, G. 2008. Ants and plants: Mutualistic benefits, dispersal patterns, and ecological applications. Dissert. Bot. 408: 1-118.

Forbes, W. T. M. 1958. Caterpillars as botanists. Pp. 313-317, in Becker, E. C. (ed.), Tenth International Congress of Entomology, vol. 1. Montreal.

Forbis, T. A., Floyd, S. K., & de Queiroz, A. 2002. The evolution of seed size in angiosperms and other seed plants: Implications for the evolution of seed dormancy. Evolution 56: 2112-2125.

Ford, B. A., Iranpour, M., Naczi, R. F. C., Starr, J. R., & Jerome, C. A. 2006. Phylogeny of Carex subg. Vignea (Cyperaceae) based on non-coding nrDNA sequence data. Syst. Bot. 31: 70-82.

Ford, H. A. [et al. 1979], Paton, D. C., & Forde, N. 1979. Bird as pollinators of Australian Pplants. New Zealand J. Bot. 17: 509-519.

Ford, V. S, & Gottlieb, L. D. 2007. Tribal relationships within Onagraceae inferred from PgiC sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 348-356.

Fordyce, J. A. 2010. Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 277: 3735-3743.

Foreman, D. B., & Sampson, F. B. 1987. Pollen of Palmeria scandens and Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae). Grana 26: 127-133.

Forero, E. 1983. Flora neotropica. Monograph Number 36. Connaraceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Forest, F. 2006. Geissolomataceae. Pp. 155-156 in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Forest, F. [et al. 2002], Bruneau, A., Hawkins, J., Kajita, T., Doyle, J. J., & Crane, P. R. 2002. The sister of the Leguminosae revealed: Phylogenetic relationships in the Fabales determined using trnL and rbcL sequences. P. 124, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Forest, F. [et al. 2005], Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Lupia, R., Bruneau, A., & Crane, P. R. 2005. Teasing apart molecular- versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: A case study in the birch family (Betulaceae). Syst. Bot. 30: 118-133.

Forest, F. [et al. 2007a], Nänni, I., Chase, M. W., Crane, P. R., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007a. Diversification of a large genus in a continental biodiversity hotspot: Temporal and spatial origin of Muraltia (Polygalaceae) in the Cape of South Africa. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 43: 60-74.

Forest, F. [et al. 2007b], Chase, M. W., Persson, C., Crane, P. R., & Hawkins, J. A. 2007. The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). Evolution 61: 1675-1694.

Forman, L. L. 1965. A new genus of Ixonanthaceae with notes on the family. Kew Bull. 19: 517-526.

Forman, L. L. 1966. The reinstatement of Galearia Zoll. & Mor. and Microdesmis Hook. f. in the Pandaceae. Kew Bull. 20: 309-321.

Forman, L. L. [et al. 1989], Brandham, P. E., Harley, M. M., & Lawrence, T. J. 1989. Beiselia mexicana (Burseraceae) and its affinities. Kew Bull. 44: 1-31.

Forrest, L. L., & Crandall-Stotler, B. J. 2004. A phylogeny of the simple thalloid liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, Metgeriidae) as inferred from five chloorplast genes. Pp. 119-140, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Forrest, L. L., & Crandall-Stotler, B. J. 2005. Progress towards a robust phylogeny for the liverworts, with particular focus on the simple thalloids. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 97: 127-159.

Forrest, L. L., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2003. A recircumscription of Begonia based on nuclear ribosomal sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 241: 193-211.

Forrest, L. L. [et al. 2005], Hughes, M., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2005. A phylogeny of Begonia using nuclear ribosomal sequence data and morphological characters. Syst. Bot. 30: 671-682.

Forrest, L. L. [et al. 2006], Davis, E. C., Long, D. G., Crandall-Stotler, B. J., Clark, A., & Hollingsworth, M. L. 2006. Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): Multiple taxa, genomes, and analyses. The Bryologist 109: 303-334.

Förster, P. 1997. Die Keimpflanzen der tribus Ranunculeae DC. und der Tribus Adonideae Kunth (Ranunculaceae). Flora 192: 133-142.

Forterre, Y. [et al. 2005], Skotheim, J. M., Dumais, J., & Mahadevan, L. 2005. How the Venus flytrap snaps. Nature 433: 421-425.

Förther, H. 1998. Die infragenerische Gliederung der Gattung Heliotropium L. und ihre Stellung innerhalb der subfam. Heliotropioideae (Schrad.) Arn. (Boraginaceae). Sendtnera 5: 35-241.

Fortune-Hopkins, H. C., & Hoogland, R. D. 2002. Cunoniaceae. Pp. 53-165, in Nooteboom, H. P. (ed.), Flora malesiana, vol. 16. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden.

Foster, A. S. 1952. Foliar venation in angiosperms from an ontogenetic standpoint. American J. Bot. 39: 752-766.

Foster, M. S., & Delay, L. S. 1998. Dispersal of mimetic seeds of three species of Ormosia (Leguminiosae). J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 389-411.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2003], Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in resin-producing Detarieae inferred from molecular data and preliminary results for a biogeographic hypothesis. Pp. 161-180, in Klitgaard, B. B., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legumes Systematics, Part III. Higher-Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2007], Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2007. Relationships among resin-producing Detarieae s.l. (Leguminosae) as inferred by molecular data. Syst. Bot. 32: 748-761.

Fougère-Danezan, M. [et al. 2010], Herendeen, P. S., Maumont, S., & Bruneau, A. 2010. Morphological evolution in the variable resin-producing Detarieae (Fabaceae): Do morphological characters retain a phylogenetic signal? Ann. Bot. 105: 311-325.

Fourquin, C. [et al. 2007], Vinauger-Douard, M., Chambrier, P., Berne-Dedieu, A., & Schutt, C. P. 2007. Functional conservation between CRABS CLAW orthologues from widely diverged angiosperms. Ann. Bot. 100: 651-657.

Fowden, L., & Steward, F. C. 1957. Nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen metabolism in the Liliaceae. I. The occurence of soluble nitrogenous compunds. Ann. Bot. 21 N.S.: 53-67.

Fowden, L. [et al. 1979], Lea, P. J., & Bell, E. A. 1979. The non-protein amino acids of plants. Adv. Enzymol. 50: 117-175.

Fox, D. L., & Koch, P. L. 2004. Carbon and oxygen isotopic variability in Neogene paleosol carbonates: Constraints on the evolution of C4-grasslands of the Great Plains, U.S.A.. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 207: 305-329.

Fraenkel, G. 1959. The raison d'être of secondary plant substances. Science 129: 1466-1470.

Frajman, B., & Schönswetter, P. 2011. Giants and dwarfs: Molecular phylogenies reveal multiple origins of annual spurges qwithin Euphorbia subg. Esula. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 61: 413-424.

Frajman, B. [et al. 2009], Heidari, N., & Oxelman, B. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Atocion and Viscaria (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae) inferred from chloroplast, nuclear ribosomal, and low-copy gene DNA sequences. Taxon 58: 811-824.

Frame, D. 1990. A Revision of Schoenocaulon (Liliaceae: Melanthieae). Ph. D. thesis, Department of Biology, City University of New York.

Frame, D. 2003. Generalist flowers, biodiversity and florivory: Implications for angiosperm evolution. Taxon 52: 681-685.

Frame, D., & Durou, S. 2001. Morphology and biology of Napoleonaea vogelii (Lecythidaceae) flowers in relation to the natural history of insect visitors. Biotropica 33: 458-471.

Franceschi, G. de. 1993. Phylogénie des Ebénales. Institut Français de Pondichery, Publications du Département de Écologie 33.

Franceschi, V. R., & Horner, H. T., Jr. 1980. Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Bot. Review 46: 361-427.

Franceschi, V. R., & Nakata, P. A. 2005. Calcium oxalate in plants: Formation and function. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 56: 41-71.

Franceschi, V. R. [et al. 2005], Krokene, P., Christiansen, E., & Krekling, T. 2005. Anatomical and chemical defences of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytol. 167: 353-376.

Franche, C. [et al. 1998], Laplaze, L., Emile Duhoux, E., & Bogusz, D. 1998. Actinorhizal symbioses: Recent advances in plant molecular and genetic transformation studies. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 17: 1-28.

Franchi, G. G. [et al. 1996], Bellani, L., Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. 1996. Types of carbohydrate reserves in pollen: Localization, systematic distribution and ecophysiological significance. Flora 191: 143-159.

Francis, A. P., & Currie, D. J. 2003. A globally consistent richness-climate relationship for angiosperms. American Naturalist 161: 523-536.

Frank, J. H. & O'Meara, G. F. 1984. The bromeliad Catopsis berteroniana traps terrestrial arthropods but harbors Wyeomyia larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Florida Entomol. 67: 418-424.

Franke, T. 2002. The myco-heterotrophic Voyria flavescens (Gentianaceae) and its associated fungus. Mycol. Prog. 1: 367-376.

Franke, T. 2007. Miscellaneous Contributions to the Taxonomy and Mycorrhiza of AMF-Exploiting Myco-Heterotrophic Plants. Ph. D. thesis, Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München.

Franke, T. [et al. 2006], Beenken, L., Döring, M., Kocyan, A., & Agerer, R. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus-group A lineage (Glomerales, Glomeromycota) detected in myco-heterotrophic plants from tropical Africa. Mycol. Prog. 5: 24-31.

Franklin, J. F., & Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service General Techical Report PNW-8, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Portland, OR.

Franklin-Tong, V. E. (ed.). 2008. Self Incompatability in Flowering Plants: Evolution, Diversity, and Mechanisms. Springer, Berlin.

Franklin-Tong, V. E., & Franklin, F. C. H. 2003. The different mechanisms of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 358: 1025-1032.

Franks, P. J., & Farquhar, G. D. 2007 [2006]. The mechanical diversity of stomata and its significance in gas exchange control. Plant Physiol. 143: 78-87.

Franz, N. M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil-Carludovica association (Colepotera:Curculionideae; Cyclanthaceae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 81: 483-517.

Franzke, A. [et al. 2009], German, D., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2009. Arabidopsis family ties: Molecular phylogeny and age estimates in Brassicaceae. Taxon 58: 425-437.

Franzke, A. [et al. 2011], Lysak, M. A., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Koch, M. A., & Mummenhoff, K. 2011. Cabbage family affairs: The evolutionary history of Brassicaceae. Trends Plant Sci. 16: 108-116.

Franzyk, H. [et al. 2001], Jensen, S. R., & Olsen, C. E. 2001. Iridoid glucosides from Myxopyrum smilacifolium. J. Natural Prod. 64: 632-633.

Fraser, W. T. [et al. 2012], Scott, A. C., Forbes, A. E. S., Glasspool, I. J., Plotnick, R. E., Kenig, F., & Lomax, B. H. 2012. Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin biochemistry revealed by unaltered Pennsylvanian spores. New Phytol 196: 397-401.

Freckleton, R. P. 2009. The seven deadly sins of comparative analysis. J. Evol. Biol. 22: 1367-1375.

Frederiksen, L. B. [et al. 1999], Damtoft, S., & Jensen, S. R. 1999. Biosynthesis of iridoids lacking C-10 and the chemotaxonomic implications of their distribution. Phytochem. 52: 1409-1420.

Frederickson, M. [et al. 2005], Greene, M., & Gordon, D. 2005. 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. An ant species uses herbicidal weaponry to secure its own niche in the Amazonian rainforest. Nature 437: 495-496.

Freeling, M. [et al. 2008], Lyons, E., Pedersen, M., Alam, M., Ming, R., & Lisch, D. 2008. Many or most genes in Arabdidopsis transposed after the origin of the order Brassicales. Genome Res. 18: 1924-1937.

Freeman, C. E., & Scogin, R. 1999. Potential utility of chloroplast trnL (UAA) gene intron sequences for inferring phylogeny in Scrophulariaceae. Aliso 18: 141-159.

Freeman, J. L. [et al. 2009], Quinn, C. F., Lindblom, S. D., Klamper, E. M., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2009. Selenium protects the hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata against black-tailed prairie dog herbivory in native seleniferous habitats. American J. Bot. 96: 1075-1085.

Freeman, P. W. 2000. Macroevolution in the Microchiroptera: Recoupling morphology and ecology with phylogeny. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2: 317-335.

Frei, E. 1955. Die innervierung der floralen Nektarien dikotyler Pflanzenfamilien. Ber. Schweizerischen Bot. Gesell. 65: 60-114.

Freire-Fierro, A. 2001 onwards. Polygalaceae Hoffmans. & Link. Version 21 February 2002. http://www.joethejuggler.com/Polygalaceae/.

Frello, S. [et al. 2004], Ørgaard, M., Jacobsen, N., & Heslop-Harrison, J. S. 2004. The genomic organization and evolutionary distribution of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence in the genus Crocus (Iridaceae). Hereditas 141: 81-88.

French, J. C. 1986. Patterns of endothecial wall thickenings in Araceae: Subfamilies Colocasioideae, Aroideae and Pistioideae. Bot. Gaz. 147: 166-179.

French, J. C. 1997. Vegetative anatomy. Pp. 9-24 in Mayo, S. J., Bogner, J., & Boyce, P. C., The Genera of Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

French, J. C. [et al. 1995], Chung, M., & Hur, Y. 1995. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny of Ariflorae. Pp. 255-275, in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

French-Italian Public Consortium for Grapevine Genome Characterization. 2007. The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature 449: 463-467. [See also Jaillon, Aury et al. 2007.]

Freson, R. 1967. Note sur la distribution africaine du genre Ancistrocladus Wall. (Ancistrocladaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. National Belgique 37: 73-76.

Freudenstein, J. V. 1999. Relationships and character transformations in Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) based on ITS sequences, morphology and development. Syst. Bot. 24: 398-408.

Freudenstein, J. 2012. A supermatrix analysis of the large orchid subfamily Epidendroideae. P. 46, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Barrett, C. F. 2010. Mycoheterotrophy and diversity in Orchidaceae. Pp. 25-37, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Chase, M. W. 2001. Analysis of mitochondrial nad1b-c intron sequences in Orchidaceae: Utility and coding of length-change characters. Syst. Bot. 26: 643-657.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1996. Polinium development and number in the Orchidaceae. American J. Bot. 83: 813-824.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1997. Sectile pollen and relationships in Orchidaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 205: 125-146.

Freudenstein, J. V., & Rasmussen, F. N. 1999. What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships? - A cladistic analysis. American J. Bot. 86: 225-248.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2002], Harris, E. M., & Rasmussen, F. N. 2002. The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: Incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the vandoid complex. American J. Bot. 89: 1747-1755.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2004], van den Berg, C., Goldman, D. H., Kores, P. J., Molvray, M., & Chase, M. W. 2004. An expanded plastid DNA phylogeny of Orchidaceae and analysis of jacknife branch support strategy. American J. Bot. 91: 149-157.

Freudenstein, J. V. [et al. 2010], Broe, M. B., & Feldenkris, E. R. 2010. Resolving relationships at the base of Ericaceae: How do the leafless members fit in? Pp. 110-111, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Frey, M. [et al. 1997], Chomet, P., Glawischnig, E., Stettner, C., Grühn, S., Winklmair, A., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Meeley, R. B., Briggs, S. P., Simcox, K., & Gierl, A. 1997. Analysis of a chemical plant defense mechanism in grasses. Science 277: 696-699.

Frey, M. [et al. 2009], Schullehner, K., Dick, R., Fiesselmann, A., & Gierl, A. 2009. Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, a model for the evolution of secondary metabolic pathways in plants. Phytochem. 70: 1645-1651.

Frey, W., & Stech, M. 2005. A morpho-molecular classification of the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Nova Hedwigia 80: 541-545.

Frey-Klett, P. [et al. 2007], Garbye, J., & Tarkka, M. 2007. The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited. New Phytol. 176: 22-36.

Friedl, T., & Rybalka, N. 2012. Systematics of green algae: A brief introduction to the current status. Prog. Bot. 73: 259-27

Friedman, J., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2008. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of wind pollination in the angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 49-58.

Friedman, J., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2011. The evolution of ovule number and flower size in wind-pollinated plants. American Naturalist 177: 246-277.

Friedman, W. E. 1987. Growth and development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba within the ovule (in vivo). American J. Bot. 74: 1797-1815.

Friedman, W. E. 1992. Double fertilization in nonflowering seed plants and its relevance to the origin of flowering plants. Internat. Rev. Cytol. 140: 319-355.

Friedman, W. E. 1993. The evolutionary history of the seed plant male gametophyte. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 15-20.

Friedman, W. E. 2001a. Comparative embryology of basal angiosperms. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 14-20.

Friedman, W. E. 2001b. Developmental and evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of double fertilization and endosperm. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sci. Vie 324: 559-567.

Friedman, W. E. 2006. Embyological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441: 337-340.

Friedman, W. E. 2008. Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies. Nature 453: 94-97.

Friedman, W. E., & Carmichael, J. S. 1996. Double fertilisation in Gnetales: Implications for understanding reproductive diversification among seed plants. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S77-S94.

Friedman, W. E., & Cook, M. E. 2000. The origin and early evolution of tracheids in vascular plants: Integration of palaeobotanical and neobotanical data. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 355: 857-868.

Friedman, W. E., & Floyd, S. K. 2001. Perspective: The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology - a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55: 217-231.

Friedman, W. E., & Gifford, E. M. 1997. Development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba: A window into the reproductive biology of early seed plants. Pp. 29-49, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Friedman, W. E., & Ryerson, K. C. 2009. Reconstructing the ancestral female gametophyte of angiosperms: Insights from Amborella and other ancient lineages of flowering plants. American J. Bot. 96: 129-143.

Friedman, W. E., & Williams, J. H. 2003. Modularity of the angiosperm female gametophyte and its bearing on the early evolution of endosperm in flowering plants. Evolution 57: 216-230.

Friedman, W. E., & Williams, J. H. 2004. Developmental evolution of the sexual process in ancient flowering plant lineages. Plant Cell 16: S119-S132.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2003a], Gallup, W. N., & Williams, J. H. 2003a. Female gametophyte development in Kadsura: Implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. Pp. 23-24 in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2003b], Gallup, W. N., & Williams, J. H. 2003b. Female gametophyte development in Kadsura: Implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. Int. J. Plant Sci 164(5 Suppl.): S293-S305.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2004], Moore, R. C., & Purugganan, M. D. 2004. The evolution of plant development. American J. Bot. 91: 1726-1741.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2008], Madrid, E. N., & Williams, J. H. 2008. Origin of the fittest and survival of the fittest: relating female gametophyte development to endosperm genetics. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 79-92.

Friedman, W. E. [et al. 2012], Bachelier, J. B., & Hormaza, J. I. 2012. Embryology in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae) and relationships between embryo, endosperm, and perisperm in early-diverging flowering plants. American J. Bot. 99: 1083-1095.

Friedrich, H.-C. 1956. Studien uber die natürliche Verwandtschaft der Plumbaginales und Centrospermae. Phyton 6: 221-263.

Friend, S. A. [et al. 2010], Quandt, D., Tallury, S. P., Stalker, H. T., & Hilu, K. W. 2010. Species, genomes, and section relationships in the genus Arachis (Fabaceae): A molecular phylogeny. Plant Syst. Evol. 290: 185-199.

Friesen, M. L. [et al. 2011], Porter, S. S., Stark, S. C., von Wettberg, E. J., Sachs, J. L., & Martinez-Romero, E. 2011. Microbially mediated plant functional traits. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 42: 23-46.

Friesen, N. [et al. 2006], Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2006. Phylogeny and new infrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. Pp. 372-395, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 372-395.]

Friis, E. M. 1985. Actinocalyx gen. nov., sympetalous angiosperm flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Sweden. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 45: 171-183.

Friis, E. M. 1990. Silvianthemum suecicum gen et sp. nov., a new saxifragalean flower from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden. Biol. Skr. 36: 1-35.

Friis, E. M., & Crane, P. R. 2007. New home for tiny aquatics. Nature 446: 269-270.

Friis, E. M., & Crepet, W. L. 1987. Time of appearance of floral features. Pp. 145-179, in Friis, E. M., Chaloner W. G., & Crane P. R. (eds), The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Friis, E. M., & Endress, P. K. 1990. Origin and evolution of angiosperm flowers. Adv. Bot. Res. 17: 99-162.

Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 2011. Canrightia resinifera gen. et sp. nov., a new extinct angiosperm with Retimonocolpites-type pollem from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Missing link in the eumagnoliid tree? Grana 50: 3-29.

Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. 2012. Bertilanthus scanicus, a new asterid flower from the late Cretaceous (late Santonian - early Campanian) of Scania, Sweden. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 318-330.

Friis, E. M., & Skarby, A. 1982. Scandianthus gen nov., angiosperm flowers of saxifragalean affinity from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. Ann. Bot. N.S. 50: 569-583.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1988], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1988. Reproductive structures of Cretaceous Platanaceae. Biol. Skr. 31: 1-55.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1992], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1992. Esgueiria gen. nov., fossil flowers with combretaceous features from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal. Biolog. Skr. 41: 1-45.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1994], Eklund, H., Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1994. Virginianthus calycanthoides gen. et spec. nov. - A calycanthaceous flower from the Potomac group (Early Cretaceous) of North America. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 155: 772-785.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1995], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1995. Appomattoxia ancistrophora gen. et sp. nov., a new Early Cretaceous plant with similarities to Circaeaster and extant Magnoliidae. American J. Bot. 82: 933-943.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1997a], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997a. Fossil history of magnoliid angiosperms. Pp. 121-156 in Iwatsuki, K., & Raven, P. R. (eds), Evolution and Diversification of Land Plants. Springer, Tokyo.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1997b], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 1997b. Anacostia, a new basal angiosperm from the Early Cretaceous of North America and Portugal with trichotomocolpate/monocolpate pollen. Grana 36: 225-244.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 1999], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 1999. Early angiosperm diversification: The diversity of pollen associated with angiosperm reproductive structures in Early Cretaceous floras from Portugal. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 259-296.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2000a], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000a. Reproductive structure and organization of basal angiosperms from early Cretaceous (Barremian or Aptian) of western Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6, suppl.): S169-S182.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2000b], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2000b. Fossil floral structures of a basal angiosperm with monocolpate, reticulate-acolumellate pollen from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Grana 39: 226± 239.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2001], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2001. Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous. Nature 410: 357-360.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2003a], Pedersen, K. R., & Schönenberger, J. 2003a. Endressianthus, a new Normapolles-producing plant genus of fagalean affinity from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S201-S223.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2003b], Doyle, J. A., Endress, P. K., & Leng, Q. 2003b. Archaefructus - angiosperm precursor or specialised early angiosperm? Trends Plant Sci. 8: 369-373.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2004], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2004. Araceae from the early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 16565-1570.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2005], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2005. When Earth started blooming: Insights from the fossil record. Curr. Opinion Plant Biol. 8: 5-12.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2006a], Pedersen, K. R., & Schönenberger, J. 2006a. Normapolles plants: A prominent component of the Cretaceous rosid diversification. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 107-140.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2006b], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2006b. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: Innovation and evolution in plant reproduction. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 232: 251-293.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2007], Crane, P. R., Pedersen, K. R., Bengtson, S., Donoghue, P. C. J., Grimm, G. W., & Stampanoni, M. 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seeds with Gnetales and Bennettitales. Nature 450: 549-552.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2009a], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2009a. Early Cretaceous mesofossils from Portugal and eastern North America related to the Bennettitales-Erdmanithecales-Gnetales group. American J. Bot. 96: 252-283.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2009b], Pedersen, K. R., von Balthazar, M., Grimm, G. W., & Crane, P. R. 2009b. Monetianthus mirus gen. et sp. nov., a nymphaealean flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1986-1101.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2010], Pedersen, K. R., & Crane, P. R. 2010. Diversity in obscurity: Fossil flowers and the early history of angiosperms. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. 365: 369-382.

Friis, E. M. [et al. 2011], Crane, P. R., & Pedersen, K. R. 2011. Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Friis, I. 1993. Barbeyaceae, pp. 141-142, and Urticaceae, 612-629, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Friis, R. E. 1911. Ein unbeachtet gebliebenes Monokotyledonenmerkmal bei einigen Polycarpicae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. 29: 292-301.

Friis, R. E. 1919. Studien über die Blütenstandsverhältnisse bei der Familie Anonaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani 6(6): 3-48.

Fritsch, P. W. 1999. Phylogeny of Styrax based on morphological characters, with implications for biogeography and infrageneric classification. Syst. Bot. 24: 356-378.

Fritsch, P. W. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the flowering plant genus Styrax (Styracaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction sites and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 19: 387-408.

Fritsch, P. W. 2004. Styracaceae. Pp. 434-442, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2001], Morton, C. M., Chen, T., & Meldrum, C. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Styracaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162(6, suppl.): S95-S116.

Fritsch, P. W., & Cruz, B. C. 2012. Phylogeny of Cercis based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and four plastid regions: Implications for transatlantic historical biogeography. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 62: 816-825.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2004], Almeda, F., Renner, S. S., Martins, A. B., & Cruz, B. C. 2004. Phylogeny and cicrucmscription of the near-endemic Brazilian tribe Microlicieae (Melastomataceae). American J. Bot. 91: 1105-1114.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2006], Cruz, B. C., Almeida, F., Wang, Y., & Shi, S. 2006. Phylogeny of Symplocos based on DNA sequences of the chloroplast trnC-trnD intergenic region. Syst. Bot. 31: 181-192.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2007], Almeda, F., Martins, A. B., Cruz, B. C., & Estes, D. 2007. Rediscovery and phylogenetic placement of Philcoxia minensis (Plantaginaceae), with a test of carnivory. Proc. California Acad. Sci. 58: 447-467.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2008], Kelly, L. M., Wang, Y., Almeda, F., & Kriebel, R. 2008. Revised infrafamilial classification of Symplocaceae based on phylogenetic data from DNA sequences and morphology. Taxon 57: 823-852.

Fritsch, P. W. [et al. 2011], Bush, C. M., Cruz, B. C., Kron, K. A., & Li, D.-Z. 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of the wintergreen-group (Ericaceae) based on six genic regions. Syst. Bot. 36: 990-1003.

Fritsch, R. M., & Friesen, N. 2002. Evolution, domestication, and taxonomy. Pp. 5-30, in Rabinowitch, H. D., & Currah, L. (eds), Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

Fritsch, R. M., & Keusgen, M. 2006. Occurence and taxonomic significance of cysteine sulphoxides in the genus Allium L. (Alliaceae). Phytochem. 67: 1127-1135.

Frodin, D. G., & Govaerts, R. 1996. World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Frodin, D. G., & Govaerts, R. 2003. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Frodin, D. G.. [et al. 2010], Lowry, P. P. II, & Plunkett, G. M. 2010. Schefflera (Araliaceae): Taxonomic history, overview and progress. Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 561-595.

Froebe, H. A. 1964. Die Blütenstande der Saniculoideeen (Umbelliferae). Ein vergleichend-morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 40: 325-388.

Froebe, H. A. 1971. Wuchsform und Infloreszenzgestaltung in den Gattungen Sanicula, Hacquetia und Astrantia (Umbelliferae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 91: 1-38.

Froebe, H. A. 1979. Die Inflorescenzen der Hydrocotyloideen (Apiaceae). Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 29: 1-181.

Froebe, H. A., & Ulbrich, G. 1978. Pseudanthien bei Umbelliferen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 54: 175-206.

Froelich, D. R. [et al. 2012], Mullendore, D. L., Jensen, K. H., Ross-Elliott, T. J., Anstead, J. A., Thompson, G. A., Pélissier, H. C., & Knoblauch, M. 2012. Phloem ultrastructure and pressure flow: Sieve-element-occlusion-related agglomerations do not affect translocation. Plant Cell 23: 4428-4445.

Frohlich, J., & Hyde, K. D. 1999. Biodiversity of palm fungi in the tropics: Are global fungal diversity estimates realistic? Biodivers. Conserv. 8: 977-1004.

Frohlich, M. W. 2002. The Mostly Male theory of flower origins: Summary and update regarding the Jurassic pteridosperm Pteroma. Pp. 85-108, in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Frohlich, M. W. 2006. Recent developments regarding the evolutionary origin of flowers. Adv. Bot. Res. 44: 63-127.

Frohlich, M. W., & Chase, M. W. 2007. After a dozen years of progress the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery. Nature 450: 1184-1189.

Frohlich, M. W., & Parker, D. S. 2000. The Mostly Male theory of flower evolutionary origins: From genes to fossils. Syst. Bot. 25: 155-170.

Frohlich, M. [et al. 2007], Brockington, S. F., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Differing patterns of MADS-box gene expression associated with shifts in petaloidy within Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales). P. 191, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Frohne, D., & Jensen, U. 1992. Systematik des Pflanzenreichs. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Fry, S. C. [et al. 2008], Nesselrode, B. H. W. A., Miller, J. G., & Mewburn, B. R. 2008. Mixed-linkage (1->3,1->4)-ß-d-glucan is a major hemicellulose of Equisetum (horsetail) cell walls. New Phytol. 179: 104-115.

Fryns-Claessens, E., & van Cotthem, W. 1973. A new classification of the ontogenetic types of stomata. Bot. Rev. 39: 71-138.

Fu, D.-Z., Yang, Y., & Zhu, G. H. 2004. A new scheme of classification of living gymnosperms at family level. Kew Bull. 59: 111-116.

Fu, L. [Lin] [et al. 2012], Xu, F.-X., & Zeng, Q.-W. 2012. Embryology of the dioecious Woonyoungia septentrionalis (Magnoliaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 30: 215-225.

Fu, L.-K. 1992. China Plant Red Data Book - Rare and Endangered Plants, vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.

Fu, L.-K., & Tao, H. (eds). 2000. Higher Plants of China, vol. 3. Qingdao Publishing House, Qindao.

Fu P.-L. [et al. 2012], Jiang Y.-J., Wang A.-Y., Brodribb T. J., Zhang J.-L., Zhu S.-D., & Cao K.-F. 2012. Stem hydraulic traits and leaf water-stress tolerance are co-ordinated with the leaf phenology of angiosperm trees in an Asian tropical dry karst forest. Ann. Bot. 110: 189-199.

Fu, Q. [et al. 2011], Cheng, L., Guo, Y., & Turgeon, R. 2011. Phloem loading strategies and water relations in trees and herbaceous plants. Plant Physiol. 157: 1518-1527.

Fuentes-Bazan, S. [et al. 2012a], Mansion, G., & Borsch, T. 2012a. Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 62: 359-374.

Fuentes-Bazan, S. [et al. 2012b], Uotila, P., & Borsch, T. 2012b. A novel phylogeny-based classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangemnent of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42: 4-24.

Fujinami, R. [et al. 2011], Yoshihama, I., & Imaichi, R. 2011. Dimorphic chloroplasts in the epiderms of Podostemoideae, a subfamily of the unique aquatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae. J. Plant Res. 124: 601-605.

Fujita, T. [et al. 2008], Sakaguchi, H., Hiwatashi, Y., Wagstaff, S. J., Ito, M., Diguchi, H., Sato, T., & Hasebe, M. 2008. Convergent evolution of shoots in land plants: Lack of auxin polar transport in moss shoots. Evol. Devel. 10: 176-186.

Fukai, S. 2004. Floral initiation and development of the sex-changing plant Arisaema sikokianum (Araceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 739-744.

Fukuda, T. [et al. 2003], Yokoyama, J., & Maki, M. 2003. Molecular evolution of cycloidea-like genes in Fabaceae. J. Mol. Evol. 57: 588-597.

Fukuda, T. [et al. 2005], Ashizawa, H., Suzuki, R., Ochiai, T., Nakamuru, T., Kanno, A., Kameya, T., & Yokoyama, J. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus inferred from plastid petB intron and petD-rpoA intergenic spacer sequences. Plant Species Biol. 20: 121-132.

Fukuhara, T. 1999. Seed and funicle morphology of Fumariaceae-Fumarioideae: Systematic implications and evolutionary patterns. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 151-180.

Fukuhara, T., & Lidén, M. 1995. Seed-coat anatomy in Fumariaceae-Fumarioideae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 119: 323-365.

Fukuhara, T., & Shinwari, Z. K. 1984. Seed coat anatomy in Uvulariaceae (Liliales) of the northern hemisphere: Systematic implications. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 45: 1-14.

Fukuhara, T. [et al. 2003], Yokoyama, J., & Tsukaya, H. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among species in the genera Chisocheton and Guarea that have unique indeterminate leaves as inferred from sequences of chloroplast data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 13-24.

Fuller, D. Q. 2007. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: Recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Ann. Bot. 100: 903-924.

Fuller, D. Q. 2009. A comparative view of the evolution of grasses under domestication. New Phytol. 183: 273-290.

Fuller, D. Q., & Hickey, L. J. 2005. Systematics and leaf architecture of the Gunneraceae. Bot. Review 71: 295-353.

Fulton, T. M. [et al. 2002], van der Hoeven, R., Eannetta, N. T., & Tanksley, S. D. 2002. Identification, analysis and utilization of conserved ortholog set markers for comparative genomics in higher plants. Plant Cell 14: 1457-1467.

Funk, D. J., & Omland, K. E. 2003. Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes and conserquences, with insights from animal mitochondial DNA. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34: 397-423.

Funk, D. J. [et al. 1995], Futuyma, D. J., Orti, G., & Meyer, A. 1995. A history of host associations and evolutionary diversification for Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): New evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 49: 1008-1017.

Funk, V. A. 2009. The Compositae metatree: The next generation. P. 159, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Funk, V. A., & Chan, R. 2008. Phylogeny of the spiny African daisies (Compositae, tribe Arctotidae, subtribe Gorteriinae) based on trnL-F, ndhF, and ITS sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 47-60.

Funk, V. A., & Roque, N. 2011. The monotypic Andean genus Fucaldea (Compositae, Barnadesioideae) gains a new species from northeastern Brazil. Taxon 60: 1095-1103.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2005], Bayer, R. J., Keeley, S., Chan, R., Watson, L., Gemeinholzer, B., Schilling, E., Panero, J. L., Baldwin, B. G., Garcia-Jacas, N. T., Susanna, A., & Jansen, R. K. 2005. Everywhere but Antarctica: Using a supertree to understand the diversity and distribution of the Compositae. Biol. Skr. 55: 343-374. [Pp. 343-374, in Friis, I., & Balslev, H. (eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns - Local, Regional and Global Dimensions. Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.]

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009a], Susanna, A, Stuessy, T., & Bayer, R. J. (eds). 2009. Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T., Vienna.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009b], Susanna, A, Stuessy, T., & Robinson, H. 2009b. Classification of Compositae. Pp. 171-189, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2009c], Anderberg, A. A., Baldwin, B. G., Bayer, R. J., Bonifacino, J. M., Breitwieser, I., Brouillet, L., Carbajal, R., Chan, R., Coutinho, A. X. P., Crawford, D. J., Crisci, J. V., Dillon, M. O., Freire, S. E., Galbany-Casals, M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Gemeinholzer, B., Gruenstaeudl, M., Hansen, H. V., Himmelreich, S., Kadereit, J. W., Källersjö, M., Karaman-Castro, V., Karis, P. O., Katinas, L., Keeley, S. C., Kilian, N., Kimball, R. T., Lowrey, T. K., Lundberg, J., McKenzie, R. J., Tadesse, M., Mort, M. E., Nordenstam, B., Oberprieler, C., Ortiz, S., Pelser, P. B., Randle, C. P., Robinson, H., Roque, N., Sancho, G., Semple, J. C., Serrano, M., Stuessy, T. F., Susanna, A., Unwin, M., Urbatsch, L., Urtubey, E., Vallès, J., Vogt, R., Wagstaff, S., Ward, J. & Watson, L. E. 2009c. Compositae metatrees: the next generation. Pp. 747-777, in Funk, V. A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T. F. & Bayer, R. J. (eds), Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. I.A.P.T.

Funk, V. A. [et al. 2012], Kelloff, C., & Chan, R. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the tribe Liabeae (Compositae subfamily Cichorioideae). Taxon 61: 437-455.

Furness, C. A. 2007. Why does some pollen lack apertures? A review of inaperturate pollen in eudicots. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 155: 29-48.

Furness, C. A. 2008a. A review of the distribution of plasmodial and invasive tapeta in eudicots. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 207-223.

Furness, C. A. 2008b. Successive microsporogenesis in eudicots, with particular reference to Berberidaceae (Ranunculales). Plant Syst. Evol. 273: 211-223.

Furness, C. A. 2009. Pollen evolution and development in Ericaceae, with particular reference to pseudomonads and variable pollen sterility in Styphelioideae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 476-495.

Furness, C. A. 2011. Comparative structure and development of pollen and tapetum in Malpighiales, with a focus on the parietal clade. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 980-1011.

Furness, C. A., & Banks, H. 2010. Pollen evolution in the early-divergent monocot order Alismatales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 713-739.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 1998. The tapetum and systematics in monocotyledons. Bot. Review 64: 201-239.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2000a. The systematic significance of simultaneous cytokinesis during microsporogenesis in monocotyledons. Pp. 189-193, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2000b. Aperture absence in pollen of monocotyledons. Pp. 249-257, in Harley, M. M., Morton, C. M., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2001a. The tapetum in basal angiosperms: Early diversity. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 375-392.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2001b. Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics. Grana 40: 17-25.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2003. Apertures with lids: Distribution and significance of operculate pollen in monocotyledons. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 835-854.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2004. Pollen aperture evolution - a crucial factor for eudicot success? Trends Plant Sci. 9: 154-158.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2006a. Comparative structure and development of pollen and tapetum in Pandanales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 167: 331-348.

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2006b. The operculum in pollen of monocotyledons. Pp. 191-196, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 191-196.]

Furness, C. A., & Rudall, P. J. 2011. Selective microspore abortion correlated with aneuploidy: An indication of meiotic drive. Sex. Plant Reprod. 24: 1-8.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2002a], Rudall, P. J. & Eastman, A. 2002a. Contribution of pollen and tapetal characters to the systematics of Triuridaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 235: 209-218.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2002b], Rudall, P. J. & Sampson, F. B. 2002b. Evolution of microsporogenesis in angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 235-260.

Furness, C. A. [et al. 2007], Magallón, S., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Evolution of endoapertures in early-diverging eudicots, with particular reference to pollen morphology in Sabiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 263: 77-92.

Fuse, S., & Tamura, M. N. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the plastid matK gene with emphasis on Melanthiaceae sensu lato. Plant. Biol. 2: 415-427.

Futuyma, D. J. 1983. Selection factors in the evolution of host choice by phytophagous insects. Pp. 227-244, in Ahmad, S. (ed.), Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York.

Futuyma, D. J., & Mitter, C. 1996. Insect-plant interactions: The evolution of component communities. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 351: 1361-1366.

Futuyma, D. J., & Agrawal, A. A. 2009. Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18054-18061.

Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1985. Biflavones of the subfamily Cupressoideae, Cupressaceae. Phytochem. 24: 267-272.

Gadek, P. A., & Quinn, C. J. 1992. Pericarp anatomy and systematics of the Surianaceae sensu lato. Australian J. Bot. 40: 263-289.

Gadek, P. A. [et al. 1996], Fernando, E. S., Quinn, C. J., Hoot, S. B., Terrazas, T., Sheahan, M. C., & Chase, M. W. 1996. Sapindales: Molecular delimitation and infraordinal groups. American J. Bot. 83: 802-811.

Gadek, P. A. [et al. 2000], Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. Relationships within the Cupressaceae sensu lato: A combined morphological and molecular approach. American J. Bot. 87: 1044-1057.

Gagné, R. J. 1989. The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Gajewski, W. 1957. A cytogenetic study on the genus Geum. Monogr. Bot. 4: 1-416.

Galasso, G. [et al. 2009], Banfi, E., de Mattia, F., Grassi, F., Sgorbati, S., & Labra, M. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Polygonum L. s.l. (Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae), focusing on European taxa: Preliminary results and systematic considerations based on rbcL plastidial sequence data. Atti Soc. Italiano Sci. Nat. Mus. Civico Stori Natur. Milano 15: 113-148.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2004], Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A., Sáez, L., & Benedí, C. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in the Mediterranean Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), endemic to the Mediterranean islands Corsica and Sardinia based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 17: 241-253.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2009], Garcia-Jacas, N, Sáez, L., Benedí, C., & Susanna, A. 2009. Phylogeny, biogeography, and character evolution in Mediterranean, Asiatic and Macaronesian Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) inferred from nuclear phylogenetic analyses. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 365-380.

Galbany-Casals, M. [et al. 2010], Andrés-Sánchez, S., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A., Rico, E., & Martínez-Ortega, M. M. 2010. How many Cassini anagrams should there be? Molecular systematics and phylogenetic relationships in the Filago group (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), with special focus on the genus Filago. Taxon 59: 1671-1689.

Galeas, M. L. [et al. 2007], Klamper, E. M., Bennett, L. E., Freeman, J. L., Kondratieff, B. C., Quinn, C. F., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. 2007. Selenium hyperaccumulation reduces plant arthropod loads in the field. New Phytol. 177: 715-724.

Gallaud, I. 1906. Études sur les mycorrhizes endotrophes. Rev. Gén. Bot. 17: 5-48, 66-85, 123-136, 223-239, 313-325, 423-433, 479-500, pl. 1-4.

Galle, F. C. Hollies: The Genus Ilex. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

Galle, P. 1977. Untersuchungen zur Blütenentwicklung der Polygonaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98: 449-489.

Galley, C., & Linder, H. P. 2007. The phylogeny of the Pentaschistis calde (Danthonioideae, Poaceae) based on chloroplast DNA, and the evolution and loss of complex characters. Evolution 61: 864-884.

Galloway, G. L. [et al. 1998], Malmberg, R. L., & Price, R. A. 1998. Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear gene arginine decarboxylase: An example from Brassicaceae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 1312-1320.

Galtier, J. 1999. Contrasting diversity of branching patterns in early ferns and early seed plants. Pp. 51-64, in Kurmann, M. H., & Hemsley, A. R. (eds), The Evolution of Plant Architecture. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Galtier, J. 2010. The origin and early evolution of the megaphyllous leaf. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 641-661.

Gama-Arachchige, N. S. [et al. 2010], Baskin, J. M., Geneve, R. L., & Baskin, C. C. 2010. Identification and characterization of the water gap in physically dormant seeds of Geraniaceae, with special reference to Geranium carolinianum. Ann. Bot. 105: 977-990.

Gamalei, Y. V. 1991. Phloem loading and its development related to plant evolution from trees to herbs. Trees 5: 50-64.

Gamalei, Y. V. [et al. 2008], Batashev, D. R., & Pakhomova, M. V. 2008. Terminal phloem structure of Rubiaceae family in the context of its phylogeny. Bot. Zhurn. 93: 1846-1862. [In Russian.]

Gamerro, J. C. 1968. Obervaciones sobre la biología floral y morfología de la Potomaogetonácea Ruppia cirrhosa (Petag.) Grande (= R spiralis L. ex Dum. Darwiniana 14: 575-608.

Gamerro, J. C., & Barreda, V. 2008. New fossil record of Lactoridaceae in southern South America: A palaeobiogeographical approach. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 158: 41-50.

Ganders, F. R. [et al. 2000], Berbee, M., & Pirseyedi, M. 2000. ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Syst. Bot. 25: 122-133.

Gandolfo, M. A., & Cuneo, R. N. 2004. Fossil Nelumbonaceae from the La Colonia formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 133: 169-178.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998a], Nixon, K. C., Crepet, W. L., Stevenson, D. W., & Friis, E. M. 1998a. Oldest known fossils of monocotyledons. Nature 394: 532-533.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998b], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 1998b. Tylerianthus crossmanensis gen et ap. nov. (aff. Hydrangeaceae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. American J. Bot. 85: 376-386.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 1998c], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 1998b. A new fossil flower from the Turonian of New Jersey: Dressiantha bicarpellata gen. et sp. nov. (Capparales). American J. Bot. 85: 964-974.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2000], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2000. Monocotyledons: A review of their Early Cretaceous record. Pp. 44-52, in Wilson, K., & Morrison, D. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2002], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2002. Triuridaceae fossil flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. American J. Bot. 89: 1940-1957.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2004], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2004. Cretaceous flowers of Nymphaeaceae and implications for complex insect entrapment pollination mechanisms in early angiosperms. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 8056-8060.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2008], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2008. Selection of fossils for molecular calibration. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 34-42.

Gandolfo, M. A. [et al. 2011], Hermsen, E. J., Zamaloa, M. C., Nixon, K. C., González, C. C., Wilf, P., Cúneo, N. R., & Johnson, K. R. 2011. Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021084

Gao, B.-C., see also Kao, P. C.

Gao, B. C. 2012. Systematics of Acanthochlamydaceae - A New Family of Monocots. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu.

Gao, L.-M., Li, D.-Z., Zhang, C.-Q., & Yang, J.-B. 2002. Infrageneric and sectional relationships in the genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae) inferred from ITS sequence data. Acta Bot. Sinica 44: 1351-1356.

Gao, Q., & Yang, Z. L. 2010. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of Kobresia in an alpine meadow in the eastern Himalaya. Mycorrhiza 20: 281-287.

Gao, Y.-D. [et al. 2012], Zhou, S. D., He, X.-J., & Wan, J. 2012. Chromosome diversity and evolution in the tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) with emphasis on the Chinese species. J. Plant Res. 125: 55-69.

Garcês, H. M. P. [et al. 2007], Champagne, C. E. M., Townsley, B. T., Park, S., Malhó, R., Pedroso, M. C., Harada, J. J., & Sinha, N. R. 2007. Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoë. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 15578-15583.

García, C. C. [et al. 2008], Matesevach, M., & Barboza, G. 2008. Features related to anther opening in Solanum species (Solanaceae). Botanical J. Linnean Soc. 158: 344-354.

García, M. A., & Martín, M. P. 2007. Phylogeny of Cuscuta subgenus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Syst. Bot. 32: 899-916.

García, P. E. [et al. 2009], Schönswetter, P., Aguilar, J. F., Feliner, G. N., & Schneeweiss, G. M. 2009. Five molecular markers reveal extensive morphological homoplasy and reticulate evolution in the Malva alliance (Malvaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 50: 226-239.

Garcia, S. [et al. 2010], Garnatje, T., Hidalgo, O., Mas de Xaxars, G., Pellicer, J., Sámchez-Jimenénez, I., Vitales, D., & Vallès, J. 2010. First genome size estimations for some eudicot families and genera. Collect. Bot. 29: 7-16.

Garcia, S. [et al. 2010], McArthur, E. D., Pellicer, J., Sanderson, S. C., Vallès, J., & Garnatje, T. 2011. A molecular phylogenetic approach to western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): Untangling the sagebrushes. American J. Bot. 98: 638-653.

Garcia-Jacas, N. [et al. 2001], Susanna, A., Garnatje, T., & Vilatersana, R. 2001. Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Ann. Bot. 87: 503-515.

Garcia-Jacas, N. [et al. 2002], Garnatje, T., Susanna, A., & Vilatersana, R. 2002. Tribal and subtribal delimitation and phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 22: 51-64.

García-Maroto, F. [et al. 2009], Mañas-Fernández, A., Garrido-Cárdenas, J. A., Alonso, D. L., Guil-Guerrero, J. L., Guzmán, B., & Vargas, P. 2009. Delta6-desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adaptive radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 52: 563-574.

García Massini, J. L. [et al. 2012], Falaschi, P., & Zamuner, A. B. 2012. Fungal-arthropod interactions from the Jurassic petrified forest monumento Natural Bisques Petrificados, Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 329: 37-46.

García-Mendoza, A., & Galván V., R. 1995. Riqueza de las familias Agavaceae y Nolinaceae en México. Bull. Soc. Bot. México 56: 7-24.

Garcíá-Robledo, C. & Staines, C. L. 2008. Herbivory in gingers from latest Cretaceous to present: Is the ichnogenus Cephaloleichnites (Hispinae, Coleoptera) a rolled-leaf beetle? J. Paleontol. 82: 1035–1037.

Gardes, M., & Dahlberg, A. 1996. myciorrhizal diversity in arctic and aline tundra: An open question. New Phytol. 133: 147-157.

Gardner, A. G. [et al. 2012], Vaio, M., Guerra, M., & Emswhiller, E. 2012. Diversification of the American bulb-bearing Oxalis (Oxalidaceae): Dispersal to North America and modification of the tristylous breeding system. American J. Bot. 99: 152-164.

Gardner, R. O., & de Lange, P. J. 2002. Revision of Pennantia (Icacinaceae), a small isolated genus of southern hemisphere treees. J. Royal Soc. New Zealand 32: 669-695.

Garnatje, T. [et al. 2005], Susanna, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R., & Vallès, J. 2005. A first approach to the molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinops (Asteraceae): Sectional delimitation and relationships with the genus Acantholepis Less. Folia Geobot. 40: 407-419/

Garralla, S., & Cuadrado, G. A. 2007. Pollen morphology of Austrocylindropuntia Backeb., Maihuenopsis Speg., Opuntia Mill. and Tephrocactus Lem. (Cactaceae, Opuntioideae) of Argentina. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 146: 1-17.

Garrett, T. Y. [et al. 2010], Huynh, C.-V., & North, G. B. 2010. Root contraction helps protect the "living rock" cactus Ariocarpus fissuratus from lethal high temperatures when growing in rocky soil. American J. Bot. 97: 1951-1960.

Garrouste, R. [et al. 2012], Clement, G., Nel, P., Engel, M. S., Grandcolas, P., D'Haese, C., Lagebro, L., Denayer, J., Gueriau, P., Lafaite, P., Olive, S., Prestianni, C., & Nel, A. 2012. A complete insect from the Late Devonian period. Nature 488: 82-85.

Garwood, N. C. 2010. Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics - illustrations by M. Tebbs. Comstock Publishing, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Gaskett, A. C. 2011. Orchid pollination by sexual deception: Pollinator perspectives. Biol. Rev. 86: 33-75.

Gaskin, J. F. 2002. Tamaricaceae. Pp. 363-368, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Gaskin, J. F. [et al. 2004], Ghahremani-nejad, F., Zhang, D.-Y., & Londo, J. P. 2004. A systematic overview of Frankeniaceae and Tamaricaceae from nuclear rDNA and plastid sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 401-409.

Gasson, P. 1996. Wood anatomy of the Elaeocarpaceae. Pp. 44-71, in Donaldson, L. A. et al. (eds), Recent advances in wood anatomy. New Zealand Forestry Research Institute.

Gasson, P., & Dobbins, D. R. 1991. Wood anatomy of the Bignoniaceae, with a comparison of trees and lianas. IAWA Bull. 12: 389-417.

Gasson, P. [et al. 2003], Trafford, C., & Matthews, B. 2003. Wood anatomy of Caesalpinioideae. Pp. 63-93, in Klitgaard, B. B., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10. Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gasson, P. [et al. 2009], Warner, K., & Lewis, G. 2009. Wood anatomy of Caesalpinia s.s., Coulteria, Erythrostemon, Guilandina, Libidibia, Mezoneuron, Poincianella, Pomaria, and Tara (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Caesalpinieae). IAWA J. 30: 247-276.

Gaston, K. J. 2010. Valuing common species. Science 327: 154-155.

Gaston, K. J. 2011. Common ecology. Bioscience 61: 354-362.

Gastreich, K. R., & Gentry, G. L. 2004. Faunal studies in model Piper spp. systems, with a focus on spider-induced indirect mutualisms and novel insect-Piper mutualisms. Pp. 97-116, in Dyer, L. A., & Palmer, A. D. N. (eds), Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic, New York.

Gatin, C.-L. 1921. Première contribution a l'étude de l'embryon et de la germination des Aracées. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 10, 3: 145-180.

Gatin, V. C. 1920. Recherches anatomiques sur le pédoncule et la fleur des Liliacées. Rev. Gén. Bot. 32: 369-437, 460-528, 561-591.

Gaudel, M. [et al. 2012], Rouhan, G., Gardner, M. F., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2012. AFLP markers provde insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 68-81.

Gaümann, E. 1919. Studien uber die Entwicklungsgeschichte einiger Saxifragales. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerlandica 16: 285-322.

Gaume, L., & Forterre, Y. 2007. A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001185

Gaunt, M. W., & Miles, M. A. 2002. An insect molecular clock dates the origin of insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks. Mol. Phyl. Evol.19: 748-768.

Gaut, B. S. [et al. 1992], Muse, S. V., Clark, W. D., & Clegg, M. T. 1992. Relative rates of nucleotide substitution at the rbcL locus of monocotyledonous plants. J. Mol. Evol. 35: 292-303.

Gaut, B. S. [et al. 1996], Morton, B. R., McCaig, B. C., & Clegg, M. T. 1996. Substitution rate comparisons between grasses and palms: Synonymous rate differences at the nuclear gene Adh parallel rate differences at the plastid gene RbcL. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 10274-10279.

Gaut, B. [et al. 2011], Yang, L., Takuno, S., & Eguiarte, L. E. 2011. The patterns and causes of variation in plant nucleotide substitution rates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 42: 245-266.

Gauthier, M.-P. L. [et al. 2008], Barabé, D., & Bruneau, A. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Philodendron (Araceae): Delimitation and infrageneric classification. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 13-27.

Gauthier, R. 1959. L'anatomie vasculaire et l'interprétation de la fleur pistilée de l'Hillebrandia sandwicensis Oliv. Phytomorph. 9: 72-87.

Gauthier, R. 1959. L'anatomie de la fleur staminée l'Hillebrandia sandwicensis Oliver et las vascularisation de l'étamine. Phytomorph. 13: 115-127.

Gavrilova, O. A. 1998. Palynomorphology of the family Kiggelariaceae. Bot. Zhurn. 83(5): 20-27. [In Russian.]

Gaydou, E. M., & Ramanoelina, A. R. P. 1983. A survey of the Sarcolaenaceae for cyclopropene fatty acids. Phytochem. 22: 1725-1728.

Gazis, R. [et al. 2012], Miadlikowska, J., Lutzoni, F., Arnold, A. E., & Chaverri, P. 2012. Culture-based study of endophytes associated with rubber trees in Peru reveals a new class of Pezizomycotina: Xylonomycetes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 294-304.

Ge, L.-P. [et al. 2002], Lu, A.-M., & Pan, K.-Y. 2002. Floral ontogeny in Itea yunnanensis (Iteaceae). Acta Bot. Sinica 44: 1261-1267.

Ge, L.-P. [et al. 2007], Lu, A.-M., & Gong, C.-R. 2007. Ontogeny of the fertile flower in Platycrater arguta (Hydrangeaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 835-844.

Gee, C. T., & Tidwell, W. D. 2010. A mosaic of characters in a new whole-plant Araucaria, A. delevoryasii, from the Late Jurassic Morrison formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. Pp. 66-94, in Gee, C. T. (ed), Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Geeraerts, A. [et al. 2009], Raeymaekers, J. A. M., Vinckier, S., Pletsers, A., Smets, E., & Huysmans, S. 2009. Systematic palynology in Ebenaceae with focus on Ebenoideae: Morphological diversity and character evolution. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 153: 336-353.

Geesink, R. 1969. An account of the genus Portulaca in Indo-Australia and the Pacific (Portulacaceae). Blumea 17: 274-301.

Geesink, R. [et al. 1981], Leeuwenberg, A. J. M., Ridsdale, C. E., & Veldkamp, J. F. 1981. Thonner's Analytical Key to the Families of Flowering Plants. Leiden University Press, the Hague.

Gegear, R. J., & Burns, J. G. 2007. The birds, the bees, and the virtual flowers: Can pollinator behavior drive ecological speciation in flowering plants? American Naturalist 170: 551-566.

Gehrig, H. [et al. 2001], Gaußmann, O., Marx, H., Schwarzott, D., & Kluge, M. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Plant. Sci. 160: 827-835.

Gehring, W., & Ikeo, K. 1999. Pax 6 mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends Genetics 15: 371-377.

Gehringer, M. M. [et al. 2010], Pengelly, J. J. L., Cuddy, W. S., Fleker, C., Forster, P. I., & Neilan, B. A. 2010. Host selection of symbiotic cyanobacteria in 31 species of the Australian cycad genus Macrozamia (Zamiaceae). Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 23: 811-822.

Gehrke, B., & Linder, H. P. 2009. The scramble for Africa: Pan-temperate elements on the African High mountains. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 276: 2657-2665.

Gehrke, B. [et al. 2008], Bräuchler, C., Romoleroux, K., Lundberg, M., Heubl, G., & Eriksson, T. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Alchemilla, Aphanes and Lachemilla (Rosaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear intron and spacer DNA sequences, with comments on generic classification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 1030-1044.

Gehrke, B. [et al. 2010], Martín-Bravo, S., Muasya, M., & Luceño, M. 2010. Monophyly, phylogenetic position and the role of hybridization in Schoenoxiphium Nees (Cariceae, Cyperaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 380-392.

Geiger, H., & Quinn, C. 1975. Biflavonoids. Pp. 692-742, in Harborne, J. B., Mabry, T. J., & Mabry, H. (eds), The Flavonoids. Chapman and Hall, London.

Gelius, L. 1967. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte an Blüten der Saxifragales sensu lato mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Androeceums. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 87: 253-303.

Geltman, D. [et al. 2011], Peirson, J., & Riina, R. 2011. Euphorbia subgenus Esula: The main temperate radiation of the genus in Eurasia with disjunctions in the New World and Africa. Pp. 222-223, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Gemeinholzer, B., & Wink, M. 2001. Solanaceae: Occurrence of secondary compounds versus molecular phylogeny. Pp. 165-178, in van den Berg, R. G., Barendse, G. W. M., van der Weerden, G. M., & Mariani, C. (eds), Solanaceae V: Advances in Taxonomy and Utilisation. Nijmegen University Press, Nijmegen.

Gemmeke, V. 1982. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Mimosaceen-Blüten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103: 185-210.

Gemmill, C. E. C. [et al. 2002], Allan, G. J., Wagner, W. L., & Zimmer, E. A. 2002. Evolution of insular Pacific Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae): Origin of the Hawaiian radiation. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 22: 31-42.

Gengler-Novak, K. 2002. Reconstruction of the biogeographical history of Malesherbiaceae. Bot. Review 68: 171-188.

Gengler-Novak, K. 2003. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Malesherbiaceae. Syst. Bot. 28: 333-344.

Gensel, P. G., & Berry, C. M. 2001. Early lycophyte evolution. American Fern J. 91(3): 74-98.

Gensel, P. G., & Kenrick, P. 2007. Fossils and the origins of leaves. Pp. 175-176, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

Gensel, P. G. [et al. 2001], Kotyk, M. E., & Basinger, J. F. 2001. Morphology of above and below-ground structures in Early Devonian (Prangian-Emsian) plants. Pp. 83-102, in Gensel, P. G., & Edwards, D. (eds), Plants Invade the Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives. Columbia University Press, New York.

Gentile, A. [et al. 2005], Rossi, M. S., Cabral, D., Craven, K. D., & Schardl, C. L. 2005. Origin, divergence and phylogeny of Epichloë endophytes of native Argentine grasses. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 35: 196-208.

Gentry, A. H. 1974a. Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignoniaceae. Biotropica 6: 64-68.

Gentry, A. H. 1974b. Coevolutionary patterns in Central American Bignoniaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 728-759.

Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora neotropica Monograph Number 25. Bignoniaceae-Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Gentry, A. H. 1983. Dispersal and distribution in Bignoniaceae. Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 187-199.

Gentry, A. H. 1988. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1-34.

Gentry, A. H. 1990. Evolutionary patterns in neotropical Bignoniaceae. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 55: 118-129.

Gentry, A. H. 1991. The distribution and evolution of climbing plants. Pp. 3-49, in Putz, F. E., & Mooney, H. A. (eds), The Biology of Vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Gentry, A. H. 1993. A Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America. Washington, DC, Conservation International.

Gentry, A. H., & Dodson, C. H. 1987. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 205-233.

Gentry, A. H., & Tomb, A. S. 1979. Taxonomic implications of Bignoniaceae palynology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66: 756-777.

George, A. S. 2002. Gyrostemonaceae, pp. 213-217, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Georgiev, M. I. [et al. 2011], Ali, K., Alipieva, K., Verpoorte, R., & Choi, Y. H. 2011. Metabolic differentiations and classification of Verbascum species by NMR-based metabolomics. Phytochem. 72: 2045-2051.

Gerbaulet, M. 1992a. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) I. Untersuchungen zur Systematik. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 477-564.

Gerbaulet, M. 1992b. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) II. Untersuchungen zur Biogeographie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 565-576.

Gerbaulet, M. 1993. Die Gattung Anacampseros L. (Portulacaceae) III. Untersuchungen zur Standort-Ökologie der Afrikanischen Arten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 114: 1-28.

Gerenday, A., & French, J. C. 1988. Endothecial thickenings in anthers of porate monocotyledons. American J. Bot. 75: 22-25.

Gerhart, L. M., & Ward, J. K. 2010. Plant response to low [CO2] of the past. New Phytol. 188: 674-695.

Germain, E. 1994. The reproduction of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.): A review. Acta Horticult. 351: 195-209. [Proceedings of the III International Congress on Hazelnut.]

German, D. A., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2008. Five additional tribes (Aphragmeae, Biscutelleae, Calepineae, Conringieae, and Erysimeae) in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Harvard Papers Bot. 13: 165-170.

German, D. A. [et al. 2009], Friesen, N., Neuffer, B., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Hurka, H. 2009. Contribution to ITS phylogeny of the Brassicaceae, with special reference to some Asian taxa. Plant Syst. Evol. 283: 33-56.

German, D. A. [et al. 2011], Grant, J. R., Lysack, M. A., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the tribe Chorispermeae. Plant Syst. Evol. 294: 65-86.

Germishuizen, G. [et al. 2007], van Jaarsveld, E. J., & Condy, G. 2007. Viscum crassulae Viscaceae. Flowering Pl. Africa 60: 58-62.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2005], López, G. G., Garćia, S. O., & Liston, A. 2005. Phylogeny and classification of Pinus. Taxon 54: 29-42.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2008], Magallón, S., López, G. G., Flores, O. Z., Willyard, A., & Liston, A. 2008. Use of simultaneous analyses to guide fossil-based calibrations of Pinaceae phylogeny. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1986-1099.

Gernandt, D. S. [et al. 2011], León-Gómez, C., Hernández-León, S., & Olson, M. 2011. Pinus nelsonii and a cladistic analysis of Pinaceae ovulate cone characters. Syst. Bot. 36: 583-594.

Gerrath, J. M., & Posluszny, U. 1989. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. V. Vegetative and floral development in Ampelopsis brevipedunculata. Canadian J. Bot. 67: 2371-2386

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 1990], Lacroix, C. R., & Posluszny, U. 1990. The developmental morphology of Leea guineensis. II. Floral development. Bot. Gaz. 151: 210-220.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 1998], Lacroix, C. R., & Posluszny, U. 1998. Phyllotaxis in the Vitaceae. Pp. 89-107, in Jean, R.V. & Barabé, D. (eds), Symmetry in Plants. World Scientific, Singapore.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 2002], Covington, L., Doubt, J., & Larson, D. W. 2002. Occurrence of phi thickenings is correlated with gymnosperm systematics. Canadian J. Bot. 80: 852-860.

Gerrath, J. M. [et al. 2008], Guthrie, T. B., Zitnak, T. A., & Posluszny, U. 2008. Development of the axillary bud complex in Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae): Interpreting the cucurbitaceous tendril. American J. Bot. 95: 773-781.

Gerrienne, P., & Gonez, P. 2011. Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity. J. Syst. Evol. 49: 1-16.

Gerrienne, P. [et al. 2004], Meyer-Berthaud, B., Fairon-Denaret, N., Streel, M., & Steemans, P. 2004. Runcaria, a middle Devonian seed plant. Science 306: 856-858.

Gerrienne, P. [et al. 2011], Gensel, P. G., Strullu-Derrien, C., Lardeux, H., Steemans, P., & Prestianni, C. 2011. A simple type of wood in two Early Devonian plants. Science 333: 837.

Geu-Flores, F. [et al. 2009], Olsen, C. E., & Halkier, B. A. 2009. Towards engineering glucosinolates into non-cruciferous plants. Planta 229: 261-270.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2004], Smets, E., Schols, P., Yuan, Y.-M., Janssens, S., Küpfer, P., & Pyck, N. 2004. Conflicting phylogenies of balsaminoid families and the polytomy in Ericales: Combining data in a Bayesian framework. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 711-729.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2006], Becker, A., Kaufmann, K., Caris, P., Janssens, S., Viaene, T., Theißen, G., & Smets, E. 2006. Petaloidy and petal identity MADS-box genes in the balsaminoid genera Impatiens and Marcgravia. Plant J. 47: 501-518.

Geuten, K. [et al. 2007], Massingham, T., Darius, P., Smets, E., & Goldman, N. 2007. Experimental design criteria in phylogenetics: Where to add taxa. Syst. Biol. 56: 609-622.

Geyler, H. T. 1867. Ueber den Gefässbündelverlauf in der Laubblattregionen der Coniferan. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 6: 55-208, pl. 4-9.

Ghalambor, C. K. [et al. 2006], Huey, R. B., Martin, P. R., & Wang, G. 2006. Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen's hypothesis revisited. Integ. Compar. Biol. 46: 5-17.

Ghebrehiwet, M., Bremer, B., & Thulin, M. 2003. Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) based on morphological and ndhF sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 220: 223-239.

Ghebretsinae, A. G. [et al. 2007], Thulin, M., & Barber, J. C. 2007. Relationships of cucumbers and melons unraveled: Molecular phylogenetics of Cucumis and related genera (Benincaseae, Cucurbitaceae). American J. Bot. 94: 1256-1266.

Gherbi, H. [et al. 2008], Markmann, K., Svistoonoff, S., Estevan, J., Autran, D., Giczey, G., Auguy, F., Péret, B., Laplaze, L., Franche, C., Parniske, M., & Bogusz, D. 2008. SymRK defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and Frankia bacteria. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 4928-4932.

Ghimire, B. [et al. 2010], Shin, D.-Y., & Heo, K. 2010. Embryology of Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (Berberidaceae). Korean J. Plant Taxon. 40: 226-233.

Ghisalberti, E. L. 1994. The phytochemistry of the Myoporaceae. Phytochem. 35: 7-33.

Ghogue, J.-P. [et al. 2009], Ameka, G. K., Grobm V., Huber, K. A., Pfeifer, E. & Rutishauser, R. 2009. Enigmatic morphology of Djinga felicis (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae), a badly known endemic from northwestern Cameroon. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 64-81.

Giannasi, D. E. 1978. Generic relationships in the Ulmaceae based on flavonoid chemistry. Taxon 27: 331-344.

Giannasi, D. E. 1986. Phytochemical aspects of phylogeny in Hamamelidae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 417-437.

Giannasi, D. E. 1988. Flavonoids and evolution in the dicotyledons. Pp. 479-504, in Harborne, J. B. (ed.), The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980. Chapman and Hall, London.

Gianoli, E. 2004. Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 271: 2011-2015.

Gibbs, R. D. 1954. Comparative chemistry and phylogeny of the flowering plants. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada ser. 3, sect. 5, 48: 14-47.

Gibbs, R. D. 1957. The Mäule reaction, lignin, and the relationships between woody plants. Pp. 269-312, in Thimann, K. V. (ed.), The Physiology of Forest Trees. Ronald, New York.

Gibernau, M. 2003. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences. Aroideana 26: 66-83.

Gibernau, M. 2011. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences: An addendum. Aroideana 34: 70-83.

Gibernau, M. [et al. 2005], Barabé, D., Moisson, M., & Trombe, A. 2005. Physical constraints on temperature difference in some thermogenic aroid inflorescences. Ann. Bot. 96: 117-125.

Gibernau, M. [et al. 2010], Chartier, M., & Barabé, D. 2010. Recent advances towards an evolutionary comprehension of Araceae pollination. Pp. 101-114, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Gibson, A. C. 1977. Vegetative anatomy of Maihuenia (Cactaceae) with some theoretical discussions of ontogenetic changes in xylem cell types. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 35-48.

Gibson, A. C. 1979. Anatomy of Koeberlinia and Canotia revisited. Madroño 26: 1-12.

Gibson, A. C. 1994. Vascular tissues. Pp. 45-74, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Gibson, A. C. & Nobel, P. S. 1986. The Cactus Primer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Gibson, D. J. 2009. Grasses and Grassland Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Gibson, T. C., & Waller, D. M. 2009. Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: Ecological steps to a snap-trap. New Phytol. 183: 575-587.

Gifford, E. M. 1954. The shoot apex in angiosperms. Bot. Review 20: 477-529.

Gifford, E. M., & Corson, G. E. Jr. 1971. The shoot apex in seed plants. Bot. Review 37: 143-229.

Gifford, E. M., & Foster, A. S. 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, Ed. 3. W. H. Freeman, New York.

Gilbert, C. [et al. 2005], Dempcy, J., Ganong, C., Patterson, R., & Spicer, G. S. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. Syst. Bot. 29: 627-634.

Gilbert, L. E. 1972. Pollen feeding and reproduction of Heliconius butterflies. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69: 1403-1407.

Gilbert, L. E. 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants. Pp. 210-240, in Gilbert, L. E., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Gilbert, M. G. 1993. A review of Gisekia (Gisekiaceae). Kew Bull. 48: 343-356.

Gilbert, M. G., & Phillips, S. M. 2000. A review of the opposite-leaved species of Portulaca in Africa and Arabia. Kew Bull. 55: 769-802.

Gilg, E. 1914. Zur Frage der Verwandtschaft der Salicaceae mit den Flacourtiaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(suppl): 424-434.

Gill, A. M., & Tomlinson, P. B. 1975. Aerial roots. An array of form and functions. Pp. 237-260, in Torrey, J. G., & Clarkson, D. T. (eds), The Development and Function of Roots. Academic Press, London.

Gillespie, E., & Kron, K. 2010. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and a revised classification of the subfamily Ericoideae (Ericaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 343-354.

Gillespie J. J. [et al. 2008], Tallamy, D. W., Riley, E. G., & Cognato, A. I. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of rootworms and related galerucine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Zool. Scripta 37: 195-222.

Gillespie, L. J., & Soreng, R. J. 2005. A phylogenetic analysis of the bluegrass genus Poa based on cpDNA restriction site data. Syst. Bot. 30: 84-105.

Gillespie, L. J., & Soreng, R. J. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and changing circumscriptions in the large PPAM clade (Poaceae: Poeae: subtribes Alopecurinae, Miliinae, Phleinae, Poinae, and Puccinelliinae). P. 269, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2008], Soreng, R. J., Bull, R. D., Jacobs, S. W. L., & Refulio-Rodruiguez, N. F. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe Poinae (Poaceae, Poeae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnT-trnL-trnF sequences. Botany 86: 938-967.

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2009], Soreng, R. J., & Jacobs, S. W. L. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Australian Poa (Poaceae: Poinae), including molecular evidence for two new genera, Saxipoa and Sylvipoa. Australian Syst. Bot. 22: 413-436.

Gillespie, L. J. [et al. 2010], Soreng, R. J., Paradis, M., & Bull, R. D. 2010. Phylogeny and reticulation in subtribe Poinae and related subtribes (Poaceae) based on nrITS, ETS, and trnTLF data. Pp. 589-617, in Seberg, O., Petersen, G., Barfod, A. S., & Davis, J. I. (eds), Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Århus.

Gillespie, J. J. [et al. 2003], Kjer, K. M., Duckett, C. N., & Tallamy, D. W. 2003. Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 161-175.

Gillespie, R. G. [et al. 2012], Baldwin, B. G., Waters, J. M., Fraser, C. I., Nikula, R., & Roderick, G. K. 2012. Long-distance dispersal: A framework for hypothesis testing. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27: 47-56.

Gillett, J. M. 1963. The Gentians of Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Research Branch, Canadian Dept of Agriculture, Ottowa.

Gillies, A. C. M. [et al. 2002], Cubas, P., Coen, E. S., & Abbott. R. J. 2002. Making rays in the Asteraceae: Genetics and evolution of variation for radiate versus discoid flower heads. Pp. 233-246 in Cronk, Q. C. B., Bateman, R. M., & Hawkins, J. A. (eds), Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution. Taylor & Francis, London.

Gilmore, S., & Hill, K. D. 1997. Relationships of the Wollemi pine Wollemia nobilis and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae. Telopea 7: 275-291.

Giovannetti, M. [et al. 2004], Sbrana, C., Avio, L., & Strani, P. 2004. Patterns of below-ground plant interconnections established by means of arbuscular myccorhizal fungi. New Phytol. 164: 175-181.

Giraud, E. [et al. 2007], Moulin, L., Vallenet, D., Barbe, V., Cytryn, E., Avarre, J.-C., Jaubert, M., Simon, D., Cartieaux, F., Prin, Y., Bena, G., Hannibal, L., Fardious, J., Kojadinovic, M., Vuillet, L., Lajus, A., Cruveiller, S., Rouy, Z., Mangenot, S., Segurens, B., Dossat, C., franck, W. L., Chang, W.-S., Sauders, E., Bruce, D., Richardson, P., Normand, P., Dreyfus, B., Pignol, D., Stacey, G., Emerich, D., Verméglio, A., Médigue, C., & Sadowsky, M. 2007. Legume symbioses: Absence of Nod genes in photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Science 316: 1307-1312.

Giraud, B. [et al. 1992], Bussert, R., & Scrank, E. 1992. A new theacean wood from the Cretaceous of northern Sudan. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 75: 289–299.

Gitaí, J. [et al. 2005], Horres, R., & Benko-Iseppon, A. M. 2005. Chromosomal features and evolution of Bromeliaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 253: 65-80.

Giulietti, A. M., & Hensold, N. 1990. Padrões de distribuição geográfica dos gêneros de Eriocaulaceae. Acta Bot. Brasilica 4: 133-158.

Giussani, L. M. [et al. 2001], Cota-Sánchez, J. H., Zuloaga, F. O., & Kellogg, E. A. 2001. A molecular phylogeny of the grass subfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae) shows multiple origins of C4 photosynthesis. American J. Bot. 88: 1993-2012.

Givnish, T. J. 2003. How a better understanding of adaptations can yield better use of morphology in plant systematics: Toward Eco-Evo-Devo. Pp. 273-296, in Stuessy, T. F., Mayer, V., & Hörandl, E. (eds), Deep Morphology: Toward a Renaissance of Morphology in Plant Systematics. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1984], Burkhardt, E. L., Happel, R., & Weintraub, J. 1984. Carnivory in the bromeliad Brocchinia reducta, with a cost/benefit model for the general restriction of carnivorous plants to sunny, moist, nutrient-poor habitats. American Naturalist 124: 479-497.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1997], Sytsma, K. J., Smith, J. F., Hahn, W. J., Benzing, D. H., & Burkhardt, E. M. 1997. Molecular evidence and adaptive radiation in Brocchinia (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnioideae) atop tepuis of the Guayana Shield. Pp. 259-311, in Givnish, T. J., & Sytsma, K. J. (eds), Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 1999], Evans, T. M., Pires, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 1999. Polyphyly and convergent morphological evolution in Commelinales and Commelinidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 12: 360-385.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2004a], Millam, K. C., Evans, T. M., Hall, J. C., Pires, J. C., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004a. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.): S35-S54.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2004b], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Patterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, H. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. C., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Kress, W. J., Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004b. Phylogeny of the monocotyledons based on ndhF sequence variation: Evidence for widespread concerted convergence. P. 118, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2005], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Patterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, H. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. C., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Hall, J. C., Kress, W. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 2005. Repeated evolution of net venation and fleshy fruits among monocots in shaded habitats confirms a priori predictions: evidence from an ndhF phylogeny. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 272: 1481-1490.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2006a], Millam, K. J., Mast, A., Patterson, T. B., Theim, T. J., Hipp, A., Henss, J. M., Smith, J. F., Woods, K., & Sytsma, K. J. 2006a. Origin, adaptive radiation, and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Campanulaceae). Pp. 313-314, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2006b], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., Paterson, T. B., Rai, H. S., Roalson, E. H., Evans, T. M., Hahn, W. J., Millam, K. C., Meerow, A. W., Molvray, M., Kores, P. J., O'Brien, H. E., Hall, J. C., Kress, W. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 2006b. Phylogeny of the monocots based on the highly informative plastid gene ndhF : Evidence for widespread concerted convergence. Pp. 28-51, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 28-51.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2008a], Pires, J. C., Graham, S. W., McPherson, M. A., Prince, L. M., & Patterson, T. B. 2008a. Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological evolution in Bromeliaceae: Insights from ndhF sequences. Pp. 3-26, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 3-26.]

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2008b], Millam, K. J., Mast, A. R., Paterson, T. B., Theim, T. J., Hipp, A. L., Henss, J. M., Smith, J. F., Woods, K. R., & Sytsma, K. J. 2008b. Origin, adaptive radiation, and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae). Proc. Royal Soc. B,

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2009], van Ee, B., Barfuss, M., Ricarda, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D., Smith, A., Winter, K., Brown, G. K., Evans, T. M., Holst, B. K., Luther, H. E., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma, K. J. 2009. Classification, adaptive radiation, and geographic diversification in Bromeliaceae: Insights from a new multi-locus phylogeny. P. 157, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2010a], Ames, M. S., McKain, M. R., Steele, P. R., dePamphilis, C. W., Graham, S. W., Pires, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Zomlefer, W. B., Briggs, B. G., Duvall, M. R., Moore, M. J., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Thiele, K., & Leebens-Mack, J. 2010a. Plastome sequence phylogeny of commelinid monocots implies five origins of wind pollination in Poales. P. 96, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Givnish, T. J. [et al. 2010b], Ames, M. S., McNeal, J. R., McKain, M. R., Steele, P. R., dePamphilis, C. W., Graham, S. W., Pires, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Zomlefer, W. B., Briggs, B. G., Duvall, M. R., Moore, M. J., Heaney, J. M., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Thiele, K., & Leebens-Mack, J. H. 2010b. Assembling the tree of the monocotyledons: Plastome sequence phylogeny and evolution of Poales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 584-616.

Givnish T. J. [et al. 2011a], Barfuss, M. H., Ee, B. V., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D. M., Smith, J. A., Winter, K., Brown, G. K., Evans, T. M., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., & Sytsma K. J. 2011a. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. American J. Bot. 98: 872-895.

Givnish T. J. [et al. 2011b], Barfuss, M. H., Ee, B. V., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P. A., Jabaily, R. S., Crayn, D. M., Smith, J. A., Winter, K., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P. E., Arbor, A., & Sytsma K. J. 2011b. Origin, phylogeny, adaptive radiation and geographic diversification of Bromeliaceae. Pp. 186-187, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Glasby, J. S. 1975-1983. Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids, vols 1-4. Plenum Press, New York.

Gleissberg, S., & Kadereit, J. W. 1999. Evolution of leaf morphogenesis: Evidence from developmental and phylogenetic data in Papaveraceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 160: 787-794.

Glémin, S., & Bataillon, T. 2009. A comparative review of the evolution of grasses under domestication. New Phytol. 183: 273-290.

Glen, M. [et al. 2002], Tommerup, I. C., Bougher, N. L., & O'Brien, P. A. 2002. Are Sebacinaceae common and widespread ectomycorrhizal associates of Eucalyptus species in Australian forest? Mycorrhiza 12: 243-247.

Glenny, D. 2009. A revision of the genus Forstera (Stylidiaceae). New Zealand J. Bot. 47: 285-315.

Glück, H. 1919. Blatt- und blütenmorphologische Studien. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Godfray, H. C. J., & Knapp, S. 2004. [Taxonomy for the twenty-first century:] Introduction. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 359: 559-569.

Godofredo, V. R., & Melo-de-Pinna, G. F. 2008. Occurence of wide-band tracheids in Cactaceae: Wood variation during Pilosocereus aurisetus development. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 135: 94-102.

Godschalk, S. K. B. 1983. Mistletoe dispersal by birds in South Africa. Pp. 117-128, in Calder, M., & Bernhardt, P. (eds), The Biology of Misteltoes. Academic Press, Sydney.

Goebel, K. E. 1887. Outlines of classification and special morphology of plants (trans. H. E. F. Garnsey). Oxford University Press, London.

Goebel, K. E. 1891. Morphologische und biologische Studien, V. Utricularia. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 9: 41-119, pl. 6-15.

Goebel, K. E. 1931. Blütenbildung und Sprossgestaltung. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Goebel, K. E. 1932. Organographie der Pflanzen, Ed. 3, pt 3. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Goetghebeur, P. 1986. Genera Cyperacearum. Een bijdrage tot de kennis van de morfologie, systematiek en fylogenese van de Cyperaceae-genera. Ph. D. thesis, Rijksuniversitiet Gent.

Goetghebeur, P. 1998. Cyperaceae. Pp. 141-189, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Goetsch, L. [et al. 2005], Eckert, A. J., & Hall, B. D. 2005. The molecular systematics of Rhododendron (Ericaceae): A phylogeny based on RPB2 gene sequences. Syst. Bot. 30: 616-626.

Goetsch, L. [et al. 2011], Raven, L. A., & Hall, B. D. 2011. Major speciation accompanied the dispersal of vireya rhododendrons (Ericaceae, Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe) through the Malayan [sic] archipelago: Evidence from nuclear gene sequences. Taxon 60: 1015-1028.

Goff, S. A. [et al. 2002], Ricke, D., Lan, T. H., Presting, G., Wang, R., Dunn, M., Glazebrook, J., Sessions, A., Oeller, P., Varma, H., Hadley, D., Hutchison, D., Martin, C., Katagiri, F., Lange, B. M., Moughamer, T., Xia, Y., Budworth, P., Zhong, J., Miguel, T., Paszkowski, U., Zhang, S., Colbert, M., Sun, W. L., Chen, L., Cooper, B., Park, S., Wood, T. C., Mao, L., Quail, P., Wing, R., Dean, R., Yu, Y., Zharkikh, A., Shen, R., Sahasrabudhe, S., Thomas, A., Cannings, R., Gutin, A., Pruss, D., Reid, J., Tavtigian, S., Mitchell, J., Eldredge, G., Scholl, T., Miller, R. M., Bhatnagar, S., Adey, N., Rubano, T., Tusneem, N., Robinson, R., Feldhaus, J., Macalma, T., Oliphant, A., & Briggs, S. 2002. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296: 92-100.

Goffinet, B. 2000. Origin and phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes. Pp. 124-149, in Shaw, A. J., & Goffinet, B. (eds), Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Goffinet, B., & Buck, W. R. 2004. Systematics of the Bryophyta (mosses): From molecules to a revised classification. Pp. 205-239, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Goffinet, B., & Shaw, A. J. (eds). 2009. Bryophyte Biology, Ed. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Goffinet, B. [et al. 2004], Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds). 2004. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Goffman, F. D. [et al. 1999], Thies, W., & Velasco, L. 1999. Chemotaxonomic value of tocopherols in Brassicaceae. Phytochem. 50: 793-798.

Goggin, F. L. [et al. 2001], Medville, R., & Turgeon, R. 2001. Phloem loading in the tulip tree. Mechanisms and evolutionary implications. Plant Physiol. 124: 891-899.

Goh, W. L. [et al. 2010], Chandran, S., Lin, R.-S., Xia, N.-H., & Wong, K. M. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 38: 764-773.

Goldberg, A. 1986. Classification, evolution and phylogeny of the families of dicotyledons. Contrib. Smithsonian Inst. 58: 1-314.

Goldberg, A. 2003. Character variation in angiosperm families. Contrib. United States National Herb. 47: 1-185.

Goldberg, A., & Alden, H. A. 2005. Taxonomy of Haptanthus Goldberg & C. Nelson. Syst. Bot. 30: 773-778.

Goldberg, A., & Nelson S., C. 1989. Haptanthus, a new dicotyledonous genus from Honduras. Syst. Bot. 14: 16-19.

Goldblatt, P. 1976. New or noteworthy chromosome records in the angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 889-895.

Goldblatt, P. 1990. Phylogeny and classification of Iridaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 607-627.

Goldblatt, P. 1993. The Woody Iridaceae. Nivenia, Klattia & Witsenia. Systematics, Biology and Evolution. Timber Press, Portland.

Goldblatt, P. 1995. The status of R. Dahlgren's orders Liliales and Melanthiales. Pp. 181-200, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Goldblatt, P. 2001. Phylogeny and classification of the Iridaceae and the relationhips of Iris. Annali Bot. n.s. 1: 13-28.

Goldblatt, P., & le Thomas, A. 1997. Palynology, phylogenetic reconstruction and the classification of the Afro-Madagascan genus Aristea Aiton (Iridaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 263-284.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 1998. Gladiolus in Southern Africa. Fernwood Press.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2006. Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Ann. Bot. 97: 317-344.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2007. Floral biology of Babiana (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): Adaptive floral radiation and pollination. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 709-733.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2008. The Iris Family. Natural history and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, Ore.

Goldblatt, P., & Manning, J. 2011. A review of chromosome cytology in Hyachinthaceae subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Albuca, Dipcadi, Ornithogalum and Pseudogaltonia in sub-Saharan Africa. South African J. Bot. 77: 581-591.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1976], Nowicke, J. W., Mabry, T. J., & Behnke, H.-D. 1976. Gyrostemonaceae: Status and affinity. Bot. Notis. 129: 201-206.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1984], Henrich, J. E., & Rudall, P. 1984. Occurence of crystals in Iridaceae and allied families and their phylogenetic significance. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 1013-1020.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1985], Tobe, H., Carlquist, S., & Patel, V. C. 1985. Familial position of the Cape genus Empleuridium. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 167-183.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 1998], Manning, J. C., & Rudall, P. 1998. Iridaceae. Pp. 295-333, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2002], Savolainen, V., Porteous, O., Sostaric, I., Powell, M., Reeves, G., Manning, J. C., Barraclough, T. G., & Chase, M. W. 2002. Radiation in the Cape flora and the phylogeny of the peacock irises Moraea (Iridaceae) based on four plastid DNA regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 25: 341-360.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2004], Manning, J. C., Davies, J., Savolainen, V., & Rezai, S. 2004. Cyanixia, a new genus for the Socotran endemic Babiana socotrana (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 60: 517-532.

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2006], Davies, T. J., Manning, J. C., van der Bank, M., & Savolainen, V. 2006. Phylogeny of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae based on a combined multigene plastid DNA analysis. Pp. 399-411, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 399-411.]

Goldblatt, P. [et al. 2008], Rodriguez, A., Powell, M. P., Davies, T. J., Manning, J. C., van der Bank, M., & Savolainen, V. 2008. Iridaceae 'out of Australia'? Phylogeny, biogeography and divergence times based on plastid DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 33: 495-508.

Goldenberg, R. [et al. 2008], Penneys, D. S., Almeda, F., Judd, W. S., & Michelangeli, F. A. 2008. Phylogeny of Miconia (Melastomataceae): Patterns of stamen diversification in a megadiverse Neotropical genus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 26: 963-978.

Goldfluss, M. 1898. Sur la structure et les fonctions de l'assise épithéliale et des antipodes chez les Composées. Ann. Bot. 12: 374-384.

Goldfluss, M. 1898. Sur la structure et les fonctions de l'assise épithéliale et des antipodes chez les Composées [cont.]. Ann. Bot. 13: 9-17, 49-59, 87-96, pl. 1-6.

Golding, J., & Wasshausen, D. C. 2002. Begoniaceae, Edition 2. Part 1: Annotated species lists. Part II: illustrated key, abridgement and supplement. Contrib. U. S. National Herb. 43: 1-289.

Goloboff, P. A. [et al. 2009], Catalano, S. A., Mirande, J. M., Szumik, C. A., Arias, J. S., Källersjö, M., & Farris, J. S. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups. Cladistics 25: 211-230.

Gomes de Andrade, M. J. [et al. 2010], Giuletti, A. M., Rapini, A., de Queiroz, L. P., Concição de Souza, A., Macahado de Almeida, P. R., & van den Berg, C. 2010. A comprehenesive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: Evidence from nuclear (ITS) and plastid psbA-trnH and trnL-F) DNA sequences. Taxon 59: 379-388.

Gomez, B. [et al. 2009], Coiffard, C., Sender, L. M., Martín-Closas, C., Villanueva-Amadoz, U., & Ferrer, J. 2009. Klitzschophyllites, aquatic basal eudicots (Ranunculales?) from the Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of Northeastern Spain. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1075-1085.

Gómez, J. M., & Perfectti, F. 2010. Evolution of complex traits: The case of Erysimum corolla shape. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 987-998.

Gómez-Martínez, R., & Culham, A. 2000. Phylogeny of the subfamily Panicoideae with emphasis on the tribe Paniceae: Evidence from the trnL-F cpDNA region. Pp. 136-140, in Jacobs, S. W. L., & Everett, J. (eds), Grasses: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Gómez-Navarro, C. [et al. 2009], Jaramillo, C., Herrera, F., Wing, S. L., & Callejas, R. 2009. Palms (Arecaceae) from a Palaeocene rainforest of northern Columbia. American J. Bot. 96: 1300-1312.

Gómez-Ros, L. V. [et al. 2007], Gabaldón, C., Pomar, F., Merino, F., Pedreño, M. A., & Barceló, A. R. 2007. Structural motifs of syringyl peroxidases predate not only the gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence but also the radiation of tracheophytes. New Phytol. 173: 63-78.

Gómez-Zurita, J. [et al. 2007], Hunt, T., Kopliku, F., & Vogler, A. P. 2007. Recalibrated tree of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores. PLoS One 2(4): e360.

Gonçalves, E. G. [et al. 2004], Pavia, E. A. S., & Nadruz Coelho, M. A. 2004. A preliminary survey of petiolar collenchyma in the Araceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 473-484.

Gonçalves, E. G. [et al. 2007], Mayo, S. J., van Sluys, M.-A., & Salatino, A. 2007. Combined genotypic-phenotypic phylogeny of the tribe Spathicarpeae (Araceae) with reference to independent events of invasion to Andean regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 43: 1023-1039.

Goncharov, N. P. 2011. The genus Triticum L. taxonomy: The present and the future. Plant Syst. Evol. 295: 1-11.

Gong, W., Chen, C., Dobes, C., Fu, C.-X., & Koch, M. A. 2008. Phylogeography of a living fossil: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 1094-11105.

Gonsiska, P. A., & Givnish, T. J. 2009. A tale of two Catopsis: Trichomes in two epiphytic bromeliads of contrasting light environment and trophic ecology. P. 212, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Gonzalez, A. M. 2011. Domacios y nectarios extraflorales en Bignoniáceas: componentes vegetales de una interacción mutualística. Bol. Soc. Argentinas Bot. 46: 271-281.

González, A. M., & Arbo, M. M. 2005. Anatomiá de algunas especies de Turneráceas. Acta Bot. Venezuelica 28: 369-394.

González, A. M., & Mauseth, J. D. 2010. Morphogenesis is highly aberrant in the vegetative body of the holoparasite Lophophytum leandri (Balanophoraceae): All typical vegetative organs are absent and many tissues are highly modified. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 499-508.

González, A. M., & Tarragó, J. R. 2009. Anatomical structure and secretion compounds in nine Ilex species from southern South America. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 197-210.

Gonzàlez, A. M., & Vesprini, J. L. 2010. Anatomy and fruit development in Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae). Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 67: 103-112.

Gonzàlez, A. M. [et al. 2012], Salgado, C. R., Fernández, A., & Arbo, M. M. 2012. Anatomy, pollen and chromosomes of Adenoa (Turneraceae), a monotypic genus endemic to Cuba. Brittonia 64: 208-225.

González, F. 1999. Inflorescence morphology and the systematics of Aristolochiaceae. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 159-172.

González, F., & Bello, M. A. 2009. Intra-individual variation of flowers in Gunnera subgenus Panka (Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 262-283.

Gonzalez, F., & Pabon Mora, N. 2009. Tackling the structural homology of trifid spines in the holy thorn (Berberis sp.). P. 94, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2001. The questionable affinities of Lactoris: Evidence from branching pattern, inflorescence morphology, and stipule development. American J. Bot. 88: 2143-2150.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2003. Structure and development of the ovule and seed in Aristolochiaceae, with particular reference to Saruma. Plant Syst. Evol. 241: 223-244.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2007. Floral morphology of the neotropical family Metteniusaceae, an isolated member of the lamiids. P. 192, in Plant Biology and Botany 2007. Program and Abstract Book. Chicago.

González, F., & Rudall, P. J. 2010. Flower and fruit characters in the early-divergent lamiid family Metteniusaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of pseudo monomery. American J. Bot. 97: 191-206.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000a. Perianth development and systematics of Aristolochia. Flora 195: 370-391.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000b. Gynostemium development in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 122: 249-291.

González, F., & Stevenson, D. W. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae). Revist. Acad. Colombiana Cienc. Exact. Físic. Nat. 26: 25-58.

González, F. [et al. 2007], Betancur, J., Maurin, O., Freudenstein, J. V., & Chase, M. W. 2007. Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade. Taxon 56: 795-800.

González, F. [et al. 2001], Rudall, P. J., & Furness, C. A. 2001. Microsporogenesis and systematics of Aristolochiaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 137: 221-242.

Good, R. 1952. An atlas of the Asclepiadaceae. New Phytol. 51: 198-209.

Good, R. 1974. The Geography of the Flowering Plants, Ed. 4. Longman, London.

Goodall-Copestake, W. P. [et al. 2009], Harris, D. J., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2009. The origin of a megadiverse genus: Dating Begonia (Begoniaceae) using alternative datasets, calibrations and relaxed clock models. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 363-380.

Goodall-Copestake, W. P. [et al. 2010], Pérez-Espona, S., Harris, D. J., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2010. The early evolution of the mega-diverse genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) inferred from organelle DNA phylogenies. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 101: 243-250.

Good-Avila, S. V., Souza, V., Gaut, B. S., & Eguiarte, L. 2006. Timing and rate of speciation in Agave (Agavaceae). Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 9124-9129.

Goodrich, K. R. 2012. Floral scent in Annonaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 160: 262-279.

Gopal, B. 1987. Water Hyacinth. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Gorelick, R. 2001. Did insect pollination cause increased seed plant diversity? Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 74: 407-427.

Gorelick, R. 2004. Resolving the phylogenetic placement of Blossfeldia liliputana (Cactaceae): Reticulate evolution, chloroplast inheritance, and graft-chimeras. Bradleya 22: 9-14.

Gorelick, R., & Olson, K. 2011. Is lack of cycad (Cycadales) diversity a result of a lack of polyploidy? Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 165: 156-167.

Goremykin, V. V., & Hellwig, F. H. 2005. Evidence for the most basal split in land plants dividing bryophyte and tracheophyte lineages. Plant Syst. Evol. 254: 93-103.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 1996], Bobrova, V., Pahnke, J., Troitsky, A., Antonov, A., & Martin, W. 1996. Noncoding sequences from the slowly evolving chloroplast inverted repeat in addition to rbcL data do not support the gnetalean affinities of angiosperms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 383-396.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 1997], Hansman, S., Samigullin, T., Antonov, A., & Martin, W. 1997. Evolutionary analysis of 58 proteins encoded in six completely sequenced chloroplast genomes: Revised molecular estimates of two seed plant divergence times. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 337-351.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2003a], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2003a. Analysis of Amborella trichopoda chloroplast genome sequences suggests that Amborella is not a basal angiosperm. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 1499-1505.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2003b], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2003b. The chloroplast genome of the "basal" angiosperm Calycanthus fertilis - structural and phylogenetic analysis. Plant Syst. Evol. 242: 119-135.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2004], Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., Wölfl, S., & Hellwig, F. H. 2004. The chloroplast genome of Nymphaea alba: Whole-genome analyses and the problem of identifying the most basal angiosperm. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 1445-1454.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2005], Holland, B., Hirsch-Ernst, K. I., & Hellwig, F. H. 2005. Analysis of Acorus calamus genome and its phylogenetic implications. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 1813-1222.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2009a], Salamini, F., Velasco, R., & Viola, R. 2009a. Mitochondrial DNA of Vitis vinifera and the issue of rampant horizontal gene transfer. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 99-110.

Goremykin, V. V. [et al. 2009b], Viola, R., & Hellwig, F. H. 2009b. Removal of noisy characters from chloroplast genome-scale data suggests revision of phylogenetic placement of Amborella and Ceratophyllum. J. Molec. Evol. 68: 197-204.

Gornall, R. J. 1987. Foliar crystals in Saxifraga and segregate genera (Saxifragaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 7: 233-238.

Gornall, R. J. 1989. Anatomical evidence and the taxonomic position of Darmera (Saxifragaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 100: 173-182.

Gornall, R. J. 2000. Saxifragaceae. Pp. 192-201, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gornall, R. J., & Al-Shammary, K. I. A. 2000. Vahliaceae, pp. 232-236, Eremosynaceae, pp. 236-238, Francoaceae, pp. 243-245, and Parnassiaceae, pp. 245-248, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gornall, R. J. [et al. 1998], Al-Shammary, K. I. A., & Gregory, M. 1998. Escalloniaceae. Pp. 41-87, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Górniak, M. [et al. 2006], Mytnik-Ejsmont, J., Rutkowski, P., Tukallo, P., Minasiewicz, J., & Szlachetko, D. L. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Spiranthinae s.l. (Orchidaceae) inferred from the nuclear ITS region. Biodivers. Res. Conserv. 1-2: 18-24.

Górniak, M. [et al. 2010], Paun, O., & Chase, M. W. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships with Orchidaceae based on a low-copy nuclear-coding gene, Xdh: Congruence with organellar and nuclear ribosomal DNA results. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 56: 784-795.

Gostel, M. R. [et al. 2009], Plunkett, G. M., & Lowry, P. P. II. 2009 Evolutionary relationships in African-Malagasy Schefflera: Exploring phylogenetic and biogeographic connections. P. 175, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Gosline, G., & Malécot, V. 2012. A monogarph of Octoknema (Octoknemaceae - Olacaceae s.l.). Kew Bull. 66: 367-404.

Gottlieb, O., R. [et al. 1989], Kaplan, M. A. C., Kubitzki, K., & Toledo Barros, J. R. 1989. Chemical dichotomies in the Magnolialean complex. Nordic J. Bot. 8: 437-444.

Gottlieb, O., R. [et al. 1993], Kaplan, M. A. C., & Kubitzki, K. 1993. A suggested role of galloyl esters in the evolution of dicotyledons. Taxon 42: 539-552.

Gottsberger, G. 1977. Somes aspects of beetle pollination in the evolution of flowering plants. Plant Syst. Evol., Suppl. 1: 211-226.

Gottsberger, G. 1999. Pollination and evolution in neotropical Annonaceae. Plant Species Biol. 14: 143-152.

Gottsberger, G. 2012. How diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination? Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 245-261.

Gottschlich, G. 2009. Die Gattung Hieracium L. (Compositae) in der Region Abruzzen (Italien). Stapfia 89: 1-328.

Gottschling, M. 2004. Floral ontogeny in Bourreria (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Flora 199: 409-423.

Gottschling, M., & Hilger, H. H. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis and character evolution of Ehretia and Bourreria (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) and their allies based on ITS1 sequences. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 123: 249-268.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2001], Hilger, H. H., Wolf, M., & Diane, N. 2001. Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. Plant Biol. 3: 629-636.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2003], Weigend, M., Miller, J. S., & Hilger, H. H. 2003. Phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data. P. 113 in Botany 2003: Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Wet and Wild. Abstracts. [Mobile, Alabama.]

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2004], Diane, N., Hilger, H. H., & Weigend, M. 2004. Testing hypotheses on disjunctions present in the primarily woody Boraginales: Ehretiaceae, Cordiaceae, and Heliotropaceae, inferred from ITS1 sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.): S123-S135.

Gottschling, M. [et al. 2005], Miller, J. S., Weigend, M., & Hilger, H. H. 2005. Congruence of a phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data with morphology, ecoloogy, and biogeography. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 425-437.

Gottwald, H. 1982. First description of the wood anatomy of Antrophora, Lepidocordia and Pteleocarpa (Boraginaceae). IAWA Bull. N.S. 3: 161-165.

Gottwald, H., & Parameswaran, N. 1966. Das secundäre Xylem der Familie Dipterocarpaceae, anatomische Untersuchungen zur Taxonomie und Phylogenie. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 410-508.

Gottwald, H., & Parameswaran, N. 1968. Das secundäre Xylem und die systematische Stellung der Ancistrocladaceae und Dioncophylleaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 88: 49-69, pl. 6-7.

Goulson, D. 2010. Bumblebees: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Gouvêa, C. F. [et al. 2008a], Dornelas, M. C., & Rodriguez, A. P. M. 2008a. Floral development in the tribe Cedreleae (Meliacaeae, sub-family Swietenioideae): Cedrela and Toona. Ann. Bot. 101: 39-48.

Gouvêa, C. F. [et al. 2008b], Dornelas, M. C., & Martinelli, A. P. 2008b. Characterization of unisexual flower development in the endangered mahogany tree Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 529-535.

Goyder, D. [et al. 2007], Nicholas, A., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe Asclepiadinae (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 423-434.

Govaerts, R. 2001. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 50: 1085-1090.

Govaerts, R., & Dransfield, J. 2005. World Checklist of Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Frodin, D. G. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Frodin, D. G. 2002. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R., & Simpson, D. A. 2007. World Checklist of Cyperaceae Sedges. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2000], Frodin, D. G., & Radcliffe-Smith, A. 2000. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae. 4 vols. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2001], Frodin, D. G., & Pennington, T. D. 2001. World Checklist and Bibliography of Sapotaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2003], Cribb, P., & Wood, J. 2003. Monocot Checklist - Provisional Checklist of Orchidaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. [et al. 2008], Sobral, M., Ashton, P., Barrie, F., Holst, B. K., Landrum, L. L., Matsumoto, K., Mazine, F. F., Nic Lughadha, E., Proença, C., Soarea-Silva, L. H., Wilson, P. G., & Lucas, E. 2008. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govindappa, D. A. 1955. Embryological studies in Xyris pauciflora Willd. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B, 42: 47-57.

Govindappa, D. A., & Boriah, G. 1956. The development of female gametophyte in Biophytum sensitivum. Curr. Sci. 25L 403-404.

Govindappa, D. A., & Naidu, T. R. B. 1956. The embryo sac and endosperm of Blyxa oryzetorum Hook. f. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 35: 417-422..

Govindarajulu, M. [et al. 2005], Pfeffer, P. E., Jin, H., Abubaker, J., Douds, D. D., Allen, J. W., Bücking, H., Lammers, P. J., & Shachar-Hil, Y. 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435: 819-823.

Gowik, U. [et al. 2006], Engelmann, S., Bläsing, O. E., Raghavendra, A. S., & Westhoff, P. 2006. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the genus Alternanthera: Gene families and the enzymatic characteristics of the C4 isozyme and its orthologues in C3 and C3/C4 alternanthera. Planta 359-368.

Gowik, U. [et al. 2011], Bräutigam, A., Weber, K. L., Weber, A. P. M., & Westhoff, P. 2011. Evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria: How many and which genes does it take to make C4? Plant Cell 23: 2087-2105.

Goyder, D. J. 2006. An overview of asclepiad biogeography. Pp. 205-214, in Ghazanfar, S. A., & Beentje, H. (eds), Taxonomy and Ecology of African Plants, Their Conservation and Sustainable Use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Goyder, D. J. 2009. A synopsis of Asclepias (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 64: 369-399.

Grace, O. M. [et al. 2010], Simmonds, M. S. J., Smith, G. F., & van Wyk, A. 2010. Chemosystematic evaluation of Aloe section Pictae (Asphodelaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38: 57-62.

Graham, A. 1977. New records of Pelliceria (Theaceae/Pelliceriaceae) in the Tertiary of the Caribbean. Biotropica 9: 48-52.

Graham, A. 2006. Paleobotanical evidence and molecular data in reconstructing the historical phytogeography of Rhizophoraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 325-334.

Graham, A. 2009. Fossil record of Rubiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 90-108.

Graham, A. 2010. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of Latin American Vegetation and Terrestrial Environments. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Graham, A. [et al. 1990], Graham, S. A., Nowicke, J. W., Patel, V., & Lee, S. 1990. Palynology and systematics of the Lythraceae III. Genera Physocalymma through Woodfordia, addenda and conclusions. American J. Bot. 77: 159-177.

Graham, S. G. [et al. 2012], Parra, J. L., Tinoco, B. A., Stiles, F. G., & McGuire, J. A. 2012. Untangling the influence of ecological and evolutionary factors on trait variation across hummingbird assemblages. Ecology 93[Suppl.]: S99-S111.

Graham, L. K. E. 1993. Origin of Land Plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Graham, L. K. E., & Wilcox, L. W. 2000. The origin of alternation of generations in land plants: A focus on matrotrophy and hexose transport. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 355: 757-767.

Graham, L. K. E. [et al. 2000], Cook, M. E., & Busse, J. S. 2000. The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 4535-4540

Graham, L. K. E. [et al. 2010], Cook, M. E., Hanson, D. T., Pigg, K. B., & Graham, J. M. 2010. Structural, physiological, and stable carbon isotopic evidence that the enigmatic Paleozoic fossil Prototaxites formed from rolled liverwort mats. American J. Bot. 97: 268-275.

Graham, L. [et al. 2011], Graham, J., Hanson, D., Cook, M., & Cardona-Correa, C. 2011. Marchantia as a model incorporating the earliest land plants. Pp. 106-107, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Graham, S. A. 1964. The genera of the Lythraceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 235-250.

Graham, S. A. 1984 [1985.] Alzateaceae, a new family of Myrtales in the American tropics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 757-779.

Graham, S. A. 2006. Alzateaceae, pp. 26-28, and Lythraceae, pp. 226-246, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Graham, S. A., Cavalcanti, T. B. 2001. New chromosome counts in the Lythraceae and a review of chromosome numbers in the family. Syst. Bot. 26: 445-458.

Graham, S. A., & Wood, C. E. Jr. 1975. The genera of the Podostemaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 56: 456-465.

Graham, S. A. [et al.], Oginuma, K., Raven, P. H., & Tobe, H. 1993. Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their significance. Taxon 42: 35-41.

Graham, S. A. [et al.], Hall, J., Sytsma, K., & Shi, S.-H. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 995-1017.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2006], Freudenstein, J. V., & Luker, M. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Cuphea (Lythraceae) based on morphology and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 31: 764-778.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2010], Diazgranados, M., & Barber, J. C. 2010. Relationships among the confounding genera Ammannia, Hionanthera, Nesaea, and Rotala (Lythraceae). P. 125, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Graham, S. A. [et al. 2010], Diazgranados, M., & Barber, J. C. 2011. Relationships among the confounding genera Ammannia, Hionanthera, Nesaea, and Rotala (Lythraceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 166: 1-19.

Graham, S. W., & Barrett, S. C. H. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiales: Implications for breeding-system evolution. Pp. 415-441, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Graham, S. W., & Iles, W. J. D. 2009. Different gymnosperm outgroups have (mostly) congruent signal regarding the root of flowering plant phlogeny. American J. Bot. 96: 216-227.

Graham, S. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000a. Evolutionary significance of an unusual chloroplast DNA inversion found in two basal angiosperm lineages. Curr. Genet. 37: 183-188.

Graham, S. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000b. Utility of 17 chloroplast genes for inferring the phylogeny of the basal angiosperms. American J. Bot. 87: 1712-1730.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 1998], Kohn, J. R., Morton, B. R., Eckenwalder, J. E., & Barrett, S. C. H. 1998. Phylogenetic congruence and discordance among one morphological and three molecular data sets from Pontederiaceae. Syst. Biol. 47: 545-567.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2000], Reeves, P. A., Burns, A. C. E., & Olmstead, R. G. 2000. Microstructural changes in noncoding chloroplast DNA: Interpretation, evolution, and utility of indels and inversions in basal angiosperm phylogenetic inference. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S83-S96.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2002], Olmstead, R. G., & Barrett, S. C. H. 2002. Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: A case study from the commelinoid monocots. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1769-1781.

Graham, S. W. [et al. 2006], Zgurski, J. M., McPherson, M. A., Cherniawsky, D. M., Saarela, J. M., Horne, E. F. C., Smith, S. Y., Wong, W. A., O'Brien, H. E., Biron, V. L., Pires, J. C., Olmstead, R. G., Chase, M. W., & Rai, H. S. 2006. Robust inference of monocot deep phylogeny using an expanded multigene plastid data set. Pp. 3-21, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 3-21.]

Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 99-389.

Grant, J. R., & Weaver, R. E. 2003. De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis IV: Eleven new species of Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Central and South America, and the first report of stipules in the family. Harvard Papers Bot. 8: 83-109.

Grant, V. 1994. Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 91 (22): 10407–10411.

Grant, V. 1998. Primary classification and phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with comments on molecular cladistics. American J. Bot. 85: 741-752.

Grant, V. 2003. Incongruence between cladistic and taxonomic systems. American J. Bot. 90: 1263-1270.

Grant, V., & Grant, K. A. 1965. Flower Pollination in the Phlox Family. Columbia University Press, New York.

Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 373-457.

Grass Phylogeny Working Group II. 2011. New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins. New Phytol.

Grau, J. 1983. Life form, reproductive biology and distribution in the Californian/Chilean genus Cryptantha. Sonderb. Naurwiss. Vereins Hamburg 7: 231-240.

Graur, D., & Martin, W. 2003. Reading the entrails of chickens: Molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision. Trends Genet. 20: 80-86.

Grauvogel-Stamm, L., & Lugardon, B. 2001. The Triassic Lycopods Pleuromeia and Annalepis: Relationships, evolution, and origin. American Fern J. 91(3): 115-149.

Grauvogel-Stamm, L., & Lugardon, B. 2009. Phylogeny and evolution of the horsetails: Evidence from spore wall ultrastructure. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 156: 116-129.

Graven, P. [et al. 1996], de Koster, C. G., Boon, J. J., & Bouman, F. 1996. Structure and macromolecular composition of the seed coat of the Musaceae. Ann. Bot. 77: 105-122.

Graven, P. [et al. 1998], Wittich, P. E., Bouman, F., Nachtegal, G., & Kentgens, A.P. M. 1998. Characterization of phytomelan in the seed coat of Gasteria verrucosa (Mill.) H. Duval. Pp. 121-147, in Wittich. P. E. (ed.), Seed Development and Carbohydrates. Landbouniversiteit Wageningen, Wageningen.

Gravendeel, B. [et al. 2004], Smithson, A., Slik, F. J. W., & Schuiteman, A. 2004. Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: Drivers for orchid diversity? Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 359: 1523-1536.

Gravendeel, B. [et al. 2005], Schuiteman, A., & de Vogel, E. F. 2005. Molecular dating and vicariance anaylsis of Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae). Pp. 131-148, in Bakker, F. T., Chatrou, L. W., Gravendeel, B., & Pelser, P. B. (eds), Plant Species-Level Systematics: New Perspectives on Pattern and Process. A. R. G. Gantner, Ruggel, Liechtenstein. [Regnum Vegetabile vol. 143.]

Gray, R. G. 1937. Cork formation in Veronica lyallii. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 32: 362-367.

Grayer, R. J. [et al. 1999], Chase, M. W., & Simmonds, M. S. J. 1999. A comparison between chemical and molecular characters for the determination of phylogenetic relationships among plant families: An appreciation of Hegnauer's "Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen." Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 369-393.

Grayer, R. J. [et al. 2003], Eckert, M. R., Veitch, N. C., Kite, G. C., Marin, P. D., Kokubun, T., Simmonds, M. S. J., & Paton, A. J. 2003. The chemotaxonomic significance of two bioactive caffeic acid esters, nepetoidins A and B, in the Lamiaceae. Phytochem. 64: 519-528.

Grayum, M. 1986. Correlations between pollination biology and pollen morphology in the Araceae, with some implications for angiosperm evolution. Pp. 313-327, in Ferguson, I. K., & Blackmore, S. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Form and Function.. Elsevier, London.

Grayum, M. 1987. A summary of evidence and arguments supporting the removal of Acorus from Araceae. Taxon 36: 723-729.

Grayum, M. 1991. Systematic embryology of the Araceae. Bot. Review 57: 167-203.

Grayum, M. 1992. Comparative External Pollen Ultrastructure of the Araceae and Putatively Related Taxa. Monogr. Syst. Bot. 43, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

Grebenstein, B. [et al. 1998], Röser, M., Sauer, W., & Hemleben, V. 1998. Molecular phylogenetic relationships in Aveneae (Poaceae) species and other grasses as inferred from ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 213: 233-250.

Green, E. P., & Short, F. T. 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Green, J. W. 1980. A revised terminology for the spore-containing parts of anthers. New Phytol. 84: 401-406.

Green, P. S. 2004. Oleaceae. Pp. 296-306, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Green, S. [et al. 1979], Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1979. Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 78: 99-116.

Greenberg, A. K., & Donoghue, M. J. 2011. Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae. Taxon 60: 1637-1652.

Greeney, H. F. 2001. The insects of plant-held waters: A review and bibliography. J. Trop. Ecol. 17: 241-260.

Greenham, J. [et al. 2001], Vassiliades, D. D., Harborne, J. B., Williams, C. A., Eagles, J., Grayer, R. J., & Veitch, N. C. 2001. A distinctive flavonoid chemistry for the anomalous genus Biebersteinia. Phytochem. 56: 87-91.

Greenway, C. A., & Harder, L. D. 2007. Variation in ovule and seed size and associated size-number trade-offs in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 94: 840-846.

Greenwood, D. R., & Wing, S. L. 1995. Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients. Geology 23: 1044-1048. [Comment: Jordan, G. J. 1996. Geology 24: 1054; Reply: Wing, S. L., & Greenwood, D. R. 1996. Geology 24: 1054-1055.]

Gregor, H. J. 1989. Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the famnily Rutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae). Plant Syst. Evol. 162: 251-265.

Gregory, M. 1994. Bibliography of Systematic Wood Anatomy of Dicotyledons. IAWA, Leiden.

Gregory, M. 1998. Brunelliaceae, pp. 7-10, Cunoniaceae, pp. 10-26, Eucryphiaceae, pp. 35-41, Hydrangeaceae, p. 87-102, Montiniaceae, pp. 110-117, Columelliaceae, pp. 117-121, Bruniaceae, pp. 159-174, Alseuosmiaceae, pp. 174-183, Crassulaceae, pp. 201-221, Cephalotaceae, pp. 226-232, Greyiaceae, pp. 238-243, and Droseraceae, pp. 248-260, in Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition, Volume 4, Saxifragales (sensu Armen Takhtajan 1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Gregory, M., & Baas, P. 1989. A survey of mucilage cells in vegetative organs of the dicotyledons. Israel J. Bot. 38: 125-174.

Gregory, M. [et al. 1998], Fritsch, R. M., Friesen, N. W., Khassanov, F. O., & McNeal, D. W. 1998. Nomenclator Alliorum: Allium Names and Synonyms - A World Guide.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gregory, T. R. 2008. Understanding evolutionary trees. Evol. Educ. Outreach 1: 121-137.

Greilhuber, J. 1974. Uncommon caryological features in the anther tapetum of some Pedicularieae (Scrophulariaceae). Caryologia 24: 169-182.

Greilhuber, J. [et al. 2006], Borsch, T., Müller, K., Worberg, A., Porembski, S., & Bartlott, W. 2006. Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size. Plant Biol. 8: 770-777.

Greissl, R. 2006. Ontogeny of the Calliandra-massulae (Mimosaceae: Ingeae), and the associated viscin body. Flora 201: 570-587.

Grelet, C.-A.. [et al. 2010], Johnson, D., Vrålstad, T., Alexander, I. J., & Anderson, I. A. 2010. New insights into the mycorrhizal Rhizoscyphus ericae aggregate: Spatial structure and co-colonization of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid roots. New Phytol. 188: 210-222.

Greller, A. M. [et al. 1987], Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N., Jayasuriya, A. H. M., Gunatilleke, C. V. S., Balasubramaniam, S., & Dassanayake, M. D. 1987. Stemonoporus (Dipterocarpaceae)-dominated montane forests in the Adam's Peak Wilderness, Sri Lanka. J. Trop. Ecol. 3: 243-253.

Grennan, A. K. 2009. Identification of genes involved in metal transport in plants. Plant. Physiol. 149: 1623-1624.

Greuter, W. [et al. 2000], McNeill, J., Barrie, F., Burdet, H. M., Demoulin, V., Filgueiras, T. S., Nicolson, D. H., Silva, P. C., Skog, J. E., Trehane, P., Turland, N. J., & Hawksworth, D. L. (eds). 2000. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (St Louis Code). Regnum Veg. 138, Koeltz, Königstein. http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980a. Hydrocera triflora, its floral anatomy and relationship with Impatiens. Studies in Balsaminaceae: V. Kew Bull. 35: 213-219.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980b. Some observations on the floral vascular anatomy of Impatiens. Studies in Balsaminaceae: VI. Kew Bull. 35: 221-227.

Grey-Wilson, C. 1980c. Impatiens of Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Griffith, M. P. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) based on nrITS sequences. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Griffith, M. P. 2004. What did the first cactus look like? An attempt to reconcile the morphological and molecular evidence. Taxon 53: 493-499.

Griffith, M. P. 2008. Pereskia, Portulacaceae, photosynthesis and phylogenies: Implications for early Cactaceae. Haseltonia 14: 37-45.

Griffith, M. P. 2009. Evolution of leaf and habit characters in Opuntioideae (Cactaceae): Reconstruction of ancestral form. Bradleya 27: 49-58.

Griffith, M. P., & Porter, J. M. 2009. Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 107-116.

Griffiths, K. E. [et al. 2011], Trueman, J. W. H., Brown, G. R., & Peakall, R. 2011. Molecular genetic analysis and ecological evidence reveals multiple cryptic species among thynnine wasp pollinators of sexually deceptive orchids. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 59: 195-205.

Grimaldi, D. 1999. The co-radiations of pollinating insects and angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 373-406.

Grimaldi, D., & Agosti, D. 2000. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 13678-13683.

Grimaldi, D., & Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Grimm, G. W., & Denk, T. 2008. ITS evolution in Platanus (Platanaceae): Homoeologues, pseudogenes and ancient hybridization. Ann. Bot. 101: 403-419.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2008], Denk, T., & Zetter, R. 2008. Pollen, fruits and leaves of Tetracentron (Trochodendraceae) from the Cainozoic of Iceland and western North America and their palaeobiogeographic implications. Grana 47: 1-14.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2011], Zetter, R., & Hofmann, C.-C. 2011. Lythrum and Peplis from the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic of North America and Eurasia: New evidence suggesting early diversification within the Lythraceae. American J. Bot. 98: 1801-1815.

Grímsson, F. [et al. 2012], Ferguson, D. K., & Zetter, R. 2012. Morphological trends in the fossil pollen of Decodon and the paleobiogeographic history of the genus. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 173: 297-317.

Grob, V. [et al. 2006], Moline, P., Pfeifer, E., Novelo, A. R., & Rutsihauser, R. 2006. Developmental morphology of branching flowers in Nymphaea prolifera. J. Plant Res. 119: 561-570.

Groeger, D., & Floss, H. G. 1998. Biochemistry of ergot alkaloids - achievements and challenges. Pp. 171-218, in Cordell, G. A. (ed.), The Alkaloids - Chemistry and Biology, vol. 50. Academic Press, New York.

Groenendijk, J. P. [et al. 1996], Bouman, F., & Cleef, A. M. 1996. An exploratory study on the seed morphology of Miconia Ruiz and Pavon (Melastomataceae), with taxonomic and ecological implications. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 45: 323-344.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2009a], de Block, P., Rakotonasolo, F., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2009a. Rediscovery of Malagasy Lathraeocarpa allows determination of its taxonomic position within Rubiaceae. Taxon 58: 209-226.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2009b], Dessein, S., Ochoterena, H., Persson, C., Motley, T. J., Kårehed, J., Bremer, B., Huysmans, S., & Smets, E. 2009b. Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 109-132.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2010a], de Block, P., Robbrecht, E., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2010a. Amphistemon and Thamnoldenlandia, two new genera of Rubiaceae (Spermacoceae) endemic to Madagascar. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 163: 447-472.

Groeninckx, I. [et al. 2010b], Ochoterena, H., Smets, E., & Dessein, S. 2010b. Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma. Taxon 59: 1457-1471.

Groof, P. A., & Kaplan, D. R. 1988. The relation of root systems to shoot systems in vascular plants. Bot. Rev. 54: 387-422.

Groot, E. P. [et al. 2004], Doyle, J. A., Nichol, S. A., & Rost, T. L. 2004. Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of root apical meristem organization in dicotyledonous angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 97-105.

Grootjen, C. J. 1983. Development of ovule and seed in Marantaceae. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 32: 69-86.

Grootjen, C. J., & Bouman, F. 1981. Development of the ovule and seed in Costus cuspidatus (N. E. Br.) Maas (Zingiberaceae), with special reference to the formation of the operculum. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 83: 27-39.

Grootjen, C. J., & Bouman, F. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae: Taxonomic and ecological implications. Ann. Bot. 61: 363-371.

Groover, A. T. 2005. What genes make a tree as tree? Trends Plant Sci. 10: 210-214.

Groppo, M. [et al. 2008], Pirani, J. R., Salatino, M. L. F., Blanco, S. R., & Kallunki, J. A. 2008. Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on two non-coding regions from cpDNA. American J. Bot. 95: 985-1005.

Groppo, M. [et al. 2010], Fiaschi, P., Salatino, M. L. F., Cecchantini, G. C. T., de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos, F., Verola, C. F., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo in Lindackerieae (Achariaceae, Malpighiales) confirmed by analyses of rbcL sequences, with notes on pollen morphology and wood anatomy. Plant Syst. Evol. 286: 27-37.

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2002. Patterns of evolution in Bignoniaceae: The Tabebuia/Crescentia conundrum. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2007a. Evolution of a charismatic neotropical clade: Molecular phylogeny of Tabebuia s.l., Crescentieae, and allied genera (Bignoniaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 650-659.

Grose, S. W., & Olmstead, R. 2007b. Taxonomic revisions in the polyphyletic genus Tabebuia s.l. (Bignoniaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 660-670.

Gross, E. 1988a. Bromelienstudien IV. Zur morphologie der Bromeliaceen-Samen unter Berücksichtigung systematisch-taxonomischer Aspekte. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 64: 1-215.

Gross, E. 1988b. Über die Keimung der Bromeliaceen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 63: 101-113.

Grote, P. J., & Dilcher, D. L. 1989. Investigations of angiosperms from the Eocene of North America: A new genus of Theaceae based on fruit and seed remains. Bot. Gaz. 150: 190-206.

Groth, E. [et al. 2011], Tandre, K., Engström, P., & Vergara-Silva, F. 2011. AGAMOUS subfamily MADS-box genes and the evolution of seed cone morphology in Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae. Evol. Devel. 13: 159-170.

Groth-Malonek, M. [et al. 2004], Pruchner, D., Grewe, F., & Knoop, V. 2004. Ancestors of trans-splicing mitochondrial introns support serial sister group relationships of hornworts and mosses with vascular plants. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 22: 117-125.

Grubb, C. D., & Abel, S. 2006. Glucosinolate metabolism and its control. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 89-100.

Grubb, P. J. [et al. 2008], Jackson, R. V., Barberis, I. M., Bee, J. N., Coomes, D. A., Dominy, N. J., de la Fuente, M. A., Lucas, P. W., Metcalfe, D. J., Svenning, J.-C., Turner, I. M., & Vargas, O. 2008. Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: Correlations with toughness and leaf presentation.Ann. Bot. 101: 1379-1389.

Gruber, C. W. [et al. 2008], Elliott, A. G., Ireland, D. C., Delprete, P. G., Dessein, S., Göransson, U., Trabi, M., Wang, C. K., Kinghorn, A. B., Robbrecht, E., & Craik, D. J. 2008. Distribution and evolution of circular miniproteins in flowering plants. Plant Cell 20: 2471-2783.

Grubert, M. W. 1970. Untersuchungen über die Verankerung der Samen von Podostemaceen. Internat. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 55: 83-114.

Grubert, M. W. 1974. Studies on the distribution of myxospermy among seeds and fruits of Angiospermae and its ecological significance. Acta Biol. Venezuelica 8: 315-551.

Grubert, M. W. 1976. Podostemaceen-Studien. Teil II. Untersuchungen über die Keimung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 95: 455-477.

Grubert, M. W. 1981. Mucilage or Gum in Seeds and Fruits of Angiosperms: A Review. Minerva, Munich.

Grundell, R. 1933. Zur Anatomie der Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 1(2): 1-17.

Grudzinskaya, I. A. 1967. The Ulmaceae and reasons for distinguishing the Celtidoideae as a separate family Celtidaceae Link. Bot. Zhurn. 52: 1723-1429. [In Russian.]

Gschwend, A. R. [et al. 2012], Yu, Q., Tong, E. J., Zeng, F., Han, J., VanBuren, R., Aryal, R., Charlesworth, D., Moore, P. H., Paterson, A. H., & Ming, R. 2012. Rapid divergence and expansion of the X chromosome in papaya. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109: 13716-13721. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121096109

Gruenstaeudl, M. [et al. 2009], Urtubey, E., Jansen, R. K., Samuel, R., Barfuss, M. H. J., & Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Phylogeny of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae) inferred from DNA sequence data and morphology. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 572-587.

Grütter, W. 1893. Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Samenschalen einiger Lythrarieen. Bot. Zeit. 5, Abt. 1: 1-26, pl. 1.

Guaglianone, E. R., & Arroyo-Leuenberger, S. 2002. The South American genus Oziroë (Hyacinthaceae-Oziroëoideae). Darwiniana 40: 61-76.

Gualtieri, G., & Bisseling, T. 2000. The evolution of nodulation. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 181-194.

Guarise, N. J. [et al. 2012], Vegetti, A. C., & Pozner, R. 2012. Multiple origins of congested inflorescences in Cyperus s.s. (Cyperaceae): Developmental and structural evidence. American J. Bot. 99: 1276-1288.

Guédès, M. 1971. Carpel peltation and syncarpy in Coriaria ruscifolia L. New Phytol. 70: 213-227.

Guédès, M., & Sastre, C. 1981. Morphology of the gynoecium and the systematic position of the Ochnaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 82: 121-138.

Guéguen, F. 1901. Anatomie compareé du tissu conducteur du style et du stigmate des Phanérogames 1. Monocotylédones, Apétales et Gamopétales. Mersch, Paris.

Guéguen, P. 1901-1902. Ibid. J. Bot. (Morot) 15: 273-300, 16: 15-30, 48-65, 138-144, 167-180, 280-286, 300-313.

Guérin, P. 1899. Recherches sur le développement du tégument séminal et du péricarpe des Graminées. Ann. Sci. Natur. Bot. Sér. 8, 9: 1-59.

Guérin, P. 1901. Développement de la graine et en particulier du tégument séminal de quelques Sapindacées. J. Bot. (Morot) 15: 336-348, 349-362.

Guérin, P. 1904. Recherches sur le développement et la structure anatomique du tégument séminal des Gentianacées. J. Bot. (Morot) 18: 33-52, 83-88.

Guérin, P. 1916. Recherches sur la structure anatomique de l'ovule et de la graine des Thymeleacées. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 2, 14: 3-35, pl. 1-5.

Gugerli, F. [et al. 2001], Sperisen, C., Büchler, U., Brunner, I., Brodbeck, S., Palmer, J. D., & Qui, Y.-L. 2001. The evolutionary split of Pinaceae from other conifers: Evidence from an intron loss and a multigene phylogeny. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 21: 167-175.

Guignard, L. 1881. Recherches d'embryogénee végétale comparée. 1er mémoire: Legumineuses. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 6, 12: 5-166, pl. 1-8.

Guignard, L. 1882. Recherches sur le sac embryonnaire des phanérogames angiospermes. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Bot. Sér. 6, 13: 136-199, pl. 3-7.

Guignard, L. 1893. Recherches sur le développment de la graine et en particulier du tégument séminal. J. Bot., Paris 7: 1-14 [Brassicaceae], 21-34 [Brassicaceae], 57-66 [Cleomaceae, Resedaceae, Hypericaceae], 97-106 [Balsaminaceae, Linaceae], 141-153 [Malvaceae], 205-214 [Boraginaceae s.l.], 241-250 [Lamiaceae], 282-296 [Asteraceae], 303-311 [Valerianaceae; general].

Guignard, L. 1903. La formation et le développment de l'embryon chez l'Hypecoum. J. Bot., Morot 17: 33-44.

Guillet-Claude, C. [et al. 2004], Isabel, N., Pelgas, B., & Bousquet, J. 2004. The evolutionary implations of knoxI gene duplication in conifers: Correlated evidence from phylogeny, gene mapping, and analysis of functional divergence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 2232-2245.

Guilliams, C. M., & Baldwin, B. G. 2011. Memoirs of a frequent flier - molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple long-distance dispersals of popcorn flowers (Plagiobothrys, Boraginaceae) between North America and South America. P. 166, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Guimaraes, P. J. F. [et al. 2010], Penneys, D. F., & Michelangeli, F. A. 2010. A phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical Melastomeae (Melastomataceae), with an emphasis on Tibouchina. P. 119, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Guisinger, M. M. [et al. 2008], Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2008. Genome-wide analyses of Geraniaceae plastid DNA reveal unprecedented patterns of increased nucleotide substitutions. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 18424-18429.

Guisinger, M. M. [et al. 2010], Chumley, T. W., Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2010. Implications of the plastid genome sequence of Typha (Typhaceae, Poales) for understanding genome evolution in Poaceae. J. Molec. Evol. 70: 149-166.

Gullan, P. J. [et al. 2005], Miller, D. R., & Cook, L. G. 2005. Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Pp. 159-229, in Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, N.H.

Gunatilaka, A. A. L. 1996. Triterpenoid quinonemethiodes and related compounds (celastroloids). Prog. Chem. Natural Compounds 67: 1-114.

Gunatilaka, A. A. L. 2006. Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms: Distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implications of their occurence. J. Natural Prod. 69: 509-526.

Gunawardena, A. H. L. A. N., & Dengler, N. G. 2006. Alternative modes of leaf dissection in monocotyledons. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 150: 25-44.

Gunawardena, A. H. L. A. N. [et al. 2004], Greenwood, J. S., & Dengler, N. G. 2004. Programmed cell death remodels lace plant leaf shape during development. Plant Cell 16: 60-73.

Gundel, P. E. [et al. 2006], Maseda, P. H., Vila-Aiub, M. M., Chersa, G. M., & Benech-Arnold, R. 2006. Effects of Neotyphodium fungi on Lolium multiflorum seed germination in relation to water availablity. Ann. Bot. 97: 571-577.

Gunn, B. F. 2004. The phylogeny of the Cocoeae (Arecaceae) with emphasis on Cocos nucifera. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 505-522.

Gunn, B. F. [et al. 2011], Baudouin, L., & Olsen, K. M. 2011. Independent origins of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World tropics. PLOS One: 6(6): e21143.

Gunn, C. R. 1981. Seeds of Leguminosae. Pp. 913-923, in Polhill, R. M., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gunn, C. R. 1991. Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin Number 1755.

Gunn, C. R. [et al. 1992], Wiersema, J. H., Ritchie, C. A., & Kirkbride, J. H., Jr. 1992. Families and Genera of Spermatophytes Recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin Number 1796.

Gunning, B. E. S. [et al. 1970], Pate, J. S., & Green, L. W. 1970. Transfer cells in the vascular system of stems: Taxonomy, association with nodes, and structure. Protoplasma 71: 147-171.

Gunstone, F. D. 1992. Gamma linolenic acid - occurrence and physical and chemical properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 31: 145-161.

Gunter, L. E. [et al. 1994], Kochert, G., & Giannasi, D. E. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the Juglandaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 192: 11-29.

Guo, D. M. [et al. 2010], Ran, J.-H., & Wang, X.-Q. 2010. Evolution of the cinnamyl/sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD/SAD) gene family: The emergence of real lignin is associated with the origin of bona fide CAD. J. Molec. Evol. 71: 202-218.

Guo, S.-Q. [et al. 2011], Xiong, M., Ji, C.-F., Zhang, Z.-R., Li, D.-Z., & Zhang, Z.-Y. 2011. Molecular phylgenetic reconstruction of Osmanthus Lour. (Oleaceae) and related genera based on three chloroplast intergenic spacers. Plant Syst. Evol. 294: 57-64.

Guo, Y.-L., & Ge, S. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Oryzeae (Poaceae) based on DNA sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes. American J. Bot. 92: 1548-1558.

Gupta, S., & Agarwal, M. 2008. Wood anatomy of Anacardiaceae from India with special reference to the systematic position of Rhus. IAWA Bull. 29: 79-106.

Gupta, S. C. 1970. Umbelliferae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 233-238.

Guralnick, L. J., & Jackson, M. D. 2001. The occurence and phylogenetics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in the Portulacaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 257-262.

Gürke, M. 1891. Boraginaceae. Pp. 71-131, in Engler, A., & Prantl (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 1, 4a. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Gurushidze, M. [et al. 2008}, Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum infers cryptic species and demands a new sectional classification. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 49: 997-1007.

Gurushidze, M. [et al. 2010}, Fritsch, R. M., & Blattner, F. R. 2010. Species-level phylogeny of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication. Taxon 59: 829-840.

Gussarova, G. [et al. 2008], Popp, M., Vitek, E., & Brochmann, C. 2008. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the bipolar Euphrasia (Orobanchaceae): Recent radiations in an old genus. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 48: 444-460.

Gustafsson, A. L. S. [et al. 2010], Verola, C. F., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Reassessing the temporal evolution of orchids with new fossils and a Bayesian relaxed clock, with implications for the diversification of the rare South American genus Hoffmannseggella (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae). BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 177. doi:10.1185/1471-2148-10-177.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1995. Petal venation in the Asterales and related orders. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 118: 1-18.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1996a. Phylogenetic Studies in the Asterales Sensu Lato. Acta Univ. Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 1996b. Phylogenetic hypotheses for Asteraceae relationships. Pp. 9-19, in Hind, D. J. N., & Beentje, H. (eds), Compositae Systematics: Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Albert, V. A. 1999. Inferior ovaries and angiosperm diversification. Pp. 403-431, in Hollingsworth, P. M., Bateman, R. M., & Gornall, R. J. 9eds), Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. Taylor and Francis, London.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. 2007 [2006]. Carpodetaceae. Pp. 57-60, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bittrich, V. 2002. Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia (Clusiaceae): Insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic J. Bot. 22: 183-202.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bremer, K. 1995. Morphology and phylogenetic interrelationships of the Asteraceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae and related families (Asterales). American J. Bot. 82: 250-265.

Gustafsson, M. H. G., & Bremer, K. 1997. The circumscription and systematic position of Carpodetaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 10: 855-872.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 1996], Backlund, A., & Bremer, B. 1996. Phylogeny of the Asterales sensu lato based on rbcL sequences with particular reference to the Goodeniaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 199: 217-242.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 1997], Grafström, E., & Nilsson, G. 1997. Pollen morphology of the Goodeniaceae and comparisons with related families. Grana 36: 185-207.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2001], Pepper, A. S. R., Albert, V. A., & Källersjö, M. 2001. molecular phylogeny of the Barnadesioideae. Nordic J. Bot. 21: 149-160.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2002], Bittrich, V., & Stevens, P. F. 2002. Phylogeny of Clusiaceae based on rbcL sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 1045-1054.

Gustafsson, M. H. G. [et al. 2007], Winter, K., & Bittrich, V. 2007. Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. Pp. 95-1006, in Lüttge, U. (ed.), Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity. Springer, Berlin. [Ecol. Studies: 194.]

Gut, B. J. 1966. Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gynoeceums und der Blütenachse einiger Rutaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 151-247.

Gutierrez, R. 2008. Preliminary chloroplast DNA studies on the flowering plant family Martyniaceae (order Lamiales). J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 40: 105-110.

Gutzwiller, M. A. 1961. Die phylogenetische Stellung von Suriana maritima L. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 1-49.

Guyot, M. 1971. Phylogenetic and systematic value of stomata of the Umbelliferae. Pp. 199-211, in Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The Biology and Chemistry of Umbelliferae. Academic Press, London. [Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 64, Suppl. 1.]

Guzmán, B., & Vargas, P. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Divers. Evol. 9: 83-99.

Guzowska, I. 1964. Reinvestigation of embryo sac development, fertilization and early embryogeny in Cytinus hypocistus L. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 33: 157-166.

Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. 1897. On some points on the morphology and anatomy of the Nymphaeaceae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London, ser. 2, Botany 5: 287-299, pl. 22, 23.

Haas, R. 1976. Morphologische, anatomische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Blüten und Früchten hochsukkulenter Mesembryanthemaceen-Gattungen. Diss. Bot. 33: 1-256.

Haberle, R. C. 1998. Phylogenetic Systematics of Pseudonemacladus and the North American Cyphioids (Campanulaceae, sensu lato). M. S. Thesis, Northern Arizona University.

Haberle, R. C. [et al. 2008a], Fourcade, H. M., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2008. Extensive rearrangements in the chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum are associated with repeats and tRNA genes. J. Mol. Evol. 66: 350-361.

Haberle, R. [et al. 2008b], Dang, A., Lee, T., Peñaflor, C., Cortes-Burns, H., Oestreich, A., Raubeson, L. A., Cellinese, N., Kim, S.-T., Edwards, E., Eddie, W. M. M., & Jansen, R. K. 2008b. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a three gene phylogeny of the Campanulaceae sensu stricto. P. 121, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Haberle, R. [et al. 2009], Dang, A., Lee, T., Peñaflor, C., Cortes-Burns, H., Oestreich, A., Raubeson, L., Cellinese, N., Edwards, E. J., Kim, S.-T., Eddie, W. M. M., & Jansen, R. K. 2009. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes. Taxon 58: 715-734.

Haccius, B. 1952a. Über die Blattstellung einiger Hydrocharitaceen - Embryonen. Planta 40: 333-345.

Haccius, B. 1952b. Verbreitung und Ausbildung der Einkeimblättrigkeit bei den Umbelliferen. Österreichische Bot. Zeit. 99: 483-505.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2004], Sperry, J. S., & Pittermann, J. 2004. Analysis of circular bordered pit function II. Gymnosperm tracheids with torus-margo pit membranes. American J. Bot. 91: 386-400.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2005], Sperry, J. S., & Pittermann, J. 2005. Efficiency versus safety tradeoffs for water conduction in angiosperm vessels versus gymnosperm tracheids. Pp. 333-353, in Holbrook, N. M., & Zwieniecki, M. A. (eds), Vascular Transport in Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hacke, U. G. [et al. 2007], Sperry, J. S., Feild, T. S., Sano, Y., Sikkema, E. H., & Pittermann, J. 2007. Water transport in vesselless angiosperms: Conducting efficiency and cavitation safety. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 1113-1126.

Hadiah, J. T. [et al. 2008], Conn, B. J., & Quinn, C. J. 2008. Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data. Australian Syst. Bot. 21: 375-385.

Hadiah, J. T. [et al. 2003], Quinn, C. J., & Conn, B. J. 2003. Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data. Telopea 10: 235-246.

Haegens, R. 2000. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Baccaurea, Distichirhops, and Nothobaccaurea (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea, suppl. 12: 1-216.

Hagbery, J., & Nieh, J. C. 2012. Individual lifetime pollen and nectar foraging preferences in bumble bees. Naturwiss. 99: 821-832.

Hagel, J. M. [et al. 2008], Yeung, E. C., & Facchini, P. J. 2008. Got milk? The secret life of laticifers. Trends Plant Sci. 13: 631-639.

Hagemann, W. 1967. Die Gestaltung als determinierendes Prinzip bei der Entwicklung des Pflanzenkörpers. Mathem. Naturwiss. Unter. 20: 289-297.

Hahn, H. [et al. 2007], McManus, M. T., Warnstorff, K., Monahan, B. J., Young, C. A., Davies, E., Tapper, B. A., & Scott, B. (2007). Neotyphodium fungal endophytes confer physiological protection to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) subjected to a water deficit. Environ. Experim. Bot. 63: 183–199.

Hahn, W. J. 2002a. A molecular phylogenetic study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) based on atpB, rbcL and 18s nrDNA sequences. Syst. Biol. 51: 92-112.

Hahn, W. J. 2002b. A phylogenetic analysis of the arecoid line of palms based on plastid DNA sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 23: 189-204.

Hahn, W. J. [et al. 1995], Givnish, T. J., & Sytsma, K. J. 1995. Evolution of the monocot inverted repeat: I. Evolution and phylogenetic implications of the ORF 2280 deletion. Pp. 579-587, in Rudall, P. J., Cribb, P. J., Cutler, D. F., & Humphries, C. J. (eds), Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Haig, D. 1990. New perspectives on the angiosperm female gametophyte. Bot. Review 56: 236-274.

Haig, D. 2008. Homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations and the origin of sporophytes. Bot. Review 74: 395-418.

Haig, D. 2010. What do we know about Charophyta (Streptophyta) life cycles? J. Phycol. 46: 860-867.

Haig, D., & Westoby, M. 1989. Selective forces in the emergence of the seed habit. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 38: 215-238.

Haig, D., & Westoby, M. 1991. Seed size, pollination costs and angiosperm success. Evol. Ecol. 5: 231-247.

Haines, R. W., & Lye, K. A. 1979. Monocotylar seedlings: A review of evidence supporting an origin by fusion. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 78: 123-140.

Hajibabaei, M. 2003. Molecular Evolution of the RNA Polymerase Genes and the Phylogeny of Seed Plants. Ph. D. Thesis, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa.

Hajibabaei, M. [et al. 2006], Xia, J., & Drouin, G. 2006. Seed plant phylogeny: Gnetophytes are derived conifers and sister group to Pinaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 40: 208-217.

Hakki, M. I. 1972. Blütenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen an Chenopodium capitatum und Chenopodium foliosum sowie weiteren Chenopodiaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92: 178-330.

Hakki, M. I. 1973. Blütenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen an Chenopodiaceae: Monolepis trifida Schrad. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 93: 481-497.

Hakki, M. I. 1985. Studies on West Indian plants 3. On floral morphology, anatomy and relationship of Picrodendron baccatum (L.) Krug & Urban (Euphorbiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 379-394.

Hakki, M. I. 1997. Embryological and morphological studies on plants from South Africa. 2. On floral morphology and embryology of Orphium frutescens (L.) E. Meyer (Gentianaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 118: 337-383.

Hakki, M. I. 1998. On the floral morphology and embryology of Usteria guineensis Willd. (Loganiaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 120: 275-293.

Hakoyama, T. [et al. 2009], Niimi, K., Watanabe, H., Tabata, R., Matsubara, J., Sato, S., Nakamura, Y., Tabata, S., Jichun, L., Matsumoto, T., Tatsumi, K., Nomura, M., Tajima, S., Ishizaka, M., Yano, K., Imaizumi-Anraku, H., Kawaguchi, M., Kouchi, H., & Suganuma N. 2009. Host plant genome overcomes the lack of a bacterial gene for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nature 462: 514-517.

Halbritter, H., & Hesse, M. 2004. Principle modes of infoldings in tricolp(or)ate angiosperm pollen. Grana 43: 1-14.

Halbritter, H. [et al. 2010], Weber, M., & Hesse, M. 2010. Unique aperture stratification in Carex (Cyperaceae) pollen. Grana 49: 1-11.

Halbritter, H. [et al. 2012], Hesse, M., & Weber, W. 2012. The unique design of pollen tetrads in Dionaea and Drosera. Grana 51: 148-157.

Halda, J. J. 2001. The Genus Daphne. Sen, Dobré.

Halkier, B. A., & Gershenzon, J. 2006. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 303-333.

Hall, A. V. 1987. Evidence of a Cretaceous alliance for the Bruniaceae. South African J. Sci. 83: 58-59.

Hall, A. V. 1988. Systematic palynology of the Bruniaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 96: 285-296.

Hall, D. O. [et al. 2000], Scurlock, J. M. O., Ojima, D. S., & Parton, W. J. 2000. Grasslands and the global carbon cycle: Modeling the effects of climate change. Pp. 102-114, in Wigley, T. M. L., & Schimel, D. S. (eds), The Carbon Cycle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hall, J. C. 2008. Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: An evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data. Botany 86: 682-696.

Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2000. Solving the riddle of Californian cuisine: Phylogenetic relationships of capers and mustards. American J. Bot. 87(6, suppl.): 132.

Hall, J. C., & Sytsma, K. J. 2002. A new placement of members of tribe Stixeae (Capparaceae) based on DNA sequences. P. 126, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2002], Sytsma, K. J., & Iltis, H. H. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. American J. Bot. 89: 1826-1842.

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2004], Iltis, H. H., & Sytsma, K. J. 2004. Molecular phlyogenetics of core Brassicales, placement of orphan genera Emblingia, Forchammeria, Tirania, and character evolution. Syst. Bot. 29: 654-669.

Hall, J. C. [et al. 2011], Tisdale, T. E., Donohue, K., Wheeler, A., Al-Yahya, M. A., & Kramer, E. M. 2011. Convergent evolution of a complex fruit structure in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae). American J. Bot. 98: 1989-2003.

Hall, J. P. W. 2003. Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Syst. Entomol. 28: 23-38.

Hallé, F. 2004. Architecture des Plantes. JPC Édition, Palavas.

Hallé, F. [et al. 1978], Oldeman, R. A. A., & Tomlinson, P. B. 1978. Tropical Trees and Forests. Springer, Berlin.

Hallier, H. 1912. L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposées à l'aide de leur arbre généalogique. Arch Neêrlandaise, 2nd ser., B. (Sci. nat.), 1: 146-234.

Hallier, H. 1923. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Linaceae (DC. 1819) Dumort. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 39: 1-178.

Hallock, F. A. 1930. The development of the flowers and seeds of Garrya and its bearing on the phylogenetic position of the genus. Ann. Bot. 44: 771-812, pl. 36.

Hamann, U. 1961. Merkmalsbestand und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Farinosae. Ein Beitrag zum System der Monokotyledonen. Willdenowia 12: 639-738.

Hamann, U. 1962a. Beitrag zur Embryologie der Centrolepidaceae mit Bemerkungen über den Bau der Blüten und Blütenstände und die systematische Stellung der Familie. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 75: 153-171, 219.

Hamann, U. 1962b. Über Bau und Entwicklung des Endosperms der Philydraceae und über die Begriffe "mehliges Nährgewebe" und "Farinosae". Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 397-407.

Hamann, U. 1966. Embryologische, morphologisch-anatomische und systematische Untersuchungen an Philydraceen. Willdenowia 4: 1-178, pl. 1-8.

Hamann, U. 1975. Neue Untersuchungen zur Embryologie und Systematik der Centrolepidaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 96: 154-191.

Hamann, U. 1998. Hydatellaceae, pp. 321-233, and Philydraceae, 389-394, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Hamann, U. [et al. 1979], Kaplan, K., & Rübsamen, T. 1979. Über die Samenschalenstruktur der Hydatellaceae (Monocotyledoneae) und die systematische Stellung von Hydatella filamentosa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 100: 555-563.

Hamberger, B., [et al. 2011], Ohnishi, T., Hamberger, B., Séguin, A., & Bohlmann, J. 2011. Evolution of diterpene metabolism: Sitka Spruce CYP720B4 catalyzes multiple oxidations in resin acid biosynthesis of conifer defense against insects. Plant Physiol. 157: 1677-1695.

Hamidi, A. 1952. Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen am Gynoeceum der Unterfamilien Melanthioideae und Asphodeloideae der Liliaceae. Arb. Inst. Allg. Bot. Univ. Zürich, Ser. A, 4: 1-50.

Hammel, B. E., & Burger, W. G. 1991. Neither oak nor alder, but nearly: The history of Ticodendraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 89-95.

Hammel, B. E., & Zamora, N. 1993. Ruptiliocarpon (Lepidobotryaceae): A new arborescent genus and tropical American link to Africa, with a reconsideration of the family. Novon 3: 408-417.

Hammer, S. A. 1991. The Genus Conophytum: A Conograph. Succulent Plant Publications, Pretoria.

Handa, K. [et al. 2001], Tsuji, S., & Tamura, M. N. 2001. Pollen morphology of Japanese Asparagales and Liliales (Lilianae). Japanese J. Hist. Bot. 9: 85-125.

Hanelt, P. 1990. Taxonomy, evolution and history. Pp. 1-26, in Rabinowitch, H., & Brewster, J. L. (eds), Onions and Allied Crops, vol. 1. Boca Raton, FLA.

Hanelt, P. [et al. 1992], Schultze-Motel, J., Fritsch, R., Kruse, J., Maaß, H. I., Ohle, H., & Pistrick, K. 1992. Infrageneric grouping of Allium - the Gatersleben approach. Pp. 107-123, in Hanelt, P., Hammer, K., & Knüpffer, H. (eds), Genus Allium - Taxonomic Problems and Genetic Resources. Inst. für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben.

Hanf, M. 1935. Vergleichende und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen über Morphologie und Anatomie der Griffel und Griffeläste. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. A, 99-141.

Hanley, M. E. [et al. 2009], Lamont, B. B., & Armbruster, W. S. 2009. Pollination and plant defence traits co-vary in Western Australian Hakeas. New Phytol. 182: 251-260.

Hannon, D. P. 2002. Crossomataceae: A family primer. Crossosoma 27: 29-34.

Hans, A. S. 1973. Chromosomal conspectus of the Euphorbiaceae. Taxon 22: 591-636.

Hansen, A. K., Gilbert, L. E., Simpson, B. B., Downie, S. R., Cervi, A. C., & Jansen, R. K. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and chromosome number evolution in Passiflora. Syst. Bot. 31: 138-150.

Hansen, B. 1972. The genus Balanophora J. R. & G. Forster. A taxonomic monograph. Dansk Bot. Ark. 28: 1-188, pl. 1-8.

Hansen, B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph number 23. Balanophoraceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Hansen, B. 1986. The Balanophoraceae of continental Africa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 106: 359-377.

Hansen, B. F. 1977. A Monograph of Forchhammeria (Capparidaceae). Master of Science Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Hansen, D. R. [et al. 2007], Dastidar, S. G., Cau, Z., Penaflor, C., Kuehl, J. V., Boore, J. L., & Jansen, R. K. 2007. Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of complete chloroplast genome sequences of four early-diverging angiosperms: Buxus (Buxaceae), Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae), Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), and Illicium (Schisandraceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 45: 547-563.

Hansen, D. R. [et al. 2009], Spicer, G. S., & Patterson, R. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships between and within Phacelia sections Whitlavia and Gymnobythus (Boraginaceae). Syst. Bot. 34: 737-746.

Hansen, D. M., & Müller, C. B. 2009. Reproductive ecology of the endangered enigmatic Mauritian endemic Roussea simplex (Rousseaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 42-52.

Hansen, H. V. 1991. Phylogenetic studies in Compositae tribe Mutisieae. Op. Bot. 109: 1-50.

Hansen, H. V. 1992. Studies in the Calyceraceae with a discussion of its relationship to Compositae. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 63-75.

Hanson, L. [et al. 2005], Boyd, A., Johnson, M. A. T., & Bennett, M. D. 2005. First nuclear DNA C-values for 18 eudicot families. Ann. Bot. 96: 1315-1320.

Hao, D. C. [et al. 2008], Xiao, P. G. Huang, B. L., Ge, G. B., & Yang, L. 2008. Interspecific relationships and origins of Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae revealed by partitioned Bayesian analyses of chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 276: 89-104.

Hao, D. C. [et al. 2010], Mu, J., & Xiao, P. G. 2010. Molecular eviolution and positive Darwinian selection of the gymnnosperm photosynthetic Rubisco enzyme. Bot. Stud. 51: 491-510.

Hao, G. [et al. 2000], Saunders, R. M. K., & Chye, M.-L. 2000. A phylogenetic analysis of the Illiciaceae based on sequences on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Syst. Evol. 223: 81-90.

Hao, G. [et al. 2001], Chye, M.-L., & Saunders, R. M. K. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of the Schisandraceae based on morphology and nuclear ribosomal (ITS) sequences. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 135: 401-411.

Hao, G. [et al. 2004], Yuan, Y.-M., Hu, C.-M., Ge, X.-J., & Zhao, N.-X. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) based on chloroplast trnL-F and nucclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31: 323-339.

Hao, W. [et al. 2010], Richardson, A. O., Zheng, Y., & Palmer, J. D. 2010. Gorgeous mosaic of mitochondrial genes created by horizontal transfer and gene conversion. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 21576-21581.

Hara, H. 1972. Corresponding taxa in North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Pp. 61-72, in Valentine, D. H. (ed.), Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Academic Press, London.

Hara, H. 1983. A revision of Caprifoliaceae of Japan with reference to allied plants in other districts and the Adoxaceae. Ginkgoana 5: 1-336, pl. 1-55.

Hara, H., & Kanai, H. 1964. The discovery of Tetracentron in west Nepal. J. Japanese Bot. 39: 193-195.

Hara, H., & Kurosawa, S. 1975. A revision of the genus Helwingia. Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 8: 393-413.

Harada, I. 1956. Cytological studies in Helobiae, 1. Chromosome idiograms and a list of chromosome numbers in seven families. Cytologia 21: 306-328.

Haraldson, K. 1978. Anatomy and taxonomy in Polygonaceae subfamily Polygonoideae Meisn. emend Jaretzky. Symb. Bot. Uppsalienses 22(2): 1-95.

Harbaugh, D. T., & Baldwin, B. G. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): Repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific. American J. Bot. 94: 1028-1040.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2009a], Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R. K., Zimmer, E. A., & Wagner, W. L. 2009a. Classification of the Caryophyllaceae and colonization of a divergent Hawaiian lineage. P. 170, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2009b], Wagner, W. L., Allan, G., & Zimmer, E. A. 2009b. The Hawaiian archipelago is a stepping-stone for dispersal in the Pacific: An example from the plant genus Melicope (Rutaceae). J. Biogeog. 36: 230-241.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2010], Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R. K., Mc Neill, J., Zimmer, E. A., & Wagner, W. L. 2010. A new lineage-based tribal classification of the family Caryophyllaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 185-198.

Harbaugh, D. T. [et al. 2012], Wagner, W., Nepokroeff, M., Rabeler, R., McNeill, J., & Zimmer, E. 2012. Extensive polyphyly in the Caryophyllaceae leads to a new classification. P. 21, in Botany 2012: The Next Generation. July 7-11 - Columbus, Ohio. Abstracts.

Harborne, J. B. 1986. Systematic significance of variation in defence chemistry in the Solanaceae. Pp. 328-344, in D'Arcy, W. G. (ed.), Solanaceae: Biology and Systematics. Columbia University Press, New York.

Harborne, J. B. 1999. The comparative biochemistry of phytoalexin induction in plants. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 335-367.

Harborne, J. B., & Baxter, H. J. 1995. The Handbook of Natural Flavonoids. John Wiley & Son, Chichester.

Harborne, J. B., & Turner, B. L. 1984. Plant Chemosystematics. Academic Press, Orlando.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 1971. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochem. 10: 367-373.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 1973. A chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids and simple phenols in leaves of the Ericaaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 66: 37-54.

Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. 2001. The phytochemical richness of the Iridaceae and its systematic significance. Annali Bot. n.s. 1: 43-50.

Harborne, J. B. [et. al. 1999], Baxter, H. J., & Moss, H. 1999. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Ed. 2. Taylor & Francis, New York.

Harborne, J. B. [et al. 2000], Williams, C. A., Briggs, B. G., & Johnson, L. A. S. 2000. Flavonoid patterns and the phylogeny of the Restionaceae. Pp. 672-675, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harcourt-Brown, K. C. 2002. Tree balance, time slices, and evolutionary turnover in Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera. Syst. Biol. 51: 908-916.

Harder, L. D., & Johnson, S. D. 2008. Function and evolution of aggregated pollen in angiosperms. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 59-78.

Hardway, T. M. [et al. 2004], Spalik, K., Watson, M. F., Katz-Downie, D. S., & Downie, S. R. 2004. Circumscription of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae. South African J. Bot. 70: 393-406.

Hardy, C. R. 2006. Reconstructing ancestral ecologies: Challenges and possible solutions. Diversity Distrib. 12: 7-19.

Hardy, C. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000a. Development of gametophytes, flower and floral vasculature of Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 134: 131-157.

Hardy, C. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2000b. Floral organogenesis in some species of Tradescantia and Callisia (Commelinaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161: 551-562.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2000], Stevenson, D. W., & Kiss, H. G. 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Dichorisandra thyrsiflora (Commelinaceae). American J. Bot. 97: 1228-1239.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2004], Davis, J. R., & Stevenson, D. W. 2004. Floral organogenesis in Plowmanianthus (Commelinaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 165: 511-519.

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2004], Linder, H. P., & Moline, P. M. 2004. On the origin and rates of cladogenesis in the African Restionaceae (Cape floristic region, Southern Africa). P. 120, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Hardy, C. R. [et al. 2008], Moline, P., & Linder, H. P. 2008. A phylogeny for the African Restionaceae and new perspectives on morphology's role in generating complete species phylogenies for large clades. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 377-390.

Hardy, N. B., & Cook, L. G. 2012. Testing for ecological limitation of diversification: A case study using parasitic plants. American Naturalist 180: 438-449.

Hargreaves, A. L. [et al. 2008], Harder, L. D., & Johnson, S. D. 2008. Aloe inconspicua: The first record of an exclusively insect-pollinated aloe. South African J. Bot. 74: 606-612.

Hargrove, L., & Simpson, M. G. 2003. Ultrastructure of heterocolpate pollen in Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 137-151.

Harley, M. M. 1985. Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the tribe Fibraureae (Menispermaceae). Kew Bull. 40: 553-565.

Harley, M. M. 1999a. The fossil record and palm pollen apertures. P. 282, in XVI International Botanical Congress: Abstracts. [Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.]

Harley, M. M. 1999b. Palm pollen: Overview and examples of taxonomic value at species level. Pp. 95-120, in Henderson, A., & Borschenius, F. (eds), Evolution, Variation, and Clasification of Palms. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

Harley, M. M. 2004. Triaperturate pollen in the monocotyledons: Configurations and conjections. Plant Syst. Evol. 247: 75-122.

Harley, M. M. 2006. A summary of fossil records for Arecaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 151: 39-67.

Harley, M. M., & Baker, W. J. 2001. Pollen aperture morphology in Arecaceae: Application within phylogenetic analyses, and a summary of the fossil record of palm-like pollen. Grana 40: 45-77.

Harley, M. M., & Daly, D. C. 1995. Burseraceae Kunth, Protieae March. em. Engl. World Pollen and Spore Flora 20: 1-44.

Harley, M. M., & Dransfield, J. 2003. Triporate pollen in the Arecaceae. Grana 42: 3-19.

Harley, M. M., & Zavada, M. S. 2000. Pollen of the monocotyledons: Selecting characters for cladistic analysis. Pp. 194-213, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harley, M. M. [et al. 2005], Song, U., & Banks, H. I. 2005. Pollen morphology and systematics of Burseraceae. Grana 44: 282-299.

Harley, P. C. [et al. 200], Monson, R. K., & Lerdau, M. T. 2008. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of isoprene emission from plants. Oecologia 118: 109-123.

Harley, R. M. 2004. Nesogenaceae. Pp. 293-295, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harley, R. M., & Pastore, J. F. B. 2012. A generic revison and new combinations in the Hyptidinae (Lamiaceae), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytotaxa 58: 1-55.

Harley, R. M. [et al. 2004], Atkins, S., Budantsev, A. L., Cantino, P. D., Conn, B. J., Grayer, M., Harley, M. M., De Kok, R., Krestovskaya, T., Moralaes, R., Paton, A. J., Ryding, O., & Upson, T. 2004. Labiatae. Pp. 167-275, in Kadereit, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harling, G. 1946. Studien über den Blütenbau und die Embryologie der Familie Cyclanthaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 40: 257-272.

Harling, G. 1949. Die Embryologie der Gattung Hedychium Koenig. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 43: 357-364.

Harling, G. 1958. Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Hort. Bergiani 18: 1-428, pl. 1-110.

Harling, G. [et al. 1998], Wilder, G. J., & Eriksson, R. 1998. Cyclanthaceae. Pp. 202-215, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Harms, H. 1893. Uber die Verwertung des anatomischen Baues für die Umgrenzung und Einteilung der Passifloraceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 548-633, tab. 21.

Harms, H. 1935a. Rafflesiaceae. Pp. 242-281, in Harms, H. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 16b. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Harms, H. 1935b. Balanophoraceae. Pp. 296-339, in Harms, H. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Ed. 2, vol. 16b. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

Harmon, L. J. [et al. 2009], Matthews, B., des Roches, S., Chase, J. M., Shurin, J. B., & Schluter, D. 2009. Evolutionary diversification in stickleback affects ecosystem functioning. Nature 458: 1167-1170.

Harrington, G. J. [et al. 2011], Eberle, J., Le-Page, B. A., Dawson, M., & Hutchison, J. H. 2012 [= 2011]. Arctic plant diversity in the Early Eocene greenhouse. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 279: 1515-1521.

Harrington, M. G., & Gadek, P. A. 2009. A species well travelled - the Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) complex based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETSf sequence. J. Biogeog. 36: 2313-2323.

Harrington, M. G., & Gadek, P. A. 2010. Phylogenetics of hopbushes and pepperflowers (Dodonaea, Diplopeltis - Sapindaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial ETS sequences incorporating secondary-structure models. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 431-442.

Harrington, M. G. [et al. 2005], Edwards, K. J., Johnson, S. A., Chase, M. W., & Gadek, P. A. 2005. Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 30: 366-382.

Harrington, M. G. [et al. 2009], Biffin, E., & Gadek, P. A. 2009. Comparative study of the evolution of nuclear ribosomal specers incorporating secondary structure analyzes within Dodonaeoideae, Hippocastanoideae and Xanthoceroideae (Sapindaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 50: 364-375.

Harris, E. M. 1994. Developmental evidence for the derivation of syncephalia in Lagascea (Heliantheae; Asteraceae). American J. Bot. 81: 1139-1148.

Harris, E. M. 1999. Capitula in the Asteridae: A widespread and varied phenomenon. Bot. Rev. 65: 348-369.

Harris, E. M. 1995. Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Asteraceae: A synthesis of historical and current concepts. Bot. Review 61: 93-278.

Harris, E. M. [et al. 2012], Horn, J. W., & Wagner, W. L. 2012. Floral development of the divergent endemic Hawaiian genus Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), with special emphasis on the floral nectaries. Taxon 61: 576-591.

Harris, B. J. 1996. A revision of the Irvingiaceae of Africa. Bull. Jard. Bot. National Belgique 65: 143-196.

Harris P. J., & Hartley, R. D. 1980. Phenolic constituents of the cell wall of monocotyledons. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8: 153-160.

Harris, J. G., & Harris, M. W. 1994. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Harris, P. J. 2000. Compositions of monocotyledon cell walls: Implications for biosystematics. Pp. 114-126, in Wilson, K. L., & Morrison, D. A. (eds), Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood.

Harris, P. J. 2005. Diversity in plant cell walls. Pp. 201-227, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CAB International, Wallingford.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 1999], Möller, M., & Cronk, Q. C. B. 1999. Evolution and development of floral diversity in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia. Ann. Bot. 84: 49-60.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 2005a], Möller, M., Langdale, J. A., Cronk, Q. C. B., & Hudson, A. 2005a. the role of KNOX genes in the evolution of morphological novelty in Streptocarpus. Plant Cell 17: 430-443.

Harrison, C. J. [et al. 2005b], Corley, S. B., Moylan, E. C., Alexander, D. L., Scotland, R. W., & Langdale, J. A. 2005b. Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution. Nature 434: 509-514.

Harrison, J. E., & Beveridge, T. 2002. Fruit structure of Hippophae rhamnoides cv. Indian Summer (sea buckthorn). Canadian J. Bot. 80: 399-409.

Harrison, R. D. 2005. Figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. BioScience 55: 1053-1064.

Harrison, R. D., & Shanahan, M. 2005. Seventy-seven ways to be a fig: Overview of a diverse plant assemblage. Pp. 111-127, in Roubik, D. W., Sakai, S., & Hamid Karim, A. A. (eds), Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest. Sarawak Studies. Springer.

Harry, M. [et al. 1996], Solignac, M., & Lachaise, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation in the Afrotropical region of the Paleotropical genus Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) on the pantropical genus Ficus (Moraceae). J. Biogeog. 23: 543-552.

Harry, M. [et al. 1998], Solignac, M., & Lachaise, D. 1998. Molecular evidence for parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 9: 542-551.

Hart, J. A. 1987. A cladistic analysis of conifers: Preliminary results. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 269-307.

Hart, J. A., & Price, R. A. 1990. The genera of Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 71: 275-322.

Hart, T. B. 1990. Monospecific dominance in tropical rain forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5: 6-11.

Hart, T. B. [et al. 1989], Hart, J. A., & Murphy, P. G. 1989. Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid tropics: Causes for their co-occurence. American Naturalist 133: 613-633.

Harte, C. 1993. Oenothera: Contributions of a Plant to Biology. Springer, London. [Monogr. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 20]

Harter, B. [et al. 2002], Leistikow, C., Wilms, W., Truylio, B., & Engels, W. 2002. Bees collecting pollen from flowers with poricidal anthers in a south Brazilian Araucaria forest: A community study. J. Apicult. Res. 40: 9-16.

Hartl, D. 1956. Morphologische Studien am Pistill der Scrophulariaceen. Österreichische Bot. Zeitschr. 103: 184-242.

Hartl, D. 1958a. Struktur und Herkunft des Endokarps der Rutaceen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 34: 35-49.

Hartl, D. 1958b. Die Übereinstimmungen des Endokarps der Simaruoubaceen, Rutaceen und leguminosen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 34: 453-455.

Hartl, D. 1959. Das alveolierte Endosperm bei Scrophulariaceen, seine Entstehung, Anatomie und taxonomische Bedeutung. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 35: 95-110.

Hartl, D. 1962. Die morphologische Natur und Verbreitung des Apicalseptums. Analyse einer bisher unbekannten Gestaltungsmöglichkeit des Gynoeciums. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 37: 241-330.

Hartl, D. 1964. Das Placentoid der Pollensäcke: Ein Merkmal der Tubifloren. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 76: (70)-(72).

Hartl, D. 1965–1974. In G. Hegi [ed.], Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, 4 Teil, Lief. 1-8 (Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Globulariaceae, Plantaginaceae), ed. 2. Parey, Berlin. [Or: 1 Teil, 4 Teil, Lief 1-8.]

Hartl, D. 1966. Uber einige Sprossleisten verschiedener Organzugehörigkeit. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 42: 145-149.

Hartl, D., & Severin, I. 1981. Verwachsungen in Umfeld des Griffels bei Allium, Cyanastrum und Heliconia und den Monocotylen allgemein. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 55: 235-260.

Hartl, W. P. [et al. 2007], Klapper, H., Barbier, B., Ensikat, H. J., Dronskowski, R., Müller, P., Ostendorp, G., Tye, A., Bauer, R., & Barthlott, W. 2007. Diversity of calcium oxalate crystals in Cactaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 85: 501-517.

Hartley, R. D., & Harris, P. J. 1981. Phenolic consituents of the cell walls of dicotyledons. Biochem. Syst. Evol. 9: 189-203.

Hartley, T. G. 1981. A revision of the genus Tetradium (Rutaceae). Gard. Bull. Singapore 34: 91-131.

Hartley, T. G. 2001a. On the taxonomy and biogeography of Euodia and Melicope (Rutaceae). Allertonia 8: 1-319.

Hartley, T. G. 2001b. Morphology and biogeography in Australasian-Malesian Rutaceae. Malaysian Nature J. 55: 197-219.

Hartley, T. G. 2003. Neoschmidia, a new genus of Rutaceae from New Caledonia. Adansonia ser. III, 25: 7-12.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 1988. Fruit types in Mesembryanthema. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 63: 313-349.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 1993. Aizoaceae. Pp. 37-69, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. (ed.). 2001a. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Aizoaceae A-E. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. (ed.) 2001b. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent plants. Aizoaceae F-Z. Springer, Berlin.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2004. Adaptations and phytogeography in the ice-plant family Aizoaceae - the interaction of the genetic equipment and ecological parameters. I. One leaf-pair is the plant. Bradleya 22: 21-36.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2006. Adaptations and phytogeography in the ice-plant family Aizoaceae - the interaction of the genetic equipment and ecological parameters. II. Hide-and-seek: Plants sunk in the ground. Bradleya 24: 1-38.

Hartmann, H. E. K. 2007. Studies in Aizoaceae: Eight new subgenera in Drosanthemum Schwantes. Bradleya 25: 145-176.

Hartmann, H. E. K., & Niesler, I. M. 2009. On the evolution of nectaries in Aizoaceae. Bradleya 27: 69-120.

Hartmann, H. E. K. [et al. 2011], Meve, U., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2011. Towards a revision of Trianthema, the Cinderella of Aizoaceae. Plant Ecol. Evol. 144: 177-213.

Hartmann, T., & Witte, L. 1995. Chemistry, biology and chemoecology of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pp. 155-233, in Pelletier, S. W. (ed.), Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, vol. 9. Pergamon, Oxford.

Hartmann, T. [et al. 2003], Theuring, C., Witte, L., Schulz, S., & Pasteels, J. M. 2003. Biochemical processing of plant acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids by the neotropical leaf-beetle Platyphora boucardii. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33: 515-523.

Hartmeyer, I., & Hartmeyer, S. R. H. 2010. Sanp-tentacles and runway lights: Summary of comparative examination of Drosera tentacles. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 39: 101-113.

Hartmeyer, S. 1997. Carnivory in Byblis revisited - A simple method for enzyme testing on carnivorous plants. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 26: 39-35.

Hartmeyer, S. 1998. Carnivory in Byblis revisited II: The phenomenon of symbiosis on insect trapping plants. Carniv. Plants Newsl. 27: 110-113.

Hartwich, S. J. [et al. 2010], Conran, J. G., Bannister, J. M., Lindqvist, J. K. & Lee, D. E. 2010. Calamoid fossil palm leaves and fruits (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from Late Eocene Southland, New Zealand. Australian Syst. Bot. 23: 131-140.

Hasebe, M. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of Ginkgo biloba: Close relationships between Ginkgo biloba and cycads. Pp. 173-181, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Hasebe, M. 1999. Evolution of reproductive organs in land plants. J. Plant Res. 112: 463-474.

Hasebe, M. [et al. 1994], Omori, T., Nakazawa, M., Sano, T., Kato, M., & Iwatsuki, K. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 5730-5734.

Hasebe, M. [et al.1995], Wolf. P. G., Pryer, K. M., Ueda, K., Ito, M., Sano, R., Gastony, G. J., Yokoyama, J., Manhart, J. R., Murakami, M., Crane, E. H., Haufler, C. H., & Hauk, W. D. 1995. Fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern J. 85: 134-181.

Hasenstab-Lehman, K. E., & Simpson, M. G. 2012. Cat's eyes and popcorn flowers: Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cryptantha s.l. (Boraginaceae). Syst. Bot. 37: 738-757.

Hashimoto, Y. [et al. 2012], Fukukawa, S., Kunishi, A., Suga, H., Richard, F., Sauve, M., & Selosse, M. A. 2012. Mycoheterotrophic germination of Pyrola asarifolia dust seeds reveals convergences with germination in orchids. New Phytol. 195: 620-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04174.x

Haskins, M. L., & Hayden, W. J. 1987. Anatomy and affinities of Penthorum. American J. Bot. 74: 164-177.

Hassan, N. M. S. [et al. 2005a], Meve, U., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2005a. Seed coat morphology of Aizoaceae-Sesuvioideae, Gisekiaceae and Molluginaceae and its systematic significance. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 148: 189-206.

Hassan, N. M. S. [et al. 2005b], Thiede, J., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2005b. Phylogenetic analysis of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) inferred from nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and morphological data. Plant Syst. Evol. 255: 121-143.

Hasselberg, G. B. E. 1937. Zur Morphologie des vegetativen Sprosses der Loganiaceen. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 2(3): 1-170.

Haston, E., & Ronse de Craene, L. P. 2007. Inflorescence and floral development in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae) with particular reference to the impact of bracteole suppression. Plant Syst. Evol. 265: 13-25.

Haston, E. [et al. 2007], Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., & Harris, D. J. 2007. A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families. Taxon 56: 7-12.

Haston, E. [et al. 2009], Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., & Harris, D. J. 2009. The linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: A linear sequence of the families in APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 128-131.

Hastorf, C. A. 2009. Rio Balsas most likely region for maize domestication. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 4957-4958.

Hata, J.-I. [et al. 2000], Hua, O., Yang, C., Shimizu, K., & Taya, M. 2000. Characterization of energy conversion based on metabolic flux analysis in mixotrophic liverwort cells, Marchantia polymorpha. Biochem. Engin. J. 6: 65-74.

Hatada, A. [et al. 2001], Ishiguro, S., Itioka, T., & Kawano, S. 2007. Myrmecosymbiosis in the Bornean Macaranga species with special reference to food bodies (Beccarian bodies) and extrafloral nectaries. Plant Species Biol. 16: 241-246.

Hatfield, R. D. [et al. 2009], Marita, J. M., Frost, K., Grabber, J., Ralph, J., Lu, F., & Kim, H. 2009. Grass lignin acylation:p-coumaroyl transferase activity and cell wall characteristics of C3 and C4 grasses. Planta 229: 1253-1267.

Haug, I. [et al. 2004], Lempe, J., Homeier, J., Weiß, M., Setaro, S.., Oberwinkler, F., & Kottke, I. 2004. Graffenrieda emarginata (Melastomataceae) forms mycorrhizas with Glomeromycota and a member of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate in the organic soil of a neotropical mountain rain forest. Canadian J. Bot. 82: 340-356.

Haug, I. [et al. 2005], Weiß, M., Homeier, J., Oberwinkler, F., & Kottke, I. 2005. Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae form ectomycorrhizas with members of Nyctaginaceae (Caryophyllales) in the tropical mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. New Phytol. 165: 923-936.

Hauk, W. D. [et al. 2003], Parks, C. R., & Chase, M. W. 2003. Phylogenetic studies of Ophioglossaceae: Evidence from rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences and morphology. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 28: 131-151.

Havey, M. J. [et al. 1998], McCreight, J. D., Rhodes, B., & Taurik, G. 1998. Differential transmission of the Cucumis organellar genomes. Theoret. Applied Genet. 97: 122-128.

Havill, N. P. [et al. 2007], Footit, R. G., & von Dohlen, C. D. 2007. Evolution of host specialization in the Adelgidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) inferred from molecular phylogenetics. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44: 357-370.

Hawkins, B. A., & Porter, E. E. 2003 [= 2002]. Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? The case of California butterflies. American Naturalist 161: 40-49.

Hawksworth, F. G., & Wiens,, D. 1972. Biology and Classification of Dwarf Miseltoes (Arceuthobium) (Agriculture Handbook 401). Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington.

Hawthorne, W. D., & Hughes, C. E. 2008. Optimising liear taxon sequences derived from phylogenetic trees - a reply to Haston & al. Taxon 57: 698-704.

Hay, A., & Mabberley, D. J. 1991. 'Transference of Function' and the origin of aroids: Their significance in early angiosperm evolution. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 339-428.

Hayashi, K., & Kawano, S. 2000. Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): Phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on the rbcL and matK gene sequence data. Plant Species Biol. 15: 73-93.

Hayashi, K. [et al. 1998], Yoshida, S., Kato, H., Utech, F. H., Wigham, D., & Kawano, S. 1998. Molecular systematics of the genus Uvularia and selected Liliales based on matK and rbcL gene sequence data. Plant Species Biol. 13: 120-146.

Hayden, W. J. 1977. Comparative anatomy and systematics of Picrodendron, genus incertae sedis. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 257-279.

Hayden, W. J. 1988. Ontogeny of the cotyledonary region of Chamaesyce maculata (Euphorbiaceae). American J. Bot. 75: 1701-1713.

Hayden, W. J. 1994. Systematic anatomy of Euphorbiaceae subfamily Oldfieldioideae. I. Overview. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 180-202.

Hayden, W. J., & Brandt, D. S. 1984. Wood anatomy and relationships of Neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae). Syst. Bot. 9: 458-466.

Hayden, W. J., & Hayden, S. M. 2000. Wood anatomy of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae). IAWA J. 21: 213-235.

Hayes, V., Schneider, E. L., & Carlquist, S. 2000. Floral development of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl. [Current Perspectives on Basal Angiosperms]): S183-S191.

Haynes, R. R. 1978. The Potomagetonaceae in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 59: 170-191.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph 56. The Limnocharitaceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1980. Flora Neotropica Monograph 64. The Alismataceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 2001. The genera of Hydrocharitaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Papers Bot. 5: 201-275.

Haynes, R. R., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 2003. Flora Neotropica Monograph 85. Potamogetonaceae. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Haynes, R. R. [et al. 1998a], Holm-Nielsen, L. B., & Les, D. H. 1998a. Najadaceae, pp. 301-305, and Ruppiaceae, pp. 445-448, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

Haynes, R. R. [et al. 1998b], Les, D. H., & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. 1998b. Alismataceae, pp. 11-18, Juncaginaceae, pp. 260-263, Limnocharitaceae, pp. 271-274, Potamogetonaceae, pp. 408-414, Scheuchzeriaceae, pp. 449-450, and Zannichelliaceae, pp. 470-473, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IV. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer, Berlin.

He, C., & Saedler, H. 2007. Molecular evolution of a morphological novelty in Solanaceae: The Inflated-Calyx-Syndrome (ICS) in Physalis. Pp. 171-181, in Spooner, D. M., Bohs, L., Giovannoni, J., Olmstead, R. G., & Shibata, D. (eds), Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. ISHA Section Root and Tuber Crops. [Acta Hortic. 745.]

He, L.-J., & Zhang, X.-C. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 757-764.

He, T. [et al. 2011], Lamont, B. B., & Downes, K. S. 2011. Banksia born to burn. New Phytol. 191: 184-196.

He, T. [et al. 2012], Pausas, J. G., Belcher, C. M., Schwilk, D. W., & Lamont, B. B. 2012. Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous. New Phytol. 195: 751-759.

He, Z.-C. [et al. 2004], Li, J.-Q., & Wang, H. C. 2004. Karyomorphology of Davidia involucrata and Camptotheca acuminata, with special reference to their systematic positions. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 144: 193-198.

Heads, M. 2008. Panbiogeography of New Caledonia, south-west Pacific: Basal angiosperms on basement terranes, ultramafic endemics inherited from volcanic island arcs and old taxa endemic to young islands. J. Biogeog. 25: 2153-2175.

Heard, T. A. 1999. The role of stingless bees in crop pollination. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 44: 183-206.

Hearn, D. J. 2006. Adenia (Passifloraceae) and its adaptive radiation: Phylogeny and growth form diversification. Syst. Bot. 31: 805-821.

Hearn, D. J. 2009a. Descriptive anatomy and evolutionary patterns of anatomical diversification in Adenia (Passifloraceae). Aliso 27: 13-38.

Hearn, D. J. 2009b. Developmental patterns in anatomy are shared among separate evolutionary origins of stem succulent and storage root-bearing growth habits in Adenia (Passifloraceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1941-1956.

Hebeler, F. 2000. Structural and Ecophysiological Shoot Features on the Leafless Cucurbit Acanthosicyos horridus, a Keystone Endemic of the Namib Desert. Diplomarbeit, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität-Giessen.

Hedge, I. C. [et al. 1980], Kjaer, A., & Malver, O. 1980. Dipterygium - Cruciferae or Capparaceae? Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38: 247-250.

Hedges, S. B. [et al. 2004], Blair, J. E., Venturi, M. L., & Shoe, J. L. 2004. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BioMedCentral Evol. Biol. 4: 2.

Hedrén, M. [et al. 1995], Chase, M. W., & Olmstead, R. G. 1995. Relationships in the Acanthaceae and related families as suggested by cladistic analysis of rbcL nucleotide sequences. Plant Syst. Evol. 194: 93-109.

Hedtke, S. M. [et al. 2006], Townsend, T. M., & Hillis, D. M. 2006. Resolution of phylogenetic conflict in large data stes by increased taxon sampling. Syst. Biol. 55: 522-529.

Heenan, P. B. [et al. 2012], Goeke, D. F., Houliston, G. J., & Lysak, M. A. 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and rbcL DNA sequences for sixteen genera of Australian and New Zealand Brassicaceae result in the expansion of the tribe Microlepidieae. Taxon 61: 970-979.

Hegi, G. 1965. Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa, Band III, Teil 3, Lief. 1. Carl Hanser, Munich.

Heglmeier, A., & Zidorn, C. 2010. Secondary metabolites of Posidonia oceanica (Posidoniaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38: 964-970.

Hegnauer, R. 1962-onwards. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 1, 1962; vol. 2, 1963; vol. 3, 1964; vol. 5, 1969a; vol. 6, 1973; vol. 7, 1986; vol. 8, 1989; vol. 9, 1990; vol. 10, 1992 [index]; vol. 11a, 1994; vol. 11b-1, 1996. Birkhäuser, Basel.

Hegnauer, R. 1969b. Chemical evidence for the classification of some plant taxa. Pp. 121-138, in Harborne, J. B., & Swain, T. (eds), Perspectives in Phytochemistry. Academic Press, London.

Hegnauer, R. 1971. Chemical patterns and relationships of Umbelliferae. Pp. 267-277, in Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae. Academic Press, London.

Hegnauer, R. 1977. Cyanogenic compounds as systematic markers in Tracheophyta. Pp. 191-209, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), Flowering Plants: Evolution and Classification of Higher Categories. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 1.]

Hegnauer, R. 1986. Comparative phytochemistry and plant taxonomy. Giorn. Bot. Italiano 120: 15-26.

Hegnauer, R. 1988. Biochemistry, distribution and taxonomic relevance of higher plant alkaloids. Phytochem. 27: 2423-2427.

Hegnauer, R., & Grayer-Barkmeijer, R. J. 1993. Relevance of seed polysaccharides and flavonoids for the classification of the Leguminosae: A chemotaxonomic approach. Phytochem. 34: 3-16.

Hegnauer, R., & Hegnauer, M. 2001. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 11b-2. Birkhäuser, Basel.

Hegnauer, R., & Kooiman, P. 1978. Die systematische Bedeutung von iridoiden Inhaltstoffen in Rahmen von Wettsteins's Tubiflorae. Planta Medica 33: 1-33.

Heide-Jørgensen, H. S. 2008. Parasitic Flowering Plants. Brill, Leiden.

Heikkilä, M. [et al. 2011], Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C., & Wahlberg, N. 2012 [= 2011]. Cretaceous origin and repeated Tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 279: 1093-1099.

Heil, M. [et al. 2009], González-Teuber, M., Clement, L. W., Kautz, S., Verhaagh, M., & Bueno, J. C. S. 2009. Divergent investment strategies of Acacia myrmecophytes and coexistence of mutualists and exploiters. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 18091-19096.

Heilborn, O. 1931. Studies on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and embryology of the genus Siparuna Aubl. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 202-228.

Heilbuth, J. C. 2000. Species richness in dioecious clades. American Naturalist 156: 221-241.

Heilmeier, H., & Hartung, W. 2011. Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter: An aquatic poikilohydric angiosperm that is perfectly adapted to its complex and extreme anvironmental conditions. Pp. 233-251, in Lüttge, U., Beck, E., & Bertels, D. (eds), Plant Dessication Tolerance. Springer, Berlin. [Ecological Studies vol. 215.]

Heimhofer, U. [et al. 2005], Hochuli, P. A., Burla, S., Dinis, J., & Weissert, H. 2005. Timing of Early Cretaceous angiosperm diversification and possible links to major paleoenvironmental change. Geology 33: 141-144.

Heimhofer, U. [et al. 2007], Hochuli, P. A., Burla, S., & Weissert, H. 2007. New records of Early Cretaceous pollen from Portugese coastal deposits: Implications for the timing of the early angiosperm radiation. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 144: 39-76.

Heimsch, C., & Seago, J. L., Jr. 2008. Organization of the root apical meristem in angiosperms. American J. Bot. 95: 1-21.

Heinig, K. H. 1951. Studies in the floral morphology of the Thymelaeaceae. American J. Bot. 38: 113-132.

Heinrichs, J. [et al. 2006], Hentschel, J., Wilson, R., Feldberg, K., & Schneider, H. 2006. Evolution of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniidae, Marchantiophyta): Estimating divergence times from chloroplast DNA sequences using penalized likelihood with integrated fosil evidence. Taxon 56: 31-44.

Heintzelman, C. E. Jr., & Howard, R. A. 1948. The comparative morphology of the Icacinaceae. V. The pubescence and the crystals. American J. Bot. 35: 42-52.

Heiss, A. G. [et al. 2011], Kropf, M., Sontag, S., & Weber, A. 2011. Seed morphology of Nigella s.l. (Ranunculaceae): Identification, diagnostic traits, and their potential phylogenetic relevance. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 172: 267-284.

Hekking, W. H. A. 1984. Studies on neotropical Violaceae: The genus Fusispermum. Proc. Kon. Nederlands Akad. Wetensch. Bot. C 87: 121-130, figs 1-2.

Hekking, W. H. A. 1988. Flora Neotropica. Monograph 46. Violaceae Part I - Rinorea and Rinoreocarpus. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Heklau, H. [et al. 2012], Gasson, P., Schweingruber, F., & Baas, P. 2012. Wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s.l.). IAWA J. 33: 205-232.

Helber, N. [et al. 2011], Wippel, K., Sauer, N., Schaarschmidt, S., Hause, B., & Requena, N. 2011. A versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. is crucial for the symbiotic relationships with plants. Plant Cell. 23: 3812-3823.

Heller, J. 1935. Über die männlichen Kätzchen windblütiger Holzgewächse. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 1, 53: 51-94.

Hellwig, F. H. 2004. Centaureinae (Asteraceae) in the Mediterranean - history and ecogeograophical radiation. PLant Syst. Evol. 246: 137-162.

Hellwig, F. H. 2006. Calyceraceae. Pp. 19-25, in Kadereit, J. W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VIII. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin.

Hemingway, C. A. [et al. 2011], Christensen, A. R., & Malcomber, S. T. 2011. B- and C-class gene expression during corona development of the blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea, Passifloraceae). American J. Bot. 98: 923-934.

Hemminga, M. A., & Duarte, C. M. 2000. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hempel, A. L. [et al. 1995], Reeves, P. A., Olmstead, R. G., & Jansen, R. K. 1995. Implications of rbcL sequence data for higher order relationships of the Loasaceae and the anomalous aquatic plant Hydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 194: 25-37.

Hemsley, A. R., & Poole, I. (eds). 2004. The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hemsley, W. B. 1903. On the genus Corynocarpus, Forst., with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Bot. 17: 743-760, pl. 36.

Henderson, A. 1986. A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Bot. Review 52: 221-259.

Henderson, A. 2002. Evolution and Ecology of Palms. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, N.Y.

Henderson, F. M. 2006. Morphology and anatomy of palm seedlings. Bot. Review 72: 273-329.

Henderson, F. M., & Stevenson, D. W. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Arecaceae based on seedling morphological and anatomical data. Pp. 251-264, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 251-264.]

Hendry, G. A. F. 1993. Evolutionary origins and natural functions of fructans - a climatological, biogeographic and mechanistic appraisal. New Phytol. 123: 3-14.

Hendry, G. A. F., & Wallace, R. K. 1993. The origin, distribution and evolutionary significance of fructans. Pp. 119-139, in Suzuki, M., & Chatterton, J. N. (eds), Science and Technology of Fructans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA.

Henkel, T. W. [et al. 2002], Terborgh, J., & Vilgalys, R. J. 2002. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their leguminous hosts in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Mycol. Res. 106: 515-531.

Henkel, T. W. [et al. 2012], Aime, M. C., Chin, M. M. L., Miller, S. L., Vilgalys, R., & Smith, M. E. 2012. Ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp diversity and discovery of new taxa in Dicymbe monodominant forests of the Guiana Shield. Biodiover. Conserv. 21: 2195-2220.

Hennequin, S. [et al. 2008], Schuettpelz, E., Pryer, K. M., Ebihara, A., & Dubuisson, J.-Y. 2008. Divergence times and the evolution of epiphytism in filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) revisited. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1278-1287.

Hennequin, S. [et al. 2010], Ebihara, A., Dubuisson, J.-Y., & Schneider, H. 2010. Chromosome number evolution in Hymenophyllum (Hymenophyllaceae), with special reference to the subgenus Hymenophyllum. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 55: 47-59.

Hennig, S. [et al. 1994], Barthlott, W., Meusel, I., & Theisen, I. 1994. Mikromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae und Hamamelididae. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 90: 1-60.

Henrickson, J. 1969. Anatomy of periderm and cortex of Fouquieriaceae. Aliso 7: 97-126.

Henrickson, J., & Flyr, L. D. 1985. Systematics of Leucophyllum and Eremogeton (Scrophulariaceae). Sida 11: 107-172.

Henry, A. 1846. Knospenbilder, ein Beitrag zur der Verzweigungsart der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akad. Naturf. 22: 171–342.

Henslow, G. 1893. A theoretical origin of the endogens from exogens through self-adaptation to an aquatic habitat. J. Linnean Soc. Bot. 29: 485-528.

Hentrich, H. 2008. The Reproductive Biolofy of Euglossine-Pollinated Bees in the Natural Reserve Nouragues, French Guiana. Dissertation Dr. rer. nat., Facultät fur Naturwissenschaften, Universität Ulm.

Hentrich, H. [et al. 2010a], Kaiser, R., & Gottsberger, G. 2010a. The reproductive biology of Voyria (Gentianaceae) species in French Guiana. Taxon 59: 867-880.

Hentrich, H. [et al. 2010b], Kaiser, R., & Gottsberger, G. 2010b. Floral biology and reproductive isolation by floral scent in three sympatric aroid species in French Guiana. Plant Biol. 12: 587-96.

Henwood, M. J., & Hart, J. M. 2001. Towards an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Australian Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 269-289.

Henwood, M. J. [et al. 2010], Lu-Irving, P., & Perkins, A. J. 2010. Can molecular systematics provide insights into aspects of the reproductive biology of Trachymene Rudge (Araliaceae)? Plant Divers. Evol. 128: 85-110.

He-Nygrén, X. [et al. 2004], Ahonen, I., Juslén, A., Glenny, D., & Piippo, S. 2004. Phylogeny of liverworts - beyond a leaf and a thallus. Pp. 87-118, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

He-Nygrén, X. [et al. 2006], Juslén, A., Ahonen, I., Glenny, D., & Piippo, S. 2006. Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) - towards a natural classification. Cladistics 22: 1-31.

Heo, H. 199-? Pericarp anatomy in Lauraceae (Laurales): Its systematic and evolutionary implications. Missouri Bot. Gard. Library.

Heo, K., & Tobe, H. 1994. Embryology and relationships of Suriana maritima L. (Surianaceae). J. Plant Res. 107: 29–37.

Heo, K., & Tobe, H. 1995. Embryology and relationships of Gyrocarpus and Hernandia (Hernandiaceae). J. Plant Res. 108: 327-341.

Heo, K. [et al. 1998], van der Werff, H., & Tobe, H. 1998. Embryology and relationships of Lauraceae (Laurales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 126: 295-322.

Heo, K. [et al. 2004], Kinoto, Y., Riveros, M., & Tobe, H. 2004. Embryology of Gomortegaceae (Laurales): Characteristics and character evolution. J. Plant Res. 117: 221-228.

Herber, B. E. 2002a. Pollen morphology of Thymelaeaceae in relation to its taxonomy. Plant Syst. Evol. 232: 107-121.

Herber, B. E. 2002b. Thymelaeaceae. Pp. 373-396, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. V. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Malvales, Capparales and Non-Betalain Caryophyllales. Springer, Berlin.

Herbert, J. [et al. 2006], Chase, M. W., Möller, M., & Abbott, R. J. 2006. Nuclear and plastid DNA sequences confirm the placement of the enigmatic Canacomyrica monticola in Myricaceae. Taxon 55: 349-357.

Herendeen, P. S. 2000. Structural evolution in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae). Pp. 45-64, in Herendeen, P. S., & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Herendeen, P. S., & Miller, R. B. 2000. Utility of wood anatomical characters in cladistic studies. IAWA J. 21: 247-276.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1995], Crane, P. R., & Drinnan, A. N. 1995. Fagaceous flowers, fruits and cupules from the Campanian (late Cretaceous) of central Georgia, U.S.A.. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 156: 93-116.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1999a], Magallon-Puebla, S., Lupia, R., Crane, P. R., & Kobylinska, J. 1999a. A preliminary conspectus of the Allon flora from the Late Cretaceous (Late Santonian) of central Georgia, U.S.A. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 407-471.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 1999b], Wheeler, E. A., & Baas, P. 1999b. Angiosperm wood evolution and the potential contribution of paleontological data. Bot. Review 65: 278-300.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 2003a], Lewis, G. P., & Bruneau, A. 2003a. Floral morphology in Caesalpinioid legumes: Testing the monophyly of the "Umtiza clade". Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 suppl): S393-S407.

Herendeen, P. S. [et al. 2003b], Bruneau, A., & Lewis, G. P. 2003b. Phylogenetic relationships in Caesalpinioid legumes: A preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data. Pp. 37-62, in Kligaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 10. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Herhey, D. R. 2004. The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque or calvaria tree absoultely required the dodo bird for its seeds to germinate. Plant Sci. Bull. 50: 105-108.

Hermann, P. M., & Palser, B. F. 2000. Stamen development in the Ericaceae. I. Anther wall, microsporogenesis, inversion, and appendages. American J. Bot. 87: 934-957.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2003], Gandolfo, M. A., Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2003. Divisestylus gen. nov. (aff. Iteaceae), a fossil saxifrage from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, U.S.A.. American J. Bot. 90: 1373-1388.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2006a], Taylor, T. N., Taylor, E. L., & Stevenson D. W. 2006a. Cataphylls of the Middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution. American J. Bot. 93: 724-738.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2006b], Nixon, K. C., & Crepet, W. L. 2006b. The impact of extinct taxa on understanding the early evolution of angiosperm clades: An example incorporating fossil reproductive structures of Saxifragales. Plant Syst. Evol. 260: 141-169.

Hermsen, E. J. [et al. 2012], Gandolfo, M. A., & Zamaloa, M. del C. 2012. The fossil record of Eucalyptus in Patagonia. American J. Bot. 99: 1356-1374.

Hernandez S., L. 1995. Taxonomic study of the Mexican genus Hemiphylacus (Hyacintheaceae). Syst. Bot. 20: 546-554.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R., & Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. 1999. Reproductive and vegetative organs with affinities to Haloragaceae from the upper Cretaceous Huepac Chert locality of Sonora, Mexico. American J. Bot. 86: 1717-1734.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R. [et al. 2001], Rothwell, G. W., & Mapes, G. 2001. Thucydiaceae fam. nov., with a review and reevaluation of Paleozoic walchian conifers. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 1155-1185.

Hernández-Castillo, G. R. [et al. 2009], Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W., & Mapes, G. 2009. Reconstructing Emporia lockardii (Voltziales: Emporiaceae) and initial thoughts on Paleozoic conifer ecology. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 1056-1074.

Hernández-Hernández, T. [et al. 2011], Hernández, H. M., De-Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L. E., & Magallón, S. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). American J. Bot. 98: 44-61.

Hernández-Hernández, V. [et al. 2012], Terrazas, T., Mehltreter, K., & Angeles, G. 2012. Studies of petiolar anatomy in ferns: Structural diversity and systematic significance of the circumendodermal band. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 169: 596-610.

Herppich, W. B. 2004. Ist der CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) eine Anpassung an Trockenstress? Schumannia 4 [= Biodivers. Ecol. 2]: 207-215.

Herr, J. M. Jr. 1961. Endosperm development and associated ovule modifications in the genus Ilex. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 77: 26-32.

Herr, J. M. Jr., & Dowd, M. L. 1968. Development of the ovule and megagametophyte in Oxalis corniculata L. Phyomorphology 18: 43-55.

Herre, E. A. 1996. An overview of studies on a community of Panamanian figs. J. Biogeog. 23: 593-607.

Herre, E. A. [et akl. 2005], van Bael, S. A., Maynard, Z., Robbins, N., Bischoff, J., Arnold, A. E., Rojas, E., Mejia, L. C., Cordera, R. A., Woodward, C., & Kyllo, D. A. 2005. Tropical plants as chimera: Some implications of foliar endophytic fungi for the study of host-plant defence, physiology and genetics. Pp. 226-237, in Burslem, D. F. R. P., Pinard, M. A., & Hartley, S. E. (eds). Biotic Interactions in the Trpics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Herre, E. A. [et al. 2008], Jandér, K. C., & Machado, C. A. 2008. Evolutionary ecology of figs and their associates: Recent progress and outstanding puzzles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 39: 439-458.

Herrera, F. A. [et al. 2008], Jaramillo, C. A., Dilcher, D. L., Wing, S. L., & Gómez-N. 2008. Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American J. Bot. 95: 1569-1583.

Herrera, F. [et al. 2011], Manchester, S. R., Hoot, S. B., Wefferling, K. M., Carvalho, M. R., & Jaramillo, C. 2011. Phytogeographic implications of fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the Paleocene of Colombia. American J. Bot. 98: 2004-2017.

Herrera, F. [et al. 2012], Manchester, S. R., & Jaramillo, C. 2012. Permineralized fruits from the late Eocene of Panama give clues of the composition of forests established early in the uplift of Central America. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 175: 10-24.

Herrera, J. [et al. 2009], Khidir, H., & Porras-Alfaro, A. 2009. Fungal endophytes as coprophiles? P. 40, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Herrera, J. [et al. 2010], Manchester, S. R., Jaramillo, C., McFadden, B., & de Silva-Caminha, S. A. 2010. Phytogeographic history and phylogeny of the Humiriaceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 392-408.

Herrera, M. 1989. Seed dispersal by animals: A role in angiosperm diversification? American Naturalist 133: 309-322.

Herrera, M., & Arbeloa, A. 1989. Influence of the pistil on pollen tube kinetics in peach (Prunus persica). American J. Bot. 76: 1441-1447.

Herrmann, S. 1951. Heteroplastische Transplantationem bei Holzpflanzen. Naturwissenschaften 38: 101.

Hershkovitz, M. A. 1993. Revised circumscriptions and subgeneric taxonomies of Calandrinia and Montiopsis (Portulacaceae) with notes on phylogeny of the portulacaceous alliance. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 333-365.

Hershkovitz, M. A. 2006. Ribosomal and chloroplast DNA evidence for diversification of western American Portulacaceae in the Andean region. Gayana Bot. 63: 13-74.

Hershkovitz, M. A., & Zimmer, E. A. 1997. On the evolutionary origins of the cacti. Taxon 46: 217-232.

Hershkovitz, M. A., & Zimmer, E. A. 2000. Ribosomal DNA evidence and disjunctions of western American Portulacaceae. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 15: 419-439.

Hertel, R. J. C. 1959. Contribuições para a fi tologia teórica II. Algumas concepções na carpologia. Humanitas 4: 1-43.

Herzog, T. 1936. Sapindaceae. Pp. 35-42, maps 31-37b, in Diels, L., & Samuelsson, G. (eds.), Die Pflanzenareale, vol. 4(4). Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Heslop-Harrison, J. S., & Schwarzacher, T. 2007. Domestication, genomics and the future for banana. Ann. Bot. 100: 1073-1084.

Heslop-Harrison, J. [et al. 1975], Heslop-Harrison, Y., & Barber, J. 1975. The stigma surface in incompatibility responses. Proc. Royal Soc. B, 188: 287-297.

Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1981. Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy. Nordic J. Bot. 1: 401-420.

Heslop-Harrison, Y., & Shivanna, K. R. 1977. The receptive surface of the angiosperm stigma. Ann. Bot. N.S. 41: 1233-1258, + 4 pl.

Hess, R. W. 1950. Classification of the wood parenchyma in dicotyledons. Trop. Woods 96: 1-20.

Hess, W. J., & Henrickson, J. 1987. A taxonomic revision of Vauquelinia (Rosaceae). Sida 12: 101-163.

Hesse, M. 1986. Nature, form and function of pollen-connecting threads in angiosperms. Pp. 109-118, in Blackmore, S., & Ferguson, I. K. (eds), Pollen and Spores: Form and Function. Academic Press, London.

Hesse, M. 2001. Pollen characters of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae): A reinvestigation. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 201-208.

Hesse, M. 2002. The uniquely designed pollen aperture in Lasioideae (Araceae). Aroideana 25: 51-59.

Hesse, M. 2006a. Pollen wall ultrastructure in Araceae and Lemnaceae in relation to molecular classifications. Pp. 204-208, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 204-208.]

Hesse, M. 2006b. Reasons and consequences of the lack of sporopollenin ektexine in Aroideae (Araceae). Flora 201: 421-428.

Hesse, M., & Kubitzki, K. 1983. The sporoderm ultrastructure in Persea, Nectandra, Gomortega and some other Lauralean genera. Plant Syst. Evol. 141: 299-311.

Hesse, M., & Zetter, R. 2005. Ultrastructure and diversity of recent and fossil zona-aperturate pollen grains. Plant Syst. Evol. 255: 145-176.

Hesse, M., & Zetter, R. 2007. The fossil pollen record of Araceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 263: 93-115.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2001], Bogner, J., Halbritter, H., & Weber, M. 2001. Palynology of the perigonate Aroideae: Zamioculcas, Gonatopus and Stylochaeton (Araceae). Grana 40: 26-34.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2009a], Halbritter, H., & Weber, M. 2009a. Beschorneria yuccoides and Asimina triloba (L.) Dun.: Examples for proximal polar germinating pollen in angiosperms. Grana 48: 151-159.

Hesse, M. [et al. 2009b], Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A., & Ulrich, S. 2009b. Pollen Terminology. An Illustrated Handbook. Springer, Wein.

Hetherington, A. M., & Woodward, F. I. 2003. The riole of stomta in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 424: 901-908.

Heubl, G. R., & Wistuba, A. 1997. A cytological study of the genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae). Sendtnera 4: 169-174.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 1990], Gaviria, J. C., & Wanner, G. 1990. A contribution to the taxonomy and evolution of Cordia (Boraginaceae) and allied genera. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 129-165.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 2006], Bringmann, G., & Meimberg, H. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales - revisited. Plant Biol. 8: 821-830.

Heubl, G. R. [et al. 2010], Turini, F., Mudogo, V., Kajahn, I., & Bringmann, G. 2010. Ancistrocladus iliboensis (D.R. Congo), a new liana with unque alkaloids. Plant Ecol. Evol. 143: 63-69.Hewson, H. J. 1986. Hanguanaceae. Pp. 172-173, in George, A. S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 46. Iridaceae to Dioscoreaceae. Australian Government, Canberra.

Hewson, H. J. 1988. Plant Indumentum. A Handbook of Terminology. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Heywood, V. H. 1973. General discussion. Pp. 310-315, in Bendz, G., & Santesson, J. (eds), Chemistry in Botanical Classification. Academic Press, New York. [Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Nobel Symposium.]

Heywood, V. H. (ed.). 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Heywood, V. H. 2007. Biebersteiniaceae, p. 62, Iteaceae, pp. 174-175, Lepidobotryaceae, p. 191, Myristicaceae, pp. 223-224, Neuradaceae, pp. 228-229, Nymphaeaceae, pp. 231-232, Peridiscaceae, p. 249, Quintiniaceae, p. 272, Solanaceae, pp. 305-307, Turneraceae, pp. 325-326, and Zingiberaceae, pp. 408-409, in Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. (eds), Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Heywood, V. H. [et al.], Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hibberd, J. M., & Jeschke, W. D. 2001. Solute flux into parasitic plants. J. Experim. Bot. 52: 2043-2049.

Hibbett, D. S. 2004. Trends in morpholgical evolution in homobasidiomycetes inferred using maximum likelihood: A comparison of binary and multistate approaches. Syst. Biol. 53: 889-903.

Hibbett, D. S., & Matheny, P. B. 2009. The relative ages of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and their plant hosts estimated using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses. BMC Biol. 7:13.

Hibbett, D. S. [et al. 2000], Gilbert, L. B., & Donoghue. M. J. 2000. Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes. Nature 407: 506-508.

Hibbett, D. S. [et al. 2007], Binder, M., Bischoff, J. F., Blackwell, M., Cannon, P. F., Eriksson, O. E., Huhndorf, S., James, T., Kirk, P. M., Lücking, R., Lumbsch, H. T., Lutzoni, F., Matheny, P. B., McLaughlin, D. J., Powell, M. J., Redhead, S., Schoch, C. L., Spatafora, J. W. Stalpers, J. A., Vilgalys, R., Aime, M. C., Aptroot, A., Bauer, R., Begerow, D., Benny, G. L., Castlebury, L. A., Crous, P. W., Dai, Y.-C., Gams, W., Geiser, D. M., Griffith, G. W., Gueidan, C., Hawksworth, D. L., Hestmark, G., Hosaka, K., Humber, R. A., Hyde, K. D., Ironside, J. E., Kõljalg, U., Kurtzman, C. P., Larsson, K.-H., Lichtwardt, R., Longcore, J., Miadlikowska, J., Miller, A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Mozley-Standridge, S., Oberwinkler, F., Parmasto, E., Reeb, V., Rogers, J. D., Roux, C., Ryvarden L., Sampaio, J. P., Schüßler, A., Sugiyama, J., Thorn, R. G., Tibell, L., Untereiner, W. A., Walker, C., Wang, Z., Weir, A., Weiss, M., White, M. M., Winka, K., Yao, Y.-J., & Zhang, N. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycol. Res. 111: 509-547.

Hibsch-Jetter, C. [et al. 1997], Soltis, D. E., & McFarlane, T. D. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of Eremosyne pectinata (Saxifragaceae s.l.) based on rbcL sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 204: 225-232.

Hickey, L. J. 1979. A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. Pp. 25-39, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hickey, L. J., & Doyle, J. A. 1977. Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Bot. Rev. 43: 1-104.

Hickey, L. J., & Wolfe, J. A. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Vegetative morphology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 538-589.

Hickey, L. J., & Taylor, D. W. 1991. The leaf architecture of Ticodendron and the application of foliar characters in the discovery of its relatives. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 105-130.

Hickey, L. J., & Taylor, D. W. 1995. Origin of the angiosperm flower. Pp. 176-230, in Taylor, D. W. & Hickey, L. J. (eds), Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Hickey, M., & King, C. 2000. The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hidalgo, O. [et al. 2004], Garnatje, T., Susanna, A., & Mathez, J. 2004. Phylogeny of Valerianaceae based on matK and ITS markers, with reference to matK individual polymorphism. Ann. Bot. 93: 283-294.

Hidayat, T. [et al. 2005], Yukawa, T., & Ito, M. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of subtribe Aeridinae (Orchidaceae): Insights from plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. J. Plant Res. 118: 271-284.

Hideux, M. J., & Ferguson, I. K. 1976. The stereostructure of the exine and its evolutionary significance in Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Pp. 327-377, in Ferguson, I. K., & Muller, J. (eds), The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine. Academic Press, London.

Hiepko, P. 1964. Das zentrifugale Androeceum der Paeoniaceae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 77: 427-435.

Hiepko, P. 1965. Vergleichend-morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen über das Perianth bei den Polycarpicae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 84: 359-426, taf. 20, 21 (part I), 427-508, taf. 22-24 (part II).

Hiepko, P. 1966. Zur Morphologie, Anatomie und Funktion des Diskus der Paeoniaceae. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 79: 233-245, pl. 3.

Hiepko, P. 1984. Opiliaceae. Pp. 31-52, in Steenis, C. G. G. J. van (ed.), Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 10. Nijhoff, The Hague.

Hiepko, P. 2000. Flora Neotropica Monograph 82. Opiliaceae. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Hiern, W. P. 1898. A new genus of Ericaceae from Angola. J. Bot. 36: 329-330, pl.

Higashiyama, T. [et al. 2006], Inatsugi, R., Sakamoto, S., Sasaki, N., Mori, T., Kuroiwa, H., Nakada, T., Nozaki, H., Kuroiwa, T., & Nakano, A. 2006. Species preferentiality of the pollen tube attractant derived from the synergid cell of Torenia fournieri. Plant Physiol. 142: 481-491.

Higgins, K. L. [et al. 2007], Arnold, A. E., Miadlikowska, J., Sarvate, S. D., & Lutzoni, F. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships, host affinity, and geographic structure of boreal and arctic endophytes from three major plant lineages. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 42: 543-555.

Higgins, S. I. [et al. 2003], Nathan, R., & Cain, M. L. 2003. Are long-distance dispersal events in plants usually caused by nonstandard means of dispersal? Ecology 84: 1945-1956.

Hileman, L. C. [et al. 2001], Vasey, M. C., & Parker, V. T. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. Syst. Bot. 26: 131-143.

Hilger, H. H. 1978a. Der multilakunäre Knoten einiger Melianthus- und Greyia-Arten in Vergleich mit anderen Knotentypen. Flora 167: 165-176.

Hilger, H. H. 1978b. Leitbündelverbindungen in den Rhachisknoten der Fiederblätter von Melianthus comosus, M. minor, M. major und Bersama abyssinica (Melianthaceae, Sapindales). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 100: 221-236.

Hilger, H. H. 1985. Ontogenie, Morphologie und systematische Bedeutung geflügelter und glochidientragender Cynoglosseae- und Eritricheae-Früchte (Boraginaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105: 323-378.

Hilger, H. H., & Diane, N. 2003. A systematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on trnL and ITS1 sequence data. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 125: 19-51.

Hilger, H. H. [et al. 2010], Cole, T. C. H., & Wink, M. 2010. Neue Namen für altbekannte Arznei- und Giftpflanzen. Deutsche Apoth. Zeit. 150: 3114-3123 [no. 28: 48-50, 53-59.]

Hill, K. D. 2005. Diversity and evolution of gymnosperms. Pp. 25-44, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CABI International, Wallingford.

Hill, K. D., & Stevenson, D. W. 1998-. The Cycad Pages. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/.

Hill, K. D. [et al. 2003], Chase, M. W., Stevenson, D. W., Hills, H. G., & Schutzman, B. 2003. The families and genera of cycads: A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cycadophyta based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164: 944-948.

Hill, K. D. [et al. 2004], Stevenson, D. W., & Osborne, R. 2004. The world list of cycads. Bot. Review 70: 274-298.

Hill, R. S. 1986. Lauraceous leaves from the Eocene of Nerriga, New South Wales. Alcheringia 10: 327-351.

Hill, R. S. 1998. Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 391-400.

Hill, R. S. 2001. Biogeography, evolution and palaeoecology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae): The contribution of the fossil record. Australian J. Bot. 49: 321–332.

Hill, R. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 1999. Southern conifers in time and space. Australian J. Bot. 47: 639-696.

Hill, R. S., & Brodribb, T. J. 2006. The evolution of Australia's living biota. Pp. 19-40, in Attiwill, P., & Wilson, B. (eds), Ecology: An Australian Perspective. Oxford Universuty Press, Melbourne.

Hill, R. S., & Jordan, G. J. 1993. The evolutionary history of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). Australian Syst. Bot. 6: 111-126.

Hill, R. S. [et al. 1995], Scriven, L. J., & Jordan, G. J. 1995. The fossil record of Australian Proteaceae. Pp. 21-30, in McCarthy, P. M. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 16. Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. A.B.R.S./C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne.

Hilliard, O. M. 1994. The Manuleeae, a Tribe of Scrophulariaceae. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Hilliard, O. M. The Tribe Selagineae (Scrophulariaceae). Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

Hilliard, O. M., & Burtt, B. L. 1971. Streptocarpus, an African Plant Study. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Hilliard, O. M., & Burtt, B. L. 1977. Notes on some plants of Southern Africa chiefly from Natal: VI. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 155-177.

Hils, M. H. 1985. Comparative Anatomy and Systematics of Twelve Woody Australasian Genera of the Saxifragaceae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Hils, M. H. [et al. 1988], Dickison, W. C., Lucansky, T. W., & Stern, W. L. 1988. Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Tetracarpaea. American J. Bot. 75: 1687-1700.

Hilton, J., & Bateman, R. M. 2006. Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133: 119-168.

Hilu, K. 2004. Phylogenetics and chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae (grasses). Australian J. Bot. 52: 13-22.

Hilu, K. 2007a. Skewed distribution of species number in grass genera: Is it a taxonomic artefact? Pp. 165-176, in Hodkinson, T. R., & Parnell. J. A. N. (eds), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA. [Systematics Association Special Volume Series 72.]

Hilu, K. 2007b. A century of progress in grass systematics. Kew Bull. 62: 355-373.

Hilu, K., & Alice, L. A. 1999. Evolutionary implications of matK indels in Poaceae. American J. Bot. 86: 1735-1741.

Hilu, K. [et al. 2001], Borsch, T., Savolainen, V., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., Chase, M. W., Muller, K., Slotta, T. A. B., Powell, M. P., Chatrou, L. W., Rohwer, J. G., Sauquet, H., Cuénoud, P., Neinhuis, C., & Alice, L. A. 2001. Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence data. P. 118, in Botany 2001: Plants and People, Abstracts. [Albuquerque.]

Hilu, K. [et al. 2003], Borsch, T., Muller, K., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Savolainen, V., Chase, M. W., Powell, M. P., Alice, L. A., Evans, R., Sauquet, H., Neinhuis, C., Slotta, T. A. B., Rohwer, J. G., Campbell, C. S., & Chatrou, L. W. 2003. Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence information. American J. Bot. 90: 1758-1766.

Hilu, K. [et al. 2008], Black, C., Diouf, D., & Burleigh, J. G. 2008. Phylogenetic signal in matK vs. trnK: A case study in early diverging eudicots (angiosperms). Molec. Phyl. Evol. 48: 1120-1130.

Himmelreich, S. [et al. 2008], Källersjö, M., Eldenäs, P., & Oberprieler, C. 2008. Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae-Anthemideae based on nrDNA UTS and cpDNA ndhF sequence information. Plant Syst. Evol. 272: 131-153.

Himmelreich, S. [et al. 2012], Breitwieser, I., & Oberprieler, C. 2012. Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of sex expression in the southern hemisphere genus Leptinella (Compositae, Anthemidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 65: 464-481.

Hinchcliff, C. E. [et al. 2010], Lliully, A., Carey, T., & Roalson, E. H. 2010. The origins of Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) and the status of Websteria, Egleria, and Chillania. Taxon 59: 709-719.

Hind, D. J. N., Jeffrey, C., & Pope, G. V. (eds). 1995. Advances in Compositae Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hinds, T. E. [et al. 1963], Hawksworth, F. G., & McGinnies, W. J. 1963. Seed discharge in Arceuthobium: A photographic study. Science 140: 1236-1238.

Hines, H. M. 2008. Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Syst. Biol. 57: 58-75.

Hinsley, S. R. The Malvaceae Pages. 2002. http://www.malvaceae.info.

Hipp, A. L. 2007. Nonuniform processes of chromosome evolution in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae). Evolution 61: 2175-2194.

Hipp, A. L. [et al. 2009], Rothrock, P. E., & Roalson, E. H. 2009. The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae). Bot. Rev. 75: 96-109.

Hipp, A. L. [et al. 2011], Roalson, E. H., Chung, K.-S., & Escudero, M. 2011. Chromosome evolution and its effects on diversification in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae). Pp. 231-232, in XVIII International Botanical Congress 2011, Melbourne. [Abstracts.]

Hirao, T. [et al. 2008], Watanabe, A., Kurita, M., & Kondo, T. 2008. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Cryptomeria japonica D. Don chloroplast genome and comparative chloroplast genomics: Diversified genomic structure of coniferous species. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 70.

Hiratsuka, J. [ et al. 1989], Shimada, H., Whittier, R., Ishibashi, T., Sakamoto, M., Mori, M., Kondo, C., Honji, Y., Sun, C.-R., Meng, B.-Y., Li, Y.-Q., Kanno, A., Nishizawa, Y., Hirai, A., Shinozaki, K., & Sugiura, M. 1989. The complete sequence of the rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplast genome: Intermolecular recombination between distinct tRNA genes accounts for a major plastid inversion during the evolution of the cereals. Mol. General Genetics 217: 185-194.

Hirmer, M. 1917. Beiträge zur Morphologie der polyandrische Blüten. Flora 110: 140-192.

Hirmer, M. 1920. Beiträge zur Organographie der Orchideenblüte. Flora 113: 213-310, pl. 10-12.

Hirner, A. [et al. 2006], Ladwig, F., Stransky, H., Okumoto, S., Keinath, M., Harms, A., Frommer, W. B., & Koch, W. 2006. Arabidopsis LHT1 is a high-affinity transporter for cellular amino acid uptake in both root epidermis and leaf mesophyll. Plant Cell 18: 1931-1946.

Hirschegger, P. [et al. 2010], Jakse, J., Trontelj, P., & Bohanec, B. 2010. Origins of Allium ampeloprasum horticultural groups and a molecular phylogeny of the section Allium (Allium: Alliaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 54: 488-497.

Hisamoto, Y. [et al. 2008], Kashiwagi, H., & Kobayashi, M. 2008. Use of flowering gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs in the phylogenetic analysis of bambusoid and early diverging grasses. J. Plant Res. 121: 451-461.

Hiscock, S. J., & Tabah, D. A. 2003. The different mechanisms of sporophytic self-incompatibility. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B, 358: 1037-1045.

Hizume, M. 1997. Chromosomes of Ginkgo biloba. Pp. 109-118, in Hori, T., Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds), Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Hjelmqvist, H. 1953. The embryo sac development of Quercus robur L. Phytomorph. 3: 377-382.

Hjertson, M. L. 1995. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Lindenbergia (Scrophulariaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 119: 265-321.

Hjertson, M. L. 1997. Systematics of Lindenbergia and Campylanthus (Scrophulariaceae). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

Ho, G. W. C. [et al. 2009], Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. K. 2009. Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: First record of the genus and tribe from continental China. J. Syst. Evol. 47: 605-607.

Ho, T.-N., & Liu, S.-W. 2001. A World-Wide Monograph of Gentiana. Science Press, Beijing.

Hoch, P. C., & Wagner, W. L. 2006. Toward a new classification for Onagraceae. P. 226, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.].

Hoch, P. C. [et al. 1993], Crisci, J. V., Tobe, H., & Berry, P. E. 1993. A cladistic analysis of the plant family Onagraceae. Syst. Bot. 18: 31-47.

Hocher, V. [et al. 2011], Alloisio, N., Auguy, F., Fournier, P., Doumas, P., Pujic, P., Gherbi, H., Queiroux, C., Da Silva, C., Wincker, P., Normand, P., & Bogusz, D. 2011. Transcriptomics of actinorhizal symbioses reveals homologs of the whole common symbiotic signaling cascade. Plant Physiol. 156: 70-711.

Hochuli, P. A. [et al. 2006], Heimhofer, U., & Weissert, H. 2006. Timing of early angiosperm radiation: Recalibrating the classical succession. J. Geol. Soc. 163: 587-594.

Hocking, B. 1975. Ant-plant mutualism: Evolution and energy. Pp. 78-90, in Gilbert, L. E., & Raven, P. H. (eds), Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Hocking, G. M. 1997. A Dictionary of Natural Products: Terms in the Field of Pharmacognosy Relating to Natural Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Materials and the Plants, Animals, and Minerals from which they are derived. Plexus, Medford, NJ.

Hodges, M. E. [et al. 2012], Wickstead, B., Gull, K., & Langdale, J. A. 2012. The evolution of land plant cilia. New Phytol. 195: 526-540.

Hodges, S. A. 1997. Floral nectar spurs and diversification. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158(6): S81-S88.

Hodges, S. A., & Arnold, M. L. 1995. Spurring plant diversification: Are floral nectar spurs a key innovation? Proc. Royal Soc. London B, 262: 343-348.

Hodgkinson, A. 1977. Oxalic Acid in Biology and Medecine. Academic Press, New York.

Hodgkinson, R. [et al. 2003], Balding, S. T., & Kunz, T. H. 2003. Fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as seed dispersers and pollinators in lowland Malaysian rain forewst. Biotropica 35: 491-502.

Hodkinson, T. R. [et al. 2007], Savolainen, V., Jacobs, S. W. L., Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Kinney, M. S., & Salamin, N. 2007. Supersizing: Progress in documenting and understanding grass species richness. Pp. 275-295, in Hodkinson, T. R., & Parnell. J. A. N. (eds), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLA. [Systematics Association Special Volume Series 72.].

Hodkinson, T. R. [et al. 2008], Salamin, N., Chase, M.W., Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Renvoize, S. A., & Savolainen, V. 2007 [2008]. Large trees, supertreess, and diversification of the grass family. Pp. 248-258, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 248-258.]

Hodson, M. J. [et al. 2005], White, P. J., Mead, A., & Broadley, M. R. 2005. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon concentration of plants. Ann. Bot. 96: 1027-1046.

Hoekert, F. A. 1983. Physiological evolution in angiosperm pollen: Possible role of pollen vigour. Pp. 35-41, in Mulcahy, D. L., & Ottaviano, E. (eds), Pollen: Biology and Implications for Plant Breeding. Elsevier, New York.

Hofer, J. [et al. 1997], Turner, L., Hellens, R., Ambrose, M., Matthews, P., Michael, A., & Ellis, N. 1997. UNIFOLIATA regulates leaf and flower morphogenesis in pea. Curr. Biol. 7: 581-587.

Hoffman, L., & Tomescu, A. 2011. An early origin of secondary growth in the Early Devonian of Gaspé. P. 119, in Botany 2011. Healing the Planet, Abstracts. St Louis.

Hoffman, M. 1999. Flower and fruit development in the genus Phacelia (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae): Characters of systematic value. Syst. Geogr. Plants 68: 203-212.

Hoffmann, M. H. [et al. 2010], von Hagen, K. B., Hörandl, E., Röser, M., & Tkach, N. V. 2010. Sources of the Arctic flora: Origins of Arctic species in Ranunculus and related genera. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 90-106.

Hoffmann, M. T., & Arnold, A. E. 2009. Fungal endophytes harbor diverse, horizontally transmitted bacterial endosymbionts that can alter the fungal phenotype in vitro P. 250, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Hoffmann, M. T., & Arnold, A. E. 2010. Diverse bacteria inhabit living hyphae of phylogenetically diverse fungal endophytes. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 76: 4063-4075.

Hoffmann, P. [et al. 2006], Kathriarachchi, H., & Wurdack, K. J. 2006. A phylogenetic classification of Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales; Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). Kew Bull. 61: 37-53.

Hofmann, C.-C., & Zetter, R. 2010. Upper Cretaceous sulcate pollen from the Timerdyakh formation, Vilui Basin (Siberia). Grana 10: 170-193.

Hofmann, C. C. [et al. 2011], Spicer, R. A., Ahlberg, A., & Herman, A. B. 2011. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of monads and tetrads of basal core eudicots from the Upper Cretaceous Vilui Basin, Siberia: Evidence for reticulate evolution. Pev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 167: 196-211.

Hofmann, U. 1973. Centrospermen-Sudien 6. Morphologische Untersuchungen zur Umgrenzung und Gliederung der Aizoaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 93: 247-324.

Hofmann, U. 1977. Die Stellung von Stegnosperma innerhalb der Centrospermen. Centrospermenstudien 9. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 90: 39-52.

Hofmann, U. 1994. Flower morphology and ontogeny. Pp. 123-166, in Behnke, H.-D., & Mabry, T. J. (eds.), Caryophyllales: Evolution and Systematics. Springer, Berlin.

Hofmann, U., & Göttmann, J. 1990. Morina Wall. und Triplostegia Wall. ex DC. im Vergleich mit Valerianaceae und Dipsacaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 499-553.

Hofreiter, A. 2006. Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herb. a nearly forgotten pre-Columbian cultivated plant and its closest relatives (Alstroemeriaceae). Feddes Repert. 117: 85-95.

Hofreiter, A. 2007. Biogeography and ecology of the Alstroemeriaceae-Luzuriagaceae clade in the high-mountain regions of Central and South America. Harvard Papers Bot. 12: 259-284.

Hofreiter, A., & Tillich, H.-J. 2002. Root anatomy of the Commelinaceae (Monocotyledoneae). Feddes Repert. 113: 231-255.

Högberg, P. 1990. 15N natural abundance as a possible marker of the ectomycorrhizal habit of trees in mixed African woodlands. New Phytol 115: 483-486.

Hohmann, S. [et al. 2006], Kadereit, J. W., & Kadereit, G. 2006. Understanding Mediterranean-Californian disjunctions: Evidence for Chenopodiaceae-Betoideae. Taxon 55: 67-78.

Hollander, J. L., & Vander Wall, S. B. 2009. Dispersal syndromes in North American Ephedra. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 323-330.

Holloway, S. J., & Friedman, W. E. 2008. Embryological features of Tofieldia glutinosa and their bearing on the early diversification of monocotyledonous plants. Ann. Bot. 102: 167-182.

Holm, L. 1979. Some problems in angiosperm taxonomy in the light of rust data. Symb. Bot. Upsalienses 22(4): 177-181.

Holm, L. 1982. Host specificity of parasitizing fungi. Uredinales. Pp. 275-278, in Dahgren, R. M. T., & Clifford, H. T. (eds), The Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study. Academic Press, London.

Holm, R. W. 1950. The American species of Sarcostemma R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 477-560.

Holman, G., [et al. 2010], Cronn, R. C., Gernandt, D. S., Graham, S. W., Kelch, D., Liston, A., Mathews, S., Parks, M., Rai, H., Raubeson, L. A., Rothwell, G. W., Stevenson, D. W., Stockey, R. A., & Campbell, C. S. 2010. Rooting Pinaceae. P. 20, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Holmes, W. C. [et al. 2008], Yip, K. L., & Rushing, A. E. 2008. Taxonomy of Koeberlinia (Koeberliniaceae). Brittonia 60: 171-184.

Holmgren, N. H., & Holmgren, P. K. 1989. A taxonomic study of Jamesia (Hydrangeaceae). Brittonia 41: 335-350.

Holmgren, P. K., & Holmgren, N. H. Index Herbariorum, Ed. 8. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html.

Holst, I. [et al. 2007], Moreno, J. E., & Piperno, D. R. 2007. Identification of teosinte, maize, and Tripsacum in Mesoamerica by using pollen, starch grains and phytoliths. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 17608-17613.

Holttum, R. E. 1955. Growth-habits in monocotyledons - variations on a theme. Phytomorph. 5: 399-413.

Holtum, J. A. M. [et al. 2004], Aranda, J., Virgo, A., Gehrig, H. H., & Winter, K. 2004. delta13C values and crassulacean acid metabolism in Clusia species from Panama. Trees Struct. Funct. 18: 658-668.

Holzapfel, S. 2001. Studies of the New Zealand root-parasite Dactylanthus taylorii (Balanophoraceae). Englera 22: 1-176.

Hong, D.-Y. 1983. The distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the holarctic with special reference to the floristic relationships between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 701-712.

Hong, D.-Y. 1993. Eastern Asia-North American disjunctions and their biological significance. Cathaya 5: 1-39.

Hong, Y.-P. [et al. 2001], Chen, Z.-D., & Lu, A.-M. 2001. Phylogeny of the tribe Menispermeae (Menispermaceae) reconstructed by ITS sequence data. Acta Phytotax. Sinica 32: 97-104. [In Chinese.]

Hong-Wa, C., & Besnard, G. 201. Intricate patterns of phylogenetic relationships in the olive family as inferred from multi-locuas plastid and nuclear DNA sequence analyses: A close up on Chionanthus and Noronhia (Oleaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol.

Hood, M. E. [et al. 2010], Mena-Ali, J. I., Gibson, A. K., Oxelman, B., Giraud, T., Yockteng, R., Arroyo, M. T. K., Conti, F., Petersen, A. B., Gladieux, P., & Antonovics, J. 2010. Distribution of the anther-smut pathogen Microbotryum on species of the Caryophyllaceae. New Phytol. 187: 217-229.

Hoogland, R. D. 1972. Plant distribution pattrerns across the Torres Strait. Pp. 131-152, in Walker, D. (ed.), Bridge and Barrier: The Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait. Australian National University, Canberra.

Hoogland, R. D., & Reveal, J. L. 2005. Index nominum familiarum plantarum vascularium. Bot. Review 71: 1-291.

Hooker, J. D. 1856. On the structure and affinities of Balanophoreae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London 22: 1-68, pl. 1-16.

Hooker, J. D. 1882. Stachyurus praecox. Bot. Mag., ser. 3, 38: tab. 6631.

Hooper, S. S., & Symoens, J. J. 1982. Observations on the family Limnocharitaceae Takhtajan ex Hooper & Symoens. Pp. 55-60, in Symoens, J. J., Hooper, S. S., & Compère, P. (eds), Studies on Aquatic Vascular Plants. Royal Botanic Society of Belgium, Brussels.

Hoorn, C. [et al. 2010], Wesselingh, F. P., ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M. A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C. L., Figueiredo, J. P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F. R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T., & Antonelli, A. 2010. Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330: 927-931.

Hoot, S. B. 1991. Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on epidermal characters and micromorphology. Syst. Bot. 16: 741-755.

Hoot, S. B. 1995. Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on preliminary atpB, rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequence data. Pp. 241-251, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B., & Crane, P. R. 1995. Inter-familial relationships in the Ranunculiidae based on molecular systematics. Pp. 119-131, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B., & Douglas, A. W. 1998. Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer regions. Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 301-320.

Hoot, S. B., & Palmer, J. D. 1994. Structural rearrangements, including parallel inversions, within the chloroplast genome of Anemone and related genera. J. Mol. Evol. 38: 274-281.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1994], Reznicek, A. A., & Palmer, J. D. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) based on morphology and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 19: 169-200.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1995a], Culham, A., & Crane, P. R. 1995a. The utility of atpB gene sequences in resolving phylogenetic relationships: Comparison with rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences in the Lardizabalaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 194-207.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1995b], Culham, A., & Crane, P. R. 1995b. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae: Chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Pp. 195-199, in Jensen, U., & Kadereit, J. W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Springer, Vienna. [Plant Syst. Evol. Suppl. 9.]

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1998], Kadereit, J. W., Blattner, F. R., Jork, K. B., Schwarzbach, A. E., & Crane, P. R. 1997 [1998.] Data congruence and phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.l. based on four data sets: atpB and rbcL sequences, trnK restriction sites, and morphological characters. Syst. Bot. 22: 575-590.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 1999], Magallon-Puebla, S., & Crane, P. R. 1999. Phylogeny of basal eudicots based on three molecular data sets: atpB, rbcL and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 119-131.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 2008], Kramer, J., & Arroyo, M. T. K. 2008. Phylogenetic position of the South American dioecious genus Hamadryas and related Ranunculeae (Ranuinculaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 433-443.

Hoot, S. B. [et al. 2009], Zautke, H., Harris, D. J., Crane, P. R., & Neves, S. S. 2009. Phylogenetic patterns in Menispermaceae based on multiple chloroplast sequence data. Syst. Bot. 34: 44-56.

Hoppe, J. R. 1985. Die Morphogenese der Cyathiendrüsen und inrer Anhänge, ihre blattypologische Deutung und Dedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105: 497-581.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 1999], Fay, M. F., Rossetto, M., & Chase, M. F. 1999. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the bloodroot and kangaroo paw family, Haemodoraceae: Taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 131: 285-299.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 2009], Smith, R. J., Fay, M. F., Manning, J. C., & Chase, M. F. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Haemodoraceae in the Greater Cape and Soutwest Australian floristic regions. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 51: 19-30.

Hopkins, C. Y. 1990. Fatty acid of Cucurbitaceae seed oils in relation to taxonomy. Pp. 38-50, in Bates, D. M., Robinson, W. R., & Jeffrey, C. (eds), Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Hopkins, R. J. [et al. 2009], van Dam, R. J., & van Loon, J. J. A. 2009. Role of glucosinolates in insect-plant relationships and multitrophic interactions. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 54: 57-83.

Hopper, S. D. 2009. Taxonomic turmoil down-under: Recent developments in Australian orchid systematics. Ann. Bot. 104: 447-455.

Hopper, S. D. 2010. 660. Nuytsia floribunda Loranthaceae. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 26: 333-368.

Hopper, S. D. [et al. 2006], Chase, M. W., & Fay, M. F. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic study of generic and subgeneric relationships in the southwest Australian endemics Conostylis and Blancoa (Haemodoraceae). Pp. 527-538, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 527-538.]

Horak, K. E. 1981. Anomalous secondary thickening in Stegnosperma (Phytolaccaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 189-197.

Hörandl, E. 2006. Paraphyletic versus monophyletic taxa - evolutionary versus cladistic classifications. Taxon 55: 564-570.

Hörandl, E., & Emadzade, K. 2011. The evolution and biogeopgraphy of alpine species in Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae): A global comparison. Taxon 60: 415-426.

Hörandl, E., & Emadzade, K. 2012. Evolutionary classificationL A case study on the diverse plant genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae). Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14: 310-324.

Hörandl, E., & Stuessy, T. F. 2010. Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification. Taxon 59: 1641-1653.

Hörandl, E. [et al. 2005], Paun, O., Johansson, J. T., Lehnebach, C., Armstrong, T., Chen, L., & Lockhart, P. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 36: 305-327.

Hori, T. [et al. 1997], Ridge, R. W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., & Tobe, H. (eds). 1997. Ginkgo biloba, a Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo.

Horn, J. W. 2002. Phylogenetics of the Dilleniaceae. P. 128, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Horn, J. W. 2004. The morphology and relationships of Sphaerosepalaceae (Malvales). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 144: 1-40.

Horn, J. W. 2006. Dilleniaceae. Pp. 132-154, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume IX. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales.... Springer, Berlin.

Horn, J. W. 2009. Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae using sequence data from four plastid loci (rbcL, infA, rps4, rpl16 intron). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 794-813.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2008], Fisher, J. B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2008. The construction and evolution of plam leaves from an anatomical perspective (Arecaceae). P. 102, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2009a], van Ee, B. W., Morawetz, J. J., Riina, R., Berry, P. E., Steinmann, V. W., & Wurdack, K. J. 2009a. Phylogeny and evolution of growth forms in the giant genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). P. 186, in Botany and Mycology 2009. Snowbird, Utah July 25-29. Abstract Book.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2009b], Fisher, J. B., Tomlinson, P. B., Lewis, C. E., & Laubengayer, K. 2009. Evolution of lamina anatomy in the palm family (Arecaceae). American J. Bot. 96: 1462-1486.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2010a], Fisher, J. B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2010a. Anatomy, systematics, and evolution of the fan palms and relatives (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). P. 16, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2010b], van Ee, B. W., Riina, R., Morawetz, J. J., Berry, P. E., Steinmann, V. W., & Wurdack, K. J. 2010b. Are growth forms and photosynthetic pathways correlates of diversification of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)? P. 91, in Botany 2010. July 31 - August 4, Providence, Rhode Island. Scientific Abstracts.

Horn, J. W. [et al. 2012], van Ee, B. W., Morawetz, J. J., Riina, R., Steinmann, V. W., Berry, P. E., & Wurdack, K. J. 2012. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 63: 305-326.

Horne, A. S. 1909. The structure and affinities of Davidia involucrata Baill. Trans. Linnean Soc. London II, 7: 303-326, pl. 31-33.

Horne, A. S. 1914. A contribution to the study of the evolution of the flower with special reference to the Hamamelidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Cornaceae. Trans. Linnean Soc. London II, 8: 239-309, pl. 28-30.

Horner, H. T. 2012. Peperomia leaf cell wall interface between the multiple hypodermis and crystal-containing photosynthetic layer displays unusual pit fields. Ann. Bot. 109: 1307-1315.

Horner, H. T., & Wagner, B. L. 1995. Calcium oxalate formation in higher plants. Pp. 53-72, in Khan, S. R. (ed), Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems. CRC press, Boca Raton, FLA.

Horner, H. T. [et al. 2009], Wanke, S., & Samain, M.-S. 2009. Evolution and systematic value of leaf crystal macropatterns in the genus Peperomia (Piperaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170: 343-354.

Horner, H. T. [et al. 2012], Wanke, S., & Samain, M.-S. 2012. A comparison of leaf crystal macropatterns in the two sister genera Piper and Peperomia(Piperaceae). American J. Bot. 99: 983-997.

Hornung-Leoni, C. T., & Sosa, V. 2008. Morphological phylogenetics of Puya subgenus Puya (Bromeliaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 156: 93-110.

Horres, R. [et al. 2000], Zizka, G., Kahl, G., & Weising, K. 2000. Molecular systematics of Bromeliaceae: Evidence from trnL (UAA) intron sequences of the chloroplast genome. Plant Biol. 2: 306-315.

Horres, R. [et al. 2008], Schulte, K., Weising, K., & Zizka, G. 2007 [2008]. Systematics of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) - evidence from molecular and anatomical studies. Pp. 27-43, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales.. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 23: 27-43.]

Horridge, A. 2009. What does the Honey Bee See? And How do we Know? Australian National University, Canberra.

Horton, T. R., & Bruns, T. D. 2001. The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: Peeking into the black-box. Mol. Ecol. 10: 1855-1871.

Hoshi, Y., & Kondo, K. 1998. A chromosome phylogeny of the Droseraceae by using CMA-DAPI fluorescent banding. Cytologia 63: 329-339.

Höster, H.-R., & Liese, W. 1966. Über das Vorkommen von Reaktionsgewebe in Wurzeln und Ästen der Dikotyledonen. Holzforschung 20: 80-90.

Hosts: The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/hostplants/. [Consulted iii.2005 onwards.]

Hotton, C. L., Leffingwell, H. A., & Skvarla, J. J. 1994. Pollen ultrastructure of Pandanaceae and the fossil genus Pandaniidites. Pp. 173-191, in Kurmann, M. H., & Doyle, J. A. (eds), Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and Pollen. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hotton, S. [et al. 2006], Johnson, V., Wilberger, J., Zwieniecki, K., Atela, P., Golé, C., Dumais, J. 2006. The possible and actual in phyllotaxis: Bridging the gap between empirical observations and iterative models. J. Plant Growth Regul. 25: 313-323.

Hou, Ding, see Ding Hou.

Hou, M.-F. [et al. 2009], Liu, Y., Kono, Y., & Peng, C.-I. 2009. Aspidistra daxinensis (Ruscaceae) a new species from limestone areas in Guangxi, China. Bot,. Studies 50: 371-378.

Houghton, P. J. [et al. 2003], Mensah, A. Y., Iessa, N., & Hong, L. Y. 2003. Terpenoids in Buddleja: Relevance to chemosystematics, chemical ecology and biological activity. Phytochem. 64: 385-393.

Howard, J. H., & Wojciechowski, M. F. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of nuclear nfr5/sym10 Nod factor regulatory gene sequences from the IR-lacking clade of papilionoid legumes (Fabaceae). P. 280, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Howards, R. A. 1942. Studies of the Icacinaceae, IV. Considerations of the New World genera. Contrib. Gray Herbar. 142: 3-59.

Howard, R. A. 1970. Some observations on the nodes of woody plants with special reference to the problem of the "split laterals" versus the "common gap". Pp. 195-214, in Robson, N. K. B., Cutler, D. F., & Gregory, M. (eds), New Research in Plant Anatomy. Academic Press, London. [Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 63: suppl. 1.]

Howard, R. A. 1974. The stem-node-leaf continuum of the Dicotyledoneae. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 125-181.

Howard, R. A. 1979a. The stem-node-leaf continuum of the Dicotyledoneae. Pp. 76-87, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Howard, R. A. 1979b. The petiole. Pp. 88-97, in Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Second Edition. Volume 1. Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, With a Brief History of the Subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2004. Sequences from Dipsacales suggest deep eudicot duplications in floral symmetry. P. 120, in Botany 2004. Alpine Diversity: Adapted to the Peaks. [Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2005. Duplications in CYC-like genes from Dipsacales correlate with floral form. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 357-370.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the "ECE" (CYC/TB1) clade reveals duplications predating core eudicots. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 9101-9106.

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2008. Phylogeny and expression of DIV-like and RAD-like genes (MYB transcription factors) and their role in floral symmetry shifts in Dipsacales and core eudicots. P. 147, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders. [Botanical Society of America, etc. Abstracts.]

Howarth, D. G., & Donoghue, M. J. 2009. Duplications and expression of DIVARICATA-like genes in Dipsacales. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 1245-1258.

Howarth, D. G. [et al. 2011], Martins, T., Chimney, L., & Donoghue, M. J. 2011. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA expression in the evolution of bilateral flower symmetry in Caprifoliaceae and Lonicera (Dipsacales). Ann. Bot. 107: 1521-1532.

Howell, G. J. [et al. 1993], Slater, A. T., & Knox, R. B. 1993. Secondary pollen presentation in angiosperms and its biological significance. Australian J. Bot. 41: 417-438.

Hsiao, T. H. 1986. Specificity of certain chrysomelid beetles for Solanaceae. Pp. 345-363, in D'Arcy, W. G. (ed.), Solanaceae: Biology and Systematics. Columbia University Press, New York.

Hsieh, Y. S. Y., & Harris, P. J. 2012. Structure of xyloglucans in primary cell walls of gymnosperms, monilophytes (ferns sensu lato) and lycophytes. Phytochem. 79: 87-101.

Hu, G.-W. [et al. 2009], Lei, L.-G., Liu, K.-M., & Long, C.-L. 2009. Floral development in Nymphaea tetragona (Nymphaeaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 159: 211-221.

Hu, J.-M. [et al. 2000], Lavin, M., Wojciechowski, M. F., & Sanderson, M. J. 2000. Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. American J. Bot. 87: 418-430.

Hu, J.-Y., & Saedler, H. 2007. Evolution of the inflated calyx syndrome in Solanaceae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: 2443-2453.

Hu, S. [et al. 2008], Dilcher, D. L., Jarzen, D. M., & Taylow, D. W. 2008. Early steps of angiosperm-pollinator coevolution. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 240-245.

Hu, S. [et al. 2008], Dilcher, D. L., & Taylow, D. W. 2012. Pollen evidence for the pollination biology of early flowering plants. Pp. 165-236, in Patiny, S. (ed.), Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hu, S.-Y. 1955. A monograph of the genus Philadelphus. J. Arnold Arbor. 36: 52-109

Hu, S.-Y. 1958. A monograph of the genus Paulownia. Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 12: 1-54.

Hu, Y. S., & Yao, B. J. 1981. Transfusion tissue in gymnosperm leaves. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 83: 263-272.

Hu, Y. S., Napp-Zinn, K., & Winne, D. 1989. Comparative anatomy of seed scale of female cones of Pinaceae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 111: 63-85.

Hu, Z.-H. [et al. 1990], Yang, J., Jing, R.-Q., & Dong, Z.-M. 1990. Morphological studies on Circeaster agrestis. II. Morphology and anatomy of flower, fruit and seed. Cathaya 2: 77-88.

Huang, B. Q., & Russel, S. D. 1992. Female germ unit: Organisation, isolation and function. Internat. Rev. Cytol. 140: 233-293.

Huang, B. R [et al. 1993], North, G. B., & Nobel, P. S. 1993. Soil sheaths, photosynthate distribution to roots, and rhizosphere water relations for Opuntia ficus-indica. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 154: 425-431.

Huang, H.-Y. [et al. 2010], Long, H., & Li, L. 2010. Genesis of microspore, megaspore and the development of male gametophyte, female gametophyte in Diphylleia sinensis. Guihaia 30: 36-44. [In Chinese.]

Huang, J. L., & Price, R. A. 2003. Estimation of the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbcL sequence data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 435-440.

Huang, J. L. [et al. 2010], Sun, L.-G., & Zhang, D.-M. 2010. Molecular evolution and phylogeny of the angiosperm ycf2 gene. J. Syst. Evol. 48: 240-248.

Huang, S.-Q., & Fenster, C. B. 2007. Absence of long-proboscid pollinators for long-corolla-tubed Himalayan Pedicularis species: Implications for the evolution of corolla length. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 325-331.

Huang, T. [et al. 2011], Jander, G., & de Vos, M. 2011. Non-protein amino acids in plant defense against insect herbivores: Representative cases and opportunities for further functional analysis. Phytochem. 72: 1489-1494.

Huang, T.-C. 1965. Monograph of Daphniphyllum. Taiwania 11: 57-98.

Huang, T.-C. 1997. Daphniphyllaceae. Pp. 145-168, in Flora malesiana, ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.

Huang, Y.-L., & Shi, S.-H. 2002. Phylogenetics of Lythraceae sensu lato: A preliminary analysis based on chloroplast rbcL gene, psaA-ycf3 spacer, and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 163: 215-225.

Huang, Y.-L. [et al. 2011], Tsujita, T., Tanaka, T., Matsuo, Y., Kouno, I., Li, D.-P., & Nonaka, G.-i. 2011. Triterpene hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters and a quinic acid purpurogallin carbonyl ester from the leaves of Castanopsis fissa. Phytochem. 72: 2006-2014.

Huang, Y.-Y. [et al. 2008], Mori, S. A., & Prance, G. T. 2008. A phylogeny of Cariniana (Lecythidaceae) based on morphological and anatomical data. Brittonia 60: 69-81.

Huang, Y.-Y. [et al. 2011], Mori, S. A., & Kelly, L. M. 2011. A morphological cladistic analysis of Lecythidoideae with emphasis on Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera, and Lecythis. Brittonia 63: 396-417.

Huard, J. 1965. Anatomie des Rhopalocarpacées. Adansonia N.S. 5: 103-123.

Huber, H. 1963. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Rosifloren. Mitt. Bot. Staats. München 5: 1-48.

Huber, H. 1969. Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren. Mitt. Bot. Staats. München 8: 219-538.

Huber, H. 1985. Samenmerkmale und Gliederung der Aristolochiaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 277-320.

Huber, H. 1991. Angiospermen. Leitfaden durch die Ordnungen und Familien der Bedektsamer. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Huber, H. 1993a. Neurada, eine Gattung der Malvales. Sendtnera 1: 7-10.

Huber, H. 1993b. Aristolochiaceae. Pp. 129-137, in Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., & Bittrich, V. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.

Huber, H. 1998. Dioscoreaceae, pp. 216-235, and Trichopodaceae, 441-443, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Huber, K. A. 1980. Morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Blüten und Blütenständen von Solanaceen und von Nolana paradoxa Lindl. (Nolanaceae). Cramer, Vaduz. [Dissertationes Botanicae 55.]

Hudgins, J. W., & Franceschi, V. R. 2004. Methyl jasmonate-induced ethylene production is responsible for conifer phloem defense responses and reprogramming of stem cambial zone for traumatic resin duct formation. Plant Physiol. 135: 2134-2149.

Hudgins, J. W. [et al. 2003], Krekling, T., & Franceschi, V. R. 2003. Distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in the secondary phloem of conifers: A constitutive defence mechanism? New Phytol. 159: 677-690.

Hudgins, J. W. [et al. 2004], Christiansen, K., & Franceschi, V. R. 2004. Induction of anatomically based defense responses in stems of diverse conifers by methyl jasmonate: A phylogenetic perspective. Tree Physiol. 24: 251-264.

Hudson, P. J. [et al. 2010], Razanatsoa, J., & Feild, T. S. 2010. Early vessel evolution and the diversification of wood function: Insight from Malagasy Canellales. American J. Bot. 97: 80-93.

Hufford, L. 1988. Roles of early ontogenetic modification in the evolution of floral form of Eucnide (Loasaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 109: 289-333.

Hufford, L. 1989. The structure and potential loasaceous affinities of Schismocarpus. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 217-227.

Hufford, L. 1990. Androecial development and the problem of monophyly of Loasaceae. Canadian J. Bot. 68: 402-419.

Hufford, L. 1992a. Rosidae and their relationships to other nonmagnoliid dicotyledons: A phylogenetic analysis using morphological and chemical data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 218-248.

Hufford, L. 1992b. Floral structure of Besseya and Synthyris (Scrophulariaceae). Internat. J. Plant Sci. 153: 217-229.

Hufford, L. 1995. Seed morphology of Hydrangeaceae and its phylogenetic implications. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 156: 555-580.

Hufford, L.1996. Developmental morphology of pistillate flowers of Gyrostemon and Tersonia and floral evolution among Gyrostemonaceae. American J. Bot. 83: 1471-1487.

Hufford, L. 1997a. The morphology and evolution of male reproductive structures of Gnetales. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 157(6, suppl.): S95-S112.

Hufford, L. 1997b. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on morphological data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 158: 652-672.

Hufford, L. 1998. Early development of androecia in polystemonous Hydrangeaceae. American J. Bot. 85: 1057-1067.

Hufford, L. 2001a. Ontogeny and morphology of the fertile flowers of Hydrangea and allied genera of tribe Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 137: 139-187.

Hufford, L. 2001b. Ontogenetic sequences: Homology, evolution, and the patterning of clade diversity. Pp. 27-57, in Zelditch, M. (ed.), Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development. Wiley-Liss, New York.

Hufford, L. 2003. Homology and developmental transformation: Models for the origins of the staminodes of Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 164(5 Suppl): S409-S439.

Hufford, L. 2004. Hydrangeaceae. Pp. 202-215, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin.

Hufford, L., & Dickison, W. C. 1992. A phylogenetic analysis of Cunoniaceae. Syst. Bot. 17: 181-200.

Hufford, L., & Endress, P. K. 1989. The diversity of anther structures and dehiscence patterns among Hamamelididae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 99: 301-346.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2001], Moody, M. L., & Soltis, D. E. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene matK and their combination with rbcL and morphological data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 162: 835-846.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2003], McMahon, M. M., Sherwood, A. M., Reeves, G., & Chase, M. W. 2003. The major clades of Loasaceae: Phylogenetic analysis using the plastid matK and trnL-trnF regions. American J. Bot. 90: 1215-1228.

Hufford, L. [et al. 2005], McMahon, M. M., O'Quinn, R., & Poston, M. E. 2005. A phylogenetic analysis of Loasaceae subfamily Loasoideae based on plastid DNA sequences. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 289-300.

Huggett, B., & Tomlinson, P. B. 2010. Aspects of vessel dimensions in the aerial roots of epiphytic Araceae. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 171: 362-369.

Hughes, C. E., & Eastwood, R. 2006. Island radiation on a continental scale: Exceptional rates of diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 10334-10339.

Hughes, L., & Westoby, M. 1992. Capitula on stick insect eggs and elaiosomes on seeds: Convergent adaptations for burial by ants. Funct. Ecol. 6: 642-648.

Hughes, L. [et al. 1994], Westoby, M., & Jurado, E. 1994. Convergence of elaiosomes and insect prey: Evidence from ant foraging behaviour and fatty acid composition. Funct. Ecol. 8: 358-365.

Hughes, M., & Hollingsworth, P. M. 2008. Population genetic divergence corresponds with species-level biodiversity patterns in the large genus Begonia. Mol. Ecol. 17: 2643-2651.

Hughes, N. F. 1994. Tjhe Enigma of Angiosperm Origins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hultén, E. 1958. The amphi-Atlantic plants and their phytogeographical connections. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 7(1): 1-340.

Hultén, E. 1962. The circumpolar plants. I. Vascular cryptogams. conifers, monocotyledons. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 8(5): 1-275.

Hultén, E. 1971. The circumpolar plants. II. Dicotyledons. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskap. Handl. ser. 3, 13(1): 1-463.

Hultén, E., & Fries, M. 1986. Atlas of North European Vascular Plants North of the Tropic of Cancer, 2 vols. Koeltz, Könistein.

Hultgård, U.-M. 1987. Parnassia palustris L. in Scandinavia. Acta Univ. Upsal. Symbol. Bot. Upsal. 28: 1-128.

Humphrey, J. E. 1896. The development of the seed in the Scitamineae. Ann Bot. 10: 1-40.

Humphreys, A. M., & Linder, H. P. 2009. Concept versus data in delimitation of plant genera. Taxon 58: 1054-1074.

Humphreys, A. M. [et al. 2010a], Pirie, M. D., & Linder, H. P. 2010. A plastid tree can bring order to the chaotic generic taxonomy of Rytidosperma Steud. s.l. (Poaceae). Molec. Phyl. Evol. 55: 911-928.

Humphreys, A. M. [et al. 2010b], Antonelli, A., Pirie, M. D., & Linder, H. P. 2010b. Ecology and evolution of the diaspore "burial syndrome". Evolution 65: 1163-1180.

Humphries, C. J. [et al. 1986], Cox, J. M., & Nielsen, E. S. 1986. Nothofagus and its parasites: A cladistic approach to co-evolution. Pp. 53-86, in Stone, A. R., & Hawksworth, D. L. (eds), Coevolution and Systematics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hunt, D. R. 1999. The opuntioids: All sections or all genera? Cactaceae Consens. Initiat. 8: 3-6.

Hunt, D. R. 2002. That's Opuntia, that was! Succul. Plant Res. 6: 245-249.

Hunt, D. R., & Taylor, N. (eds). 2009. Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). David Hunt. [Succul. Plant Res. 6.]

Hunt, D. R. [et al. 2006], Taylor, N., & Charles, G. 2006. The New Cactus Lexicon, 2 vols. DH, Privately Published.

Hunt, S. 1991. Non-protein amino acids. Pp. 1-52, in Rogers, L. J. (ed.), Amino Acids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Academic Press, London. [Methods in Plant Biochemistry, vol. 5.]

Hunt, T. [et al. 2007], Bergsten, J., Levkanicova, Z., Papadopoulou, A., St John, O., Wild, R., Hammond, P. M., Ahrens, D., Balke, M., Caterino, M. S., Gómez-Zurita, J., Ribera, I., Barraclough, T. G., Bocakova, M., Bocak, L., & Vogler, A. P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science 318: 1913-1916.

Hunziker, A. T. 2001. The Genera of Solanaceae. Koeltz, Künigstein.

Hunziker, A. T., & Di Fulvio, E. 1957. Observaciones morfologicas sobre Peltanthera (Loganiaceae), con referencia a su posicion systematica. Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. 40: 217-228.

Hurlburt, S. H. 1997. Functional importance vs keystoneness: Reformulating some questions in theoretical biocenology. American J. Ecol. 22: 369-382.

Hurd, P. D. Jr., & Linsley, E. G. 1970. A classification of the squash and gourd beeds (Peponapis and Xenoglossa). Univ. California Publ. Entomol. 62: 1-39.

Hurd, T. M., & Schwintzer, C. R. 1997. Formation of cluster roots and mycorrhizal status of Comptonia peregrina and Myrica pensylvanica in Maine, USA. Physiol. Plant. 99: 680-689.

Hurd, P. D. Jr. [et al. 1971], Linsley, E. G., & Whitaker, T. W. 1971. Squash and gourd beeds (Peponapis, Xenoglossa) and the origin of the cultivated Cucurbita. Evolution 25: 218-234.

Hurka, H. [et al. 2005], Paetsch, M., Bleeker, W., & Neuffer, B. 2005. Evolution within the Brassicaceae. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 92: 113-127.

Huss, H. A. 1906. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Antipoden. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. I, 20: 77-174, pl. 4-9.

Hussein, S. R., [et al. 2009], Kawashty, S. A., Tantawy, M. E., & Salen, N. A. M. 2009. Chemosystematic studies on Nitraria retusa and selected taxa of Zygophyllaceae in Egypt. Plant Syst. Evol. 277: 251-264.

Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering Plants, Ed. 3, 2 vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hutchinson, J., & Dalziel, J. M. 1928. Tropical African plants: II. Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1928, 22-32.

Huxley, C. R. 1978. The ant-plants Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum (Rubiaceae), and the relationships between their morphology, ant occupants, physiology and ecology. New Phytol. 80: 231-268, pl. 1-4.

Huxley, C. R., & Jebb, M. H. P. 1991. The tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae 1: A new subtribe - the Hydnophytinae. Blumea 36: 1-20.

Huynh, K.-L. 1991. The flower structure in the genus Freycinetia, Pandanaceae (part 1) - Potential bisexuality in the genus Freycinetia. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 295-328.

Huynh, K.-L. 1992. The flower structure in the genus Freycinetia, Pandanaceae (part 2) - Early differentiation of the sex organs, especially of the staminodes, and further notes on the anthers. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 114: 417-441.

Huynh, K.-L. 2001. Contribution to the flower structure of Sararanga (Pandanaceae). Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 136: 239-245.

Huysmans, S. [et al. 1997], El-Ghazaly, G., Nilsson, S., & Smets, E. 1997. Systematic value of tapetal orbicules: A preliminary survey of the Cinchonioideae (Rubiaceae). Canadian J. Bot. 75: 815-826.

Huysmans, S. [et al. 1998], El-Ghazaly, G., & Smets, E. 1998. Orbicules in angiosperms: Morphology, function, distribution and relation with tapetum types. Bot. Review 64: 240-272.

Hynson, N. A., & Bruns, T. D. 2009. Evidence of a myco-heterotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhizal specificity. Proc. Royal Soc. London B,

Hynson, N. A. [et al. 2009a], Preiss, K., & Gebauer, G. 2009a. Is it better to give than to receive? A stable isotope perspective on orchid-fungal carbon transport in Goodyera repens and Goodyera oblongifolia. New Phytol. 182: 8-11.

Hynson, N. A. [et al. 2009b], Preiss, K., Gebauer, G., & Bruns, T. D. 2009b. Isotopic evidence of full and partial myco-heterotrophy in the plant tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). New Phytol. 182: 719-726.


[Back to Top]


A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |Z