1 NLM CIT. ID: 20489753 TITLE: Regulation of elongation growth by gibberellin in root segments of Lemna minor [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Inada S; Shimmen T AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan. inada@sci.himeji-tech.ac.jp LANGUAGES: Eng ABSTRACT: Hormonal control of elongation growth was analyzed in segments excised from the elongation zone of Lemna roots. Exogenous GA3 did not promote the segment elongation but rather inhibited it. Uniconazole-P, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, significantly inhibited the segment elongation, and the inhibitory effect was completely nullified by GA3. In the epidermis, cell elongation was inhibited, but lateral cell expansion was not affected by uniconazole-P. Orientation of cortical microtubules of epidermal cells was disturbed by treatment with uniconazole-P for 12 h, and the disorganization of cortical microtubules was ameliorated by GA3. These findings suggested that disorganization of cortical microtubules induced inhibition of elongation growth of root. However, stabilization of cortical microtubules by taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, did not affect the inhibition of segment elongation by uniconazole-P. These results suggested that endogenous gibberellin controls the elongation growth of root by regulating cell elongation. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 11038053 SOURCE: Plant Cell Physiol 2000 Aug;41(8):932-9 2 NLM CIT. ID: 20483616 TITLE: Sensitivity of duckweed (Lemna major) to ultraviolet-B radiation [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Farooq M; Suresh Babu G; Ray RS; Misra RB; Shankar U Hans RK AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Photobiology Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, 226 001, India. LANGUAGES: Eng PERSONAL NAME AS SUBJECT: ppublish ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of an important aquatic macrophyte, duckweed (Lemna major), to UV-B radiation was studied under experimental conditions at three different doses designated as no, mild, and severe injury dose by observing visible injury symptoms and estimating levels of chlorophyll, pheophytin, carotenoids, protein, starch, free sugar, and peroxidase activity. Laboratory-grown duckweed plants were exposed to UV-B radiation at 0.4 mW/cm(2) intensity for different time periods. Mild and severe injury were developed at 6.48 and 8.64 J, respectively. Peroxidase activity increased at all the exposure levels. Dose-dependent decrease in chlorophyll and starch with drastic depletion in protein and free sugar content were observed. Pheophytin and carotenoids content increased at no injury level, but decreased at higher exposure level. The results indicate that ambient UV-B radiation at the indicated level acts as a physiological stress in Lemna major. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 11027577 SOURCE: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000 Oct 5;276(3):970-3 3 NLM CIT. ID: No Cit. ID Assigned TITLE: A Battery of Toxicity Tests as Indicators of Decontamination in Composting Oily Waste. AUTHORS: Juvonen R; Martikainen E; Schultz E; Joutti A Ahtiainen J; Lehtokari M AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Bio-Nobile Oy, Turku, FIN-20521, Finland PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: ENG PERSONAL NAME AS SUBJECT: ppublish ABSTRACT: Heterogenous oily waste from an old dumping site was composted in three windrows constructed from different proportions of waste, sewage sludge, and bark. The objectives of this pilot study were to examine the usefulness of composting as a treatment method for this particular waste and to study decontamination in the composting process by using a battery of toxicity tests. Five samples from the windrow having intermediate oil concentrations were tested with toxicity tests based on microbes (Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition test, ToxiChromotest, MetPLATE, and three different modifications of a luminescent bacterial test), enzyme inhibition (reverse electron transport), plants (duckweed growth inhibition and red clover seed germination), and soil animals (Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus albidus, and Enchytraeus sp.). The luminescent bacterial tests were used as prescreening tests. Chemical analyses of samples were carried out simultaneously. Both toxicity and oil concentration, including those of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were reduced during composting and soil quality improved significantly. The total oil hydrocarbon concentration decreased from 90,000 to 19,000 mg/kg, measured with the IR method, in 4 months, and from 86,000 to 1400 mg/kg, measured with GC method. The concentration of PAHs decreased from 135 to 23.5 mg/kg. During the fourth month of composting (stabilization stage), the proportion of the heaviest oil fractions (asphaltenes) became dominant. Toxicity varied between different samples and between different bioassays; however, the first sample was significantly more toxic than the others, and most of the tests revealed a decrease in toxicity during the composting process. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 11023694 SOURCE: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000 Oct;47(2):156-166 4 NLM CIT. ID: 20464685 TITLE: Contractile elements of Lemna trisulca L. glycerinated cell models during chloroplast translocations [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Rinaldi RA; Kalisz-Nowak B; Korohoda W; Wieckowski S Kilarski W; Kozlowska M AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Jan Zurzycki Molecular Biology Institute, Krakow, Poland. bobrin99@yahoo.com LANGUAGES: Eng ABSTRACT: Electron microscopy of Lemna glycerinated cell models depicts contractile elements during chloroplast translocations. One contractile element, the thin ectoplasmic layer, is < or = 0.4 microm thick, pressed against plasma membrane-cell wall. Thin ectoplasmic layer contains numerous oriented filaments and some appear to be actin and myosin. Another contractile element is the outer chloroplast membrane which envelops each chloroplast and joins or fuses with the thin ectoplasmic layer. Choroplast interconnections are formed between two or more chloroplasts by outer chloroplast membranes; they enhance chloroplast communications, translocations, and molecular exchanges. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 11012090 SOURCE: Biochem Cell Biol 2000;78(4):503-10 5 NLM CIT. ID: 20443334 TITLE: On the variability of plant bio-concentration factors (BCF) of environmental radionuclides: a case study on the effects of surface film and free space on the interpretation of 99mTcO4- sorption in duckweed. AUTHORS: Wolterbeek HT; van der Meer AJ; Dielemans U AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Radiochemistry, Delft University of Technology, Interfaculty Reactor Institute, The Netherlands. wolterbeek@iri.tudelft.nl PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Radiopharmaceuticals) 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) 23288-60-0 (Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m) ABSTRACT: The present paper addresses plant bioaccumulation factor (BCF) variability, and specifically focuses attention upon the handling of duckweed (Lemna gibba) material, sampled from experimental media, especially considering accumulation/kinetic studies with 99mTcO4-. In these short-term studies, relatively small BCF-values may be encountered, with related interferences in its assessment due to the presence of 99mTcO4- in the surface film medium (SF) and in the cellular water free spaces (FS). The sample handling methods used to remove the SF + FS component of the accumulated 99mTcO4- consisted of blotting, centrifugation and rinsing. The three methods were investigated using D-[1-(14)C]mannitol, 42K+, 82Br- and 99mTcO4- radioisotopes, which were measured by beta- and gamma-spectrometry, in both solution and solid samples. Centrifugation seems the most promising method to remove SF + FS 99mTcO4-. Results based on both mass analysis and radioactivity determinations in centrifugated fluids are independent of applied concentrations (10(-11) to 10(-13) mol m(-3) 99mTcO4-), and are invariably compatible with the conceptual idea of the FS as a free-entrance phase for solutes. Blotting results in an overestimation of BCF values (up to factor 3 for the 99mTcO4- experiments performed), probably due to the incomplete removal of the SF + FS, and is suggested to yield irregular results, leading to high variances in BCF values obtained. The application of an efflux/rinsing period is indicated to result in an underestimation of BCF values (up to factor 10 for the 99mTcO4- experiments performed), probably due to excess removal of (non-SF + FS) components of accumulated solutes. Here we advocate centrifugation as a routine sample handling method to avoid SF + FS interferences in short-term (kinetic) 99mTcO4- uptake studies in duckweed. Moreover, the results suggest a more general applicability of centrifugation as a sample handling method to avoid SF + FS interferences in short-term element accumulation studies; centrifugation approaches should, however, be adjusted to plant cell characteristics. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10989927 SOURCE: Sci Total Environ 2000 Aug 10;257(2-3):177-90 6 NLM CIT. ID: 20434234 TITLE: Ultrastructural changes in Spirodela intermedia in response to osmotically-induced water shortage. AUTHORS: Klich MG; Didone NG; Fernandez OA; Mujica MB AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Departamento de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina. mgklich@criba.edu.ar PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Polyethylene Glycols) ABSTRACT: The ultrastructural changes produced in the upper mesophyl cells of Spirodela intermedia W. Koch, by the inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the nutrient solution, are related to the degree of the osmotically-induced water shortage. The ultrastructural characteristics of the -0.08 MPa treated fronds differed from the untreated ones in the form of the chloroplasts. PEG up to -0.20 MPa induced considerable cell structural disorganization as the swelling, breaking and disappearance of the outer membrane of the chloroplasts and the breakdown of the tonoplast into small vesicles. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10979606 SOURCE: Biocell 2000 Aug;24(2):85-8 7 NLM CIT. ID: 20399431 TITLE: Regulation of root growth by gibberellin in Lemna minor [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Inada S; Tominaga M; Shimmen T AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan. inada@sci.himeji-tech.ac.jp LANGUAGES: Eng ABSTRACT: Hormonal control of root growth was studied in Lemna minor. Although addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) to the culture medium did not promote the root growth, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, uniconazole P (Un-P), significantly inhibited root growth. Both length and diameter of roots in Un-P-treated plants were significantly smaller than those in control plants, mainly caused by inhibition of cell division. In epidermal cells, the length was slightly decreased and the width increased by Un-P treatment, indicating inhibition of elongation growth. GA3 completely nullified the inhibition caused by Un-P. Transverse cortical microtubules (CMTs) of epidermal cells in the elongation zone were significantly fragmented by treatment with Un-P, but not by that in the presence of GA3. The cellulose microfibril array in the Un-P-treated cells was more random and more oblique than that in the control cells. These results suggested that root growth in L. minor is regulated by endogenous gibberellin. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10945334 SOURCE: Plant Cell Physiol 2000 Jun;41(6):657-65 8 NLM CIT. ID: 20399189 TITLE: Ecotoxicological experiences on Lemna minor test system [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Szamosi-Hernadi D; Olah B; Gaty S; Pap L AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Toxicological Research Center Ltd., Veszprem, Hungary. LANGUAGES: Eng ABSTRACT: Are plants generally less sensitive to toxicity than aquatic animals as indicated by some authors (1)? The use of phytotoxicity (higher plant) tests as a part of ecotoxicology is relatively underdeveloped. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test with other mainly used test systems. Three toxicants were tested applying the Alga Growth Inhibition Test (Seleneastrum capricornutum), the Daphnia Immobilization Test (Daphnia magna) and the MICROTOX-test (Photobacterium phosphoreum). Duckweed plants were found to be sensitive to the chemicals tested, with nearly 100% inhibition of frond production occurring in the highest concentrations. The plants in some samples showed lesions (break up of the colony structure) and loss of green pigments (chlorosis), others showed localized dead tissues (necrosis). In addition to the morphological deviations (appearance) there is a wide range of characteristics to be observed on the test plants: number of fronds, number of plants, biomass, dry weight, mortality, CO2 and O2 exchange, concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. It is consistent that the number of fronds is slightly more sensitive than or the same as the number of plants and that the biomass tend to be somewhat more tolerant than those for the number of plants (2). Applying the simplest way of observation, changes in the frond number were recorded. As Lemna minor show a characteristical sensitivity to the different kind of chemicals, it is a promising indicator of aquatic toxicity. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10943492 SOURCE: Cent Eur J Public Health 2000 Jul;8 Suppl:96-7 9 NLM CIT. ID: 20399178 TITLE: Role of environmental factors on the reproducibility of Lemna test [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Kiss I; Kovats N AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University of Veszprem, Hungary. vetone@almos.vein.hu LANGUAGES: Eng NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10943481 SOURCE: Cent Eur J Public Health 2000 Jul;8 Suppl:78-9 10 NLM CIT. ID: 20326320 TITLE: Toxigenic strains of Fusarium moniliforme and fusarium Proliferatum isolated from dairy cattle feed produce fumonisins, moniliformin and a new C21H38N2O6 metabolite phytotoxic to Lemna minor L [In Process Citation] AUTHORS: Vesonder RF; Wu W; Weisleder D; Gordon SH; Krick T Xie W; Abbas HK; McAlpin CE AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, USA. vesondrf@mail.ncaur.usda.gov LANGUAGES: Eng ABSTRACT: Corn samples suspected of causing refusal-to-eat syndrome in dairy cattle were examined mycologically. Fusarium moniliforme (14 isolates) and F. proliferatum (12 isolates) were the predominant fungi present. These isolates were tested for mycotoxin production on rice at 25 degrees C. Each strain of F. moniliforme produced fumonisin B1 (FB1: 378-15,600 ppm) and fumonisin B2 (FB2: 2-1050 ppm). Each strain of F. proliferatum produced moniliformin (45-16,000 ppm), FB1 (27-6140 ppm), and FB2 (5-1550 ppm). In addition, a new Fusarium metabolite of molecular composition C21H38N2O6 was produced by 10 of the F. moniliforme isolates and 7 of the F. proliferatum isolates. The metabolite's 1H- and 13C-NMR, HRFAB/MS and IR spectra indicate an alpha amino acid. It is toxic to Lemna minor L. duckweed (LD50 100 micrograms/mL). NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10868338 SOURCE: J Nat Toxins 2000 May;9(2):103-12 11 NLM CIT. ID: 20326009 TITLE: [Effect of salt stress on respiration metabolism in higher plants] VERNACULAR TITLE: Vliianie solevogo stressa na dykhatel'nyi metabolism vysshikh rastenii. AUTHORS: Mittova VO; Igamberdiev AU AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Voronezh State University, Russia. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Rus REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Carboxylic Acids) 7647-14-5 (Sodium Chloride) ABSTRACT: We studied the activity of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, catalase, and peroxidase as well as the rate of 14CO2 release after introduction of labeled substrates for glycolysis and citrate acid cycle within 24 h after salt stress (1% NaCl) in 10-14 days old germinants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as well as thallus of small duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Hork ex Wimmer). Oscillations in the enzymes activity with 4-6 h period have been revealed under stress conditions. Activity of glycolysis decreased in wheat and maize and increased in duckweed under the influence of stress stimulus. Six hours after NaCl action decarboxylation of exogenous citrate and succinate was enhanced in all three plants while the rate of exogenous malate decarboxylation was decreased. We conclude that adaptation of higher plans to salinization is accompanied by rearrangements in oxidative metabolism reflected by oscillations in activity of the enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10868056 SOURCE: Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2000 May-Jun;(3):322-8 12 NLM CIT. ID: 20310886 TITLE: Integrated low-cost wastewater treatment for reuse in irrigation. AUTHORS: El-Gohary FA; Nasr FA; Wahaab RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Water Pollution Control Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) ABSTRACT: For sustainable wastewater management in developing countries, the implementation of low-cost, simple treatment systems should be encouraged. In this study, the performance of three treatment schemes was evaluated. The first step in all schemes was upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The post treatment was either Algal Pond (AP). Lemna Pond (LP) or Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC). The results show that the performance of the UASB was satisfactory. Mean COD and BOD removal values were 78% and 85% respectively. The combination of UASB with an AP achieved significant improvement in the microbiological quality of the effluent. The geometric mean of fecal coliform in the effluent was 1.3 x 10(3) MPN/100 ml. Residual COD was 143 mg O2/L. This relatively high value was due to the presence of algae in the AP effluent. The use of the LP as a post treatment achieved better quality effluent. As indicated by the physico-chemical characteristics. However, fecal coliform removal was less by one log as compared to the AP effluent. When the RBC was used as a second stage. COD and BOD removal rates were 47% and 66% respectively. Also complete nitrification took place. Fecal coliform density declined by 5 logs. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10853839 SOURCE: Biomed Environ Sci 2000 Mar;13(1):37-43 13 NLM CIT. ID: 20293012 TITLE: Effects of spray-irrigated wastewater effluent on temporary pond-breeding amphibians. AUTHORS: Laposata MM; Dunson WA AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. mlaposat@kennesaw.edu PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) PERSONAL NAME AS SUBJECT: ppublish ABSTRACT: Comparison was made of abiotic conditions, amphibian reproductive outputs, and the survival of embryonic and larval amphibians in wastewater effluent-irrigated and natural temporary ponds in an area in Centre County, Pennsylvania that has been spray-irrigated with secondarily treated, chlorinated wastewater effluent from The Pennsylvania State University for approximately 14 years. Three species of temporary pond-breeding amphibians were studied: wood frogs (Rana sylvatica LeConte), Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum Green), and spotted salamanders (A. maculatum Gravenhorst). Comparisons of physico-chemical parameters in 10 wastewater-irrigated and 10 natural temporary ponds over 19 weeks in 1997 indicated that wastewater -irrigated ponds had significantly higher median conductance, pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and N-NO(3) and lower dissolved oxygen. Many of the wastewater-irrigated ponds supported large mats of duckweed (Lemna spp.) that completely blanketed the pond's surface by mid-May. There were significantly fewer egg masses of all three species in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds in both 1997 and 1998. In situ egg hatching success and larval survival (over a 6-day period) of all species was lower in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds. Cumulatively, these studies suggest that wastewater effluent irrigation may impact amphibian populations by reducing the survival of amphibian eggs and larvae. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10831333 SOURCE: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000 Jun;46(2):192-201 14 NLM CIT. ID: 20267775 TITLE: Effects of dietary copper on the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. AUTHORS: Allinson G; Laurenson LJ; Pistone G; Stagnitti F Jones PL AUTHOR AFFILIATION: School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, 3280, Australia. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) 7440-50-8 (Copper) PERSONAL NAME AS SUBJECT: ppublish ABSTRACT: Little information is available on the effects of metals in the diet of parastacids, despite the importance of the freshwater crayfish industry worldwide. There have been no published studies on the effect of either dissolved or dietary copper on the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. Herein is reported a study on the bioaccumulation of copper through a simple food chain. The copper was first absorbed by the floating aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor to an average concentration of 74 microg/g, before being fed to C. destructor. In the crayfish, the highest copper concentrations were found in the muscle (56.4-1299.6 microg/g), gills (86.8-714.3 microg/g) and hemolymph (14.8-293.5 microg/g). There was no bioaccumulation or bioconcentration of copper from contaminated dietary material. A general linear model indicated that such treatment had no effect on copper concentrations in the crayfish. The results are consistent with the regulation of copper by C. destructor, with the gills being the main site for absorption and depuration of copper to and from the water column. C. destructor does not appear to be sensitive to dietary copper. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10806002 SOURCE: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000 May;46(1):117-23 15 NLM CIT. ID: 20262930 TITLE: Kinetics of chromium(V) formation and reduction in fronds of the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza--a low frequency EPR study. AUTHORS: Appenroth KJ; Bischoff M; Gabrys H; Stoeckel J Swartz HM; Walczak T; Winnefeld K AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Institute of General Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Jena, Germany. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) 7440-47-3 (Chromium) ABSTRACT: The uptake of chromate by the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza was investigated with atomic absorption spectroscopy and the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(V) was measured using low frequency EPR spectroscopy. The biphasic kinetics of the uptake was fitted to parameters of a proposed kinetic model. Another model was developed to simulate chromate reduction. The first step of chromate reduction was found to be much faster than the uptake of Cr(VI) from the free space. Most probably, this step occurs already in the cell wall or on the cell membrane surface. Further reduction of Cr(V) to Cr(III) was estimated to be slower. The disappearance of the Cr(V) signal, following transfer of the plants into a Cr-free solution, lasted several tens of hours; the kinetics was mono- or biexponential depending on the length of Cr loading. The rate constants for Cr reduction in living plants were determined for the first time. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10805180 SOURCE: J Inorg Biochem 2000 Feb;78(3):235-42 16 NLM CIT. ID: 20223736 TITLE: Metabolic relations of inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate revealed by cell permeabilization. Identification of inositol 3,4,5, 6-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase and inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate phosphatase activities in mesophyll cells. AUTHORS: Brearley CA; Hanke DE AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom. cab1000@cus.cam.ac.uk PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: EC 2.7.1 (Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)) EC 2.7.1.- (inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase) EC 3.1.3 (Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases) EC 3.1.3.- (inositol polyphosphate 3-phosphatase) 0 (Inositol Phosphates) 112791-61-4 (inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate) PERSONAL NAME AS SUBJECT: ppublish ABSTRACT: Using a permeabilization strategy to introduce Ins(3,4,5,6) P(4) into mesophyll protoplasts of Commelina communis, we have identified Ins(3,4,5,6) P(4) 1-kinase activity in mesophyll cells. Multiple InsP(3) isomers were identified in Spirodela polyrhiza and Arabidopsis. Only two of these, Ins(1,2,3) P(3) and Ins(3,4,6) P(3), have previously been identified in plants and only in monocots. The isomers detected in S. polyrhiza included D- and/or L-Ins(3,4,5) P(3), D- and/or L-Ins(3,5,6) P(3), and D- and/or L-Ins(2,4,5) P(3). Ins(1,4,5) P(3), if present, was only a tiny fraction of total InsP(3) species. We have also identified inositol polyphosphate phosphatase activities, Ins(3,4,5,6) P(4) 6-phosphatase and Ins(3,4, 5, 6) P(4) 4-phosphatase, whose action on endogenous inositol polyphosphates explains the presence of D- and/or L-Ins(3,4,5) P(3) and D- and/or L-Ins(3,5,6) P(3) in mesophyll cells. Inositol trisphosphates identified in Arabidopsis include Ins(1,2,3) P(3) and D- and/or L-Ins(3,4,6) P(3), suggesting that dicots may share pathways of InsP(6) biosynthesis and breakdown in common with monocots. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10759517 SOURCE: Plant Physiol 2000 Apr;122(4):1209-16 17 NLM CIT. ID: 20212753 TITLE: Stress-induced factor involved in flower formation of Lemna is an alpha-ketol derivative of linolenic acid. AUTHORS: Yokoyama M; Yamaguchi S; Inomata S; Komatsu K Yoshida S; Iida T; Yokokawa Y; Yamaguchi M; Kaihara S Takimoto A AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Basic Res. Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: 0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated) 0 (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12,15-octadecadienoic acid) 463-40-1 (alpha-Linolenic Acid) 51-41-2 (Norepinephrine) 7732-18-5 (Water) ABSTRACT: A stress-induced substance(s) (factor C) incubated with norepinephrine (NE) has strong flower-inducing activity in Lemna paucicostata. We isolated an essential component (FIF) of factor C, and clarified its chemical structure as 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, an alpha-ketol derivative of linolenic acid, which is formed via 9-hydroperoxy linolenic acid. Synthesized FIF showed flower-inducing activity after incubation with NE (factor C activity) equivalent to that formed in the stressed Lemna. Jasmonic acid and 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (12,13-alpha-ketol linolenic acid), both of which are formed via 13-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid and all other derivatives of FIF synthesized by chemical and enzymatic processes failed to show the factor C activity. These results suggest that the molecular structure of FIF is very specific for the factor C activity. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10750715 SOURCE: Plant Cell Physiol 2000 Jan;41(1):110-3 18 NLM CIT. ID: 20092857 TITLE: Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase are identical enzymes. AUTHORS: Suter M; von Ballmoos P; Kopriva S; den Camp RO Schaller J; Kuhlemeier C; Schurmann P; Brunold C AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Institute for Plant Physiology, University of Berne, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Berne, Switzerland. PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE LANGUAGES: Eng REGISTRY NUMBERS: EC 1. (Oxidoreductases) EC 1.8.99.2 (adenylylsulfate reductase) EC 2.8.2 (Sulfotransferases) EC 2.8.2.- (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase) 0 (DNA, Complementary) SECONDARY SOURCE ID: GENBANK/AJ249831 ABSTRACT: Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) sulfotransferase and APS reductase have been described as key enzymes of assimilatory sulfate reduction of plants catalyzing the reduction of APS to bound and free sulfite, respectively. APS sulfotransferase was purified to homogeneity from Lemna minor and compared with APS reductase previously obtained by functional complementation of a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library. APS sulfotransferase was a homodimer with a monomer M(r) of 43,000. Its amino acid sequence was 73% identical with APS reductase. APS sulfotransferase purified from Lemna as well as the recombinant enzyme were yellow proteins, indicating the presence of a cofactor. Like recombinant APS reductase, recombinant APS sulfotransferase used APS (K(m) = 6.5 microM) and not adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate as sulfonyl donor. The V(max) of recombinant Lemna APS sulfotransferase (40 micromol min(-1) mg protein(-1)) was about 10 times higher than the previously published V(max) of APS reductase. The product of APS sulfotransferase from APS and GSH was almost exclusively SO(3)(2-). Bound sulfite in the form of S-sulfoglutathione was only appreciably formed when oxidized glutathione was added to the incubation mixture. Because SO(3)(2-) was the first reaction product of APS sulfotransferase, this enzyme should be renamed APS reductase. NLM PUBMED CIT. ID: 10625629 SOURCE: J Biol Chem 2000 Jan 14;275(2):930-6