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Environmental

General Recommendations: Many plant problems and deaths are the result of environmental conditions rather than insects or disease. This includes but is not limited to overwatering, underwatering, air pollution, herbicides, pollination problems, nutrient deficiencies, salt injury, scorch, lightning damage, and mechanical damage. In some cases these causes may be quite evident but in other cases the real cause may be hard to identify. In many cases the primary cause of plant decline may be an environmental condition and only after the plant became stressed and weakened did it become attacked by insects or disease. In these cases if the environmental problem had been addressed early, insects or disease would not have been a problem.

Detailed information on many of the most common environmental problems is included herein.

Images: Click on image to enlarge or on underlined captions for more information.

Browning needles on white pine (Pinus strobus) caused by air pollution
High resolution image available.

Blossom end rot of zucchini squash (Cucurbita); note, that the flower petals have remained attached to the end
High resolution image available.

Blossom end rot of zucchini squash (Cucurbita)
High resolution image available.

Blossom end rot of zucchini squash (Cucurbita)
High resolution image available.

Blossom-end rot on pumpkin (Curcurbita) fruit
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Dark, sunken, leathery patches on the blossom-end of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon) typical of blossom-end rot
High resolution image available.

Dark, sunken, leathery patches on the blossom-end of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon) typical of blossom-end rot
High resolution image available.

Dark, sunken, leathery patches on the blossom-end of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon) typical of blossom-end rot
High resolution image available.

Blossom-end rot on tomato fruit (Lycopersicon)
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Site stress causing gradual decline of pine (Pinus)
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Construction injury to oak (Quercus)
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Distorted trunk and stunting of ash (Fraxinus) due to mechanical damage
High resolution image available.

Placing heavy items in the root zone of a tree or shrub, here a maple (Acer), compacts the soil and can lead to root injury, decline and even death of the entire tree
High resolution image available.

Heavy equipment compacts the soil. Placed in the root zone of a tree, it can injure tree roots, leading to decline and even death of the tree
High resolution image available.

Blotches and spots on oak leaf (Quercus) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

Blotches and spots on underside of oak leaf (Quercus) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

Close-up of blotches and spots on underside of oak leaf (Quercus) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

2,4-D herbicide damage on leaves of white redbud (Cercis)
High resolution image available.

Twisted stem on peony (Paeonia) and distorted growth caused by herbicide injury
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Cupped distorted leaves on maple (Acer) caused by herbicide damage
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2,4-D herbicide damage to foliage of ginkgo (Ginkgo)
High resolution image available.

Herbicide injury on apple leaves (Malus)
High resolution image available.

Distorted new growth on Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

Distorted new growth on apple (Malus) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

Close-up of distorted new growth on apple (Malus) caused by herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

Herbicide damage on redbud (Cercis canadensis); uniform color of dead tissue and pattern of damage does not suggest insect or disease damage
High resolution image available.

Herbicide injury to rose leaflets (Rosa); note straplike appearance of foliage
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Herbicide injury to rose leaflet (Rosa); note change from netlike venation to parallel venation producing straplike appearance
High resolution image available.

All the new growth on this pine (Pinus) died after weed and feed was applied to the lawn surrounding it; tip dieback can also have other causes
High resolution image available.

Iron chlorosis on azalea (Rhododendron) due to high soil pH
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River birch (Betula nigra) on right showing yellowing from iron chlorosis; river birch on left looks normal
High resolution image available.

Close-up of river birch (Betula nigra) leaves showing iron chlorosis
High resolution image available.

River birch (Betula nigra) with iron chlorosis before injection
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River birch (Betula nigra) with iron chlorosis after injection
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The chlorosis on this sweetgum leaf (Liquidambar) is typical of a nutrient deficiency (iron, manganese or zinc) but preemergent herbicides or soil compaction could also be suspects
High resolution image available.

The pustules on this upper leaf surface of this sweet potato (Ipomoea
High resolution image available.

Blisters of water, called oedema, on the upper leaf surface of this sweet potato (Ipomoea
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Raised blisters of water on the upper leaf surface of sweet potato (Ipomoea
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Close-up of oedema pustules on the upper leaf surfac of sweet potato (Ipomoea
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Close-up of ruptured cells on underside of indoor plant leaf caused by oedema
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Water droplets on underside of begonia leaf (Begonia) caused by oedema
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Oedema on leaf of indoor plant
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Bronzing on leaves of American linden (Tilia) caused by ozone
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Damage to muskmelon leaves (Cucumis melo) caused by ozone
High resolution image available.

Ozone damage on white pine (Pinus strobus)
High resolution image available.

Close-up of needles of white pine (Pinus strobus) damaged by ozone
High resolution image available.

Ozone damage to white pine (Pinus strobus)
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Close-up of ozone damage on white pine (Pinus strobus)
High resolution image available.

Hand pollination of cucurbits (Cucurbita) requires distinguishing male and female flowers. Here the male is on the left, the female is on the right. Females flowers have a small fruit under the flower which only develops if the flower is pollinated
High resolution image available.

Poor pollination can cause cucumbers (Cucurbita) to be misshapen and stunted.
High resolution image available.

The stunted growth of this cucumber (Cucurbita) is due to poor pollination
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Bleached foliage of euonymus (Euonymus) caused by salt spray
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Close-up of bleached foliage of euonymus (Euonymus) caused by salt spray
High resolution image available.

Sunscald or sunburn on watermelon (Citrullus)
High resolution image available.

This Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) may look variegated from a distance, but it's actually suffering from leaf scorch probably due to its position in the landscape: a southern exposure and surrounded by a brick wall and pathway
High resolution image available.

Leaf scorch just beginning on Japanese maple leaves (Acer palmatum)
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Leaf scorch on Japanese maple leaves (Acer palmatum)
High resolution image available.

Leaf scorch on Japanese maple leaves (Acer palmatum)
High resolution image available.

Sunburn on winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus); note distinct line between sunburned tissue and normal tissue protected by shadow of upper leaves
High resolution image available.

Sunburned patches on jade plant (Crassula)
High resolution image available.

Close-up of sunburned patch on jade plant leaf (Crassula)
High resolution image available.

Heat stress on rhododendron (Rhododendron); note that spots are only on upper leaf surface and distinct edges between affected and healthy tissue
High resolution image available.

Heat stress on rhododendron (Rhododendron); note that spots are only on upper leaf surface and distinct edges between affected and healthy tissue
High resolution image available.

Scorch on Bradford pear leaves (Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford')
High resolution image available.

Scorch on maple (Acer) leaves
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Scorch on dogwood (Cornus) leaves
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Sunburn on African violet leaf (Saintpaulia); distortion was caused by cyclamen mites (Acari)
High resolution image available.

Close-up of scorched leaf of fragrant snowbell (Styrax obassia) that died of stem cankers
High resolution image available.

Sudden death of juniper (Juniperus) probably caused by root rot from over watering
High resolution image available.

Sunscald on immature tomato fruit (Lycopersicon)
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Sunscald on tomato fruit (Lycopersicon)
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Sunscald on tomato fruit (Lycopersicon)
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Spot on pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum) caused by sunscald
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Sunscald on pepper (Capsicum)
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Sunscald on pepper (Capsicum)
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Yellowing white pine (Pinus strobus), a sign of white pine decline
High resolution image available.

Off-color needles and dying branches of white pine (Pinus strobus), a sign of white pine decline
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Off-color needles and dying branches of white pine (Pinus strobus), a sign of white pine decline
High resolution image available.

Trees that are planted too deep, like this Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata), try to survive by growing a second set of roots closer to ground level; [also has girdling roots]
High resolution image available.

Mulch piled against the trunk of a tree can create conditions conducive to rot in the trunk
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Mulch piled against the trunk of tree can force the tree to compensate by developing adventitious roots from the trunk and surface roots.
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Radial growth cracks or "bursting" on tomato (Lycopersicon) can be caused by overfertilization and extreme fluctuations in temperature and/or moisture.
High resolution image available.

Radial growth cracks or "bursting" on tomato (Lycopersicon) can be caused by overfertilization and extreme fluctuations in temperature and/or moisture.
High resolution image available.

Tattered, wilted horsechestnut leaves (Aesculus) caused by high winds
High resolution image available.

High winds caused the tender new leaves on this horsechestnut (Aesculus) to wilt and tatter
High resolution image available.

A closer look at the tattered, wind-damaged leaves on a horsechestnut (Aesculus)
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An ear of corn (Zea mays) with undeveloped kernals due to poor pollination
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Fertilizer spilled on a hosta leaf
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Physiological leaf roll on some tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon) is normal and not harmful. It can be a response to weather conditions.
High resolution image available.

This magnolia seed pod is distorted due to poor pollination
High resolution image available.

Radial growth cracks on tomato (Lycopersicon) can be caused by overfertilization and extreme fluctuations in temperature and/or moisture
High resolution image available.

Radial growth cracks on tomato (Lycopersicon) can be caused by overfertilization and extreme fluctuations in temperature and/or moisture
High resolution image available.

Chemical burn on ostrich fern leaves (Matteuccia)
High resolution image available.

Close-up of chemical burn on ostrich fern leaves (Matteuccia)
High resolution image available.

Damage to azalea (Rhododendron) caused by paint spray
High resolution image available.

Spots on azalea leaf (Rhododendron) caused by paint spray
High resolution image available.

Close-up of spots on azalea leaf (Rhododendron) caused by paint spray
High resolution image available.

Drought stress on magnolia (Magnolia)
High resolution image available.

Shrub rose 'Hot Cocoa' (Rosa) with rose flower proliferation. Cause is unknown but could be environmental (bullhead) or a virus or virus-like disease, such as, aster yellows on rose.
High resolution image available.

Shrub rose 'Hot cocoa' (Rosa) with multiple buds coming from a single flower. Cause unknown, resembles aster yellows on rose but could be bullhead or another environmental problem
High resolution image available.

High nitrogen, boron deficiency, virus or virus-like diseases are all possible causes of the proliferation of flower buds on this 'Hot Cocoa' shrub rosa (Rosa)
High resolution image available.

Flower proliferation of unknown cause on 'Hot Cocoa' shrub rose (Rosa)
High resolution image available.

Bark blasted off a bald cypress (Taxodium) by lightning in May, 2008
High resolution image available.

Bark blasted off a bald cypress (Taxodium) by lightning in May, 2008
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Bark blasted off a bald cypress (Taxodium) by lightning in May, 2008
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on a cherry (Prunus) caused by mulch being piled against the trunk.
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata); also planted too deep
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata); also planted too deep
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on maple (Acer)
High resolution image available.

Some girdling roots are visible on the surface; others are not
High resolution image available.

Mulch volcanos (mulch piled against the trunk of a tree) can lead to girdling roots, while too much mulch can prevent water from reaching the roots
High resolution image available.

Close-up of mulch volcano
High resolution image available.

Dead spot at crown of a sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) caused by an unseen girdling root
High resolution image available.

A trunk that emerges straight from the ground can indicate a girdling root hidden beneath the soil, as the missing flare on the left side of this sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
High resolution image available.

Girdling root on sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
High resolution image available.

A tree trunk that emerges straight from the ground without any flare roots, like this ash (Fraxinums), usually indicates a tree that has been planted too deep and may develop girdling roots
High resolution image available.

A tree planted properly should have visible flare roots as does this pin oak (Quercus palustris)
High resolution image available.

The graft union on this ash tree (Fraxinus), visible as a swollen crown, could be mistaken for a girdling root
High resolution image available.

A girdling root finally strangled this white pine (Pinus strobus)
High resolution image available.

Possible nutrient deficiency on sweet potato vine (Ipomoea)
High resolution image available.

Possible nutrient deficiency on sweet potato vine (Ipomoea)
High resolution image available.

Although the damage to this redbud (Cercis canadensis) resembles nutrient deficiency, the suddeness of onset is more typical of herbicide injury
High resolution image available.

The chlorosis on this sweetgum leaf (Liquidambar) is typical of a nutrient deficiency (iron, manganese or zinc) but preemergent herbicides or soil compaction could also be suspects
High resolution image available.

The cause of the discolored leaves on this Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana) is unknown, but it might be due to a nutrient deficiency
High resolution image available.

Sudden death of flowering maple (Abutilon)
High resolution image available.

Woody plants try to recover from frost cracks by callousing over the damage; note, the thickened bark (callous tissue) at the edges of the crack
High resolution image available.

Frost cracks may have provided the entry point for the cankers that eventually killed this fragrant snowbell (Styrax obassia)
High resolution image available.

Scorch can indicate more serious problems, as on this fragrant snowbell (Styrax obassia) that died from stem cankers
High resolution image available.

Trees and shrubs callous over hail damage
High resolution image available.

Scars from hail damage on a twig
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Hail can cause damage throughout the landscape
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Hail damage on red horse chestnut (Aesculus pavia)
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Fresh hail damage on hosta (Hosta)
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Hail damage on geraniums (Pelargonium)
High resolution image available.

Cicada damage and hail damage look similar, but cicada damage is on the underside of twigs, while hail damage is on the upper surface; this is cicada damage on oak (Quercus)
High resolution image available.

Injury from tree climbing spikes
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Scars on tree trunk from use of a weed whip
High resolution image available.

The roots of this oak (Quercus) were cut on one side and damaged on the other from soil compaction due to the soil piled up in the root zone
High resolution image available.

Mechanical damage to this pear tree (Pyrus) caused tattered leaves and flagging in the canopy
High resolution image available.

Tattered leaves on a maple caused by mechanical damage
High resolution image available.

Distorted trunk and stunting of ash (Fraxinus) due to mechanical damage
High resolution image available.

Callus tissue forming over pruning scar
High resolution image available.

Physical injury to trees caused by repeatedly hitting the trunk with a lawn mower can eventually lead to dieback and tree death
High resolution image available.

Placing heavy items in the root zone of a tree or shrub, here a maple (Acer), compacts the soil and can lead to root injury, decline and even death of the entire tree
High resolution image available.

Heavy equipment compacts the soil. Placed in the root zone of a tree, it can injure tree roots, leading to decline and even death of the tree
High resolution image available.

When the foundation was dug for the house on the left the roots of this tree were cut, making it vulnerable to toppling from the weight of an ice storm
High resolution image available.

Crossing or rubbing branches should be removed because they injure plant tissue and can provide and entry for insects and diseases.
High resolution image available.

Close-up of drought stress on magnolia (Magnolia)
High resolution image available.

Curled leaves on redbud (Cercis) caused by drought stress
High resolution image available.

Sudden death of juniper (Juniperus) probably caused by root rot from over watering
High resolution image available.

This creeping juniper (Juniperus) died from overwatering
High resolution image available.

This ginkgo (Ginkgo) lost all of its leaves in the late spring freeze that occurred in 2007; the tree later put out all new leaves
High resolution image available.

Closer look at the frozen leaves on a ginkgo (Ginkgo) that lost all of its leaves during the late spring freeze that occurred in 2007; the tree later put all new leaves
High resolution image available.

Curled petioles on shadbush serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis) possibly caused by the late, hard freeze in spring 2006; only this grove of serviceberries had curled petioles
High resolution image available.

Curled petioles on shadbush serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis) possibly caused by the late, hard freeze in spring 2007; only this grove of serviceberries had curled petioles
High resolution image available.

A container wrapped in a fabric row cover to protect it from frost. Unfortunately, this will not help much because the cover needs to be secured to the ground to take advantage of soil warmth.
High resolution image available.

A blue tarp held down with pavers to protect a group of containers from frost damage. Unfortunately, to take advantage of soil warmth the covering should surround the container and be secured to the ground all the way around.
High resolution image available.

Row covers held down with rebar to protect tender vegetables from frost damage
High resolution image available.

Ice-coated branches are more susceptible to wind damage and breakage
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Ice-coated branches are more susceptible to wind damage and breakage
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Brown leaves on forsythia caused by late frost damage to forsythia
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Damaged shoots on a forsythia branch due to late frost damage
High resolution image available.

Frost damage on hosta (Hosta)
High resolution image available.

Ice damage on arborvitae (Thuja)
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Close-up of probable frost damage on redbud leaves (Cercis canadensis)
High resolution image available.

Probable frost damage on redbud leaves (Cercis canadensis); although similar, anthracnose is unlikely due to crinkled green leaf tissue
High resolution image available.

The shot holes on this hickory leaflet were probably caused by frost damage that occurred just as the leaves were unfurling
High resolution image available.

The weight of ice from an ice storm caused this tree to topple but the real damage occurred when the foundation was dug for the house on the right, cutting the tree's roots on that side
High resolution image available.

Branches broken from ice buildup
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River birch (Betula nigra) broken by ice buildup
High resolution image available.

Snow buildup on a Japanese falsecypress (Chamaecyparis)
High resolution image available.

Snow buildup on a Japanese falsecypress (Chamaecyparis)
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Sweet bay magnolia (Magnolia) damaged by ice
High resolution image available.

This breathable fabric draped around a pot shows one method of protecting tender plants when frost is predicted
High resolution image available.

Floating row covers are used to protect these vegetables from a late frost; note that material used is light weight and airy
High resolution image available.

When protecting plants from a frost, it is important to use a light weight material, such as, floating row covers, but the material must be secured to the ground to prevent it from blowing away and to take advantage of soil warmth.
High resolution image available.

Row covers are excellent for protecting heavy pots from frost. Unfortunately, to be effective the cover needs to be secured to the ground, not to the pot.
High resolution image available.

Winter burn on bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica)
High resolution image available.

Winter burn on bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica)
High resolution image available.

Winter burn on white pine (Pinus strobus)
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Close-up of winter burn on white pine (Pinus strobus)
High resolution image available.

Winter burn on boxwood (Buxus)
High resolution image available.

Winter burn on tips of boxwood (Buxus); note undamaged interior leaves
High resolution image available.

Winter injury to newly planted evergreens and to tender shrubs like big leaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) can be prevented by placing a burlap screen around individual plants
High resolution image available.

Tying up bulb foliage, as in the case of this daffodil (Narcissus), reduces the amount of sunlight striking the leaves, which reduces the amount of energy stored in the bulb, which reduces or eliminates next year's blooms
High resolution image available.

Mulch volcanos can kill trees. Here, the mulch combined with the landscape fabric provides a perfect home for a fungal rot to enter the crown of the tree and eventually kill it.
High resolution image available.

A mulch volcano was removed from around this cherry tree (Prunus) revealing a multitude of problems that it causel for example, a girdling root, surface roots and gummosis. Mulch should never touch the trunk of a tree.
High resolution image available.

Never top trees. It is a practice that weakens and eventually kills trees.
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Topping any tree is a terrible practice, but topping a redbud (Cercis) before it blooms adds insult to injury.
High resolution image available.

Crowding tomatoes (Lycopersicon) can encourage leaf diseases. Plant tomatoes 3-4' apart in each direction.
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Some plants should not planted in the St. Louis area, and Bradford pears (Pyrus) are an example. The narrow crotch angles of their limb structure cause their limbs to push each other part, eventually leading to splitting.
High resolution image available.

This poor crabapple (Malus) does not stand a chance. Not only was it topped in spring, but a volcano of mulch was piled against the trunk. It has put out no leaves from spring through September and is doomed to early death.
High resolution image available.

Sycamores (Platanus) are nice trees but they are too tall to be planted beneath power lines. Choose plants based on their mature size.
High resolution image available.

Most people plant redbuds (Cercis) for their spring flowers. This one was topped before it had a chance to bloom, removing the flower buds. Note: typical redbud in full bloom in background.
High resolution image available.

When boxwoods are pruned too late in the season, the new growth does not have time to harden off before winter, resulting in dieback
High resolution image available.

When boxwoods are pruned too late in the season, the new growth does not have time to harden off before winter, resulting in dieback; note, that old growth underneath is undamaged
High resolution image available.

This maple (Acer) appears to have been planted too deep which could account for the bark popping off.
High resolution image available.

Too much mulch can prevent water from reaching the roots of a plant while mulch piled against the trunk of a tree can lead to girdling roots. Both conditions will reduce the vigor of the plant and can lead to death.
High resolution image available.

Close-up of mulch volcano, a practice to avoid.
High resolution image available.

© Missouri Botanical Garden, 2001-2009