Missouri Exotic Invasive Plant Page: workpage

Updated 3JAN2002

This website is no longer in use!

This worksheet is permanently under construction.

Worksheet page for rating candidate exotic invasive species. Any ratings suggestions emailed to me by committee members will be posted here as soon as possible. Use this sheet to note comments, other members ratings, and to keep track of which species are being worked on. A majority consensus on this page means that the rating is official and will be posted on the main page. To add candidate species to this list, send an email to J. Gaskin.

Species suggested for rating as exotic invasives in Missouri

"Native or Exotic, present/ not present in Missouri" refers to the list of species in Yatskievych, G. and J. Turner. 1990. Catalogue of the Flora of Missouri. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 37.

Information and classification of exotics on Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands taken directly from Ladd, D. and B. Churchwell 1999. Ecological and Floristic Assessment of Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands. The Nature Conservancy Missouri Field Office (http://www.moprairie.org/eco/transect.htm)
[Class 1 - accidentals; Class 2 - obligate ruderals; Class 3 - potentially persistent ruderals; Class 4 - weak to moderate grassland competitors; Class 5 - aggressive grassland invaders]

Genus species Author - common name [Family; MOEPPC rating (initials of person suggesting rating category); notes]
--synonym

Abutilon theophrasti Medikus - velvet leaf [Malvaceae; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, casual weed of new ground and crop fields (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Acer ginnala  amur ample Aceraceae
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle - tree of heaven [Simaroubaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Agrostis gigantea Roth - redtop [Poacea; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, nearly cosmopolitan on disturbed Missouri prairies, especially on mesic to dry-mesic sites (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--A. alba L.
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. - mimosa [Fabaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande - garlic mustard [Brassicaceae; MOEPPC Category A-2 (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
--A. officinalus Andrz.
Allium vineale L.- field garlic [Liliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, confined to severely disturbed areas; capable of persisting in but not invading native vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. - sticky alder [Betulaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Watch List in Tennessee]
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. - alligatorweed [Amaranthaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Amaranthus tricolor L. - Chinese spinach [Amaranthaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, cropland weed occasionally in open, usually high-nutrient soil (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. - sweet vernal grass [Poacea; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, rare meadow weed in Missouri; known from a single small population at Gayfeather Prairie (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Arthraxon hispidus  Poaceae
Arabidopsis thalianamouse-ear cress Brassicaceae
Artemisia vulgaris L. - mugwort [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
(Thunb.) Makino - hairy jointgrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. - common burdock [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, invasive weed in rich open soil and severely disturbed woods; will not persist in prairie restorations (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. - thyme-leaved sandwort [Caryophyllaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, inoffensive weed in disturbed uplands, in open low vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Arundo donax L. - giant reed, elephant grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Asparagus officinalis L. - asparagus [Liliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, casual accidental; not persistent or spreading except along weedy fencerows and roadsides (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. - yellow racket, common winter cress [Brassicaceae; MOEPPC Category B (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common but seldom abundant, in disturbed sites, particularly among Old World grasses (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Belamcanda chinensis L. (DC.) - blackberrry lily [Iridaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, surprisingly invasive in low shaded ground at Gayfeather Prairie; not typically a problem weed in Missouri (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Berberis thunbergii DC. - Japanese barberry [Berberidaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Bidens bipinnata L. - Spanish needles [Asteraceae; Native in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon opportunistic weed of previously degraded, somewhat mesic or moist sites with sparse vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Bothriochloa bladhii
Bromus catharticus Vahl - bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus commutatus Schrad. - bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus hordeaceus L. - bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--B. mollis L.
Bromus inermis Leyss. - Hungarian bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, deep-rooted perennial grass; sometimes problematical once established but not capable of invading native prairie this far south (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999);
Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray - Japanese bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in disturbed weedy grasslands and along thicket edges where partial shading reduces prairie vigor (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999);
Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus racemosus L. - hairy chess [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in disturbed weedy grasslands and along thicket edges where partial shading reduces prairie vigor (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999);

Bromus secalinus L. - bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus sterilis L. - bromegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Bromus tectorum L. - thatch bromegrass [Poaceae; MOEPPC Category A-1 (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, locally abundant in newly disturbed soil; yielding in time to perennial vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. - paper mulberry [Moraceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon tree in thickets and fencerows (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Buglossoides arvense (L.) I.M. Johnston - corn gromwell [Boraginaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--Lithospermum arvense L.
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. - hound's-ear [Apiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Cannabis sativa  hemp, marijuana  Cannabaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus - shepard's purse [Brassicaceae; MOEPPC Category B (TS); Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, restricted to newly exposed soils or heavily compacted sites, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. - balloonvine [Sapindaceae; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Carduus nutans L. [Asteraceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Catalpa bignonioides catalpa Bignoniaceae
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. - Asian bittersweet [Celastraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Centaurea cyanus L. - bachelor's button [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Centaurea stoebe L.- spotted knapweed [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Centaurea maculosa
Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. - [Caryophyllaceae; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in compacted soils with sparse low vegetation, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. - -common mouse-eared chickweed [Caryophyllaceae; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in established weedy areas, usually with Old World grasses (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--C. vulgatum
Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small - spreading spurge [Celastraceae; Native in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--Euphorbia humistrata Engelm.
Chenopodium album L. - pigweed, lamb's quarters [Chenopodiaceae; Exotic; present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in brush piles and in soil mounds (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Chenopodium abrosioides Mexican tea  Chenopodiaceae
Cichorium intybus L. - chicory [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. [Asteraceae: Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. - bull thistle [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Clematis terniflora DC. - leatherleaf clematis [Ranunculaceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--C. dioscoreifolia A. Léveillé & Vaniot var. dioscoreifolia
Commelina communis L. - dayflower [Commelinaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, weak weed of newly disturbed, typically shaded, ground (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Conium maculatum L. - poison hemlock [Apiaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS);Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, known only from a small area of LaPetite Gemme Prairie; not invasive in healthy vegetation, but capable of forming dense stands that preclude successional recovery - extremely toxic (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Convolvulus arvensis L. - field bindweed [Convolvulaceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed]
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. - cosmos [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Cosmos sulphureus Cav. - cosmos [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Dactylis glomerata L. - orchard grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional in weedy grasslands; never abundant (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Daucus carota L. - wild carrot, Queen Anne's-lace [Apiaceae; MOEPPC Category B (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in disturbed open areas; but not competitive with diverse native perennial vegetation unless there is ongoing site disturbance (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999);
Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Dianthus armeria L. - Deptford pink [Caryophyllaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional innocuous (and attractive) weed in degraded prairies, pastures, and old fields (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler - crab grass, southern crab grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, restricted to newly exposed soils or heavily compacted sites, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. var. ciliaris (Retz.) Parl.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. - crab grass, hairy crab grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, restricted to newly exposed soils or heavily compacted sites, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. - air-potato [Dioscoreaceae; MOEPPC Category B (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--D. batatas Decne.
Dipsacus fullonum L. - common teasel, wild teasel [Dipsacaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--D. sylvestris Hudson
Dispsacus laciniatus L. - cut-leaved teasel [Dipsacaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed]
Draba verna L. - vernal whitlow grass [Brassicaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon vernal weed of open ground or sparse low vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--Erophila verna (L.) Chev.
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. - barnyard grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in disturbed, open, at least seasonally moist areas, but not problematical in sites with conservation management (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Echium vulgare L. - blueweed, blue devil, blue thistle [Boraginaceae; MOEPPC Category C (TS); Exotic, present in Missouri; Watch List in Tennessee]
Egeria densa Planch. - Brazilian elodea [Hydrocharitaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. - Russian olive [Elaeagnaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. [Elaeagnaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - goose grass, yard grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, restricted to newly exposed soils or heavily compacted sites, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen - stink grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon casual weed of new ground (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Erianthus ravennae  ravenna grass  Poaceae
Erodium cicutarium filaree Geraniaceae
Eschscholzia californica Cham. - California poppy [Papaveraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb. - burning bush [Celastraceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. [Celastraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Euphorbia esula L. - leafy spurge, wolf's milk [Euphorbiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri]
Evax prolifera Nutt. ex DC. - [Asteraceae; MOEPPC Category E]
Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai - hairy crabweed [Moraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Festuca arundinacea Shreber. - tall fescue [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri]
--F. eliator L. var. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm.
--Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.
Festuca pratensis Huds. - meadow fescue [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 5 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--F. eliator L.
--F. eliator var. pratensis (Huds.) A. Gray
--F. elatior f. aristata E. Holmb.
--Lolium pratenese (Huds.) Darbysh.
Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. - bedstraw [Rubiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common but never dominant small weed of exposed dry soils in low vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Hedera helix L. - English ivy [Araliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Hemerocallis fulva  orange day lilly Liliaceae
Hesperis matronalis L. - dame's rocket [Brassicaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Hibiscus????L. - rose of Sharon [Malvaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. - little barley [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, locally common but not persistent in newly or perennially disturbed soils (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Humulus japonicus Japanese hops  Cannabaceae
Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle - hydrilla [Hydrocharitaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Federally Listed Noxious Weed; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Hypericum perforatum L. - goatweed, St. John's-wort [Clusiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in weedy meadow vegetation and along roadsides (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Watch List in Tennessee]
Kickxia elatine  cancer root  Scrophulariaceae
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. - golden rain, pride of India [Sapindaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri]
Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindler - Japanese lespedeza [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common low weed capable of thriving in some prairie vegetation; formerly overseeded in some prairies (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) Hook. & Arn.
Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino - Korean clover [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common low weed capable of thriving in some prairie vegetation; formerly overseeded in some prairies (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.
Lactuca serriola L. - prickly lettuce [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, frequent short-lived weed of newly disturbed sites (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--L. scariola L.
Lamium amplexicaule L. - henbit [Lamiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, cropland weed known only from farm fields at Schwartz Prairie (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Lamium purpureum L. - dead nettle [Lamiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, weakly persistent weed of disturbed woodlands, thickets, and streambanks(Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Leptochloa panicoides  Amazon sprangletop  Poaceae
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. - bicolor lespedeza [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) Don [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 5 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.) Nakai - tall bush clover [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, accidental established in an area of LaPetite Gemme; capable of persisting and spreading in eastern states (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.- ox-eye daisy [Asteraceae: Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, field and meadow weed with a tendency to proliferate in unburned prairies and hay meadows (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. - California privet [Oleaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, bird-disseminated shrub capable of becoming problematical in unburned areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Ligustrum sinense Lour. - privet [Oleaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Ligustrum vulgare L. - common privet [Oleaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Linaria vulgaris butter and eggs Scrophulariaceae
Linum usitatissimum  common flax Linaceae
Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton - January jasmine [Caprifoliaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Lonicera japonica Thunb. - Japanese honeysuckle [Caprifoliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 5 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim [Caprifoliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Lonicera morrowii A. Gray - Morrow's bush honeysuckle [Caprifoliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Lonicera senpervirens  trumpet honeysuckle  Caprifoliaceae
Ludwigia uruguayensis grandiflora??(Camb.) H. Hara - hairy water-primrose [Onagraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Jussiaea uruguayensis Cambess
Lysimachia nummularia L. - moneywort [Primulaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Lythrum salicaria L. [Lythraceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. - plume-poppy, tree celandine [Papaveraceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. Schneider [Moraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 5 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Melia azedarach L. - Chinaberry [Meliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Melilotus albus Medic. [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, problematical in sites with previous intensive disturbance, especially in alkaline or neutral soils; persistent seed bank can impede prairie restoration efforts (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional weed in severely disturbed areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Mentha spicata L. - spearmint [Lamiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Mentha x piperita L. - peppermint [Lamiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus -Nepalgrass, Japanese grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. - zebra grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Mollugo verticillata L. - [Molluginaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, innocuous weed of open, typically sandy soils; sometimes considered a weak native weed (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Morus alba L. - white mulberry, silkworm mulberry [Moraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, tough, bird-disseminated tree of fencerows and weedy thickets (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Mosla dianthera (Buchenau) Maxon - miniature beefsteak [Lamiaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.- Mazz. - Asian spiderwort [Commelinaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Muscari atlanticum Boiss. & Reut. - grape hyacinth [Liliaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. - grape hyacinth [Liliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Muscari comosus (L.) Mill. [Hyacinthaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. - parrotfeather, watermilf oil [Haloragidaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--M. brasiliense Cambess.
Myriophyllum spicatum L. - Eurasian watermilfoil [Haloragidaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Najas minor All. - water nymph [Najadaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Watch List in Tennessee]
Onopordum acanthium L. - Scotch thistle [Asteraceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed]
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. - star of Bethlehem [Liliaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Oxalis corniculta  creeping lady's sorrel Oxalidaceae
Papaver dubium L. - poppy [Papaveraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Pastinaca sativa L. - parsnip [Apiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, infrequent in established weedy vegetation along roadsides previously disturbed areas Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. -princess tree [Schrophulariaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Perilla frutescens L. - Britton, beefsteak plant [Lamiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, weed of shaded open moist ground along streams and in depressions (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Phalaris arundinacea L. - canary grass [Poaceae; Native in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Phalaris canariensis L. - canary grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Phalaris caroliniana Walter - canary grass, May grass [Poaceae; Native in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in moist degraded prairies (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Phragmites australis (Cav.)Trin. ex Steud. - common reed [Poaceae; Native, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Phleum pratense L. - timothy [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common, sometimes locally abundant grass of degraded prairies; easily managed with fire (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Plantago lanceolata L. - English plantain, buckhorn, rib grass [Plantaginaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, common in recently or regularly disturbed areas, but otherwise not persistent in competition with prairie vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Poa annua L. - annual bluegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional small weed of moist open ground (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Poa compressa L. Canada bluegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, ubiquitous, often unnoticed weed of disturbed prairies and hay meadows; potentially problematical and persistent (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Poa pratensis L. - Kentucky bluegrass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, ubiquitous, often unnoticed weed of disturbed prairies and hay meadows; potentially problematical and persistent, aggressive in light dry soils (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Polygonum aviculare L. - knotweed, knotgrass, dooryard weed, hogweed [[Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, restricted to newly exposed soils or heavily compacted sites, such as along roadsides and parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Polygonum cespitosum Blume - bunchy knotweed [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Persicaria cespitosa (Blume) Nakai
Polygonum cuspidatum Seib. & Zucc. - Japanese knotweed, Japanese bamboo [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
--Reynoutria japonica Houtt.
Polygonum orientale L. - Prince's feather [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach.
Polygonum persicaria L. - lady's thumb [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, weed in open ground and newly disturbed soil (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--Persicaria vulgaris Webb and Moq.
Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt ex Maxim. [Polygonaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Populus alba L. - white poplar [Salicaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Potamogeton crispus L. - curly pondweed [Potamogetonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]***
Potentilla recta L. - rough-fruited cinquefoil, sulphur cinquefoil [Rosaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional in disturbed open areas, usually among other weeds (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Prunus mahaleb L. - perfumed cherry [Rosaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, accidental and sporadic shrubby tree (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi - kudzu [ Fabaceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Federally listed Noxious Weed; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Pyrus communis L. - pear [Rosaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, accidental escape from discarded fruit; seldom proliferating (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Quercus accutissima sawtooth oak  Fagaceae
Rhamnus cathartica L. - common buckthorn [Rhamnaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri]
Rhamnus frangula L. - alder buckthorn [Rhamnaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Watch List in Tennessee]
Robinia pseudo-acacia L. - black locust [Fabaceae; Native in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, potentially aggressive tree capable of forming dense thickets once established, but not invasive in native grasslands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek - watercress [Brassicaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murray [Rosaceae; Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Class 4 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, aggressive invasive shrub in disturbed, unburned grasslands, weedy thickets, and disturbed woods (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. - wineberry [Rosaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Rumex acetosella L. - sheep sorrel, red sorrel, field sorrel, sour dock [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional in acidic, well-drained sites with sparse or low vegetation, often persistent once established (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Rumex crispus L. - curly dock, sour dock [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, seldom abundant, but widespread, in disturbed ground, usually among fescue and other weeds (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Rumex obtusifolius L. bitter dock, blunt-leaved dock, broad-leaved dock, red-veined dock [Polygonaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in moist low areas along streams, typically in shade (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Securigera varia (L.) Lassen [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--Coronilla varia L.
Senecio vulgaris L. - ragwort [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby - sicklepod senna [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
--Cassia tora L.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link - coffee senna [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. - nodding foxtail-grass [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, flushing in newly disturbed ground such as old crop fields, but yielding in 3-5 years to other vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Setaria glauca (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. - smooth millet [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, occasional in disturbed weedy turf, newly exposed soil, and around parking areas (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
--S. pumila P.Beauv.
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. - foxtail-millet [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. - green millet [Poaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon in newly exposed soil (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Sida spinosa L. - prickly sida [Malvaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, surprisingly uncommon in MPF sites, considering its ubiquity in disturbed open areas in Missouri (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Silene pratensis (Rafn) Gordon & Gren. white campion, evening campion, white cockel [Carophyllaceae; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, uncommon weed of previously disturbed sites; not capable of persisting or invading prairies (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--Lychnis alba Miller
Sinapis arvensis L. - wild mustard, charlock, crunchweed [Brassicaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, casual weed of newly disturbed soil (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler
Solanum dulcamara L. - bittersweet [Solanaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Solanum rostratum Dunal. - buffalo burr, Kansas thistle [Solanaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, weed of severely disturbed ground known only from a rocky berm at Golden Prairie; problematical westward (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
--S. cornutum Lam.
Solanum viarum Dunal - tropical soda apple [Solanaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Federally Listed Noxious Weed; Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Solanum sarachoides Sendtner - viscid nightshade [Solanaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands, rare weed of disturbed areas and around brush piles (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. [Gramineae(Poaceae); Exotic, Missouri Noxious Weed; Class 5 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 1 - Severe Threat in Tennessee]
Spiraea japonica L.f. - Japanese spiraea [Rosceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Stachys floridana Shuttlew. - hedge nettle [Lamiaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Stellaria meadia (L.) Villars - common chickweed [Caryophyllaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; ubiquitous weed of moist or shaded, disturbed sites, particularly in low thickets or along shaded floodplains, where it can form dense carpets and dominate the ground cover (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. - saltcedar [Tamaricaceae; MOEPPC Category C (JG); Exotic, present in Missouri]
Taraxacum officinale Weber - common dandelion [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; widespread but seldom abundant in disturbed open vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link - hedge-parsley [Apiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC - [Apiaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; frequent in sandy or rocky disturbed sites, where it can be abundant and pre-emptive, but not spreading into intact prairie vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Tragopogon dubius Scop. - yellow goats-beard [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; uncommon in rank weedy turfs and severely degraded prairie vegetation; never abundant (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Tribulus terrestris L. - puncturevine [Zygophyllaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Trifolium campestre Schreber - large hop clover, low hop clover, Bishop clover [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; common in weedy areas and disturbed ground (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Trifolium pratense L. - red clover [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; occasional in weedy turfs (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Trifolium repens L. - white clover [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; common in mowed areas, compacted soil, waste ground, and along disturbed streambanks(Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Tussilago farfara L. - coltsfoot [Asteraceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Typha angustifolia L. - cattail [Typhaceae; MOEPPC Category E]
Ulmus pumila L. - dwarf elm [Ulmaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; sporadic scraggly trees seldom long persistent at a site (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Urtica dioica L. - stinging nettle [Urticaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Verbascum blattaria L. - moth mulein [Scrophularicaeae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; uncommon in waste ground and recently disturbed soil (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Verbascum thapsus L. - common mullein [Scrophularicaeae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; frequent in weedy turfs and disturbed rocky ground (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Veronica arvensis L. - corn speedwell [Scrophularicaeae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; ubiquitous, inconspicuous plant of disturbed ground throughout; yields to establishing tallgrass vegetation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Vinca major L. - large periwinkle [Apocynaceae; not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Vinca minor L. - common periwinkle [Apocynaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Viola rafinesquii E. Greene - field pansy, wild pansy, Johnny-jump-up [Violaceae; Native in Missouri; Class 3 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; common in disturbed openings in prairies, especially in sandy or rocky soils (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Vitex negundo Verbenaceae
Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. - wistera [Fabaceae; Exotic, not present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Wistera sinensis (Sims) Sweet - Chinese wisteria [Fabaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 2 - Significant Threat in Tennessee]
Xanthium spinosum L. - spiny cocklebur [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Xanthium strumarium L. - common cocklebur [Asteraceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 2 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; occasional in newly disturbed ground or along streams; requires continual disturbance to be persistent at a site (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999); Rank 3 - Lesser Threat in Tennessee]
Yucca smalliana Fern. - Spanish bayonet, Adam's needle [Agavaceae; Exotic, present in Missouri; Class 1 in Missouri Prairie Foundation Lands; uncommon, but surprisingly tough, escape from cultivation (Ladd and Churchwell, 1999)]
Heliotropium indicum  Indian heliotrope Boraginaceae
Salsola colina  Russian thistle, tumbleweed  Chenopodiaceae
Ipomea hederacea blue morning glory  Convolvulaceae
Sedum sarmentosum  yellow stonecrop  Crassulaceae
Lotus corniculatus  bird's foot treefoil  Fabaceae
Medicago lupulina  black medic  Fabaceae
Robinia hispida  bristly locust  Fabaceae
Leonurus cardiaca  motherwort  Lamiaceae
Glechoma hederacea  ground ivy  Lamiaceae
Ligustrum obtusifolium  border privet  Oleaceae
Anagallis arvensis  scarlet pimpernel  Primulaceae
Ottelia alismoides  Hydrocharitaceae
Iris pseudacorus  yellow iris  Iridaceae
Lolium perenne  perennial ryegrass  Poaceae
Rhamnus davurica rate MOEPPC B