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Articles or books by two or more authors are cited as follows. When there are two authors, citation is alphabetical after the second author's name. When there are three or more authors, references are cited in the body of the text as (e.g.) Chase et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, and are listed following these sometimes alphabetically qualified dates of publication immediately after all the single- or two-authored articles by the first author.

Qian, H., & Ricklefs, R. E. 2004. Taxon richness and climate in angiosperms: Is there a globally consistent relationship that precludes region effects? American Naturalist 163: 773-779 [see Electronic Appendix for plant distributions].

Qin, H.-N. 1998. A taxonomic revision of the Lardizabalaceae. Cathaya 8-9: 1-214.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1995], Chase, M. W., & Parks, C. R. 1995. A chloroplast DNA phylogenetic study of the eastern Asia - east North America disjunct section Rhytidospermum of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). American J. Bot. 82: 1582-1588.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1998a], Chase, M. W., Hoot, S. B., Conti, E., Crane, P. R., Sytsma, K. J., & Parks, C. R. 1998a. Phylogenetics of the Hamamelidae and their allies: Parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 159: 891-905.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1998b], Cho, Y., Cox, J. C., & Palmer, J. D. 1998b. The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394: 671-674.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 1999], Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Zimmer, E. A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V., & Chase, M. W. 1999. The earliest angiosperms: Evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genes. Nature 402: 404-407.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2000], Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Zimmer, E. A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V., & Chase, M. W. 2000. Phylogeny of basal angiosperms: Analyses of five genes from three genomes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 161(6: suppl.): S3-S27.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2005], Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Li, L., Whitlock, B. A., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Rest, J. S., Davis, C. C., Borsch, T., Hilu, K. W., Renner, S. S., Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Zanis, M. J., Cannone, J. J., Gutell, R. R., Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Chatrou, L. W., & Chase, M. W. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of basal angiosperms based on nine plastid mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 166: 815-842.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2006a], Li, L., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Knoop, V., Groth-Malonek, M., Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Kent, L., Rest, J. S., Estabrook, G. F., Hendry, T. A., Taylor, D. W., Testa, C. M., Ambros, M., Crandall-Stotler, B., Duff, R. J., Stech, M., Frey, W., Quandt, D., & Davis, C. C. 2006a. The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 15511-15516.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2006b], Li, L., Hendry, T, Li, R., Taylor, D. W., Issa, M. J., Ronen, A. J., Vekaria, M. L., & White, A. M. 2006b. Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: Evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes. Taxon 55: 837-856.

Qiu, Y.-L. [et al. 2007], Li, L., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Dombrovska, O., Lee, J., Kent, L., Li, R., Jobson, R. J., Hendry, T. A., Taylor, D. W., Testa, C. M., & Ambros, M. 2007. A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 168: 691-708.

Quandt, D., & Stech, M. 2003. Molecular systematics of bryophytes in context of land plant phylogeny. Pp. 267-295, in Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, A. (eds), Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. Volume 1, part A. Phanerogams. Scientific Publications, Enfield, NH.

Quandt, D. [et al. 2004], Müller, K., Stech, M., Frahm, J.-P., Frey, W., Hilu, K. W., & Borsch, T. 2004. Molecular evolution of the chloroplast trnL-F region in land plants. Pp. 15-37, in Goffinet, B., Hollowell, V., & Magill, R. (eds), Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO.

Quinn, C. J. 1986. Embryogeny in Phyllocladus. New Zealand J. Bot. 24: 575-579.

Quinn, C. J. [et al. 2002], Price, R. A., & Gadek, P. A. 2002. Familial concepts and relationships in the conifers based on rbcL and matK sequence comparisons. Kew Bull. 57: 513-531.

Quinn, C. J. [et al. 2003], Crayn, D. M., Heslewood, M. M., Brown, E. A., & Gadek, P. A. 2003. A molecular estimate of the phylogeny of Styphelieae (Ericaceae). Australian Syst. Bot. 16: 581-594.

Quinn, C. J. [et al. 2005], Brown, E. A., Heslewood, M. M., & Crayn, D. M. 2005. Generic concepts in Styphelieae (Ericaceae): The Cyathodes group. Australian Syst. Bot. 18: 439-454.

Quint, M., & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 2006a. Phylogeny of Bruniaceae based on matK and ITS sequence data. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 167: 135-146.

Quint, M., & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. 2006b. Floral ontogeny, petal diversity and nectary uniformity in Bruniaceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 152: 459-477.

Quintinar, A. [et al. 2007], Castroviejo, S., & Catalán, P. 2007. Phylogeny of the tribe Aveneae (Pooideae, Poaceae) inferred from plastid trnT-F and nucear ITS sequences. American J. Bot. 94: 1554-1569.

Raab, T. K. [et al. 1999], Lipson, D. A., & Monson, R. K. 1999. Soil amino acid utilization among species of Cyperaceae: Plant and soil processes. Ecology 80: 2408-2419.

Rabinowitch, H. D., & Currah, L. 2002. Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. CABI, Wallingford.

Raboud, X., & Zeyl, C. 1994. Organelle evolution in plants. Heredity 72: 132-140.

Radcliffe-Smith, A. 2001. Genera euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Radford, A. E. [et al. 1974], Dickison, W. C., Massey, J. R., & Bell, C. R. 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper & Row, New York. [See, in part, http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/vasc.html ]

Radhika, K. P., & Rodrigues, B. F. 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in association with aquatic and marshy plant species in Goa, India. Aquatic Bot. 86: 291-294.

Radlkofer, L. 1892-1900. Sapindaceae. Pp. 225-658, pl. 58-123, in Urban, I. (ed.), Flora brasiliensis, vol. 13(3).

Radlkofer, L. 1933. Sapindaceae, vol. 1. Engelmann, Leizig.

Radlkofer, L. 1934. Sapindaceae, vol. 2. Engelmann, Leizig.

Rahmanzadeh, R. [et al. 2004], Müller, K., Fischer, E., Bartels, D., & Borsch, T. 2004. The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). Plant Biol. 7: 67-78.

Rahn, K. 1998. Alliaceae, pp. 70-78, and Themidaceae, 436-440, in Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin.

Rai, H. S. [et al. 2002], Reeves, P. A., Olmstead, R. G., & Graham, S. W. 2002. Conifer monophyly and higher-order relationships based on a large, multigene plastid set. P. 147, in Botany 2002: Botany in the Curriculum, Abstracts. [Madison, Wisconsin.]

Rai, H. S. [et al. 2003], O'Brien, H. E., Reeves, P. A., Olmstead, R. G., & Graham, S. W. 2003. Inference of higher-order relationships within the cycads from a large chloroplast data set. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 350-359.

Raj, B. 1970. Loranthaceae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 22-28.

Raj, B. 1985. A contribution to the pollen morphology of Nesogenaceae and Cyclocheilaceae. Pollen et Spores 27: 295-306.

Rajput, K. S. 2002. Stem anatomy of Amaranthaceae: Rayless nature of xylem. Flora 197: 224-232.

Ram, M. 1970. Olacaceae, Opiliaceae, Grubbiaceae, Myzodendraceae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 4-8, 9-12, 13-14, 19-21.

Ram, M., & Wadhi, M. 1964. Endosperm in Acanthaceae. Phytomorph. 14: 388-413.

Rama Devi, D. 1991. Floral anatomy of Hypseocharis (Oxalidaceae) with a discussion on its systematic position. Plant Syst. Evol. 177: 161-164.

Raman, S. 1991. The trichomes on the corolla of the Scrophulariaceae - X: Taxa of uncertain relationship to, or within, the family. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 66: 127-143.

Ramana, R. V. [et al. 2000], Rao, P. S. P., Dutt, B. S. M., & Narayana, L. 2000. Embryology of Phryma leptostachya L. (Verbenaceae) with considerations of its systematic status and affinities. Feddes Repert. 111: 231-248.

Ramírez, S. R. [et al. 2002], Dressler, R. L., & Ospina, M. 2002. Abejas euglosinas (Hymenoptera: Apidae) de la región Neotropical: listado de especies con notas sobre su biología. Biota Colombiana 3: 7-118.

Ramírez, S. R. [et al. 2007], Gravendeel, B., Singer, R. B., Marshall, C. R., & Pierce, N. E. 2007. Dating the origin of Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042-1045.

Ramomonjiarisoa, B. 1980. Comparative Anatomy and Systematics of African and Malagasy woody Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Ramos, C. O. C. [et al. 2005], Borba, E. L., & Funch, L. S. 2005. Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) species: Evidence for entomophily instead of anemophily. Ann. Bot. 96: 387-397.

Ramp, E. 1987. Funktionelle Anatomie des Gynoeciums bei Staphylea. Bot. Helvetica 97: 89-98.

Ramstad, E. 1953. Über das Vorkommen und die Verbreitung von Chelidonsäure in einigen Pflanzenfamilien. Pharmacolog. Acta Helvetiae 28: 48-57.

Raninandran, P. N., & Babu, K. N. (eds). 2005. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Rankin, B. D. [et al. 2008], Stockey, R. A., & Beard, G. 2008. Fruits of Icacinaceae from the Eocene Appian Way locality of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 169: 305-314.

Rao, D. 1970. Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae. Indian National Sci. Acad. Bull. [Symposium: Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms] 41: 142-147, 148-150.

Rao, P. R. M. 1974. Seed anatomy in some Hamamelidaceae and phylogeny. Phytomorph. 24: 113-139.

Rao, T. A. 1991. Compendium of Foliar Sclereids in Angiosperms: Morphology and Taxonomy. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.

Rapini, A. [et al. 2003], Chase, M. W., Goyder, D. J., & Griffiths, J. 2003. Asclepiadeae classification: Evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of New World Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). Taxon 52: 33-50.

Rapini, A. [et al. 2007], van den Berg, C., & Liede-Schumann, S. 2007. Diversification of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) in the New World. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 407-422.

Rask, L. [et al. 2000], Andréasson, E., Ekbom, E., Eriksson, S., Pontoppidan, B., & Meijer, J. 2000. Myrosinase: Gene family evolution and herbivore defense in Brassicaceae. Plant. Mol. Biol. 42: 93-113.

Rasmussen, F. N. 1982. The gynostemium of the neottioid orchids. Op. Bot. 65: 1-96.

Rasmussen, F. N. [et al. 2006], Frederiksen, S., Johansen, B., Jøregensen, L. B., Petersen, G., & Seberg, O. 2006. Fleshy fruits in liliiflorous monocots. Pp. 135-147, in Columbus, J. T., Friar, E. A., Porter, J. M., Prince, L. M., & Simpson, M. G. (eds), Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, Ca. [Aliso 22: 4135-147.]

Rasmussen, H. N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids: From Seed to Mycotrophic Plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Rasmussen, L. S. [et al. 2006], Rank, C., & Jensen, S. R. 2006. Transfer of iridoid glucosides from host plant Galium verum to hemiparasitic Euphrasia stricta. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34: 763-765.

Ratzka, A. [et al. 2002], Vogel, H., Kliebenstein, D. J., Mitchell-Olds, T., & Kroymann, J. 2002. Disarming the mustard oil bomb. Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 11223-11228.

Raubeson, L. A. 1998. Chloroplast structural similarities shared by conifers and Gnetales: Coincidence or common ancestry? American J. Bot. 85(6, suppl.): 153.

Raubeson, L. A., & Jansen, R. K. 1992a. A rare chloroplast-DNA structural mutation is shared by all conifers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20: 17-24.

Raubeson, L. A., & Jansen, R. K. 1992b. Chloroplast DNA evidence on the ancient evolutionary split in vascular land plants. Science 255: 1697-1699.

Raubeson, L. A., & Jansen, R. K. 2005. Chloroplast genomes in plants. Pp. 45-68, in Henry, R. J. (ed.), Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. CAB International, Wallingford.

Raubeson, L. A. [et al. 2006], McCoy, S. K. R., Müller, K., Wall, P. K., Leebens-Mack, J., Boore, J. L., Jansen, R. K., & Depamphilis, C. W. 2006. Seed plant phylogeny based on sequences from 61 (mostly) shared genes. Pp. 250-251, in Botany 2006 - Looking to the Future - Conserving the Past. [Abstracts: Botanical Society of America, etc.]

Rauh, W. 1983. The morphology and systematic position of the Didieriaceae of Madagascar. Bothalia 14: 839-843.

Rauh, W. 1990. Bromelien: Tillandsien und andere kulturwürdige Bromelien. Eugen Ulmer.

Rauh, W., & Jäger-Zürn, I. 1966. Zur Kenntnis der Hydrostachyaceae. Teil I. Blutenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen an Hydrostachyaceen unter besondere Berücksichtigung ihrer systematischen stellung. Sitzungsber. Heidelberger Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Kl., 166: 1-177.

Rauh, W., & Jäger-Zürn, I. 1966 [1967]. Le problème de la position systematique des Hydrostachyacées. Adansonia Sér 2, 6: 515-523.

Rauh, W., & Schölch, H. F. 1965. Weitere Untersuchungen an Didiereaceen. 2. Teil. Inflorescenz-, blütenmorphologische und embryologische Untersuchungen mit Ausblick auf die systematische Stellung der Didiereaceen. Sitz. Heidelberger Akad. Wiss. 1965(3): 221-443.

Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Razafimandimbison, S. G., & Bremer, B. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): Inference from molecular and morphological data. Syst. Geogr. Plants 71: 515-538.

Razafimandimbison, S. G. [et al. 2005], Moog, J., Lantz, H., Maschwitz, U., & Bremer, B. 2005. Re-assessment of monophyly, evolution of myrmecophytism, and rapid radiation in Neonauclea s.s. (Rubiaceae). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 34: 334-354. [Correction in Mol. Phyl. Evol. 37: 938-939, 2005.]

Raven P. H. 1963. The Old World species of Ludwigia (including Jussiaea, with a synopsis of the genus. Reinwardtia 6: 327-427.

Raven P. H. 1967. A revision of the African species of Epilobium (Onagraceae). Bothalia 9: 309-333.

Raven P. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Cytology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 724-764.

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Raymond, M., & Dansereau, P. 1953. The geographic distribution of the bipolar Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaea tetragona and Brasenia schreberi. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Congr. 7(5): 122-131.

Raynal-Roques, A. 1967. Étude critiques des genres Voyria et Leiphaimos (Gentianaceae) et révision des Voyria d'Afrique. Adansonia Sér. 2, 7: 53-71.

Razi, B. A. 1955. Some aspects of the embryology of Zeylanidium olivaceum (Tul) Engl., and Lawia zeylanica Tul. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9: 36-41.

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Remizowa, M. [et al. 2005], Sokoloff, D., & Moskvicheva, L. A. 2005. Morphology and development of flower and shoot system in Tofieldia pusilla (Tofieldiaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 90: 840-853. [In Russian.}

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Ren, Y., & Hu, Z.-H. 1998. Anatomical studies on root, node and leaf of Kingdonia uniflora. Acta Bot. Bor.-Occid. Sinica 18: 72-77. [In Chinese.]

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Ren, Y. [et al. 2004], Li, Z.-J., Chang, H.-L., Lei, Y.-L., & Lu, A.-M. 2004. Floral development of Kingdonia (Ranunculaceae s.l., Ranunculales). Plant Syst. Evol. 247: 145-153.

Ren, Y. [et al. 2007], Chen, L., Tian, X. H., Zhang, X. H., & Lu, A.-M. 2007. Discovery of vessels in Tetracentron (Trochodendraceae) and its systematic significance. Plant Syst. Evol. 267: 155-161.

Renner, S. S. 1989. A survey of reproductive biology in neotropical Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 496-518.

Renner, S. S. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae. Nordic J. Bot. 13: 519-540.

Renner, S. S. 1998. Phylogenetic analyses of Monimiaceae based on cpDNA gene and spacer sequences. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 1: 61-77.

Renner, S. S. 1999. Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: Evidence from molecular and morphological data. American J. Bot. 86: 1301-1315.

Renner, S. S. 2004. Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 359: 1485-1494.

Renner, S. S. 2005. Variation in diversity among Laurales, Early Cretaceous to present. Biol. Skr. 55: 441-458. [Pp. 441-458, in Friis, I., & Balslev, H. (eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns - Local, Regional and Global Dimensions. Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.]

Renner, S. S. 2006a. Rewardless flowers in angiosperms and the role of insect cognition in their evolution. Pp. 122-144, in Waser, N. M., & Ollerton, J. (eds), Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

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