Researchers at MO Publications by Nicholas J. Turland [back to main page] Summary: Total: 116 publications (excluding items in press or in preparation) 1988. Mountains and gorges in western Crete. Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society 56: 46–57. 1989. A purple Arum from the kingdom of Minos. Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society 57: 112–117. 1990 1. Plant portrait: Arum idaeum. The Rock Garden 22: 51–52. 2. Cretan Bellflowers and St John’s Worts. Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society 58: 310–320. 1991 1. A close look at a Cretan Daphne. The Kew Magazine 8: 37–45. 2. Hardy alpine garden plants from Crete. The Rock Garden 22: 303–317. 1992 1. Floristic notes from Crete. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 108: 345–357. 2. Wild flowers (with Chinery, M., Press, J. R., Tebbs, B. A. & West, M. J.) [pp. 10-89] and Trees and shrubs (with Press, J. R., Tebbs, B. A. & West, M. J.) [90-129]. In Chinery, M. (Ed.), Natural history of Britain and Europe. Kingfisher, London. 3. Studies on the Cretan flora 1. Floristic notes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany. 22: 159-164. 4. Studies on the Cretan flora 2. The Dianthus juniperinus complex (Caryophyllaceae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 22: 165-169. 1993 1. (with Chilton, L. & Press, J.R.). Flora of the Cretan area: annotated checklist & atlas. The Natural History Museum and HMSO, London. 2. (with Press, J.R. & Tebbs, B.A.). Photographic field guide. Wild flowers of Britain and Europe. New Holland, London. 3. Cretan cliff-dwellers. Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society 61: 381-390. 4. Phoenix theophrasti the Cretan palm. Chamaerops 11: 19-21. 5. [Lectotypification of] Ebenus L. [p. 44]. In Jarvis, C. E., Barrie, F. R., Allan, D. M. & Reveal, J. L. (Eds), A list of Linnaean generic names and their types. Regnum Vegetabile 127. 1994 1. (with Chilton, L.). Studies on the Cretan flora 3. Additions to the flora of Karpathos. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 24: 91–99. 2. Amaranthaceae [pp. 74–77], Phytolaccaceae [78–79], Erysimum L. [113–114], Rosaceae [139–149], Leguminosae (except Lathyrus, Lens, Trifolium, and Vicia; in part with Cannon, M.J. ) [149–192], Celastraceae [213–214], Vitaceae [215], Passifloraceae [225–226], Cactaceae [229–230], Lythraceae [230–231], Myrtaceae [231–233], Onagraceae (except Oenothera) [233–237], Araliaceae [237–238], Plumbaginaceae [252–254], Sapotaceae [254–255], Oleaceae [255–257], Rubiaceae [261–266], Convolvulaceae [266–271], Verbenaceae [277–279], Valerianaceae [325–327], Musschia Dumort. [331], Scilla L. (with Vickery, A.R.) [386–387], Agavaceae [391–392], Araceae (with Cannon, M.J.) [453–455], Cyperaceae (except Carex) [456–466], and Orchidaceae [467–469]. In Press, J.R. & Short, M.J. (Eds), Flora of Madeira. The Natural History Museum and HMSO, London. 3. (with Jarvis, C.E.). The typification of Linnaean plant names in the family Compositae (Asteraceae). Compositae Newsletter extra issue, July 1994. 4. (with Jarvis, C.E.). The typification of Linnaean plant names in the Compositae (Asteraceae) [p. 92]. In Hind, D.J.N. (Ed.), Compositae: systematics biology utilization, paper and poster abstracts. International Compositae Conference, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 24 July–5 August 1994. 5. Another Daphne from Crete. The Kew Magazine 11: 117–122. 6. Daphne jasminea. The Kew Magazine 11: 123–128. 7. Scrublands [pp. 122-129]. In Hare, T. & Bishop, C. (Eds), Nature Worlds: 122–129. Macmillan, London. 1995 1. (with Chilton, L. & Press, J.R.). Flora of the Cretan area: annotated checklist & atlas, second impression. The Natural History Museum and HMSO, London. 2. (1163[bis]) Proposal to reject the name Cenchrus frutescens L. (Gramineae). Taxon 44: 419–420. 3. (with Jarvis, C.E.). Typification of Linnaean plant names described from the Mediterranean region [p. 105]. In Valdés, B. et al., VIII OPTIMA Meeting, Sevilla, 25 September-1 October, 1995. Abstracts. 4. Neotypification of Acer orientale (Aceraceae). Taxon 44: 597–600. 5. (1204) Proposal to conserve the name Centaurea pumilio L. (Compositae) with a conserved type. Taxon 44: 643–644. 6. Linnaeus’s interpretation of Prospero Alpino’s De plantis exoticis with special emphasis on the flora of Crete. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 25: 127–159. 7. (with Wilson, C.C.). Sphagnum auriculatum Schimp.: a genus new to the bryophyte flora of Crete. Journal of Bryology 18: 827–828. 1996 1. (with Crespo, M.B. & Serra, L.). Lectotypification of four names in Lobelia (Lobeliaceae). Taxon 45: 117–120. 2. ["1995"]. Kriti [pp. xxxiv–xxxvii], Alyssum fragillimum [22–23], Artemisia herba-alba [56–57], Astragalus idaeus [74–75], Bellevalia brevipedicellata [84–85], Callitriche pulchra [108–109], Centaurea lancifolia [158–159], Chaerophyllum creticum [182–183], Clematis elisabethae-carolae [190–191], Cynoglossum sphacioticum [230–231], Datisca cannabina [240–241], Dianthus xylorrhizus [246–247], Helichrysum heldreichii [306–307], Hypericum jovis [318–319], Hypericum kelleri [320–321], Lomelosia minoana susbp. asterusica [356–357], Medicago heyniana [360–361], Onobrychis sphaciotica [376–377], Origanum dictamnus [394–395], Origanum vetteri [398–399], Periploca angustifolia [406–407], Pterocephalus brevis (with Raus, T.) [432–433], Sesleria doerfleri (with Kypriotakis, Z.) [460–461], Thlaspi zaffranii [494–495], Tragopogon lassithicus [500–501], and Trifolium barbeyi (with Raus, T.) [502–503]. In Phitos, D., Strid, A., Snogerup, S. & Greuter, W. (Eds), The red data book of rare and threatened plants of Greece. World Wide Fund for Nature, Athens. 3. (1224) Proposal to reject the name Atriplex hastata L. (Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 45: 325–326. 4. (1227) Proposal to conserve the name Hedysarum cornutum L. (Onobrychis cornuta Desv.; Leguminosae) against Hedysarum spinosum L. Taxon 45: 331–332. 5. (1232) Proposal to reject the name Statice echinus L. (Plumbaginaceae). Taxon 45: 339–340. 6. (with Kirschner, J. & Štepαnek, J.). (1244-1246) Proposals to reject the names Trifolium agrarium, T. filiforme and T. procumbens (Leguminosae). Taxon 45: 549–551. 7. (1251) Proposal to reject the name Scrophularia aquatica (Scrophulariaceae). Taxon 45: 561–562. 8. (1253) ["1553"] Proposal to reject the name Rosa eglanteria (Rosaceae). Taxon 45: 565–566. 9. (1270) Proposal to reject the name Malva rotundifolia (Malvaceae). Taxon 45: 707–708. 10. (with Knapp, S. & D’Arcy, W.). (1273) Proposal to reject the name Solanum quercifolium (Solanaceae). Taxon 45: 713–714. 1997 1. (1277) Proposal to reject the name Eriophorum polystachion (Cyperaceae). Taxon 46: 115–116. 2. (1278) Proposal to reject the name Quercus aegilops (Fagaceae). Taxon 46: 117–118. 3. (1279) Proposal to reject the name Astragalus capitatus (Leguminosae). Taxon 46: 119–120. 4. (with Chilton, L.). Flora of Crete – a supplement. Marengo Publications, Retford. 5. (1289-1290) Proposals to conserve the name Carex lachenalii against C. tripartita and C. leporina, and to reject the name C. bipartita (Cyperaceae). Taxon 46: 341–345. 6. (with Jarvis, C.E.). Typification of Linnaean plant names. Lagascalia 19 [Proceedings of the VIII OPTIMA Meeting, Sevilla, 25 September-1 October, 1995]: 805-806. 7. (with Jarvis, C.E.) (Eds). Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Taxon 46: 457–485. 8. (with Wyse Jackson, M.). (1313-1314) Proposals to reject the names Cerastium viscosum and C. vulgatum (Caryophyllaceae). Taxon 46: 775–778. 9. (1315) Proposal to reject the name Dianthus arboreus (Caryophyllaceae). Taxon 46: 779–780. 10. (1317) Proposal to reject the name Phaca trifoliata (Leguminosae). Taxon 46: 785–786. 11. (with Rumsey, F.). (1318-1319) Proposals to reject the names Orobanche major and O. laevis (Orobanchaceae). Taxon 46: 787–791. 12. (1320) Proposal to reject the name Nepeta hirsuta (Labiatae). Taxon 46: 793–794. 1998 1. [Book review of] Strid, Arne & Tan, Kit (Ed.). Flora Hellenica. Vol. 1. Taxon 47: 219-221. 2. (with Jarvis, C.E.) (Eds). Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Compositae (Asteraceae). Taxon 47: 347–370. 3. (with Martνnez, M., Muρoz, F. & Rico, E.). Lectotypification and epitypification of the name Veronica multifida (Scrophulariaceae). Taxon 47: 437–439. 4. (with Davidse, G.). Registration of plant names: undesirable, unnecessary, and unworkable. Taxon 47: 957–962. 1999 1. (with O’Kane, S.L., Jr. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A.). (1393) Proposal to conserve the name Lesquerella against Physaria (Cruciferae). Taxon 48: 163–164. 2. (with Fu, L.K. & Mill, R.R.) Validation of the name Cephalotaxus latifolia (Cephalotaxaceae), a species from southeast China. Novon 9: 185–186. 3. [Book review of] Farjon, Aljos. World checklist and bibliography of conifers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 183. 4. Registratsiya nazvanii rastenii: nezhelatelnaya, izlishnyaya i nerabotosposobnaya sistema [Plant names registration: undesirable, unnecessary and unworkable; Russian translation]. Botanicheskij Zhurnal (St. Petersburg) 84: 149-153. 5. (with Davidse, G.). (1417) Proposal to conserve the name Andropogon bicornis (Gramineae) with a conserved type. Taxon 48: 573–574. 6. (with Cafferty, S.). (1426) Proposal to conserve the name Peucedanum nodosum (Umbelliferae) with a conserved type. Taxon 48: 595–596. 7. (with Campbell-Young, G.J. & Van Wyk, B.-E.). (1439) Proposal to conserve the name Spartium capense (Leguminosae) with a conserved type. Taxon 48: 833–834. 2000 1. (1441) Proposal to conserve the name Eremurus spectabilis (Liliaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 49: 97–98. 2. (with Ding, Z.Z. [Ting, C.T.] & Gilbert, M.G.). A new name in Chinese Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae). Novon 10: 13. 3. (with Wu, T.L. & Larsen, K.). Validation of the name Zingiber koshunense (Zingiberaceae), a species endemic to Taiwan. Novon 10: 88–89. 4. (with Wu, T.L. & Larsen, K.). Four new names in Chinese and Vietnamese Zingiberaceae. Novon 10: 90–91. 5. (with Cafferty, S. & Jarvis, C.E.) (Eds). Typification of Linnaean plant names in the Poaceae (Gramineae). Taxon 49: 239–260. 6. (with Greuter, W., McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Filgueiras, T.S., Nicolson, D.H., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Trehane, P. & Hawksworth, D.L.) (Eds). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code) adopted by the Sixteenth International Botanical Congress St. Louis, Missouri, July-August 1999. Regnum Vegetabile 138. 7. (with Tamura, M.N. & Chen, S.C. [X.Q.]). A new combination in Heteropolygonatum (Convallariaceae, Polygonateae). Novon 10: 156-157. 8. (with Tamura, M.N. & Liang, S.Y. [S.J.]). New combinations in Campylandra (Convallariaceae, Convallarieae). Novon 10: 158-160. 9. (with Zhu, G.). Two new combinations in central Asian and Chinese Allium (Alliaceae). Novon 10: 181–182. 10. (with Chilton, L.). A revision of Centaurea argentea (Compositae, Cardueae), an endemic species of Kriti and Kithira (Greece). Botanika Chronika 13: 71–79. 11. (with Chen, X.Q. [S.C.] & Liang, S.Y. [S.J.]). Aletris Linnaeus [pp. 77-82], Anemarrhena Bunge [207-208], Cordyline Commerson ex R. Brown [204], Diuranthera Hemsley [206-207], Dracaena Vandelli ex Linnaeus [215-217], Eremurus Marschall von Bieberstein [159-160], Gagea Salisbury [117-121], Lloydia Reichenbach [121-123], and Milula Prain [202-203]. In Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds), Flora of China, 24. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 12. (with Ohba, H., Bartholomew, B.M. & Fu, K.J. [K.T.]). New combinations in Phedimus (Crassulaceae). Novon 10: 400–402. 2001 1. [Typifications of] Galeopsis hirsuta L., Glechoma arvensis L., G. belgica L. [p. 511], Marrubium acetabulosum L., M. candidissimum L. [512], M. pseudodictamnus L. [513], Phlomis samia L. [516], Satureja spinosa L., Scutellaria cretica L. [519], Stachys cretica L., S. spinosa L., Teucrium arduini L. [520], and T. massiliense L. [521]. In Jarvis, C.E., Cafferty, S. & Forrest, L.L. (Eds). 2001. Typification of Linnaean plant names in Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Taxon 50: 507-523. 2. (with Davidse, G.). (1480) Proposal to reject the name Holcus saccharatus (Poaceae). Taxon 50: 577–580. 3. (with Lu [Lou], L.L.). Resedaceae [pp. 194-195]. In Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds), Flora of China, 8. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 4. Clay-loving Wild-buckwheat [vol. 2: pp. 173-175], Gypsum Wild-buckwheat [2: 177-178], Scrub Buckwheat [2: 178-179], Southern Mountain Wild-buckwheat [2: 180-181], Steamboat Buckwheat [2: 181-182], Lloyd's Mariposa Cactus [2: 210-211], Wright Fishhook Cactus [2: 219-220], Coneflowers [3: 315-321], Kuznetzov's Cyclamen [3: 391-392], Daisies (Maguire Daisy and Parish's Daisy) [3: 400-403], Geraniums (Cranesbills) [5: 618-620], Clay's Hibiscus [5: 685-686], Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid [7: 976], Nicobar Palm [8: 1017], Pines [8: 1084-1087], Thistles [11: 1479-1483], and Large-fruited Sand Verbena [12: 1595]. In Hildyard, A. (Ed.), Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Marshall Cavendish, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney. 5. (with Barrie, F.R.). Family name listings modified in Appendix IIB of the Saint Louis Code. Taxon 50: 897-903. 6. (with Chen, S.L. & Rabeler, R.K.). Two new names in Chinese Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae). Novon 11: 302–303. 7. (with Hong, D.Y. & Pan, K.Y.). Paeonia anomala subsp. veitchii (Paeoniaceae), a new combination. Novon 11: 315–318. 8. (with Oxelman, B. & Lidιn, M.). Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Chinese Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Novon 11: 322–324. 9. (with Lu, D.Q.). Dianthus Linnaeus [pp. 102–107], Acanthophyllum C. A. Meyer [107], and Gypsophila Linnaeus [108–113]. In Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds), Flora of China, 6. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 10. (with Hong, D.Y. & Pan, K.Y.). Paeoniaceae [pp. 127-132]. In Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds), Flora of China, 6. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2002 1. (with Zhang, Z.Y.). New synonymies of some species of Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 40: 183-186. 2. (with Zhang, Z.Y.). New combinations in Chinese Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae). Novon 12: 152-154. 3. (with Gilbert, M.G.). (1525) Proposal to conserve the name Ranunculus lobatus Jacquem. ex Cambess. against R. lobatus Moench (Ranunculaceae). Taxon 51: 197-198. 4. (with Al-Shehbaz, I.A.). [Typifications of] Alyssum deltoideum L. [p. 530], A. utriculatum L., A. vesicaria L., Arabis turrita L. [531], Myagrum orientale L., Sisymbrium barbarae L. [535], and Turritis alpina L. [536]. In Cafferty, S. & Jarvis, C.E. (Eds), Typification of Linnaean plant names in Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 51: 529-537. 5. [Lectotypification of] Rosa spinosissima L. [p. 543]. In Cafferty, S. & Jarvis, C.E. (Eds), Typification of Linnaean plant names in Rosaceae. Taxon 51: 539-545. 6. [Neotypification of] Arbutus andrachne L. [p. 752]. In Cafferty, S. & Jarvis, C.E. (Eds), Typification of Linnaean plant names in Ericaceae. Taxon 51: 751-753. 2003 1. Pittosporaceae (with Zhang, Z.Y. & Zhang, H.D. [Chang, H.T.]) [pp. 1-17], Eucommiaceae (with Zhang, Z.Y.) [43], Platanaceae (with Zhang, Z.Y.) [44-45], and Connaraceae (with Lu, L.D. [L.T.]) [435-439]. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds), Flora of China, 9. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2. (064) Proposal to clarify the meaning of "publication" in Article 46. Taxon 52: 639. 3. (with Podlech, D. & Xu, L.R.). Validation of the name Astragalus yumenensis (Fabaceae), a species endemic to China. Novon 13: 471-472. 2004 1. (with Kyriakopoulos, C.). [New records for the Cretan area of] Andryala integrifolia L. and Silene sartorii Boiss. & Heldr. In Greuter, W. & Raus, T. (Eds), Med-Checklist Notulae, 22. Willdenowia 34: 73. 2. (1647) Proposal to conserve the name Chrysanthemum coronarium (Compositae) with a conserved type. Taxon 53: 1072-1074. 3. (with Foley, M.J.Y.). (1650) Proposal to conserve the name Orobanche sanguinea (Orobanchaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 53: 1076-1077. 4. (with Watson, M.F.). (242-257) Report of the Special Committee on Suprageneric Names. Taxon 53: 1081-1089. 5. (with Phitos, D., Kamari, G. & Bareka, P.). Weeds of the traditional agriculture of Crete. Willdenowia 34: 381-406; also PDF (requires IP access to Willdenowia) and database (free access). 2005 1. (1677) Proposal to conserve the name Galactites tomentosa against Centaurea elegans (Compositae). Taxon 54: 202-203. 2. (with McNeill, J.). Synopsis of Proposals on Botanical Nomenclature - Vienna 2005. A review of the proposals concerning the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature submitted to the XVII International Botanical Congress. Taxon 54: 215-250. 3. (with Fielding, J.; Ed. Mathew, B.). Flowers of Crete. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4. [Lectotypifications of] Ranunculus asiaticus L. and R. creticus L. [p. 470]. In Jarvis, C.E., Spencer, M.A. & Cafferty, S. (Eds), Typification of Linnaean plant names in Ranunculaceae. Taxon 54: 467-471. 5. (with Watson, M.F.). Second report of the Special Committee on Suprageneric Names: family name listings in Appendix IIB of the Code. Taxon 54: 491-499. 6. (with Xia, N.H.). A new combination in Chinese Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae). Novon 15: 488-489. 2006 1. ["2005"] (with McNeill, J., Stuessy, T.F. & Hörandl, E.). XVII International Botanical Congress: preliminary mail vote and report of Congress action on nomenclature proposals. Taxon 54: 1057-1064. 2. (with Reduron, J.-P.). [Lectotypification of] Smyrnium perfoliatum L. [p. 215]. In Jarvis, C.E., Reduron, J.-P., Spencer, M.A. & Cafferty, S. (Eds), Typification of Linnaean plant names in Apiaceae. Taxon 55: 207-216. 3. (with Chilton, L.). Androcymbium rechingeri and Ranunculus cupreus were recorded in error from Karpathos (Greece). Botanika Chronika 18(2): 5-10. 4. Lectotypification of Campanula saxatilis, Phyteuma pinnatum and Verbascum arcturus, Linnaean names of three taxa endemic to Crete. Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 303-309; also PDF (requires IP access to Willdenowia). 5. (with McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E. & Wiersema, J.H.) (Eds). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. 6. (with Smith, G.F. & McNeill, J.). Refining and improving the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: some outcomes of the Nomenclature Section meeting of the XVIIth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria. South African Journal of Science 102: 97-98. 2007 1. (with Chilton, L.). Flora of Crete: supplement II, additions 1997–2007. Electronic publication at http://www.marengowalks.com/fcs.html. 2. ["2006"] (with Kirkbride, J.H., Jr. & Wiersema, J.H.). (1753) Proposal to conserve the name Ziziphus jujuba against Z. zizyphus (Rhamnaceae). Taxon 55: 1049–1050. 3. (with Zhang, L.B., Yang, Q.E. & McNeill, J.). Main changes in the new edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature—the “Vienna Code.” Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 45: 251–255. 4. (1762) Proposal to conserve the name Barbarea plantaginea against Sisymbrium barbareae (Cruciferae). Taxon 56: 263. 5. (1763) Proposal to reject the name Erysimum orientale Mill. (Cruciferae). Taxon 56: 264–265. 6. (with McNeill, J. & Gradstein, S.R.). Procedures and timetable for proposals to amend the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Taxon 56: 270–271. in press 1. (with McNeill, J. & Wiersema, J.H.). Corrections to the Vienna Code. Taxon 56. 2. (with Wang, Y.Z.). Caricaceae. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds), Flora of China, 13. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 3. (with Chen, J. [Chen, C.]). Combretaceae. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds), Flora of China, 13. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 4. (with Wang, Y.Z.). Tetramelaceae. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds), Flora of China, 13. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 5. (with Xia, N.H. & Gadek, P.A.). Hippocastanaceae. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (Eds), Flora of China, 12. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. TOP